Edit filter log

'{{POV|date=August 2012}} {{peacock|date=August 2012}} {{Orphan|date=July 2012}} [[File:Eduardo López Bustamante.jpg|250px|thumb|Eduardo López Bustamante in 1908.]] ''' Eduardo López Bustamante''' (1881–1939) [[Venezuela]]n journalist, lawyer and poet. Leading intellectual of the [[Zulia State]], Venezuela, and a figure within Venezuelan jurisprudence. He was born in [[Maracaibo, Venezuela]], on December 9, 1881 and died in Maracaibo on June 30, 1939. ==Biography== Eduardo López Bustamante was born in "[[los Haticos]]", a suburb in the city of Maracaibo. He was the eldest son of [[Eduardo López Rivas]] and Carmen Bustamante de López. His father was a journalist, publisher and editor of the newspaper ''El Fonógrafo'' and the magazine ''El Zulia Ilustrado''. He was also the owner of a Venezuelan publishing house, ''Imprenta Americana''. According to genealogy search studies made by historian Kurt Nagel Von Jess, his mother was the niece of pioneer Venezuelan physician Francisco Eugenio Bustamante and a descendant of General [[Rafael Urdaneta]], on the paternal side. He grew up into the intellectual environment created by his father and during his childhood he learned several languages. This knowledge enabled him to become, at eighteen, the translator of international news in ''El Fonógrafo'', which, by that time, reached newspapers in the original language of each country. He gradually became involved in journalism and in the family business. He and his brothers, Carlos and Enrique, as well as his sister Teresa, were educated as journalists under their father's principles. They made up a team of journalists which, according to historian Alfredo Tarre Murzi, is considered a true dynasty of writers. He married Aurora Pérez Luzardo in 1910, daughter of General Eduardo Pérez Fabelo, a military linked to the history of Zulia state. The couple had six children. Aurora was also sister to Venezuelan lawyer Néstor Luis Pérez Luzardo, a minister in the [[Eleazar López Contreras]] cabinet. He died in Maracaibo on June 30, 1939. His remains rest in "El Cuadrado" cementery in the city of Maracaibo. ==Director of El Fonógrafo== In 1908 his father retired and Eduardo López Bustamante became director of the newspaper ''El Fonógrafo'' and of the publishing house, ''Imprenta Americana''. He modernized the daily edition of El Fonógrafo and installed new linotypes in the workshops of ''Imprenta Americana''. During the years he served as director the best known edition of ''El Fonógrafo'' was released. It was a special edition, "Ofrenda", made by ''Imprenta Americana'' to celebrate one hundred years of Venezuela´s independence from Spain. The edition had fifty pages with full color illustrations of "Art Nouveau", articles written by Venezuelan intellectuals, poems framed in decorative borders, and landscapes from Zulia state. The issue hit opinion leaders inside and outside Venezuela and produced a big amount of recoginition messages from other counties in Latin America, the United States and Europe. All messages received on the occasion were published in the book "Honor al Zulia", issued by ''Imprenta Americana'' in 1910. In 1908 general [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] became president of Venezuela and imposed a strong censorship. According to author [[José Rafael Pocaterra]], due to its independent editorials, El Fonógrafo was constantly threatened by the government. In his book '''Memorias de un venezolano de la decandencia''' (Memoirs of a Venezuelan in decay), he refers to the Gómez regime as a "''Tyrany far more brutal than all previous ones''". "''The previous despotic regimes''", writes Pocaterra, "''had respected that newspaper, whose material progress was a result of its enormous moral responsibility''". In his book '''Distinguished lawyers of Zulia state''', writer Gastón Montiel mentions an article written by Eduardo López Bustamante. The editorial article was published in "El Fonógrafo" on the occasion of celebrating the birthday of the nation´s liberator, Simón Bolivar. Gómez and Bolivar were both born on July 24, a fact that wanted to highlight the dictator. The newspaper had received recommendations from the government to do a [[panegyric]] of [[Juan Vicente Gómez]], comparing him to the father of the nation. López Bustamante wrote instead a satirical editorial describing in metaphors Gómez regime: {{Quotation|''Father of the land Sublime Quixote! ... From the inmortal throne where the fame has delighted in placing you, your eagle´s eye envisions the people who had the fortune of begetting, amazing and saddening you, because the imprudence of the environment is incommensurable due to the imbecility which, in a gigantic wave, suffocates and tramples on everything to such a point that those who may seem reasonable, because of their intellectual gifts, pay homage to the goddness who has donkey´s ears and pig´s hoofs, an insatiable goodness similar to an excessive bosom to whose altar the interminablle army of the chosen reaches, of those who outnumber the ones who are called...'' |Fragment from Eduardo López Bustamante's Editorial.}} ==World War== When World War I began in 1914, Gómez favored the German Empire in the conflict while maintaining a veneer of neutrality against the allied community. In 1917, Eduardo opened a simultaneous edition of "El Fonógrafo" in Caracas, under the direction of his younger brother, [[Carlos López Bustamante]]. According to the writer and columnist of "El Fonógrafo", [[José Rafael Pocaterra]], the Capital's edition "''enjoyed a great popularity from the beginning''" because, unlike other Venezuelan newspapers of the time, "El Fonógrafo" sympathized with the Allies. This position annoyed Gómez who, thereafter, decided to put an end to the newspaper. In the words of writer Pocaterra, "''anonymous and insulting threats rained down''" during those days. Pocaterra further explains that the newspapers´s editorial policy resulted in economic imbalance for "El Fonógrafo" whose advertisements, which came mostly from German import and trading firms based in Maracaibo, began to be withdrawn. Government pressure on the newspaper became more and more intense but López Bustamante brothers continued their independent editorial line. On August 23, 1917, the newspaper was raided by government troops. The offices of "El Fonógrafo" in Caracas and Maracaibo were closed permanently, ending with it, writes José R. Pocaterra, "''the efforts of two generations ... and 38 years of the great Zulia newspaper.''" López Bustamante escaped to [[Curaçao]] where he lived as an expatriate for two years. ==Prison== Eduardo López Bustamante returned to Venezuela in 1919, under a false promise of armistice, and was imprisoned for five years in a colonial fortress located at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela: the San Carlos de la Barra Castle. Many of his better poems were written during his long captivity. {{Quotation|''Tras los espesos muros (Behind these thick walls)<br> ''que me encierran y oprimen (that enclose and oppress me)<br> ''asisto de las horas el lento desfilar (I spend the slow marching hours)<br> ''los recuerdos se agolpan en mi cerebro y gimo (memories crowd into my brain and I groan)<br> ''y me bebo las lágrimas (and I swallow my tears)<br> ''y me pongo a cantar. (and I begin to sing.)''| Eduardo López Bustamante. Extract from the poem "En el Castillo de San Carlos" (In the San Carlos Castle), written during his captivity.}} López Bustamante spent five years in captivity in the castle on the island of [[San Carlos del Zulia]], shackled and bolted by the feet and living in subhuman conditions. During his captivity he devoted himself to studying law. The permanent closure of the family publishing house and newspaper made ​​it clear to the journalist that he needed to have another profession, with a view to taking steps to rejoin the Venezuelan society still governed by Gómez. ==Legal career== Eduardo López Bustamante earned his Political Science degree at the University of Los Andes, on October 14, 1924. Author Gastón Montiel Villasmil writes that, "''from then on he developed a true passion for the essential foundation of law.''" According to writer Alfredo Tarre Murzi, López Bustamante was popular within Zulia state, particulary among workers of the oil sector. Venezuelan writer Ciro Nava explains in his book '''Centuria cultural del Zulia''': "When the oil industry started in Venezuela, as a result of oil exploitation, Eduardo López Bustamante sided with them and became a leading advocate of the workers´ rights". "''In this respect''", writes Nava, "''the performance of Eduardo López Bustamante is always deeply remembered and appreciated by the people of Zulia.''" Venezuelan writer Gastón Montiel Villasmil adds that López Bustamante "''wrote several works of interesting legal content related to the subject, being best known the one entitled: '''Responsibility for accidents ocurring at work'''.''" López Bustamante conducted an investigation of eleven chapters about the lease of works under Venezuelan law, which is still often reviewed by Venezuelan publications dealing with jurisprudence. The 1963 edition of Zulia State University Journal of Law refers to this work: "''This superb work on law entitled '''The lease of works''', product of the fertil estrous that was Eduardo López Bustamante throughout his life...outstanding intellectual figure...''" ===Editor=== During the years he practiced law López Bustamante again became an editor. He created ORDO, a monthly magazine of Law, Jurisprudence and Legislation, that reviewed a variety of legal issues. A collection of all editions of the magazine has been preserved by the [[National Library of Venezuela]], located in the city of Caracas. ===Positions=== Eduardo López Bustamante was a professor at the Maracaibo School of Law, Secretary General of the Zulia State Government and Minister for the Zulia State Supreme Court. He was also an active reorganizer of the Zulia State Bar Association in 1935 and member of its board. ==Death== Eduardo López Bustamante died in Maracaibo on June 30, 1939. Representatives of all the communities of the Zulia State joined the family, workers and oil company employees who came from the eastern shore of Maracaibo lake to carry the coffin. According to local newspapers of the time, because of the crowd gathered nearby, authorities had to block vehicular traffic in the area, while the procession walked from the family residence to the Cathedral Church of Maracaibo to celebrate the funeral. Eduardo López Bustamante's remains rest next to those of his wife, in the Pérez Luzardo family plot in the "El Cuadrado" cemetery in the city of Maracaibo. ==References== *Tarre Murzi, Alfredo: ''Biografía de Maracaibo'' ({{en icon}}: Maracaibo Biography), Ed. Bodini S.A., Barcelona, Spain, 1986. *''El Zulia Ilustrado'', Facsimile reproduction, Ed. Belloso Foundation, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1965. *Nava, Ciro: ''Centuria cultural del Zulia'', Élite Editorial, Caracas, Venezuela, 1940. *Nagel Von Jess, Kurt: ''Algunas familias maracaiberas'' ({{en icon}}: Some Maracaibo families), University of Zulia Press, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1989. *Gómez Espinosa, Antonio: ''Historia fundamental del Zulia'' ({{en icon}}: Critical History of Zulia), Editor Jean Baissari, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1984. *Plumacher, Eugene H.: ''Memorias'' ({{en icon}}: Memoirs). Ciudad Solar Editors, historic heritage of Zulia state, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 2003. *Montiel, Gastón: ''Abogados distinguidos del Estado Zulia'' ({{en icon}}: Distinguished lawyers of Zulia State), Bar Association of Zulia State, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1994. *Velásquez, Ramón J.: ''El pensamiento político vennezolano del siglo XX: documentos para su estudio'' ({{en icon}}: The Venezuelan political thought of the twentieth century: Documents for review). National Congress of the Republic Editions, Caracas, Venezuela, 1983. *Journal of the Faculty of Law, University of Zulia: ''Del Arrendamiento de Obras'' ({{en icon}}: The Leasing of Public Works), chapter contained in the 1963 edition. University of Zulia Press, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1963. *"ORDO", Journal of Law, Jurisprudence and Legislation, Venezuela National Library, Manuel Arcaya Collection. *''Honor al Zulia'' ({{en icon}}: In Honor of the Zulian). Published by the Management of Imprenta Americana, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1910. *Pedro Guzmán (son): ''Liminar de la edición facsimil de "El Zulia ilustrado"'' ({{en icon}}: Preliminary facsimile edition of "El Zulia ilustrado" ). Belloso Fundation, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1965. *Nilda Bermúdez and María Romero: ''Historia de un diario decimonónico: El Fonógrafo; sus aportes en el estudio de la cotidianidad maracaibera'' ({{en icon}}: History of nineteenth-century diary: El Fonógrafo, its contribution to the study of the daily life of Maracaibo). Ágora Editorial, Trujillo, Trujillo State, Venezuela, 2006. *José Rafael Pocaterra: ''Memorias de un venezolano de la decadencia'' ({{en icon}}: Memoirs of a Venezuelan in decline). Monte Ávila Latin-American Editors, C.A.,Caracas, Venezuela, 1997. *Hilda Benchetrit, Nilda Bermúdez and Luisa Carrizosa: ''Edición especial de un diario zuliano: El Fónografo del 19 de abril de 1910'' ({{en icon}}: Special edition of the Zulia newspaper: El Fonógrafo on April 19, 1910). Blog, Latin American online magazine, 2007. *''Hoy se cumplen veinte años de la muerte del doctor Eduardo López Bustamante'' ({{en icon}}: Today marks 20 years since the death of Doctor Eduardo López Bustamante). Article published by the Panorama newspaper, Maracaibo, Venezuela, on June 30, 1959. *''Doctor Eduardo López Bustamante''. Communiqué from the Bar Association of Zulia State on the occasion of the death of Eduardo López Bustamante. Published in the Panorama newspaper, Maracaibo, Venezuela, July 1, 1939. *Ocando Yamarte, Gustavo: ''Historia del Zulia'' ({{en icon}}: The History of Zulia). Arte Editorial, Caracas, Venezuela, 1996. *''El Fonógrafo'', copy of the special April 19, 1910 edition. Imprenta Americana, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1910. *Report of the Foreign Ministry of Venezuela presented to Congress in the 1916 session. Tipografía Universal, Caracas, Venezuela, 1916. {{Persondata | NAME = Eduardo López Bustamante | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Venezuelan journalist and poet | DATE OF BIRTH = 1881 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = 1939 | PLACE OF DEATH = }} [[Category:Venezuelan lawyers]] [[Category:Venezuelan journalists]] [[Category:Venezuelan poets]] [[Category:Spanish writers]] [[Category:People from Maracaibo]] [[Category:1881 births]] [[Category:1939 deaths]] [[es:Eduardo López Bustamante]]'