Ceraunian Mountains: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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From the 4rth century BC the Ceraunian Mountains represented a natural border between the historical and geographical regions of [[Illyria]] and [[Epirus]].<ref name=FilosBoundaries>{{cite book |last1=Filos |first1=Panagiotis |editor1-last=Giannakis |editor1-first=Georgios |editor2-last=Crespo |editor2-first=Emilio |editor3-last=Filos |editor3-first=Panagiotis |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |date=December 18, 2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110532135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrxGDwAAQBAJ&q=Panagiotis+Filos+epirote&pg=PA220|quote=The boundaries of Epirus, especially to the north cannot be determined with accuracy nowadays due to their instability throughout ancient times, but also because of the coexistence of the Greek population(s) with non-Greek peoples, notably the Illyrians: note, for instance, that Apollonia, originally a Corinthian colonyh, is considered part of Epirus by some later ancient historians (Strabo 2.5.40, 16.2.43), whereas some others, of equally or even later times, place it within Illyria (Stephanus Byzantius 105.20, 214.9). Nonetheless, one may say with some degree of certainty that from the 4th c. BC onwards the geographic boundaries of Epirus were by and large set as follows: the so called ''Keraunia'' or ''Akrokeraunia'' mountain range to the north (modern day S. Albania), the Ambracian Gulf to the south, the Pindus (Pindos) mountain range to the east, and the Ionian Sea to the west...}}</ref><ref name="Shpuza"/><ref name="Bejko et al."/><ref name="Zindel et al.">{{cite book|last1=Zindel|first1=Christian|last2=Lippert|first2=Andreas|last3=Lahi|first3=Bashkim|last4=Kiel|first4=Machiel|title=Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2018|isbn=9783205200109|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR9WDwAAQBAJ|p=346}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shrimpton|first1=Gordon S.|title=Theopompus the historian |date=1991|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-6291-2|page=391}}</ref> The foot of these mountains constituted the southernmost territory of the [[Illyrians]]. The Epirotes, in particular [[Chaonians]], were located in the south of these mountains.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shpuza|first=Saimir|chapter=D'un limên à une polis. Orikos aux périodes archaïque et classique|title=Schemata: la città oltre la forma : per una nuova definizione dei paesaggi urbani e delle loro funzioni: urbanizzazione e società nel Mediterraneo pre-classico : età arcaica|editor-last=Brancato|editor-first=Rodolfo|publisher=Edizioni Quasar|year=2022|isbn=9788854912755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07U5zwEACAAJ|p=553}}</ref><ref name="Bejko et al.">{{cite book|last1=Bejko|first1=Lorenc|last2=Morris|first2=Sarah|last3=Papadopoulos|first3=John|last4=Schepartz|first4=Lynne|title=The Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus at Lofkend, Albania|year=2015|publisher=ISD LLC|isbn=978-1938770524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWmRDwAAQBAJ|p=4}}</ref> [[Maja e Çikës]] was the geographical border between the ancient Greek tribe of the Chaonians and the Greek polis of [[Oricum]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Shpuza |first2=K. |last2=Cipa |title=Prospections archéologiques sur le territoire d'Orikos |journal=SLSA Jahresbericht – Rapport Annuel – Annual Report 2020 |year=2021 |url=https://www.academia.edu/61035765|page=113-114}}</ref> The Akrokeraunian peninsula had the most important stone quarries in Illyria |
From the 4rth century BC the Ceraunian Mountains represented a natural border between the historical and geographical regions of [[Illyria]] and [[Epirus]].<ref name=FilosBoundaries>{{cite book |last1=Filos |first1=Panagiotis |editor1-last=Giannakis |editor1-first=Georgios |editor2-last=Crespo |editor2-first=Emilio |editor3-last=Filos |editor3-first=Panagiotis |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |date=December 18, 2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110532135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrxGDwAAQBAJ&q=Panagiotis+Filos+epirote&pg=PA220|quote=The boundaries of Epirus, especially to the north cannot be determined with accuracy nowadays due to their instability throughout ancient times, but also because of the coexistence of the Greek population(s) with non-Greek peoples, notably the Illyrians: note, for instance, that Apollonia, originally a Corinthian colonyh, is considered part of Epirus by some later ancient historians (Strabo 2.5.40, 16.2.43), whereas some others, of equally or even later times, place it within Illyria (Stephanus Byzantius 105.20, 214.9). Nonetheless, one may say with some degree of certainty that from the 4th c. BC onwards the geographic boundaries of Epirus were by and large set as follows: the so called ''Keraunia'' or ''Akrokeraunia'' mountain range to the north (modern day S. Albania), the Ambracian Gulf to the south, the Pindus (Pindos) mountain range to the east, and the Ionian Sea to the west...}}</ref><ref name="Shpuza"/><ref name="Bejko et al."/><ref name="Zindel et al.">{{cite book|last1=Zindel|first1=Christian|last2=Lippert|first2=Andreas|last3=Lahi|first3=Bashkim|last4=Kiel|first4=Machiel|title=Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2018|isbn=9783205200109|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR9WDwAAQBAJ|p=346}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shrimpton|first1=Gordon S.|title=Theopompus the historian |date=1991|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-6291-2|page=391}}</ref> The foot of these mountains constituted the southernmost territory of the [[Illyrians]]. The Epirotes, in particular [[Chaonians]], were located in the south of these mountains.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shpuza|first=Saimir|chapter=D'un limên à une polis. Orikos aux périodes archaïque et classique|title=Schemata: la città oltre la forma : per una nuova definizione dei paesaggi urbani e delle loro funzioni: urbanizzazione e società nel Mediterraneo pre-classico : età arcaica|editor-last=Brancato|editor-first=Rodolfo|publisher=Edizioni Quasar|year=2022|isbn=9788854912755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07U5zwEACAAJ|p=553}}</ref><ref name="Bejko et al.">{{cite book|last1=Bejko|first1=Lorenc|last2=Morris|first2=Sarah|last3=Papadopoulos|first3=John|last4=Schepartz|first4=Lynne|title=The Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus at Lofkend, Albania|year=2015|publisher=ISD LLC|isbn=978-1938770524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWmRDwAAQBAJ|p=4}}</ref> [[Maja e Çikës]] was the geographical border between the ancient Greek tribe of the Chaonians and the Greek polis of [[Oricum]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Shpuza |first2=K. |last2=Cipa |title=Prospections archéologiques sur le territoire d'Orikos |journal=SLSA Jahresbericht – Rapport Annuel – Annual Report 2020 |year=2021 |url=https://www.academia.edu/61035765|page=113-114}}</ref> The Akrokeraunian peninsula had the most important stone quarries in Illyria;<ref name="Shpuza">{{cite journal|last1=Shpuza|first1=Saimir|last2=Consagra|first2=Gionata|last3=Descoeuderes|first3=Jean-Paul|last4=Bereti|first4=Vasil|title=Récentes découvertes sur le site d'Orikos: Un bilan des campagnes de fouilles 2012-2015|journal=L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'antiquité - VI|volume=II|year=2018|editor1=Jean-Luc Lamboley|editor2=Luan Përzhita|editor3=Altin Skenderaj|publisher=Diffusion De Boccard|isbn=978-9928-4517-2-9|p=521}}</ref> as such most of the quality limistone used for the construction of temples and monuments in the Greek polis of [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]] came from there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Jack L. |last2=Pojani |first2=Iris |last3=Stocker |first3=Sharon R. |title=A Sanctuary in the Hora of Illyrian Apollonia: Excavations at the Bonjaket Site (2004-2006) |date=1 June 2022 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-1-937040-94-9 |page=45, 459 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-OyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lafe |first1=Ols |title=The Earliest Urbanized Settlements in the Hinterland of Apollonia (Albania): 7th – Mid 5th Century B.C |date=2004 |page=72-73 |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1075922283 |access-date=19 May 2023 |publisher=University of Cincinnati |language=en}}</ref> |
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According to [[Ancient Greek mythology]], the [[Abantes]] from [[Euboea]] who had previously joined the Ancient Greek army in the [[Trojan War]] settled in the Ceraunian Mountains. They were later expelled by the forces from [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]].<ref>Joaquim Carvalho. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sMoYAAAAYAAJ Religion, Ritual and Mythology: Aspects of Identity Formation in Europe], Pisa University Press, p. 148</ref> |
According to [[Ancient Greek mythology]], the [[Abantes]] from [[Euboea]] who had previously joined the Ancient Greek army in the [[Trojan War]] settled in the Ceraunian Mountains. They were later expelled by the forces from [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]].<ref>Joaquim Carvalho. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sMoYAAAAYAAJ Religion, Ritual and Mythology: Aspects of Identity Formation in Europe], Pisa University Press, p. 148</ref> |
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Revision as of 03:03, 19 May 2023
| Ceraunian Mountains | |
|---|---|
| Malet e Vetëtimës | |
 View from the Maja e Çikës | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 40°11′53″N 19°38′20.27″E / 40.19806°N 19.6389639°E |
| Geography | |
  Ceraunian Mountains | |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | Triassic |
| Mountain type | Limestone |
The Ceraunian Mountains (Template:Lang-sq, Albanian pronunciation: [ˈmalet e vetəˈtiməs], 'Thunderbolt Mountains') are a coastal mountain range in southwestern Albania, within the Vlorë County.
The mountain range rises on the northeastern bank of the Ionian Sea. It extends for approximately 100 km (62 mi) in a southeast-northwest direction near Sarandë along the Albanian Riviera nearby to Orikum. Geologically, the Karaburun Peninsula belongs to the Ceraunian Mountains, and is separated from the rest by the Llogara Pass (1,027 metres (3,369 ft)) forming the western part of the Ceraunian mountain range, called Acroceraunian Mountains (Template:Lang-sq). The mountains are about 24 km (15 mi) long and about 4–7 km (2.5–4.3 mi) wide.[1] The highest peak is Maja e Çikës with an elevation of 2,044 metres (6,706 ft).[2][3]
Name
In classical antiquity, the name of the mountains was recorded in Ancient Greek as Κεραύνια ὄρη Keraunia ore,[4][5] meaning "thunder-split peaks"[6] or as Ἀκροκεραύνια Akrokeraunia, meaning 'Cape Thunder' which referred to the modern Karaburun peninsula. The name illustrates the bad weather and the danger found there by ancient seafarers and travellers.[7] In Latin the name of the mountains was recorded as Ceraunii montes or Acroceraunii montes. In Albanian, the native name of the mountains is Malet e Vetëtimës, while Malet Akrokeraune contains the ancient name.[8] In Modern Greek the name of the mountains is Κεραύνια Όρη Keraunia Ori.
Geology
The range consists of Maja e Çikës 2,045 m (6,709 ft) and Maja e Qorres 2,018 m (6,621 ft), which are the roughest and most rugged parts of the southwestern relief, due to their extension in the Ionian and Sazan tectonic zones. The mountain range is divided by dry streams and deep abysses, with sparsely covered vegetation, dominated by pine trees (up to 600-800 m) in the lower part and conifers (black pine, spruce, hemlock, etc.) in the upper part.[9]
History
From the 4rth century BC the Ceraunian Mountains represented a natural border between the historical and geographical regions of Illyria and Epirus.[10][11][12][13][14] The foot of these mountains constituted the southernmost territory of the Illyrians. The Epirotes, in particular Chaonians, were located in the south of these mountains.[15][12] Maja e Çikës was the geographical border between the ancient Greek tribe of the Chaonians and the Greek polis of Oricum.[16] The Akrokeraunian peninsula had the most important stone quarries in Illyria;[11] as such most of the quality limistone used for the construction of temples and monuments in the Greek polis of Apollonia came from there.[17][18]
According to Ancient Greek mythology, the Abantes from Euboea who had previously joined the Ancient Greek army in the Trojan War settled in the Ceraunian Mountains. They were later expelled by the forces from Apollonia.[19]
The Ceraunian Mountains have been described by ancient writers such as Ptolemy, Strabo and Pausanias. Consequently, the mountains are still known under their classical name. Julius Caesar first set foot on Llogara Pass and rested his legion at Palasë on the Ionian coast during his pursuit of Pompey.
Cult and mythology
Zeus, the central figure of the Greek Pantheon, was associated with the Ceraunian mountains being a popular deity among the Chaonians as well as the rest of northern Greece as Zeus Chaonius.[20]
It was said that Geriones guarded his cattle in those mountains.[21]
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See also
References
- ^ "Management Plan Llogora-Rreza e Kanalit-Dukat -Orikum-TragjasRadhime-Karaburun Complex Site" (PDF). vinc.s.free.fr (in Albanian). p. 23.
- ^ "Maja e Çikës". Geonames.org. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
- ^ The Finest Peaks - Prominence and Other Mountain Measures (Adam Helman ed.). Trafford Publishing. 2005. ISBN 9781412059954.
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book VI, 3.5 at LacusCurtius
- ^ Strabo, Geography Book VII, 5.1 LacusCurtius
- ^ Keraunia Archived December 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
- ^ Morton, Jamie (18 September 2017). The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring. BRILL. p. 77. ISBN 978-90-04-35107-3.
- ^ Basha, Nermin (2012). "Epiri dhe Botailire ne veprën e Jul Cezarit, "Mbi Luftën Civile" [Epirus and the Illyrian world in the work of Julius Cesar, "On the Civil War"]". Studime Historike (3–4): 5–25. "malet Akrokeraune, sot Malet e Vetëtimës"
- ^ Buda, Aleks (1985). Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqiptar. Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH. p. 1245.
- ^ Filos, Panagiotis (December 18, 2017). Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). The Dialectal Variety of Epirus. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110532135.
The boundaries of Epirus, especially to the north cannot be determined with accuracy nowadays due to their instability throughout ancient times, but also because of the coexistence of the Greek population(s) with non-Greek peoples, notably the Illyrians: note, for instance, that Apollonia, originally a Corinthian colonyh, is considered part of Epirus by some later ancient historians (Strabo 2.5.40, 16.2.43), whereas some others, of equally or even later times, place it within Illyria (Stephanus Byzantius 105.20, 214.9). Nonetheless, one may say with some degree of certainty that from the 4th c. BC onwards the geographic boundaries of Epirus were by and large set as follows: the so called Keraunia or Akrokeraunia mountain range to the north (modern day S. Albania), the Ambracian Gulf to the south, the Pindus (Pindos) mountain range to the east, and the Ionian Sea to the west...
- ^ a b Shpuza, Saimir; Consagra, Gionata; Descoeuderes, Jean-Paul; Bereti, Vasil (2018). Jean-Luc Lamboley; Luan Përzhita; Altin Skenderaj (eds.). "Récentes découvertes sur le site d'Orikos: Un bilan des campagnes de fouilles 2012-2015". L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'antiquité - VI. II. Diffusion De Boccard: 521. ISBN 978-9928-4517-2-9.
- ^ a b Bejko, Lorenc; Morris, Sarah; Papadopoulos, John; Schepartz, Lynne (2015). The Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus at Lofkend, Albania. ISD LLC. p. 4. ISBN 978-1938770524.
- ^ Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 346. ISBN 9783205200109.
- ^ Shrimpton, Gordon S. (1991). Theopompus the historian. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-7735-6291-2.
- ^ Shpuza, Saimir (2022). "D'un limên à une polis. Orikos aux périodes archaïque et classique". In Brancato, Rodolfo (ed.). Schemata: la città oltre la forma : per una nuova definizione dei paesaggi urbani e delle loro funzioni: urbanizzazione e società nel Mediterraneo pre-classico : età arcaica. Edizioni Quasar. p. 553. ISBN 9788854912755.
- ^ Shpuza, S.; Cipa, K. (2021). "Prospections archéologiques sur le territoire d'Orikos". SLSA Jahresbericht – Rapport Annuel – Annual Report 2020: 113-114.
- ^ Davis, Jack L.; Pojani, Iris; Stocker, Sharon R. (1 June 2022). A Sanctuary in the Hora of Illyrian Apollonia: Excavations at the Bonjaket Site (2004-2006). ISD LLC. p. 45, 459. ISBN 978-1-937040-94-9.
- ^ Lafe, Ols (2004). "The Earliest Urbanized Settlements in the Hinterland of Apollonia (Albania): 7th – Mid 5th Century B.C". University of Cincinnati: 72-73. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Joaquim Carvalho. Religion, Ritual and Mythology: Aspects of Identity Formation in Europe, Pisa University Press, p. 148
- ^ Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony. p. 294.
- ^ Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony. p. 206.
