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*[[Coal Tiger]] (II) - In the 2000s [[MC2]] parallel-universe series ''[[A-Next]]'' #4 and 12, Coal Tiger is T'Chaka, son of T'Challa in this possible future. He is an ally of the Avengers of that era.
*[[Coal Tiger]] (II) - In the 2000s [[MC2]] parallel-universe series ''[[A-Next]]'' #4 and 12, Coal Tiger is T'Chaka, son of T'Challa in this possible future. He is an ally of the Avengers of that era.


==Other Media==
==Appearances in other media==

[[Image:Black Panther Fantastic Four ep 20.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Panther in the [[Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)|1994 ''Fantastic Four]]'' animated series.]]
===Television===
===Television===
*The Black Panther appeared in the "Prey Of The Black Panther" episode of the [[Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)|1994 ''Fantastic Four]]'' animated TV series, voiced by [[Keith David]].
[[Image:Black Panther Fantastic Four ep 20.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Panther in the [[Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)|1994 ''Fantastic Four]]'' animated series.]]
*The Black Panther made a cameo appearance in the "Sanctuary" episode of an ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series|X-Men]]'' animated TV series.
* The Black Panther appeared in the "Prey Of The Black Panther" episode of the [[Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)|1994 ''Fantastic Four]]'' animated TV series, voiced by [[Keith David]]. Here, he hunts down the Fantastic Four and gets there help into avenging his father by defeating Klaw.
* The Black Panther made a cameo appearance in the "Sanctuary" episode of an ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series|X-Men]]'' animated TV series.
* In ''[[The Avengers: United They Stand]]'', a portrait of him was seen in the Avengers Mansion in Episode 1.


===Features===
===Features===
*The Black Panther appears in the [[direct-to-video]] [[animated feature]] ''[[Ultimate Avengers 2]]'' as a central character.
* The Black Panther appears in the [[direct-to-video]] [[animated feature]] ''[[Ultimate Avengers 2]]'' as a central character voiced by [[Jeffrey D. Sams]].


===Video games===
===Video games===
*The Black Panther is an unlockable hero (by colleting five action figures of this character through the game) in ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''.
* The Black Panther is an unlockable hero (by colleting five action figures of this character through the game) in ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''. He is voiced by [[Phil LaMarr]].


===Film===
===Film===

Revision as of 19:47, 13 April 2007

This article is about a comic book character. For other uses of the term black panther, see black panther (disambiguation).
Black Panther
File:Blackpanther1.jpg
Black Panther: The Client  trade paperback collection
Cover art by Mark Texeira
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceFantastic Four #52
(July 1966)
Created byStan Lee
Jack Kirby
In-story information
Alter egoT'Challa
Team affiliationsFantastic Four
Secret Avengers
Avengers
Defenders
Fantastic Force
Illuminati
Notable aliasesLuke Charles, Black Leopard
AbilitiesSuperhumanly acute senses
Peak human physical capabilities
Genius level intellect
Skilled acrobat/gymnast and hunter/tracker
Vibranium uniform, boots and equipment
Retractable anti-metal claws

The Black Panther (T'Challa) is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who is the first modern Black superhero. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and penciler-co-plotter Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Fantastic Four vol. 1, #52 (July 1966). Although there have been numerous men who have used the Black Panther identity during the history of the Marvel Universe, this article refers solely to the modern-day Black Panther, also known by his birth name, T'Challa.

The Black Panther, whose name predates the use of the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party, is not the first Black hero in mainstream comic books. That distinction is split between Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who starred in his own feature in the multitple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales, from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics; and the Dell Comics Western character Lobo, the first Black and the first character of African descent to star in his own comic book. Previous non-caricatured Black supporting characters in comics include Daily Bugle managing editor Joe Robertson in The Amazing Spider-Man, and U.S. Army infantry private Gabriel Jones of Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos.

Publication history

The Black Panther's first starring series was in Jungle Action vol. 2, #6-24 (Sept. 1973 - Nov. 1976), written by Don McGregor with art by pencilers Rich Buckler, Gil Kane, and Billy Graham. One now-common innovation it pioneered was that of the self-contained, multi-issue story arc.

McGregor's first arc, "Panther's Rage", ran from Jungle Action #6 (Sept. 1973) through #18 (Nov. 1975). A second arc, "Panther vs. the Klan", was truncated when the series was canceled with issue #24. Jungle Action #5 and #23 reprinted, respectively, The Avengers #62 (March 1969), which featured the Black Panther, and Daredevil #69 (Oct. 1970), in which the Panther guest-starred.

File:Ff52.jpg
Fantastic Four vol. 1, #52 (July 1966), the Black Panther's debut. Art by Jack Kirby & Joe Sinnott.

Immediately following the initial series was the much less well-received Black Panther, written and illustrated by Jack Kirby for 12 of its 15 issues (Jan. 1977 - March 1979), with a corresponding shift in tone from McGregor's lyrical naturalism to Kirby's trademark high adventure. A four-issue miniseries, also titled Black Panther, appeared in 1988, written by Peter B. Gillis and pencilled by Denys Cowan.

McGregor revisited his Panther saga with Gene Colan in "Panther's Quest", published as 25 eight-page installments within the bi-weekly omnibus series Marvel Comics Presents (issues #13-37, Feb.-Dec. 1989). He later teamed with artist Dwayne Turner in the squarebound miniseries Panther's Prey (Sept. 1990 - March 1991).

Writer Christopher Priest's 1998 series The Black Panther utilized Erik Killmonger, Venomm, and other characters introduced in "Panther's Rage", together with new characters such as State Department attorney Everett Ross, the Black Panther's adopted brother, Hunter, and Panther's protege, Queen Divine Justice. Priest and penciler Mark Texeira also revamped the Panther himself, playing up the manipulative side seen in the Panther's first appearance but largely abandoned afterward, and later contrasting their manipulative, control oriented Panther with an alternate future Panther that more closely resembled the happy-go-lucky swashbuckler of the Kirby series. The Priest-Texeira series The Black Panther, which was under the "Marvel Knights" imprint its first year, earned critical plaudits, but sales of the comic were never high.

The last 13 issues (#50-62) saw the main character replaced by an African-American New York City police officer named Kasper Cole, with T'Challa relegated to a background character. This Black Panther, now the White Tiger, was placed in the series The Crew, running concurrently with the final few Black Panther issues, but this was canceled with issue #7.

In February 2005, Marvel began publishing a new ongoing Black Panther series, written by filmmaker Reginald Hudlin and penciled by artist John Romita, Jr..

Fictional character biography

Early life and background

File:Avengers52.jpg
The Avengers #52 (May 1968): Debut of the short-lived cowl mask. Cover art by John Buscema.

The Black Panther is the ceremonial title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe of the fictional African nation of Wakanda. In addition to ruling the country, he is also chief of its various tribes (collectively referred to as the Wakandas). The Panther uniform is a symbol of office and is used even during diplomatic missions.

The Black Panther is entitled to the use of a heart-shaped herb that grants the person who consumes it enhanced strength, agility, and perception. The present-day bearer of the Black Panther mantle is T'Challa, who has had a lengthy career as a superhero, including a longstanding membership in The Avengers. For a brief time upon joining the superhero team the Avengers,[1] the Black Panther wore a cowled half-mask, similar to that of Batman. In stories published in the 2000s, it came to light that the Panther originally joined the Avengers with the intention of spying on them. This drove a temporary wedge between T'Challa and his teammates.

T'Challa is the son of T'Chaka, who was the Black Panther before him. In the distant past, a massive meteorite comprised of the sound-absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda, and was unearthed a generation before the events of the present day. Knowing that others would attempt to manipulate and dominate Wakanda for this rare and valuable resource, T'Chaka concealed his country from the outside world. He would sell off minute amounts of the valuable vibranium while surreptitiously sending the country's best scholars to study abroad, consequently turning Wakanda into one of the world's most technologically advanced nations. Eventually, however, the explorer Ulysses Klaw found his way to Wakanda to covertly create a vibranium-powered, sound-based weapon. When exposed, Klaw killed T'Chaka and other Wakandans, only to see his "sound blaster" turned on him by a grieving T'Challa, then barely a teenager. Klaw's right hand was destroyed, and he and his men fled. T'Challa during his youth met and fell in love with apparent orphaned child Ororo Munroe, who would grow up to become the X-Men member Storm; the two broke up over T'Challa's need to avenge his father's death.

T'Challa earned the title and attributes of the Black Panther by defeating the various champions of the Wakandan tribes. One of his first acts was to disband and exile the Hatut Zeraze — the Wakandan secret police — and its leader, his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf; later, to keep the peace, he picked "dora milaje" ("adored ones") from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives-in-training. He then studied abroad before returning to his kingship. To prove himself worthy as the defender of his people, T'Challa attacked the Fantastic Four and defeated them in individual combat before revealing his reasons.

After making up to the team with a sumptuous welcome, he persuaded the Fantastic Four to help him battle the returning Klaw, who had become a being made entirely of living sound. Later, T'Challa began a long association with the Avengers, and became romantically involved with the American singer Monica Lynne.

Solo adventures

File:Blackpanther1romita.jpg
Cover art for Black Panther vol. 4, #1 (April 2005) by John Romita, Jr. & Klaus Janson.

Beginning in his debut solo series in Jungle Action, the Panther leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war, bringing Lynne with him. After defeating would-be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions, he ventures to the American South to battle the Ku Klux Klan. He later fights Kiber the Cruel during a quest for the mystic time-shifting artifacts known as King Solomon's Frogs; these produced an alternate version of T'Challa from a future ten years hence, a merry, telepathic Panther with a terminal brain aneurysm, whom T'Challa placed in cryogenic stasis.

Years later, the Panther accepts a Washington, D.C. envoy, Everett K. Ross, and faces multiple threats to Wakanda's sovereignty. First Xcon — an alliance of rogue intelligence agents — backs a coup led by the sorcerer Reverend Achebe. Afterward, Killmonger resurfaces with a plot to destroy Wakanda's economy. This forces T'Challa to nationalise foreign companies. Killmonger then defeats him in ritual combat, thus inheriting the role of Black Panther, but falls into a coma upon eating the heart-shaped herb — poisonous to anyone outside the royal bloodline, which had a hereditary immunity to its toxic effects. T'Challa preserves his rival's life rather than allowing him to die.

Later, T'Challa finds he has a brain aneurism like his alternate future self, and succumbs to instability and hallucinations. After his mental state almost causes tribal warfare, the Panther hands power to his council and hides in New York City. There he mentors police officer Kasper Cole (who had adopted an abandoned Panther costume), an experience that gives T'Challa the strength to face his illness, reclaim his position, and return to active membership in the Avengers, whom he helps secure special United Nations status. His rule has since been challenged by a revived Killmonger.

The Panther assists the X-Men in a mission to Niganda and afterward joins with Blade, Brother Voodoo, Luke Cage and Monica Rambeau to fight vampires in a New Orleans ravaged by Hurricane Katrina.

Civil War and marriage

Main article: Civil War (comics)
File:Stormbpmarriage.PNG
The marriage of Storm and the Black Panther: Promotional art for Black Panther #18 cover (Sept. 2006) by Frank Cho.

T'Challa then helps Ororo Munroe, with whom he had a brief romance during his teens, reunite with her surviving family members in Africa and the U.S. He shortly afterward proposes, and the two are married in a large Wakandan ceremony attended by many superheroes. After the death of Bill Foster, the Black Panther and Storm side with Captain America's anti-registration forces.

Joining Fantastic Four

Following Captain America's surrender, and the destruction of the Wakandan Embassy, the Panther and Storm join the Fantastic Four while its members Reed and Susan Richards take a leave of absence to work on their marriage.

Powers and abilities

The title "Black Panther" is a rank of office, chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan. As chieftain, the Panther is entitled to eat a special heart-shaped herb that grants him superhumanly acute senses and increases his strength, speed, stamina, and agility to the peak of human development. T'Challa is a rigorously trained gymnast and acrobat, proficient in various African martial arts as well as contemporary ones. He is a skilled hunter, tracker and scientist — he has a D.Phd. degree in physics from Oxford University. He can pick up a prey's scent and memorize tens of thousands of individual ones.

As king of Wakanda, the Panther has access to a vast collection of magical artifacts, technological and military hardware, as well as the support of his nation's wide array of scientists, adventurers, and superheroes.

In Volume 3, writer Christopher Priest expanded the Panther's day-to-day arsenal to include equipment such as an "energy dagger", a vibranium-weave suit, and a portable supercomputer, the "Kimoyo card." In Volume 4, writer Reginald Hudlin introduced such specialized equipment as "thrice-blessed armor" and "light armor" for specific tasks.

Allies

  • Afrikaa - Afrikaa Ngala first appears in Black Axe #5 Marvel UK. Draws power from a magma pool known as the "Heart of Afrikaa". Marvel UK.[2]
  • Black Axe - Scottish ally of Black Panther from Marvel UK.
  • The Black Musketeers - the trio of Dr. Joshua Itobo, Ishanta, and Khanata were all members of the royal family of the African kingdom of Wakanda. They were usually called to assist the king.
  • Jiru - Assistant to N'Gassi, loyal warrior.
  • Kasper Cole - The second White Tiger.
  • Mokadi - A Wakandan mutate who can teleport.[2]
  • Mubaru - Was a Wakandan cabinet member who represented the Mountain Tribes.[2]
  • N'Gassi - Advisor to T'Challa, acting regent when he goes away on missions.
  • N'Kantu - The Living Mummy.
  • Queen Divine Justice - Queen of the Jabari tribe of Wakanda, former betrothed of T'Challa.[3]
  • Storm - Ororo Munroe the Black Panther's wife and Queen of Wakanda
  • Vibraxas - Was former member of Fantastic Force.
  • Zanti Chikane - A black South African gold miner during Apartheid.

Nemises

  • Anton Pretorius - South African politician and racist during apartheid.[2]
  • Baron Macabre - Skull-faced ally of Eric Killmonger.[2]
  • Black Dragon - An extradimensional dragon from K'un-Lun (Iron Fist).
  • Blue Talon - Martial artist and agent of Damon dran.
  • Dragon Circle - A multicultural hate organization.
  • Cockroach Hamilton - A hitman who worked with the villainess known as Nightshade.
  • The Collectors - A loosely affiliated organization, brought together because of a common interest in obscure artifacts. The Collectors are ruthless and will do anything to get the prize.[2]
  • Colonel Klaue - A WWII Nazi with an iron hand who existed in an apparently alternate continuity Wakanda where Chanda ruled during WWII instead of T'chaka.[2]
  • Erik Killmonger - A long-time enemy of the Black Panther.
  • Hellrazor - Operative of Roxxon Oil with kineto-synthetic powers, killed by Scourge.
  • Icon - A Black Panther villain named Dr. A'kurru whose body was made of living wood.
  • Jakarra - Former Wakandan General turned world conqueror. Mutated by vibranium into a hulking purple brute. Living generator of sonic vibration, meaning he could generate waves of vibratory force.[2]
  • King Cadaver - Had the ability to generate great psychic pain, causing delusions and possibly even controlling the minds of others. Wakandan mutate.
  • Kiber the Cruel - Frederick Kiber was a brilliant but mentally unstable black scientist who apparently created teleporter technology in the Marvel Universe. His body was altered by a teleporter accident. Black Panther vol 1 #12.[2]
  • Kiber's Guards - Brown-skinned androids with super strength and the ability to phase through solid matter.[2]
  • Klaw - Murderer and betrayer of T'Chaka and enemy of T'Challa.
  • Lord Karnaj - Ally of Eric Killmonger, Wakandan Mutate. Used handheld vibranium-powered sonic disruptors that fired destructive energy blasts.[2]
  • Man-Ape - Now labelled a villain, M'Baku was Wakanda's greatest warrior second only to the Black Panther. He plotted to usurp the throne with the help of the outlawed White Gorilla cult who were ancient rivals of the Black Panther cult, which basically made them heretics since Panther worship is the state religion.[2]
  • Madame Slay - Ally and operative of Eric Killmonger.
  • Malice' - Agent of Eric Killmonger, Wakandan Mutate with superhuman strength, speed, and agility.
  • Moses Magnum - The ruler of Canaan, a small offshoot of Wakanda.
  • N'Gamo - Former aide to the Man-Ape.
  • N'Grith - Alien race that experimented on human subjects, attempted to invade Earth.
  • Princess Zanda - Ruler of Narobia, admirer of T'challa.
  • Salamander K'Ruel - A Wakandan Mutate, ally of Erik Killmonger.
  • Sekmeht the Lion God - Leader of the Lion Cult of Wakanda. Believes himself to be an actual god, opposed to the Panther Cult whose worship diminished his own followers. Banished to another dimension by Iron Man and Mantis.[2]
  • Six-Million-Year Man - A being named Hatch-22 who hailed from an alternate future in which human beings have evolved into nearly unrecognizable forms and live beneath Earth's surface in numbered hatches.[2]
  • Solomon Prey - A villain and enemy of the Black Panther, he possesses bat-like wings that enable him to fly. Also has razor sharp claws.
  • Sombre - An agent of Eric Killmonger and enemy of the Black Panther. Sombre's touch is highly corrosive and painful.
  • The Soul Strangler - An evil supernatural creature that referred to itself as the master of the Ku Klux Klan.
  • Supremacists - Agents of the Azanian government, promoted apartheid and invaded Wakanda. The members were Barricade, Captain Blaze, Harrier, Hungyr, Voortrekker, and White Avenger. Black Panther vol. 2 #2.[2]
  • Venomm - Horatio Venomm was a hideously-scarred human snake charmer with a corpse-like face.
  • Vibranium - The former king of Canaan. Baru was deposed by Moses Magnum and transformed into living vibranium by the villain Diablo.
  • Wheeler - Former member of the Wakandan Air Patrol a group of armored warriors. Married T'challa's cousin M'Koni. Used his Air Patrol suit to rob a bank in order to pay off gambling debts, but reforms by the end of the story. Appeared in Daredevil vol 2 #245 (1987).[2]
  • White Avenger - Leader of the Azanian Supremacists, blindly patriotic national symbol. His powers included superhuman strength and durability, flight, enhanced vision, infravision, and hyper-awareness.[2]
  • Windeagle - Wore an anti-gravity costume which enabled him to fly and glide on wind currents.[2]

Alternate versions

  • A Black Panther was featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots. A new Black Panther rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom. While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant, the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom.[4]
  • Black Panther is one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate-universe series Marvel Zombies, where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Ant-Man. This Black Panther joined forced with the mutant group the Acolytes, and married a Lisa Hendricks, with whom he had a child, K'Shamba.

Coal Tiger

Jack Kirby's original, unused conception for the character, under the name Coal Tiger, featured a colorful uniform with striped pants and no face mask. As an homage to Kirby's concept, Marvel has used a character named the Coal Tiger on two occasions:

  • Coal Tiger (I) A parallel universe version of T'Challa as the Coal Tiger briefly appeared in a mid-1990s issue of The Avengers.
  • Coal Tiger (II) - In the 2000s MC2 parallel-universe series A-Next #4 and 12, Coal Tiger is T'Chaka, son of T'Challa in this possible future. He is an ally of the Avengers of that era.

Other Media

Television

File:Black Panther Fantastic Four ep 20.jpg
The Black Panther in the 1994 Fantastic Four animated series.
  • The Black Panther appeared in the "Prey Of The Black Panther" episode of the 1994 Fantastic Four animated TV series, voiced by Keith David. Here, he hunts down the Fantastic Four and gets there help into avenging his father by defeating Klaw.
  • The Black Panther made a cameo appearance in the "Sanctuary" episode of an X-Men animated TV series.
  • In The Avengers: United They Stand, a portrait of him was seen in the Avengers Mansion in Episode 1.

Features

Video games

Film

In June 1992, Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about the Black Panther.[5] By August, Snipes had begun working on the film.[6] In July 1993, Snipes announced plans to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man.[7] Snipes said in August 1993, "We have a wide-open field for comic book characters on the big screen and we've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen. Especially the Black Panther, which is such a rich, interesting life. It's a dream come true to originate something that nobody's ever seen before." Snipes expressed interest in making sequels to The Black Panther.[8]

In January 1994, Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray the Black Panther in the film adaptation of the comic book superhero.[9] The following March, Stan Lee joined the development process for a film about the Black Panther.[10] By May, the film was in early development with Columbia Pictures.[11] In January 1996, Stan Lee said that he had not been pleased with the scripts he had encountered for the Black Panther.[12] In July 1997, the Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics' film slate.[13] In March 1998, Marvel hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti to work on the Black Panther film adaptation.[14] In August, corporate problems at Marvel had put the Black Panther project on hold.[15] In August 1999, Snipes was set to produce, and possibly star, in the film featuring the Black Panther.[16]

In Marvel's June 2000 deal with Artisan Entertainment to develop big- and small-screen products, the Black Panther was one of the four names (among Captain America, Thor, and Deadpool) that surfaced.[17] In March 2002, Snipes told Cinescape magazine that he planned to do Blade 3 or Black Panther in 2003.[18] In August 2002, Snipes said he hoped to begin production on Black Panther by 2003.[19] In July 2004, Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said that Wesley Snipes would not likely be Black Panther. "He's already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill," said Goyer.[20] In September 2005, Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[21] In June 2006, Snipes told Men's Fitness magazine that a lot of work had already been done for a film adaptation of the Black Panther, and that he hoped to have a director soon.[22] In February 2007, Kevin Feige, president of production for Marvel Studios, stated that Black Panther was on Marvel's development slate.[23]

Quotes

  • Dwayne McDuffie on the 1970s "Black Panther" series : "This overlooked and underrated classic is arguably the most tightly written multi-part superhero epic ever. If you can get your hands on it (and where's that trade paperback collection, Marvel?), sit down and read the whole thing. It's damn-near flawless, every issue, every scene, a functional, necessary part of the whole. Okay, now go back and read any individual issue. You'll find seamlessly integrated words and pictures; clearly introduced characters and situations; a concise (sometimes even transparent) recap; beautifully developed character relationships; at least one cool new villain; a stunning action set piece to test our hero's skills and resolve; and a story that is always moving forward towards a definite and satisfying conclusion. That's what we should all be delivering, every single month. Don McGregor and company did it in only 17 story pages per issue".[24]

Bibliography

  • Jungle Action Vol. 2, #5-24 (July 1973 - Nov. 1976)
  • The Black Panther #1-15 (Jan. 1977 - May 1979)
  • Marvel Premiere #51-53 (Dec. 1979 - April 1980)
  • Black Panther Vol. 2, #1-4 (miniseries; July-Oct. 1988)
  • "Panther's Quest" Parts 1-25 in Marvel Comics Presents #13-37 (Feb.-Dec. 1989)
  • Black Panther: Panther's Prey prestige-format miniseries #1-4 (May-Oct. 1991)
  • Black Panther Vol. 3, #1-62 (Nov. 1998 - Sept. 2003)
  • Black Panther Vol. 4, #1- (April 2005- )

Creators

Writers

Pencilers

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Avengers #52-55, May-Aug. 1968)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r See Black Panther Index
  3. ^ http://www.marvel.com/universe/Queen_Divine_Justice
  4. ^ Marvel Knights 2099: Black Panther #1 (2005)
  5. ^ Jay Carr (1992-06-21). "Can penguin cones be far behind?". Boston Globe. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Jay Carr (1992-08-30). "Tolkin to sit in director's chair". Boston Globe. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Judy Gerstel (1993-07-29). "Rising star on screen and off, the actor is his own man". Detroit Free Press. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Steve Persall (1993-08-03). "Future is bright for Snipes". St. Petersburg Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ John Brodie (1994-01-05). "Hollywood Pours Its Heroes Into Tights". Chicago Sun-Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Leonard Pitts Jr. (1994-03-27). "A comics milestone from the action-filled universe of superheroes come new characters, and a new diversity". {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Frank Lovece (1994-05-15). "Off the drawing board". Newsday. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Doug Nye (1996-01-28). "Stan lee hopes New World deal pumps life into his creations". The State. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Amy Dawes (1997-07-27). "Action! Movie studios lining up to turn comics into cinematic gold". Daily News of Los Angeles. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Andrew Smith (1998-03-22). "So here's the wackiest gimmick of all - good writing for comics". The Commercial Appeal. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Stephan Fortes (1998-08-23). "Blade Runner". Newsday. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Bill Radford (1999-08-01). "Superheroes at home on big screen". The Gazette. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Jacob W. Michaels (2000-06-02). "Comic Books". Centre Daily Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Rene A. Guzman (2002-03-24). "Snipes' Blade draws focus to black comic book heroes". San Antonio Express-News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Monroe Hutchen (2002-08-22). "Undisputed". Latino Review. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Clint Morris (2004-07-16). "Goyer talks Superman and Black Panther". Moviehole.net. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "Marvel Making Movies". IGN. 2005-09-06. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Sam Malone (2006-06-01). "Snipes on Blade and Black Panther". Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Bill Radford (2007-02-08). "Marvel stays true to superhero characters in transition to big screen". The News Sentinel. Retrieved 2007-02-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ Dwayne McDuffie official site: "To Be Continued" #3 (column; no date)

References

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