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The Jones Island Plant was the first [[sewage treatment plant]] in the United States to succeed in using the [[activated sludge model|activated sludge treatment process]] to produce an [[organic fertilizer]],<ref name="Merritt" /><ref name="EPA" /><ref name="Stephens" /> and had the largest water treatment capacity of any plant in the world when constructed in 1925.<ref name="Simon">{{cite book |url=http://www.freese.com/sites/default/files/Century.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |page=44 |title=A Century in the Works: 100 Years of Progress in Civil and Environmental Engineering; Freese and Nichols Consulting Engineers 1894–1994 |first1=Simon W., P.E. |last1=Freese |first2=Deborah Lightfoot |last2=Sizemore |accessdate=April 2, 2014}}</ref> The plant has been designated as a [[Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].<ref name="EPA">{{cite web |url=http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20017WTF.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976%20Thru%201980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000009%5C20017WTF.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1 |title=Environmental Draft Impact Statement: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage District; Water Pollution Abatement Program, No. E1S801072DB |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]] |date=November 1980 |page=V-100 |accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ASCE">{{cite press release |author=American Society of Civil Engineers|author-link=American Society of Civil Engineers |date=August 13, 1974 |title=Regarding designation of the Jones Island plant as a national engineering landmark}}</ref><ref name="Program">{{cite book |url=http://www.watercases.org/LIB_2/2C_The_Milwaukee_Case/2C1._Jones_Island_(Milw.)_plant_history.pdf |title=Historic Documentation of the Jones Island West Plant |date=April 1982 |publisher=[[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]] |work=Milwaukee Water Pollution · Abatement Program |format=PDF |author1=Program Management Office, Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program|author2=CH2M HILL, INC. |author3=Donohue & Associates, Inc. |author4=Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff |author5=Graef, Anhalt, Schloemer and Associates, Inc. |author6=Poly tech, Inc. |author7=J.C. Zimmerman Engineering Corp. |author8=Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>
The Jones Island Plant was the first [[sewage treatment plant]] in the United States to succeed in using the [[activated sludge model|activated sludge treatment process]] to produce an [[organic fertilizer]],<ref name="Merritt" /><ref name="EPA" /><ref name="Stephens" /> and had the largest water treatment capacity of any plant in the world when constructed in 1925.<ref name="Simon">{{cite book |url=http://www.freese.com/sites/default/files/Century.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |page=44 |title=A Century in the Works: 100 Years of Progress in Civil and Environmental Engineering; Freese and Nichols Consulting Engineers 1894–1994 |first1=Simon W., P.E. |last1=Freese |first2=Deborah Lightfoot |last2=Sizemore |accessdate=April 2, 2014}}</ref> The plant has been designated as a [[Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].<ref name="EPA">{{cite web |url=http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20017WTF.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976%20Thru%201980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000009%5C20017WTF.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1 |title=Environmental Draft Impact Statement: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage District; Water Pollution Abatement Program, No. E1S801072DB |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]] |date=November 1980 |page=V-100 |accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ASCE">{{cite press release |author=American Society of Civil Engineers|author-link=American Society of Civil Engineers |date=August 13, 1974 |title=Regarding designation of the Jones Island plant as a national engineering landmark}}</ref><ref name="Program">{{cite book |url=http://www.watercases.org/LIB_2/2C_The_Milwaukee_Case/2C1._Jones_Island_(Milw.)_plant_history.pdf |title=Historic Documentation of the Jones Island West Plant |date=April 1982 |publisher=[[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]] |work=Milwaukee Water Pollution · Abatement Program |format=PDF |author1=Program Management Office, Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program|author2=CH2M HILL, INC. |author3=Donohue & Associates, Inc. |author4=Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff |author5=Graef, Anhalt, Schloemer and Associates, Inc. |author6=Poly tech, Inc. |author7=J.C. Zimmerman Engineering Corp. |author8=Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>


Milorganite's roots began in 1911, when local [[socialist]] politicians were elected on a platform calling for construction of a wastewater treatment plant to protect against [[Waterborne diseases|water borne pathogens]].<ref name="Foote" /><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Clifford |last1=Mortimer |date=May 1981 |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/54945 |title=The Lake Michigan Pollution Case: A Review and Commentary on the Limnological and Other Issues |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |work=Publications of the Great Lakes Center for Research |publisher=Center for Great Lakes Studies, [[University of Wisconsin]] {{ndash}} Milwaukee |pages=2–3 |accessdate=March 29, 2014}}.</ref> As raising taxes for [[public health]] was relatively controversial in the early 1900s,{{cn|date=February 2017}} producing fertilizer as a means of partially offsetting its operating cost was proposed. With the help of researchers in the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences|College of Agriculture]] at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]], the use of waste solids in the form of "activated sludge" as a source of fertilizer had been developed in the early 20th century.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.milorganite.com/en/Header-Links/About-Us/History.aspx |title=History of Milorganite |publisher=Milorganite/[[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]]|accessdate=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Experiments showed that heat-dried [[activated sludge]] pellets "compared favorably with standard organic materials such as dried blood, tankage, fish scap, and cottonseed meal."<ref>Eleventh Annual Report of the Sewerage Commission of the City of Milwaukee for 1924, pp. 32–42.</ref> Milorganite made its debut in 1926 as the first pelletized fertilizer in the United States,<ref name="Tanzilo">{{cite news |url=http://onmilwaukee.com/market/articles/makingmilorganite.html |title=Urban spelunking: Brewing up Milorganite |first1=Bobby |last1=Tanzilo |publisher=RSS Feed/OnMilwaukee.com |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=28 March 2014}}</ref> with sales directed at golf courses, turf farms and flower growers.<ref>See, North American's Most Widely Known, Respected, and Beloved Turfgrass Agronomist, The O.J. Noer Research Foundation, Inc., Michigan State U. Libraries, Turfgrass Information Center, www.lib.msu.edu/tgif.</ref> The brand was popularized during the 1930s and 1940s before inorganic urea became available to homeowners after WWII.
Milorganite's roots began in 1911, when local [[socialist]] politicians were elected on a platform calling for construction of a wastewater treatment plant to protect against [[Waterborne diseases|water borne pathogens]].<ref name="Foote" /><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Clifford |last1=Mortimer |date=May 1981 |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/54945 |title=The Lake Michigan Pollution Case: A Review and Commentary on the Limnological and Other Issues |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |work=Publications of the Great Lakes Center for Research |publisher=Center for Great Lakes Studies, [[University of Wisconsin]] {{ndash}} Milwaukee |pages=2–3 |accessdate=March 29, 2014}}.</ref> As raising taxes for [[public health]] was relatively controversial in the early 1900s,{{cn|date=February 2017}} producing fertilizer as a means of partially offsetting its operating cost was proposed. With the help of researchers in the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences|College of Agriculture]] at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]], the use of waste solids in the form of "activated sludge" as a source of fertilizer had been developed in the early 20th century.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.milorganite.com/en/Header-Links/About-Us/History.aspx |title=History of Milorganite |publisher=Milorganite/[[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]] |accessdate=March 26, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326164445/http://www.milorganite.com/en/Header-Links/About-Us/History.aspx |archivedate=March 26, 2014 |df= }}</ref> Experiments showed that heat-dried [[activated sludge]] pellets "compared favorably with standard organic materials such as dried blood, tankage, fish scap, and cottonseed meal."<ref>Eleventh Annual Report of the Sewerage Commission of the City of Milwaukee for 1924, pp. 32–42.</ref> Milorganite made its debut in 1926 as the first pelletized fertilizer in the United States,<ref name="Tanzilo">{{cite news |url=http://onmilwaukee.com/market/articles/makingmilorganite.html |title=Urban spelunking: Brewing up Milorganite |first1=Bobby |last1=Tanzilo |publisher=RSS Feed/OnMilwaukee.com |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=28 March 2014}}</ref> with sales directed at golf courses, turf farms and flower growers.<ref>See, North American's Most Widely Known, Respected, and Beloved Turfgrass Agronomist, The O.J. Noer Research Foundation, Inc., Michigan State U. Libraries, Turfgrass Information Center, www.lib.msu.edu/tgif.</ref> The brand was popularized during the 1930s and 1940s before inorganic urea became available to homeowners after WWII.


Since its inception, over four million metric tons of Milorganite have been sold.<ref name="press" /> As of 2012, the plant produces about 45,000 tons of Milorganite per year.<ref name="Tanzilo"/> The sale of product does not generate sufficient funds to cover the costs of manufacture, but the [[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]] states that the environmental benefits are a legitimate offsetting consideration:<ref name="press" />
Since its inception, over four million metric tons of Milorganite have been sold.<ref name="press" /> As of 2012, the plant produces about 45,000 tons of Milorganite per year.<ref name="Tanzilo"/> The sale of product does not generate sufficient funds to cover the costs of manufacture, but the [[Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District]] states that the environmental benefits are a legitimate offsetting consideration:<ref name="press" />
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The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (USEPA) and others have shown that biosolids can contain measurable levels of [[Organic compound#Synthetic compounds|synthetic organic compounds]], [[radionuclide]]s and [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]].<ref name="awa">{{cite web |url=http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php |title=What are biosolids? |last= |first= |website= |publisher=Australian Water Association |accessdate=24 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423124151/http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php |archivedate=23 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report - Overview {{!}} Biosolids {{!}} US EPA|url = http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/tnsss-overview.cfm|website = water.epa.gov|accessdate = 2015-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/docs/tenorm/832-r-03-002b.pdf|title = ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works|date = April 2004|accessdate = 18 May 2015|website = United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|publisher = Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards|last = |first = }}</ref> USEPA has set numeric limits for [[arsenic]], [[cadmium]], copper, [[lead]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], molybdenum, [[nickel]], [[selenium]], and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.<ref name="wef">{{cite web |url=http://www.nviro.com/files/Biosolids_Facts.pdf |title=Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids |last= |first= |website= |publisher=Water Environment Federation |accessdate=24 April 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge {{!}} Biosolids {{!}} US EPA|url = http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/dioxinfs.cfm|website = water.epa.gov|accessdate = 2015-05-18}}</ref>
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (USEPA) and others have shown that biosolids can contain measurable levels of [[Organic compound#Synthetic compounds|synthetic organic compounds]], [[radionuclide]]s and [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]].<ref name="awa">{{cite web |url=http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php |title=What are biosolids? |last= |first= |website= |publisher=Australian Water Association |accessdate=24 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423124151/http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php |archivedate=23 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report - Overview {{!}} Biosolids {{!}} US EPA|url = http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/tnsss-overview.cfm|website = water.epa.gov|accessdate = 2015-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/docs/tenorm/832-r-03-002b.pdf|title = ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works|date = April 2004|accessdate = 18 May 2015|website = United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|publisher = Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards|last = |first = }}</ref> USEPA has set numeric limits for [[arsenic]], [[cadmium]], copper, [[lead]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], molybdenum, [[nickel]], [[selenium]], and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.<ref name="wef">{{cite web |url=http://www.nviro.com/files/Biosolids_Facts.pdf |title=Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids |last= |first= |website= |publisher=Water Environment Federation |accessdate=24 April 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge {{!}} Biosolids {{!}} US EPA|url = http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/dioxinfs.cfm|website = water.epa.gov|accessdate = 2015-05-18}}</ref>


Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern|url = https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-contaminants-emerging-concern|website = epa.gov|accessdate = 2017-02-25}}</ref> Substantial levels of persistent, [[bioaccumulative]] and toxic (PBT) [[polybrominated diphenyl ether]]s were detected in biosolids in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225173024/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html|title=Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges : Abstract : Nature|date=25 February 2010|publisher=}}</ref>
Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern|url = https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-contaminants-emerging-concern|website = epa.gov|accessdate = 2017-02-25}}</ref> Substantial levels of persistent, [[bioaccumulative]] and toxic (PBT) [[polybrominated diphenyl ether]]s were detected in biosolids in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html|title=Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges : Abstract : Nature|date=25 February 2010|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225173024/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html|archivedate=25 February 2010|df=}}</ref>


This finding came despite the EPA's previous assertion that all PBT organic pollutants of concern had been banned from production in the 1970s and hence these could be ignored in risk assessment. In 2007 toxic PCBs were detected in Milorganite, donated to the City of Milwaukee and subsequently applied on city parkland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830045831/http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29423464.html|title=Chemicals in fertilizer shut parts of parks - JSOnline|date=30 August 2009|newspaper=[[Journal-Sentinel]] |publisher=}}</ref> The cost to the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District and tax payers was estimated as $4.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921162355/http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29473719.html|title=Milorganite contamination sourced|date=21 September 2015 |quote=Toxic chemical may have leaked from old die-casting company |first1=Don |last1=Behm |newspaper=Journal Sentinel|publisher=}}</ref> The source of the PCBs was later determined to be a shuttered die-casting facility. The PCBs made their way to the treatment plant via sewer lines years after the facility stopped operation. PCBs were banned from commerce in the US in the mid-1970s. The [[United States Geological Survey]] analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |url=http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/municipal_biosolids.html |title=Land Application of Municipal Biosolids |last= |first= |website=Environmental Health - Toxic Substances |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=24 April 2015 }}</ref>
This finding came despite the EPA's previous assertion that all PBT organic pollutants of concern had been banned from production in the 1970s and hence these could be ignored in risk assessment. In 2007 toxic PCBs were detected in Milorganite, donated to the City of Milwaukee and subsequently applied on city parkland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29423464.html|title=Chemicals in fertilizer shut parts of parks - JSOnline|date=30 August 2009|newspaper=[[Journal-Sentinel]]|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830045831/http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29423464.html|archivedate=30 August 2009|df=}}</ref> The cost to the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District and tax payers was estimated as $4.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29473719.html|title=Milorganite contamination sourced|date=21 September 2015|quote=Toxic chemical may have leaked from old die-casting company|first1=Don|last1=Behm|newspaper=Journal Sentinel|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921162355/http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29473719.html|archivedate=21 September 2015|df=}}</ref> The source of the PCBs was later determined to be a shuttered die-casting facility. The PCBs made their way to the treatment plant via sewer lines years after the facility stopped operation. PCBs were banned from commerce in the US in the mid-1970s. The [[United States Geological Survey]] analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |url=http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/municipal_biosolids.html |title=Land Application of Municipal Biosolids |last= |first= |website=Environmental Health - Toxic Substances |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=24 April 2015 }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 17:14, 24 January 2018

Milorganite is a brand of biosolids fertilizer produced by treating sewage sludge by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District.[1] The term is a contraction (or portmanteau) of the term Milwaukee Organic Nitrogen. The sewer system of the District collects municipal sewage from the Milwaukee metropolitan area. The collected sewage is treated at the Jones Island sewage treatment plant (also called "Water Reclamation Facility") in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As a side product, sewage sludge is produced. This sewage sludge is heat-dried to remove pathogens. The resulting treated sewage sludge (also called biosolids) is then marketed under the name of milorganite. The treated wastewater is discharged to Lake Michigan.

The recycled pelletized fertilizer is branded as milorganite and sold throughout North America. It can reduce the amount of manufactured fertilizer applied as it contains nitrogen and phosphorus which plants need for growth. The fertilizer is marketed throughout the United States and Canada, and in parts of the Caribbean.[2]

After more than 90 years, the milorganite production and use is a long-term and large-scale example of a municipality-run nonprofit environmental program.[1][3][4][5]

History

The name Milorganite is the winning result in a 1925 naming contest held in National Fertilizer Magazine, a contraction of the term Milwaukee Organic Nitrogen. Its history began with Milwaukee’s goal to clean up its rivers and Lake Michigan. Rather than land filling solids left over from waterwater treatment, the sludge was used in a pioneering effort to make, distribute and sell fertilizer.[5] "Its production is among the largest recycling programs in the world."[4][6]

The Jones Island Plant was the first sewage treatment plant in the United States to succeed in using the activated sludge treatment process to produce an organic fertilizer,[6][7][8] and had the largest water treatment capacity of any plant in the world when constructed in 1925.[9] The plant has been designated as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.[7][10][11]

Milorganite's roots began in 1911, when local socialist politicians were elected on a platform calling for construction of a wastewater treatment plant to protect against water borne pathogens.[12][13] As raising taxes for public health was relatively controversial in the early 1900s,[citation needed] producing fertilizer as a means of partially offsetting its operating cost was proposed. With the help of researchers in the College of Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin, the use of waste solids in the form of "activated sludge" as a source of fertilizer had been developed in the early 20th century.[3] Experiments showed that heat-dried activated sludge pellets "compared favorably with standard organic materials such as dried blood, tankage, fish scap, and cottonseed meal."[14] Milorganite made its debut in 1926 as the first pelletized fertilizer in the United States,[4] with sales directed at golf courses, turf farms and flower growers.[15] The brand was popularized during the 1930s and 1940s before inorganic urea became available to homeowners after WWII.

Since its inception, over four million metric tons of Milorganite have been sold.[5] As of 2012, the plant produces about 45,000 tons of Milorganite per year.[4] The sale of product does not generate sufficient funds to cover the costs of manufacture, but the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District states that the environmental benefits are a legitimate offsetting consideration:[5]

"Headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Milorganite products are manufactured and marketed by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD), a regional government agency whose primary focus is providing water reclamation and flood management services for about 1.1 million customers in 28 communities in the Greater Milwaukee Area. Since 1926 MMSD has been a world leader in supplying Organic Nitrogen fertilizers for professional and residential use. While revenue generated through the sale of Milorganite products does not make up for the entire cost to produce and market, our belief in beneficial reuse and recycling makes producing our value added products the clear choice."[1]

Even as it balances such conflicting goals and successfully navigates the fluctuations and vagaries of a changing waste stream,[A]Milorganite has been at the forefront of the sewage sludge recycling industry in the U.S..[12]

The process is the end point of the Milwaukee County sewerage system, which includes "three thousand miles of household laterals and another 3,000 miles of sanitary sewers." Also included is the 28.5 miles (45.9 km) "deep tunnel project" and the 521 million US gallons (1.97×10^6 m3; 434×10^6 imp gal) overflow storage system. Two plants, one on Jones Island and the other in Oak Creek, process sewage using bacteria. They employ about 220 people. Methane is recaptured and used to minimize energy costs.[2]

Product

Heat-dried biosolids contain slow release organic nitrogen, largely water-insoluble phosphorus bound with iron and aluminum and high organic matter.[16]

Milorganite can be used without restriction on gardens intended for human consumption under USEPA rules.[17] The product is tested daily for the presence of heavy metals and waterborne pathogens. It complies with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) "Exceptional Quality" criteria, which establishes the strictest concentration limits in the fertilizer industry for heavy metals, allowing Milorganite to be used on food crops.[18] Milorganite is also tested for the presence of contaminants such as waste pharmaceuticals and other forms of drug pollution.[19]

According to its Material safety data sheet Milorganite is "registered for sale in all 50 states and meets all federal and state requirements."[17][20] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) certifies it as biobased because it is derived from 85% renewable materials.[1] It is not, however, certified for use on U.S.D.A. organic farms.[19]

Suggestions that Milorganite deters deer are unsubstantiated and the reputed costs of having it certified for such use are claimed to be prohibitive[B] and the cost of certification is greater than its potential return.[8][19][21][22]

The company developed a niche market in supplying fertilizer to golf courses.[23]

Environmental concerns

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and others have shown that biosolids can contain measurable levels of synthetic organic compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals.[24] [25][26] USEPA has set numeric limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.[27] [28]

Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids.[29] Substantial levels of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in biosolids in 2001.[30]

This finding came despite the EPA's previous assertion that all PBT organic pollutants of concern had been banned from production in the 1970s and hence these could be ignored in risk assessment. In 2007 toxic PCBs were detected in Milorganite, donated to the City of Milwaukee and subsequently applied on city parkland.[31] The cost to the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District and tax payers was estimated as $4.7 million.[32] The source of the PCBs was later determined to be a shuttered die-casting facility. The PCBs made their way to the treatment plant via sewer lines years after the facility stopped operation. PCBs were banned from commerce in the US in the mid-1970s. The United States Geological Survey analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.[33]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Such as the impact upon both the quality and the quantity of raw material available with Milwaukee losing much of its malting and brewing industry through the departure of once-giant local concerns Schlitz Brewing Company and Pabst Brewing Company).[12]
  2. ^ Studies paid for by the water district at the University of Georgia and Cornell showed it to be effective in deterring deer.[21] However, the projected cost of EPA certification was estimated at between $1 and $2 million, equivalent to half the organization's entire annual $2 to $3 million advertising and public contact budget.

Further reading

  • Alvord, John W.; Whipple, George C.; Eddy, Harrison P. (April 25, 1911). A Report to the Common Council upon the Disposal of the Sewage and the Protection of the Water Supply of the City of Milwaukee. Unpublished. Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District.
  • Eddy, Harrison (April 17, 1924). "Sewerage and sewage disposal". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 92, no. 16. pp. 693–695.
  • Gurda, John (May 1978). Change at the River Mouth: Ethnic. Succession on Milwaukee's Jones Island, 1700 to 1922 (Unpublished master’s thesis). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
  • Horvath, R. Dennis (May 1964). The Sewage Disposal Controversy: A Study in Milwaukee Area Politics (Unpublished master’s thesis). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
  • Leary, Raymond D.; Peot, Werner A. (1973). "Development of a Wastewater Treatment System for the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • National Register of Historic Places nomination form for the Jones Island Wastewater Treatment Plant.[6]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d "About us". Milorganite/Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Tanzilo, Bobby (May 12, 2017). "In Milwaukee History: Milorganite is made! Made in Milwaukee: Milorganite". Made in Milwaukee. House of Harley-Davidson. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "History of Milorganite". Milorganite/Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Tanzilo, Bobby (28 September 2012). "Urban spelunking: Brewing up Milorganite". RSS Feed/OnMilwaukee.com. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d "Milorganite Reaches 9 Billion Pounds with 85 Years of Recycling" (Press release). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: PRWEB. June 2, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Merritt, Raymond H. (1982). Historical Report Photographs, Written Historical and Descriptive Data (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b "Environmental Draft Impact Statement: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage District; Water Pollution Abatement Program, No. E1S801072DB". Environmental Protection Agency. November 1980. p. V-100. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  8. ^ a b Stephens, Odin L.; Mengak, Michael T.; Osborn, David; Miller, Karl V. (March 2005). "Using Milorganite to temporarily repel white-tailed deer from food plots" (PDF). Wildlife Management Series. University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved April 1, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Freese, Simon W., P.E.; Sizemore, Deborah Lightfoot. A Century in the Works: 100 Years of Progress in Civil and Environmental Engineering; Freese and Nichols Consulting Engineers 1894–1994 (PDF). p. 44. Retrieved April 2, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ American Society of Civil Engineers (August 13, 1974). "Regarding designation of the Jones Island plant as a national engineering landmark" (Press release).
  11. ^ Program Management Office, Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program; CH2M HILL, INC.; Donohue & Associates, Inc.; Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff; Graef, Anhalt, Schloemer and Associates, Inc.; Poly tech, Inc.; J.C. Zimmerman Engineering Corp.; Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. (April 1982). Historic Documentation of the Jones Island West Plant (PDF). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. Retrieved August 8, 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c Foote, Stephanie, Ed.; Mazzolini, Elizabeth; Schneider, Daniel (Chapter 7) (2012). "7, "Purification or Profit: Milwaukee and the Contradiction of Sludge". Histories of the Dustheap: Waste, Material Cultures, Social Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 171–197. ISBN 0-262-01799-7. Retrieved March 26, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Mortimer, Clifford (May 1981). "The Lake Michigan Pollution Case: A Review and Commentary on the Limnological and Other Issues". Publications of the Great Lakes Center for Research. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee: 2–3. Retrieved March 29, 2014..
  14. ^ Eleventh Annual Report of the Sewerage Commission of the City of Milwaukee for 1924, pp. 32–42.
  15. ^ See, North American's Most Widely Known, Respected, and Beloved Turfgrass Agronomist, The O.J. Noer Research Foundation, Inc., Michigan State U. Libraries, Turfgrass Information Center, www.lib.msu.edu/tgif.
  16. ^ Miller, Matt; O'Connor, George A. (2009). "Longer-term Phytoavailability of Biosolids-Phosphorus". Agronomy Journal (101): 889–896. or puri.fcla.edu/fcia/etd/UFE0022710
  17. ^ a b Fedigan, Lamont. 21st Century Homestead: Organic Farming. p. 112. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  18. ^ "Standards for the Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge" (PDF). Region 10: The Pacific Northwest. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c Harrison, Ellen Z. Director (2006). "Fact Sheet 2006: Home Garden Use of Milorganite" (PDF). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Waste Management Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  20. ^ "Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)". Milorganite. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b Behm, Don (January 18, 2009). "EPA derails plans to market Milorganite as deer repellent". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  22. ^ "Newsletter". National Biosolids Partnership. January 22, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Schneider, Daniel (September 2011). Hybrid Nature: Sewage Treatment and the Contradictions of the Industrial Ecosystem. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 149–151. ISBN 9780262016445. ISBN 9780262516389.
  24. ^ "What are biosolids?". Australian Water Association. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report - Overview | Biosolids | US EPA". water.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  26. ^ "ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards. April 2004. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  27. ^ "Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids" (PDF). Water Environment Federation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.[permanent dead link]
  28. ^ "Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge | Biosolids | US EPA". water.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  29. ^ "CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern". epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  30. ^ "Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges : Abstract : Nature". 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Chemicals in fertilizer shut parts of parks - JSOnline". Journal-Sentinel. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Behm, Don (21 September 2015). "Milorganite contamination sourced". Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Toxic chemical may have leaked from old die-casting company {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Land Application of Municipal Biosolids". Environmental Health - Toxic Substances. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
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