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Squatting is a versatile posture where the weight of the body is on the feet (as with standing) but the knees and hips are bent. In contrast sitting involves taking the weight of the body, at least in part, on the buttocks against the ground or a horizontal object such as a chair seat. The angle between the legs when squatting can vary from zero to widely splayed out, flexibility permitting. Another variable may be the degree of forward tilt of the upper body from the hips – see particularly here and here. Squatting may be either:

full – known as full squat, deep squat, grok squat, Asian squat, third world squat, (sitting) on one's haunches, (sitting) on one's hunkers, or hunkering (down) etc. – see text and see image gallery
partial – known as partial, standing, half, semi, parallel, shallow, intermediate, incomplete or monkey squat etc. – see text and see image gallery.

Crouching is usually considered to be synonymous with squatting. It is common to squat with one leg and kneel with the other leg.^[1] One or both heels may be up when squatting. Young children often instinctively squat. Among Chinese, Southeast Asian and Eastern European adults, squatting often takes the place of sitting or standing.^[2]

Elements of squatting are frequently used in everyday life without us realising it, whenever we lower our body.

Variations

The variations in this section particularly apply to full squatting but can apply to or have elements of partial squatting.

Both legs squatting

Squatting for both legs can involve:

heels down for both feet (see images)
heels up for both feet (see images), or
the heel up for just one foot (see images).

Heels-down squatting for both feet is the most stable arrangement of the three but most Western adults cannot do it.

Where the heel is up for one foot, the thigh for that leg is typically more nearly parallel to the ground than that of the other leg. Additionally the heel-up foot is typically planted further back than the heel-down foot.

Where the heel is up for both feet, it can be by different degrees thus giving two different thigh angles.

Squat/kneel combination

It is common for one leg to be kneeling, while the other leg is:

squatting with the heel down (see images), or
squatting with the heel up (see images).

Genuflection typically requires the heel down version of the squat/kneel combination.

The kneeling part in the squat/kneel combination is effectively just taking the heel-up-for-one-foot variant of both legs squatting a stage further. Similarly, the heel-up-squat version of the squat/kneel combination is potentially a stage before both legs kneeling.

Variations are possible as to which parts of the toes touch the ground for a kneeling leg:

the tip
the under part
the upper part.

Etymology

As a verb – early 15th century. Squatting in the sense of "crouch on the heels" is from the Old French words esquatir and escatir. Squatting in the sense of "compress, press down, lay flat, crush" is from about 1400. Meaning "posture of one who squats" is from 1570s. Act of squatting is from 1580s. Weight-lifting sense is from 1954.^[3]

Young children

Young girl playing at ease in a squatting position

Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level. One- and two-year-olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position, with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor, although at first they need to hold onto something to stand up again.^[4]

Resting position

Full squatting involves resting one's weight on the feet with the buttocks resting on the backs of the calves. It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level particularly where the ground is too dirty or wet to sit or kneel.^[1]

Most Western adults cannot place their heels flat on the ground when squatting because of shortened Achilles tendons largely caused by habitually:^[5]^[6]^[7]

sitting on chairs or seats
wearing shoes with heels (especially high heels)

For this reason the squatting position is usually not sustainable for them for more than a few minutes as heels-up squatting is a less stable position than heels-down squatting.^[8]^[9] See also dorsiflexion.

In sport

Catchers in baseball^[10] and wicket-keepers in cricket facing slow deliveries assume full squatting positions. Australian wicket-keeper Sammy Carter (1878 to 1948) was the first to squat on his haunches rather than bend over from the waist (stooping).^[11] (See full squats gallery for images.)

Slav squat, rap squat, prison pose and jail pose

Gopnik is a pejorative term to describe a particular subculture in Russia, the former Soviet republics, and other East Slavic countries. Gopniks are often seen squatting in groups ("in court" (на корта́х), "at the pictures" (на карташах), "doing the crab" (на крабе)).^[12] It is described as a learned behavior attributed to Russian prison culture.^[12] Gopniks usually wear Adidas tracksuits, due to them being popularised by the 1980 Moscow Olympics Soviet team.^[13] The Slav squat or Russian squat is associated with Gopniks in Eastern European countries^[14] together with stereotypical Eastern European behavior such as consumption of vodka and cigarettes and participation in street gambling.^[15]^[16] It is a full squat with both heels down.^[17]

Equivalents to the Slav squat in Western culture, sometimes with the hands together in a prayer position, are the rap squat, prison pose, and jail pose. They are often used as photographic poses.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Owling

Owling is a craze for crouching on unusual objects.^[21]

Hunkerin'

"Hunkerin'" is, in particular, the name applied to the American fad of resting in the squatting position in the late 1950s. Life referred to it as "sociable squatting". Such behavior had been seen in many cultures, particularly in Asia, for centuries when it suddenly became a fad in the United States in 1959.^[22] While the word "hunkerin'" is believed to originate from the Scots word for "haunches",^[23] claims were made for Yorkshire, Korea and Japan.

Time reported that the craze started at the University of Arkansas when a shortage of chairs at a fraternity house led students to imitate their Ozark forefathers, who hunkered regularly.^[23] The fad spread first to Missouri, Mississippi and Oklahoma, then across the U.S. While males were the predominant hunkerers, it was reported that females were welcomed by many groups.^[23] Within months, regional competitions were being held to crown champions.^[23]

Grand Howl

The Grand Howl is a ceremony used by Cub Scouts. It was devised by Robert Baden-Powell and is based on the Mowgli stories in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book. In the ceremony, Cubs act out the wolves greeting Akela, the "Old Wolf" at the Council Rock and are reminded of the Cub Scout Promise. For this ceremony cubs assume the squatting position to imitate a wolf's posture.

#SquatForChange movement

Father Donte Palmer started a notable campaign for facilities for changing diapers in public restrooms using the #SquatForChange hashtag. When public restrooms do not offer a place to change his son’s diaper, Mr. Palmer squats low with his back against a wall, and lays his son Liam across his lap.^[24]^[25]

Childbirth position

Engelmann's seminal work "Labor among primitive peoples" publicised the childbirth positions amongst primitive cultures to the Western world. They frequently use squatting, standing, kneeling and all fours positions, often in a sequence.^[26]

Various people have promoted the adoption of these alternative birthing positions, particularly squatting, for Western countries, such as Grantly Dick-Read, Janet Balaskas, Moysés Paciornik and Hugo Sabatino. The adoption of these alternative positions is also promoted by the natural childbirth movement.

The squatting position gives a greater increase of pressure in the pelvic cavity with minimal muscular effort. The birth canal will open 20 to 30% more in a squat than in any other position. It is recommended for the second stage of childbirth.^[27]

As most Western adults find it difficult to squat with heels down, compromises are often made such as putting a support under the elevated heels or another person supporting the squatter.^[28]

In ancient Egypt, women delivered babies while squatting on a pair of bricks, known as birth bricks.^[29]

Sexual position

The "riding" position *(Mulier equitans)* was popular in ancient Roman erotic art (wall painting from Pompeii, 62–79 BC

There are versions of the "cowgirl" sex position where the woman is squatting over the man, who is lying on his back, instead of kneeling over him. These are referred to by different names such as Asian cowgirl, frog squat position, reverse cowgirl or riding position.^[30] The woman can face forwards^[31] or backwards (reverse).^[32]

Female urination position

The Jeanneke Pis statue in Brussels, a female counterpoint to the city's male Manneken Pis

When not urinating into a toilet, squatting is the easiest way for a female to direct the urine stream. If done this way, the urine will go forward. Some females use one or both hands to focus the direction of the urine stream, which is more easily achieved while in the squatting position. It is also possible for females to urinate while standing, and while clothed.^[33]

Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a public urinal varies with the situation and customs. In Western countries, males typically urinate standing up, while females squat.

Using partial squatting

Body position taken by women for urination into many female urinals: floating half squat or ″skier position″

A partial squatting position (or "hovering") while urinating is often done to avoid sitting on a potentially contaminated toilet seat, but it may leave urine behind in the bladder^[34] and it is not good for the pelvic floor.^[35]

Defecation position

Some toilets allow the user to defecate in either the squatting or the sitting position

The squatting defecation posture involves squatting by standing with the knees and hips sharply bent and the bare buttocks suspended near the ground. Squat toilets are designed to facilitate this posture and are common in various parts of the world.

Using partial squatting

A partial squatting defecation position (or "hovering") while defecating is often used to avoid sitting on a obviously soiled and/or potentially contaminated toilet seat.^[36]

Dynamic exercise

As strength training

Weightlifting moving from a full squat to standing position

In strength training, the squat is a full body exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and buttocks, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons throughout the lower body. Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks.

Burpee (squat thrust)

The burpee is a full body exercise used in strength training and as an aerobic exercise. The basic movement is performed in four steps and known as a "four-count burpee".

Begin in a standing position.
Move into a squat position with your hands on the ground. (count 1)
Kick your feet back into a plank position, while keeping your arms extended. (count 2)
Immediately return your feet into squat position. (count 3)
Stand up from the squat position. (count 4)

Taoist Tai Chi

In Taoist Tai Chi, the "Dan Yu" (spine stretching) exercise involves squatting. It is intended to work primarily the pelvic region, the legs and the lower back. Fifty or more repetitions may be performed in advanced classes. The feet are placed in a stance wider than the shoulders. When squatting the knees move in the direction of the feet.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Mālāsana or upavesasana in yoga

Mālāsana (literally sitting down pose), also known as the yoga squat, is an asana.^[40]

The asana is a squat with heels flat on the floor and hip-width apart (or slightly wider if necessary), toes pointing out on a diagonal. The torso is brought forward between the thighs, elbows are braced against the inside of the knees, and the hands press together in front of the chest in Añjali Mudrā.^[41]

Rice paddy squat position in rifle shooting

The rice paddy squat (or rice paddy prone) position is a moderate stability position that supports both elbows, making it more stable than kneeling yet keeping a high level of mobility. Its higher center of gravity will still be less stable than sitting or prone. It was a traditionally taught marksmanship position but lost popularity after the Korean conflict.^[42] The heel-down squat/kneel combination has also been used to fire weapons – see image.

Partial squat

A partial squat (also known as standing, half, semi, parallel, intermediate, shallow, incomplete or monkey squat etc.) is an intermediate stage between standing and full squatting, that is, standing but with the knees and hips bent. (In contrast, stooping involves bending at the waist rather than just the knees and hips).

(See partial squats gallery for images.)

Variables

The basic variables of partial squatting are:

degree of lowering of the hips in turn caused by degree of bend in the knees
degree of forward tilt of the upper body from the hips
angle between the legs from zero to widely splayed, flexibility permitting
whether one or both heels are up
whether one leg is ahead of the other leg
whether one leg is straight (see lunging for where the trailing leg is straight)
whether squatting on one leg (can be seen in some situations by golfers)
whether the legs are crossed as with curtseying.

(See partial squats gallery for images.)

Contexts

Static

The Besti squat in figure skating, legs splayed out wide

Partial squatting may be used in a wide variety of contexts sometimes as a "ready for action" posture:

the batsman's posture in cricket when waiting for a delivery. Also wicketkeeper's stance for fast bowlers and slip fielder's stance. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the batting stance in baseball.
all golfing shots require the golf player to assume a shallow partial squatting stance to play them. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
waiting to receive a serve in tennis. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
used in the Alexander technique, as "the monkey squat" also known as the "position of mechanical advantage".^[43] The term is also used in Pilates.^[44]
to avoid back strain it is important to bend the knees whenever you lift a heavy object.^[45] (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the act of sitting down on a chair is a partial squat as knees and hips are bent. It is effectively an interrupted full squat – chair squat. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
bending down to do something near ground level should theoretically be partial squatting but may be compromised as stooping by bending at the waist. (See partial squats gallery for images.)
plié in ballet is a type of partial squat balanced on the toes only and the legs turned outwards. (The grand plié has the thighs parallel to the ground like a parallel squat. The demi-plie has the thighs at about a 45% angle to the ground). (See image opposite).
the curtsey is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman bends her knees while bowing her head. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in Western cultures.^[46] (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the parallel squat, often used in weight training, is just short of a full squat where the thighs are parallel to the ground. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the most widely used martial arts stance is a shallow standing squat. This position is generally employed as it is a neutral and agile position from which both attacks and defences may be launched. It provides for the delivery of force when attacking and stability when defending.
the sumo squat, with the legs wide apart, ready for action (shikiri) in sumo wrestling. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the pistol squat – a squat with one leg out straight forwards, or more generally single leg squat – a squat with one leg in any way not touching the ground. As an example, a single leg squat is often used by golfers to place a tee into the ground or pick up their golf ball – the raised leg trails backwards. (See partial squats gallery for images.)
Monkey Kung Fu a Chinese martial art which utilizes ape or monkey-like movements as part of its technique.
a karate horse stance. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
the haka war dance commonly uses a partial squat stance. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
a Besti squat is a figure skating move. (See image opposite).
the sit spin is one of the three basic figure skating spin positions. It is defined by a squatting position in which the skater's buttocks are below the knee of the skating leg.^[47] (See partial squats gallery for image.)
twerking is "to dance to popular music in a sexually provocative manner involving thrusting hip movements and a low squatting stance".^[48] (See partial squats gallery for image.)
Zapin is a combination of semi-squatting style Malay dance with Arabic influence.^[49]
the sorority squat is typically performed by sorority sisters immediately prior to a picture being taken where one or more participants slightly bend their knees and lean on their calves with their arms.^[50]^[51] (See partial squats gallery for image.)
Utkatasana is a partial squat in yoga. (See image opposite).
Garudasana is a type of one legged partial squat in yoga – also known as eagle squat. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
Females may use a partial squatting position (or "hovering") while urinating while urinating is often done to avoid sitting on a potentially contaminated toilet seat, but it may leave urine behind in the bladder^[34] and it is not good for the pelvic floor.^[35] (See here for image.)
A partial squatting defecation position (or "hovering") while defecating is often used to avoid sitting on a obviously soiled and/or potentially contaminated toilet seat.^[36]
Stance during surfing. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
Stance during skiing. (See partial squats gallery for image.)
Stance in volleyball. (See partial squats gallery for image.)

For more partial squatting images see here.

Dynamic

Lunging

A lunge is a variation of the partial squat where a leg is moved forwards with the knee bent but the other remains straight thus moving the upper body forward in line with the bent knee. For example:

the snooker playing posture
the fencing lunge – (see partial squats gallery for image)
the lunge in figure skating – (see partial squats gallery for image)
the lunge as a weight training or strength training exercise.

Walking while partial squatting

US Airmen duck walk with their weapons held atop of their heads during the Air Force Pararescuemen Indoctrination "Hell Week" Course.

Stalking, prowling and duckwalking is walking that maintains a low profile by assuming a low partial squatting position.^[52] It is a stage element of guitar showmanship popularized by Chuck Berry.^[53]^[54]

Duckwalking is used to strengthen the ankles and thighs. It is also a test of balance, flexibility, and agility.^[55]

The duckwalk is one out of 25 exercises in the physical test at United States Military Entrance Processing Command (MEPS). The duckwalk tests to see if a trainee is flat footed or if it hurts to perform the exercise. It also makes sure that the trainee has proper ranges of motion. Trainees who fail the duckwalk are temporarily suspended from MEPS and have to try again at a later date.^[56]^[57]

Walking while squatting is common in the Russian squat dance.^[58]^[59]

Dancing

Squatting features heavily in some forms of dancing such as the Russian squat dance – (see partial squats gallery for images).

Health effects

There is increased incidence of knee osteoarthritis amongst squatters who squat for hours a day for many years.^[60] There is evidence that sustained squatting may cause bilateral peroneal nerve palsy. A common name for this affliction is squatter's palsy although there may be reasons other than squatting for this to occur.^[61]^[62]^[63] For richer societies who rarely squat, squatting as a different posture may bring health benefits.^[64]

Tetralogy of Fallot

Older children will often squat during a Tetralogy of Fallot "tet spell". This increases systemic vascular resistance and allows for a temporary reversal of the shunt. It increases pressure on the left side of the heart, decreasing the right to left shunt thus decreasing the amount of deoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation.^[65]^[66]

Squatting facets

The existence of squatting facets on the distal tibia and talar articular surfaces of skeletons, which result from contact between the two bones during hyperdorsiflexion, have been used as markers to indicate if that person habitually squatted.^[67]^[68]

Image gallery

Full squats

With heels of both feet down

A baseball catcher in squatting position prepares to receive a pitch.
Young boy squatting in a park
Squatting used as part of a stress position for a Viet Cong prisoner
Squatting woman
Squatting girl from Java

With heels of both feet up

A cricket wicket-keeper in squatting position, ready to face a delivery
Golf player assessing a putt shot
A Balinese squatting wooden statuette
A heels-up version of the Grand Howl, legs splayed out wide
Woman replicating heels-up squatting by wearing high heels

With one heel up and one down

Thigh for heel-up foot more nearly parallel to ground and foot planted further back. Also wide leg splay.
Kagney Linn Karter
Ancient Roman statue of Venus, c. 1st century AD
Taiwanese soldiers

Heel-down squat/kneel combination

Taking heel-up squat on one foot a stage further to one leg kneeling
Soldier with a bazooka. The left arm resting on knee helps with support for weapon.
1815 woodcut depicting marriage proposal – genuflection
American football player Tim Tebow "tebowing" as genuflection, arm resting on knee
1911 artwork by Hungarian sculptor Vilmos Fémes Beck

Heel-up squat/kneel combination

Statue at the São Jorge Castle in Lisbon – quite close to both legs kneeling
German statue
Nude woman heel-up squat/kneeling
Sprint runner preparing to start race using starting blocks – upper body tilted forwards
Ball boy in tennis – upper body tilted forwards

Partial squats

Stance during surfing
Golfer playing tee shot with a shallow partial squat. The right heel is up a small amount.
Wicket-keeper and slip fielders in cricket facing a fast bowler
Elena Vesnina waiting to receive a serve in tennis
Partial squatting as an exercise before running. Notice that one woman has heels up.

A karate horse stance
A woman twerking at a music festival
Volleyball player making a forearm pass or bump
Common partial squatting stance in haka war dance
Sumo squat – heels up for one participant

Skiing
Woman lifting a 200 pound tyre – bent knees essential to avoid back strain
Statue in half-squatting posture consistent with traditional Balinese dance
Lowering the body to stroke a cat, avoiding stooping
In contrast to previous image, stooping to tie a shoe lace – unhealthy bending at the waist

Parallel squat – thighs are intentionally parallel to the ground.
Pistol squat – a squat with one leg out straight
A basic sit spin in figure skating by Kimmie Meissner
The yoga pose garudasana is a type of one-legged partial squat – also known as eagle squat.
Golfer using a one-legged squat to place a tee into the ground

A lunge in figure skating – leading leg partial squatting, trailing leg straight back
A lunge in fencing – leading leg partial squatting, trailing leg straight back
Partial squatting with one leg ahead of the other but both bent
Michelle Obama curtseying – one leg ahead of the other with both legs bent. The heel is up for the back leg. The back leg crosses the front leg.
Limbo dancing – an unusual case in which the knees are bent but the hips are not, resulting in the upper body tilting backwards

A heels-up partial squat by entertainer Josephine Baker as part of a dance routine
Tennis player Agnieszka Radwanska, particularly known for playing shots in low squatting positions. Also notice heels up.
Chair squat – sitting on a chair as if it were just an interrupted full squat
Balanced sitting by using a specialised chair to replicate partial squatting more authentically – more weight on feet
Sorority style squat as a burlesque pose – hands resting on knees with arms straight

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^ Trinkaus E "Squatting among the neandertals: A problem in the behavioral interpretation of skeletal morphology" Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 2, Issue 4, December 1975, pp. 327–51

External links

How to Do the Asian Squat short film directed by Daniel Hsia (2002)
Health Benefits of the Natural Squatting Position
Benefits of squatting
Yoga Back Bends & Balancing Poses : Yoga Squat Pose
Flat Footed Squat: How Homo Sapiens Sit
Squatting Posture Baseball, Tantra, Yoga, Gardening
Benefits of The Third World Squat

[Hewes-1] Hewes, GW (April 1955). "World distribution of certain postural habits". American Anthropologist. 57 (2): 231–44. doi:10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040. JSTOR 666393.

[2] Dobrzynski, Judith H. (17 October 2004). "An Eye on China's Not So Rich and Famous". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2010.

[3] Online etymology dictionary

[4] Slentz K, Krogh S Early Childhood Development and Its Variations (2001)

[5] Kasuyama, Tatsuya, Masaaki Sakamoto, and Rie Nakazawa. "Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion Measurement Using the Deep Squatting Posture." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 21.2 (2009): 195–99.

[6] Krause DA, Cloud BA, Forster LA, Schrank JA, Hollman JH. "Measurement of ankle dorsiflexion: a comparison of active and passive techniques in multiple positions". Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2011 Aug; 20(3): 333–44.

[7] Ausinheiler B The number 1 reason why people find deep squatting difficult 27 November 2012

[8] Mauss, Marcel. Les Techniques du corps 1934. Journal de Psychologie 32 (3–4). Reprinted in Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologie, 1936, Paris: PUF.

[9] Bookspan, Jolie. "Save knees when squatting". Healthline.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013.

[10] See "Catcher's Stance" at Baseball-Catcher.com.

[11] The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket, Oxford, Melbourne, 1996, p. 100.

[gop-12] Ханипов Р. «Гопники» – значение понятия, и элементы репрезентации субкультуры «гопников» в России // "Social Identities in Transforming Societies"

[13] WeirdRussia: Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?

[14] Why Slavs Squat

[15] Slav Squat – Russian Disturbing Street Trend

[16] "Urban Dictionary: russian squat". Urban Dictionary. Retrieved 2 September 2018.

[17] How to squat like Slav

[18] Love D Russia totally reinvented the rap squat? The Daily Dot 24 Jun 2015

[19] Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Rap Squats but Were Afraid to Ask

[20] Cabatingan L Trend Alert: Gang Signs are Out, Rap Squats Are In IX Daily 15 September 2014

[21] Owling – is it the new planking? Metro News 15 July 2011

[Panati-22] Panati, Charles (1991). Panati's Parade of Fads, Follies, and Manias. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-055191-9. OCLC 24318503.

[Time-23] Staff writers (9 November 1959). "Hanker to Hunker?". Time Magazine. LXXIV (19). Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[24] A Father’s Photo Reignites the Conversation About Diaper Changing Stations New York Times 5 October 2018

[25] Photo of dad changing nappy in squat position goes viral BBC News 4 October 2018

[26] Engelmann GJ Labor among primitive peoples (1883)

[Russell-27] Russell JG. "Moulding of the pelvic outlet." J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1969; 76: 817–20.

[28] "Balaskas J Using the squatting position during labour and for birth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Wilkinson-29] Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 152–53. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7.

[discovery-30] "Discovery Health Sexual Positions". healthguide.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 22 October 2010.

[31] Asian Cowgirl Sex Position Sexinfo101.com

[32] Reverse Asian Cowgirl Sex Position Sexinfo101.com

[autogenerated1-33] "A Woman's Guide on How to Pee Standing". Archived from the original on 4 June 2003.

[urination1-34] "Kidney infection – Treatment". nhs.uk. National Health Service. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2019. If you have a kidney infection, try not to "hover" over the toilet seat when you go to the loo because it can result in your bladder not being fully emptied.

[urination2-35] "5 Bathroom Mistakes That Can Lead To Pelvic Floor Dysfunction". HuffPost Canadian version. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Hovering Over The Toilet

[defecation-36] "Here's the most hygienic way to use a toilet, according to Science". BuzzFeed.com. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

[Yang_Chengfu_1931-37] Yang Chengfu (1931), Taijiquan Shiyongfa (Application methods of Taijiquan)

[Yang_Chenfu_1934-38] Yang Chengfu (1934), Taijiquan Tiyong Quanshu (Complete Book of the Essence and Applications of Taijiquan)

[Yang_Chengfu_(Louis_Swaim_translation)_2005-39] Yang Chengfu and Louis Swaim, tr. (2005). The Essence and Applications of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-545-4.

[40] 5 Yoga Tips to Open Up the Hips

[yj1-41] "Garland Pose". Yoga Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2009.

[42] A Marksman’s Guide to the Squatting Position

[43] "The Monkey Squat". easyvigour.net.nz/. Retrieved 9 September 2014.

[44] Pilates – Monkey squat

[45] "Lifting technique". Back.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013.

[46] Judith Martin (2005). Miss Manners' guide to excruciatingly correct behavior. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-393-05874-1.

[47] "ISU Communication No. 1445". Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[48] Twerk, Oxford Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 28 August 2013

[49] Tarian Tradisional|Johor State Government Official Portal Archived 23 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[50] Robbins A Pledged: The Secret Life of Sororities (2005)

[51] Sorority squat

[52] Duck walk

[53] Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History. ABC-CLIO. 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-313-35806-7. Retrieved 17 February 2010.

[54] Chuck Berry duck walk

[55] Erickson, Rose. "Walking like a duck exercise". healthyliving.azcentral.com. Healthy Living. Retrieved 10 April 2017.

[56] "MEPS: Physical Exam". TodaysMilitary. Department of defence. Retrieved 10 April 2017.

[57] "Meps at a Glance". Military.com. Military.com. Retrieved 10 April 2017.

[58] "Русская пляска: хоровод, кадриль, танок, калинка, барыня, казачок, присядка". www.culture.ru. Retrieved 4 March 2019.

[59] "Русский танец присядка – немного истории". Россияне – ансамбль русского танца (in Russian). 11 December 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2019.

[60] Liu CM, Xu L (2007). "Retrospective study of squatting with prevalence of knee osteoarthritis"Template:ISSN missing

[61] Macpherson JM, Gordon AJ (1983). "Squatter's palsy" British Medical Journal

[62] Kumaki DJ. "The facts of Kathmandu: squatter's palsy". Journal of the American Medical Association 2 January 1987; 257(1): 28.

[63] Toğrol, E. (2000). "Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy induced by prolonged squatting". Military Medicine. 165 (3): 240–2. PMID 10741091.

[64] Spinks, Rosie (9 November 2017). "The forgotten art of squatting is a revelation for bodies ruined by sitting". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 14 November 2017.

[65] Murakami T (2002). "Squatting: the hemodynamic change is induced by enhanced aortic wave reflection". Am. J. Hypertens. 15 (11): 986–88. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03085-6. PMID 12441219.

[66] Guntheroth WG, Mortan BC, Mullins GL, Baum D. Am "Venous return with knee-chest position and squatting in tetralogy of Fallot". Heart J. 1968 Mar; 75(3): 313–18.

[67] Barnett CH "Squatting facets on the European talus" J Anat. 1954 October; 88 (Pt 4): 509–13.

[68] Trinkaus E "Squatting among the neandertals: A problem in the behavioral interpretation of skeletal morphology" Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 2, Issue 4, December 1975, pp. 327–51

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Revision as of 17:00, 16 September 2019

Variations

Both legs squatting

Squat/kneel combination

Etymology

Young children

Resting position

In sport

Slav squat, rap squat, prison pose and jail pose

Owling

Hunkerin'

Grand Howl

#SquatForChange movement

Childbirth position

Sexual position

Female urination position

Using partial squatting

Defecation position

Using partial squatting

Dynamic exercise

As strength training

Burpee (squat thrust)

Taoist Tai Chi

Mālāsana or upavesasana in yoga

Rice paddy squat position in rifle shooting

Partial squat

Variables

Contexts

Static

Dynamic

Lunging

Walking while partial squatting

Dancing

Health effects

Tetralogy of Fallot

Squatting facets

Image gallery

Full squats

With heels of both feet down

With heels of both feet up

With one heel up and one down

Heel-down squat/kneel combination

Heel-up squat/kneel combination

Partial squats

See also

References

Further reading

External links