Hypohidrosis

Hypohidrosis
Hypohidrosis
Other names	Anhidrosis
Specialty	Dermatology, neurology
Prognosis	hyperthermia, heat stroke, and death

Hypohidrosis is a medical condition in which a person exhibits diminished sweating in response to appropriate stimuli. In contrast with hyperhidrosis, which is a socially troubling yet often benign condition, the consequences of untreated hypohidrosis include hyperthermia, heat stroke and death.^[2] An extreme case of hypohidrosis in which there is a complete absence of sweating and the skin is dry is termed anhidrosis.^[3] The condition is also known as adiaphoresis,^[4] ischidrosis,^[5] oligidria,^[6] oligohidrosis^[7] and sweating deficiency.

Causes

The causes are the following:^{[citation needed]}

Medications

Physical agents

Dermatological

Neuropathic

Ectodermal dysplasia
Multiple system atrophy
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Multiple sclerosis
Cerebrovascular accident
Tumour
Encephalitis
Cervical myelopathy
Diabetes mellitus
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy
Alcoholism
Amyloidosis
Ross syndrome
Pure autonomic failure
Horner's syndrome
ROSAH syndrome

Diagnosis

Sweat is readily visualized by a topical indicator such as iodinated starch (Minor test) or sodium alizarin sulphonate, both of which undergo a dramatic colour change when moistened by sweat. A thermoregulatory sweat test can evaluate the body’s response to a thermal stimulus by inducing sweating through a hot box (also called a hot room), a thermal blanket, or physical exercise. Failure of the topical indicator to undergo a colour change during thermoregulatory sweat testing indicates hypohidrosis, and further tests may be required to localize the lesion.^{[citation needed]}

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and ⁄ or spinal cord is the best modality for evaluation when the lesion is suspected to be localized to the central nervous system.^{[citation needed]}

Skin biopsies are useful when anhidrosis occurs as part of a dermatological disorder. Biopsy results may reveal the sweat gland destruction, necrosis or fibrosis, in addition to the findings of the primary dermatological disorder.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment

The treatment options for hypohidrosis and anhidrosis are largely limited to preventing overheating, and attempting to resolve or prevent further deterioration of any known underlying causes.

Those with hypohidrosis should avoid drugs that can aggravate the condition (see "Medications", under § Causes). They should limit activities that raise the core body temperature and if exercises are to be performed, they should be supervised and be performed in a cool, sheltered, and well-ventilated environment.

In instances where the cause is known, treatment should be directed at the primary pathology. In autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome and systemic sclerosis, treatment of the underlying disease using immunosuppressive drugs may lead to improvement in hypohidrosis. In neurological diseases, the primary pathology is often irreversible. In these instances, prevention of further neurological damage, such as good glycaemic control in diabetes, is the cornerstone of management. In acquired generalized anhidrosis, spontaneous remission may be observed in some cases. Corticosteroid pulse therapy has increased sweating in some people.^[8]

In other animals

Horses can also have hypohidrosis.^[9] Management includes avoiding exercise in warm weather and using water or other cooling devices.^[9] Horses may have inflammation of the airway, which may reduce the horse's ability to use panting as a form of thermoregulation.^[9]

Citations

^ Demis 1994, p. 9.
^ Chia, K. Y.; Tey, H. L. (2012). "Approach to hypohidrosis". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 27 (7): 799–804. doi:10.1111/jdv.12014. PMID 23094789. S2CID 206038609.
^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). "Diseases of the Skin Appendages". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier. p. 773. ISBN 978-0-323-31967-6.
^ "adiaphoresis | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon". Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
^ ischidrosis | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
^ oligidria | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
^ oligohidrosis | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
^ Yokozeki, H.; Murota, H.; Katayama, I. (2016-09-01). Perspiration Research. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-3-318-05905-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, Bradford P.; Pusterla, Nicola (2019-05-21). Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1361–1364. ISBN 978-0-323-55444-2.

Sources

Demis, D.J. (1994). Clinical Dermatology. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-397-57250-2. Retrieved 2024-06-28.