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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{etyl|oge|ka}} {{m|ka|მგელი}}; see below.
From {{inh|ka|oge|მგელი}}; see below.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{ka-IPA}}
* {{ka-IPA}}
* {{ka-hyphen}}
* {{ka-hyphen}}
* {{audio|Ka-მგელი.ogg|Audio|lang=ka}}
* {{audio|ka|Ka-მგელი.ogg}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
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{{ka-infl-noun|მგლ}}
{{ka-infl-noun|მგლ}}


{{C|ka|Wolves}}
----


==Old Georgian==
==Old Georgian==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{etyl|ccs-gzn-pro|ka}} {{m|ccs-gzn-pro||*mgel-|gloss=wolf}}. Cognate with {{cog|xmf|გერი}} and {{cog|lzz|მგერი}}, {{m|lzz|გვერი}}, {{m|lzz|მჯვერი}}.
Related to {{cog|xmf|გერი}} and {{cog|lzz|მგერი}}.


Since long connected with {{bor|oge|xcl|գայլ|t=wolf}}<ref>{{R:ka:Brosset:1834|page=378}}</ref><ref>{{R:xcl:Tomaschek:1883}}</ref> and usually considered a borrowing from it, replacing the native term due to a taboo.<ref>{{R:ka:Riabinin:1894|page=371}}</ref><ref>{{R:oge:Hippolytus|page=LXV|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/HippolytusGeorgian/page/n78/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{R:oge:Kluge:1914|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{R:xcl:Solta|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{R:xcl:HAB|գայլ|vol=I|page=512b}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:GI|page=416}}</ref><ref>{{R:cau:Tuite-Schulze|page=372}}</ref><ref>{{R:xcl:Greppin:2000|page=88, footnote 18}}</ref><ref>{{R:oge:Fähnrich:1994|page=250}}</ref> Note that dialectal {{m+|hy|գել}} is a late development within Armenian and is not particularly relevant for the comparison.
Ačaṙean and Gamkrelidze-Ivanov derive from {{etyl|hyx|ka}} (compare Armenian {{m|hy|գայլ||wolf}} and dialectal {{m|hy|գել}}). This is tentatively accepted by Starostin, however {{w|Elguja Khintibidze|Khintibidze}} disputes this. He agrees with the ultimate borrowed nature of the lexeme, but consideres it "not obligatory" to derive from Armenian in order to explain its Indo-European nature. He further compares how {{cog|xmf|გერი}} underwent a certain variation of the existing root and the {{etyl|sva|-}} counterpart was borrowed from a third source altogether ({{m|sva|თხე̄რე}} < {{etyl|grk|-}} ''thē̂r'' ("wild animal")). Due to Georgian traditional link to the wolf cult, where {{m|oge|{{w|lang=ka|მამბერი}}}} was the mythological ruler of the wolves, Khintibidze argues origin from the root of the second word, {{m|ka|ბერი}} ({{m|oge||*მამა-ბერი}}).

According to Klimov's earlier work, from {{inh|oge|ccs-gzn-pro||*mgel-|t=wolf}}, he however remarks that in {{cog|xmf|-}}-{{cog|lzz||*მგარ-}} is expected.<ref>{{R:ccs:Klimov:1964|*mgel-|page=130}}</ref> In Klimov's more recent works, he no longer reconstructs {{noncognate|ccs-gzn-pro|-}}, and is inclined to agree with the Armenian origin.<ref>{{R:cau:Klimov:1969|page=290}}</ref><ref>{{R:ccs:Klimov:1985|page=168}}</ref><ref>{{R:cau:Klimov:1986|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{R:cau:Klimov:1994|page=196}}</ref>


===Noun===
===Noun===
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====Descendants====
====Descendants====
* Georgian: {{l|ka|მგელი}}
* {{desc|ka|მგელი}}
* {{desc|lzz|მგერი|bor=1|unc=1|alts=1}}
* {{desc|xmf|გერი|bor=1|unc=1|alts=1}}


===References===
===References===
<references/>
⚫
* {{R:xcl:HAB|գայլ|vol=I|page=512b}}
* {{R:ccs:Starostin|*mgel-}}
⚫
* {{R:oge:Abuladze|page=225}}
* Khintibidze, p. 97-98


===Further reading===
[[Category:ka:Canids]]
⚫
* {{R:oge:Abuladze|page=225}}
⚫
* {{R:xcl:Deeters:1926|page=67}}
* {{R:xcl:AG|page=397}}, considering the similarity with the Armenian accidental


{{C|oge|Wolves}}
[[be:მგელი]]
[[eu:მგელი]]
[[fr:მგელი]]
[[ko:მგელი]]
[[hy:მგელი]]
[[it:მგელი]]
[[lo:მგელი]]
[[lt:მგელი]]
[[hu:მგელი]]
[[mg:მგელი]]
[[nn:მგელი]]
[[pl:მგელი]]
[[pt:მგელი]]
[[ro:მგელი]]
[[ru:მგელი]]
[[fi:მგელი]]
[[tr:მგელი]]

Latest revision as of 10:00, 2 June 2024

Georgian

[edit]
მგელი

Etymology

[edit]

From Old Georgian მგელი (mgeli); see below.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): [mɡeli]
  • Hyphenation: მგე‧ლი
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

[edit]

მგელი • (mgeli) (plural მგლები)

  1. wolf

Inflection

[edit]
Declension of მგელი (see Georgian declension)
singular plural archaic plural
nominative მგელი (mgeli) მგლები (mglebi) მგელნი (mgelni)
ergative მგელმა (mgelma) მგლებმა (mglebma) მგელთ(ა) (mgelt(a))
dative მგელს(ა) (mgels(a)) მგლებს(ა) (mglebs(a)) მგელთ(ა) (mgelt(a))
genitive მგლის(ა) (mglis(a)) მგლების(ა) (mglebis(a)) მგელთ(ა) (mgelt(a))
instrumental მგლით(ა) (mglit(a)) მგლებით(ა) (mglebit(a))
adverbial მგლად(ა) (mglad(a)) მგლებად(ა) (mglebad(a))
vocative მგელო (mgelo) მგლებო (mglebo) მგელნო (mgelno)
Notes: archaic plurals might not exist.
Postpositional inflection of მგელი (see Georgian postpositions)
postpositions taking a dative case singular plural
-ზე (-ze, “on”) მგელზე (mgelze) მგლებზე (mglebze)
-თან (-tan, “near”) მგელთან (mgeltan) მგლებთან (mglebtan)
-ში (-ši, “in”) მგელში (mgelši) მგლებში (mglebši)
-ვით (-vit, “like”) მგელივით (mgelivit) მგლებივით (mglebivit)
postpositions taking a genitive case singular plural
-თვის (-tvis, “for”) მგლისთვის (mglistvis) მგლებისთვის (mglebistvis)
-ებრ (-ebr, “like”) მგლისებრ (mglisebr) მგლებისებრ (mglebisebr)
-კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) მგლისკენ (mglisḳen) მგლებისკენ (mglebisḳen)
-გან (-gan, “from/of”) მგლისგან (mglisgan) მგლებისგან (mglebisgan)
postpositions taking an instrumental case singular plural
-დან (-dan, “from/since”) მგლიდან (mglidan) მგლებიდან (mglebidan)
-ურთ (-urt, “together with”) მგლითურთ (mgliturt) მგლებითურთ (mglebiturt)
postpositions taking an adverbial case singular plural
-მდე (-mde, “up to”) მგლამდე (mglamde) მგლებამდე (mglebamde)

Old Georgian

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Related to Mingrelian გერი (geri) and Laz მგერი (mgeri).

Since long connected with Old Armenian գայլ (gayl, “wolf”)[1][2] and usually considered a borrowing from it, replacing the native term due to a taboo.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Note that dialectal Armenian գել (gel) is a late development within Armenian and is not particularly relevant for the comparison.

According to Klimov's earlier work, from Proto-Georgian-Zan *mgel- (“wolf”), he however remarks that in Mingrelian-Laz *მგარ- (*mgar-) is expected.[12] In Klimov's more recent works, he no longer reconstructs Proto-Georgian-Zan, and is inclined to agree with the Armenian origin.[13][14][15][16]

Noun

[edit]

მგელი • (mgeli)

  1. wolf

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brosset, M. (1834) “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, page 378 of 369–405
  2. ^ Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1883) “Review of Hübschmann 1883”, in Deutsche Litteraturzeitung (in German), volume IV, number 36, Berlin, columns 1253–1254
  3. ^ Riabinin, Michel (1894) “Essai sur l'histoire comparée des liquides ivériennes”, in Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French), volume VIII, page 371 of 369–381
  4. ^ Марр, Н. (1901) Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии. Книга III. Ипполит. Толкование Песни песней. Грузинский текст по рукописи X в. [Texts and research in Armenian–Georgian philology. Book III. Hippolytus. Commentary on the Song of Songs. The Georgian text based on a 10th c. manuscript] (Издания Факультета восточных языков Императорского С.-Петербургского университета; 5)‎[1], Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page LXV
  5. ^ Kluge, Theodor (1914) “Die Indo-Germanischen Lehnwörter im Georgischen (Suite)”, in Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée‎[2] (in German), volume 47, Paris, page 31
  6. ^ Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎[3] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 33
  7. ^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971) “գայլ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume I, Yerevan: University Press, page 512b
  8. ^ Gamkrelidze, Th. V., Ivanov, V. V. (1995) Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 80), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 416
  9. ^ Tuite, Kevin, Schulze, Wolfgang (1998) “A Case of Taboo-Motivated Lexical Replacement in the Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus”, in Anthropological Linguistics‎[4], volume 40, number 3, page 372 of 363–383
  10. ^ Greppin, John A. C. (2000) “Armenian and the Kartvelian Languages”, in Y. L. Arbeitman, editor, The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter, Leuven – Paris: Peeters, page 88, footnote 18 of 85–91
  11. ^ Fähnrich, Heinz (1994) Grammatik der altgeorgischen Sprache (in German), Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, page 250
  12. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1964) “*mgel-”, in Этимологический словарь картвельских языков [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Academy Press, page 130
  13. ^ Климов, Г. А. (1969) “Абхазоадыгско-картвельские лексические параллели [Abkhaz-Adyghe and Kartvelian lexical parallels]”, in Этимология‎[5] (in Russian), number 1967, Moscow: Nauka, page 290 of 286–295
  14. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1985) “Дополнения к этимологическому словарю картвельских языков. II [Additions to the Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages. II]”, in Этимология‎[6] (in Russian), number 1983, Moscow: Nauka, page 168 of 166–179
  15. ^ Климов, Г. А. (1986) Введение в кавказское языкознание [Introduction to Caucasian Linguistics] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 124
  16. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1994) Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft [Introduction to Caucasian Linguistics]‎[7] (in German), German adaptation by Jost Gippert, Hamburg: Buske Helmut, page 196

Further reading

[edit]
  • Abulaʒe, Ilia (1973) “მგელი”, in Ʒveli kartuli enis leksiḳoni (masalebi) [Dictionary of Old Georgian (Materials)]‎[8] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Metsniereba, page 225
  • Deeters, Gerhard (1926) “Armenisch und Südkaukasisch. (Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Sprachmischung)”, in A. Dirr, editor, Caucasica: Zeitschrift für die Erforschung der Sprachen und Kulturen des Kaukasus‎[9] (in German), number 3, Leipzig: Verlag der Asia Major, page 67 of 37–82
  • Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 397, considering the similarity with the Armenian accidental
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