decay

English

Etymology

From Middle English decayen, dekeyen (“to decrease, diminish”), from Anglo-Norman decaeir (“to fall away, decay, decline”), from Vulgar Latin *dēcadere, etymologically restored form of Latin dēcidere (“to fall away, fail, sink, perish”), from de (“down”) + cadere (“to fall”). Compare decadent and decadence.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /dɪˈkeɪ/
• Rhymes: -eɪ
• (US) enPR: dē-kāʹ, IPA^(key): /di.ˈkeɪ/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Noun

decay (countable and uncountable, plural decays)

1. The process or result of being gradually decomposed; rot, decomposition.
   • 1895, H. G. Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine:

     I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

2. A deterioration of condition; loss of status, quality, strength, or fortune.

   civic and moral decay

   systemic decay

3. (obsolete) Overthrow, downfall, destruction, ruin.
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene vi:

     Let’s cheere our ſouldiers to incounter him,
     That grieuous image of ingratitude:
     That fiery thirſter after Soueraigntie: […]
     Reſolue my Lords and louing ſouldiers now,
     To ſaue your king and country from decay:

4. (programming) The situation, in programming languages such as C, where an array loses its type and dimensions and is reduced to a pointer, for example by passing it to a function.

Derived terms

• alpha decay
• array decay
• arrested decay
• bacterial decay
• beta decay
• biodecay
• bit decay
• c-decay
• decadescent
• decayability
• decayable
• decay chain
• decay constant
• decayer
• decayless
• decaylessness
• decay series
• decay time
• delta decay
• exponential decay
• gamma decay
• nonsense-mediated decay
• non-stop decay
• nuclear decay
• orbital decay
• particle decay
• photodecay
• predecay
• radioactive decay
• semidecay
• time decay
• tooth decay
• vacuum decay
• weight decay

 

Related terms

• deciduous

English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱh₂d- (0 c, 32 e)

Translations

process or result of being gradually decomposed

• Arabic: نَخْر m (naḵr)
• Bulgarian: разлагане (bg) n (razlagane)
• Catalan: descomposició (ca) f, desintegració (ca) f
• Czech: rozklad (cs) m, hniloba f
• Danish: nedbrydning c, forfald (da) n
• Dutch: verval (nl) n
• Finnish: lahoaminen (fi), laho (fi)
• French: décrépitude (fr) f
• German: Verfall (de) m, Verwesung (de) f, Fäulnis (de) f
• Greek: σήψη (el) f (sípsi)

  Ancient: σῆψις f (sêpsis)

• Hebrew: דעיכה f (de'ichá) (e.g. radioactive decay - דעיכה רדיואקטיבית)
• Hungarian: bomlás (hu)
• Ido: dekado (io)
• Irish: meath m
• Japanese: 腐敗 (ja) (fuhai)
• Korean: 부패 (ko) (bupae)
• Latin: cariēs f, tābēs f
• Low German:

  German Low German: Fuulnis f

• Macedonian: распа́ѓање n (raspáǵanje), ра́спад m (ráspad)
• Malayalam: ജീർണ്ണിക്കൽ (jīṟṇṇikkal)
• Maori: hanehane, popo
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: nedbryting

• Persian: تباهی (fa) (tabâhi), واپاشی (vâpâši)
• Polish: rozkład (pl) m
• Portuguese: deterioração (pt) f, apodrecimento (pt) m, putrefação (pt) f, decomposição (pt) f
• Romanian: descompunere (ro) f
• Russian: разложе́ние (ru) n (razložénije), распа́д (ru) m (raspád), (rotting) гние́ние (ru) n (gnijénije)
• Sanskrit: क्षय (sa) m (kṣaya)
• Scottish Gaelic: crìonadh m, mùthadh m
• Spanish: descomposición (es) f, deterioración (es) f, putrefacción (es) f, podredumbre (es) f
• Swedish: förruttnelse (sv) c, sönderfall (sv) n, förfall (sv) n
• Tagalog: pugnaw
• Ukrainian: розклада́ння n (rozkladánnja)

deterioration of condition

• Bulgarian: влошаване (bg) n (vlošavane)
• Catalan: deteriorament m, decadència (ca) f
• Czech: rozklad (cs) m
• Danish: forfald (da) n, svækkelse c
• Finnish: heikkeneminen (fi), rapautuminen (fi)
• Hungarian: romlás (hu), hanyatlás (hu), pusztulás (hu)
• Irish: meath m, meathlú m
• Korean: 쇠약 (soeyak)
• Macedonian: влошу́вање n (vlošúvanje)
• Malayalam: ജീർണ്ണിക്കൽ (jīṟṇṇikkal)
• Ottoman Turkish: خراب (harab)
• Polish: rozkład (pl) m, degradacja (pl) f
• Romanian: decădere (ro) f
• Russian: упа́док (ru) m (upádok), спад (ru) m (spad)
• Spanish: deterioración (es) f, desintegración (es) f, decadencia (es) f

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Esperanto: ^{(please verify)} disfalo
• French: ^{(please verify)} déchéance (fr) f
• Irish: ^{(please verify)} aife f

Verb

decay (third-person singular simple present decays, present participle decaying, simple past and past participle decayed)

1. (intransitive) To deteriorate, to get worse, to lose strength or health, to decline in quality.

   The pair loved to take pictures in the decaying hospital on forty-third street.

   1. (intransitive, electronics, of storage media or the data on them) To undergo bit rot, that is, gradual degradation.
   2. (intransitive, computing, of software) To undergo software rot, that is, to fail to be updated in a changing environment, so as to eventually become legacy or obsolete.
   3. (intransitive, physics, of a satellite's orbit) To undergo prolonged reduction in altitude (above the orbited body).
      • 2009, Francis Lyall, Paul B. Larsen, Space Law: A Treatise, page 120:

        Damaged on lift-off, Skylab was left in orbit until its orbit decayed.

2. (intransitive, of organic material) To rot, to go bad.

   The cat's body decayed rapidly.

3. (intransitive, transitive, physics, chemistry, of an unstable atom) To change by undergoing fission, by emitting radiation, or by capturing or losing one or more electrons; to undergo radioactive decay.
   • 2005, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, edited by Timothy M. Kusky, →ISBN, page 349:

     Uranium decays to radium through a long series of steps with a cumulative half-life of 4.4 billion years.

4. (intransitive, transitive, physics, of a quantum system) To undergo optical decay, that is, to relax to a less excited state, usually by emitting a photon or phonon.
5. (intransitive, aviation) Loss of airspeed due to drag.
6. (transitive) To cause to rot or deteriorate.

   The extreme humidity decayed the wooden sculptures in the museum's collection in a matter of years.

   • c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]:

     Infirmity, that decays the wise.

7. (programming, intransitive) Of an array: to lose its type and dimensions and be reduced to a pointer, for example when passed to a function.

Derived terms

• nondecaying
• semidecaying
• undecaying

 

Translations

to deteriorate

• Arabic: اضمحل, تضعضع
• Armenian: փչանալ (hy) (pʻčʻanal)
• Bulgarian: разлагам се (razlagam se), развалям се (razvaljam se)
• Catalan: deteriorar-se (ca), fer-se malbé
• Czech: rozkládat se
• Danish: brydes ned, nedbrydes, forfalde, henfalde (physics)
• Dutch: vervallen (nl), in verval raken, verloederen (nl)
• Finnish: heikentyä (fi), rapautua (fi), rappeutua (fi), heiketä (fi)
• French: pourrir (fr)
• Georgian: ფუჭდება (puč̣deba)
• German: verfallen (de), verderben (de)
• Hungarian: elpusztul (hu), tönkremegy (hu)
• Irish: meath, meathlaigh
• Korean: 부패하다 (ko) (bupaehada)
• Malayalam: ജീർണ്ണിക്കുക (jīṟṇṇikkuka)
• Maori: taimate, koropungapunga
• Persian: تباهیدن (tabâhidan), واپاشیدن (vâpâšidan)
• Portuguese: decompor-se, deteriorar (pt)
• Romanian: descompune (ro)
• Russian: по́ртиться (ru) (pórtitʹsja), ухудша́ться (ru) (uxudšátʹsja)
• Spanish: deteriorarse (es), decaer (es), periclitar (es)
• Swedish: mattas (sv), försämras (sv), förfalla (sv), tackla av
• Turkish: fenalaşmak (tr)

to rot — see rot

To change by undergoing fission, by emitting radiation, or by capturing or losing one or more electrons.

• Catalan: desintegrar-se (ca)
• French: se désintégrer
• Russian: распада́ться (ru) impf (raspadátʹsja), распа́сться (ru) pf (raspástʹsja)
• Ukrainian: розпада́тися impf (rozpadátysja), розпа́стися pf (rozpástysja)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Arabic: ^{(please verify)} تَحَلَّلَ (taḥallala)
• Georgian: ^{(please verify)} ლპობა (lṗoba), ^{(please verify)} ხრწნა (xrc̣na), ^{(please verify)} გაფუჭება (ka) (gapuč̣eba)
• German: ^{(please verify)} faulen (de), ^{(please verify)} verderben (de), ^{(please verify)} verfallen (de), ^{(please verify)} zerfallen (de), ^{(please verify)} verwesen (de), ^{(please verify)} abklingen (de), ^{(please verify)} vermodern (de)
• Italian: ^{(please verify)} imputridire
• Japanese: (1) ^{(please verify)} 朽ちる (くちる, kuchiru), (2) ^{(please verify)} 腐る (ja) (くさる, kusaru)
• Korean: ^{(please verify)} 썩다 (ko) (sseokda)
• Swedish: ^{(please verify)} ruttna (sv)

Further reading

• “decay”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “decay”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

Anagrams

• Dacey