sa

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "sa"

Translingual

Symbol

sa

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.

Abau

Noun

sa

  1. woman

References

  • transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Acehnese

Acehnese numbers (edit)
10
 ←  0 1 2  →  10  → 
    Cardinal: sa
    Ordinal: phôn

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Ainu

Noun

sa (Kana spelling サ)

  1. elder sister
    Synonym: nanna

References

  • John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎[3], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 385
  • Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja[1] or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).[2]

Pronoun

sa

  1. how much

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sa”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
  2. ^ Meyer, G. (1891) “sa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 375

Ama

Pronunciation

Noun

sa

  1. rain

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

Numeral

sa (Bengali script সা)

  1. one

Synonyms

References

Bahnar

Etymology

From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (sii) and Mon စ (ca).

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. to eat

Balinese

Romanization

sa

  1. Romanization of ᬲ

Banjarese

Banjarese cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Derived terms

Catalan

Etymology 1

From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).

Pronunciation

Adjective

sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)

  1. healthy
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Latin ipsa.

Article

sa f

  1. (Balearic) nominative feminine singular of es

References

Cebuano

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Tagalog sa, Bikol Central sa, Hiligaynon sa.

Pronunciation

Preposition

sa

  1. marks the indirect object or recipient of the verb: to
    Coordinate terms: kang, (colloquial) ni — used before personal names
    Gihatag na nako ang tanan sa akong amigo. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
  2. refers to the location of something or some action: in; at; on
    Naa sa lamisa. ― On the table.
    Sa Pilipinas ko gipanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.
  3. refers to motion towards or away from a definite location:
    1. to the; towards the
      Synonym: padulong (sa)
      Moadto siya sa sinehan unya. ― He's going to the movies later.
    2. from the; away from the
      Synonym: gikan (sa)
      Mihawa ko sa balay. ― I went away from the house.
  4. refers to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
    Synonyms: (colloquial) inig-, ig-
    Sa Lunes mi mouli. ― We're going home on Monday.
  5. refers to accompaniment with a definite partner or object: with; together with; in company with
    Synonyms: uban (sa/ang), kuyog (sa/ang)
    Nikuyog si Juan sa iyang papa. ― Juan went with his father.
  6. used in comparisons: than
    Synonym: kaysa (sa/kang)
    Mas paspas ang eroplano sa imong sakyanan. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
  7. refers to the cause of action: due to; because of
    Synonyms: tungod sa, kay
    Namatay sila sa kagutom. ― They died of hunger.
  8. refers to the definite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by
    Synonym: gamit (ang)
    Iyang gisagpa sa kamot. ― He slapped him with the hand.
  9. refers to the basis of action: through, by, on the basis of
    Migawas ang estudyante sa pagsugot sa maestro. ― The student went out by the teacher's permission.
Usage notes
  • Used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases:
    sa babaw (sa) ― on top (of)
    sa sulod (sa) ― within, inside (of)
    pinaagi sa ― by means of
    tungod sa ― due to, because of
  • In senses where definiteness is encoded, sa is used in contrast with og, which refers to indefinite relations.

See also

Cebuano markers
Direct Indirect Oblique
Definite Indefinite Definite Indefinite
Common Singular ang ing†, 'y sa, sang† og sa
Plural ang mga ing mga†,
'y mga 		sa mga,
sang mga† 		og mga sa mga
Personal Singular si ni kang*
Plural sila ni, silang
sa† 		nila ni, nilang
na† 		(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang*
ka†
†Archaic
*Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech.

Etymology 2

From earlier sang, conflating with sa (“to, in, at”). Compare Hiligaynon sang, Waray-Waray han, Tagalog ng.

Article

sa

  1. definite indirect marker for nouns other than personal names
    Coordinate term: og — for indefinite nouns
    Mikaon sa isda ang iring.
    The cat ate the fish.
    Gikaon sa iring ang isda.
    The cat ate the fish.
  2. of, 's; marks possession
    luto sa inahan ― mother's cooking
    babaw sa lamisa ― on top of the table
    1. of the; with a definite possessor
      Coordinate term: og — see Usage notes
      anak sa hari ― son of the king
Usage notes
  • In marking possession, the usage of sa is contrasted with that of og in certain possessive relations, such as kinship terms:
    inahan sa hari ― mother of the king
    inahan og hari ― mother of a king
  • But this distinction does not apply to all possessive phrases:
    mga dahon sa punuan ― (a/the) tree's leaves
    mga dahon og punuan ― is ungrammatical
  • However, the contrast is mostly unused in everyday speech, with sa used in all possessive phrases.

Etymology 3

Compare Tagalog sina, Tausug hinda, Kinaray-a sanday.

Article

sa

  1. (archaic) direct marker for plural personal names
    Synonyms: sila ni, silang

Etymology 4

From usa, isa.

Pronunciation

Noun

sà

  1. shortened form of usa, isa (“for now, before doing”)

Etymology 5

Elision of the "l" in sala (“strain”), from Proto-Philippine *sáraʔ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsa(ː)/ [ˈs̪a(ː)]

Noun

sa

  1. (Cebu) shortened form of sala (“strain”)

Etymology 6

Elision of the "l" in sala (“fault, sin”), from Inherited from Proto-Philippine *salaq.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsa(ː)ʔ/ [ˈs̪a(ː)ʔ]

Noun

sâ

  1. (Cebu) shortened form of sala (“fault, sin”)

Chipewyan

Etymology

Compare South Slavey sa

Noun

sa

  1. sun
  2. watch

Drung

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/p-wa.

Noun

sa

  1. tooth

References

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

Duriankere

Noun

sa

  1. water

Further reading

Duun

Noun

sa

  1. fire

Further reading

Eastern Cham

Eastern Cham cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Estonian

Alternative forms

  • Sa (optional capitalization)

Etymology

Short form of sina

Pronoun

sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)

  1. you, thou (in unstressed positions)
    Mis sa teed seal? ― What are you doing there?

Declension

Declension of sa
2nd person singular plural
long short long short
nominative sina sa teie te
genitive sinu su teie te
partitive sind teid
illative sinusse susse teisse
inessive sinus sus teis
elative sinust sust teist
allative sinule sulle teile
adessive sinul sul teil
ablative sinult sult teilt
translative sinuks – teieks teiks
terminative sinuni – teieni –
essive sinuna – teiena –
abessive sinuta – teieta –
comitative sinuga suga teiega –

See also

Estonian personal pronouns
singular plural
long short long short
1st person mina ma meie me
2nd person familiar sina sa teie te
polite Teie Te
3rd person animate tema ta nemad nad
inanimate see need

Further reading

  • “sa”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
  • “sa”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
  • sa in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

Finnish

Etymology

See sinä; developed through contraction.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ɑ
  • Hyphenation(key): sa

Pronoun

sa

  1. (personal, archaic, poetic) you (second-person singular pronoun)

Declension

Other forms than the nominative generally align with sä.

Synonyms

  • sinä (standard Finnish; see it for full list)

Further reading

Anagrams

Franco-Provençal

Determiner

sa

  1. feminine singular of son

French

Etymology

From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sa/
  • Audio:(file)

Determiner

sa f sg

  1. (possessive) his, her, its, their, one's
    Emma est allée chez sa sœur.
    Emma went to her sister's house.
    Pierre a perdu sa carte d’identité.
    Pierre has lost his identity card.
    Sa voiture est blanche.
    Their car is white.
French possessive determiners
Possessee
singular plural
m f
Possessor singular 1st mon1 ma mes
2nd ton1 ta tes
3rd son1 sa ses
plural 1st notre nos
2nd votre2 vos2
3rd leur leurs
1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.
For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Further reading

Anagrams

Futuna-Aniwa

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.

Adjective

sa

  1. bad
  2. ugly

Galician

Etymology

Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

sa f (plural sas)

  1. generation, litter
  2. sowing season

References

  1. ^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “sala”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ Piel, J. M. (1973), "Betrachtungen zu hisp.-got. *sala, gal.-pg. Sáa, Sá", in Studia Iberica. Festschrift für Hans Flache. München: Francke Verlag. page 463.

Garo

Garo cardinal numbers
1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Gothic

Romanization

sa

  1. Romanization of 𐍃𐌰

Guaraní

Adjective

sa

  1. (cardinal number) one hundred

Derived terms

Hadza

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. to rain

Noun

sa

  1. the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French ça.

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. can, to be able to

Determiner

sa

  1. this
  2. these
    • 2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik‎[6]:
      Dapre Misey Guaido, 2 peyi sa yo ap defann sèlman enterè biznis yo ak Venezuela.
      According to Mr. Guaido, these two countries are only defending their business interests in Venezuela.
  3. that
  4. those

Pronoun

sa

  1. (demonstrative) this
  2. (demonstrative) these
  3. (demonstrative) that
  4. (demonstrative) those
  5. (interrogative) what
  6. (relative) what

Derived terms

Hanunoo

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sa (locative marker).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsa/ [ˈsa]
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: sa

Preposition

sa (Hanunoo spelling ᜰ)

  1. to
    Synonym: (literary) kan
  2. on; at; in
  3. by
  4. for
  5. from

Usage notes

  • For personal names, kan (or kana if plural) is used instead.

Further reading

  • Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 232
  • Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*sa₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Haroi

Haroi cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Hausa

Etymology

Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), but Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.

Pronunciation

Noun

sâ m (feminine sānìyā, plural shānū, possessed form sân)

  1. bull, ox, cattle

Higaonon

Preposition

sa

  1. of

Iban

Affix

sa

  1. short form for satu, often pronounced as se-.
  2. combine with a verb in nasal form e.g. se +‎ kayoh (kayoh means "paddle") to form a noun sengayoh (a paddle).
  3. combine with a verb in nasal form and a prefix pe- e.g. sa +‎ pe +‎ san (san means "a load") to form a noun sapenyan (as much as one can carry) and sa +‎ pe +‎ temu (temu means "opinion") to form sapenemu (as much as one knows).

References

  • Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.

Ido

Pronunciation

Determiner

sa

  1. (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
    • 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:
      Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]
      According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]

Igbo

Pronunciation

  • (inherent tone): IPA(key): /sá/

Verb

sá

  1. to wash, to scrub.
    Ana m asa efere.
    I am washing plates.

Indonesian

Etymology

Clipping of saya.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sa/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Pronoun

sa

  1. (Papuan) I (first person singular prononun)

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).

Pronunciation

Contraction

sa

  1. Contraction of i + an.
    Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat
    Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.
    Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.

Usage notes

This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:

  • lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
  • lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
  • eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
  • in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).

Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Irish preposition contractions
Basic form Contracted with Copular forms
an (“the sg”) na (“the pl”) mo (“my”) do (“your”) a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) ár (“our”) ar (“which (past)”) (before consonant) (present/future before vowel) (past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”) den de na
desna*		 de mo
dem*		 de do
ded*, det*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
do (“to, for”) don do na
dosna*		 do mo
dom*		 do do
dod*, dot*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
faoi (“under, about”) faoin faoi na faoi mo faoi do faoina faoinár faoinar faoinarb faoinarbh
i (“in”) sa, san sna i mo
im*		 i do
id*, it*		 ina inár inar inarb inarbh
le (“with”) leis an leis na le mo
lem*		 le do
led*, let*		 lena lenár lenar lenarb lenarbh
ó (“from, since”) ón ó na
ósna*		 ó mo
óm*		 ó do
ód*, ót*		 óna ónár ónar ónarb ónarbh
trí (“through”) tríd an trí na trí mo trí do trína trínár trínar trínarb trínarbh
*Dialectal.

References

  • Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
  • McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
  • Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  • Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil‎[7], Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais, 2017, pages 8–10, 15–18

Further reading

Italian

Alternative forms

  • sà (misspelling)

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. third-person singular present indicative of sapere
    Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.

References

Japanese

Romanization

sa

  1. The hiragana syllable さ (sa) or the katakana syllable サ (sa) in Hepburn romanization.

Jarai

Jarai cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Kabyle

Kabyle cardinal numbers
 <  6 7 8  > 
    Cardinal : sa
    Arabic loanword : sebɛa

Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

Numeral

sa (feminine sat)

  1. seven
    Synonym: sebɛa

Kamakan

Alternative forms

Noun

sa

  1. (Kotoxo) water

References

  • Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
  • Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)

Lhao Vo

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Lashi suid" and Burmese သွေး (swe:).

Noun

sa

  1. blood

References

  • Dr. Ola Hanson, "A Dictionary of the Kachin Language" (1906).

Ligurian

Verb

sa

  1. third-person singular present indicative of savéi

Livonian

Alternative forms

Etymology

A shorter form of sinā.

Pronoun

sa

  1. you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee

Declension

Declension of sa
singular (ikšlug) plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv) sinā
sa 		tēg
teg
genitive (genitīv) sin täd
partitive (partitīv) sīnda tēḑi
dative (datīv) sinnõn
sin 		täddõn
tän
instrumental (instrumentāl) sinkõks tädkõks
illative (illatīv) sinnõ
sinnõz 		tēži
inessive (inesīv) sinsõ tēši
elative (elatīv) sinstõ tēšti

See also

References

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Louisiana Creole

Etymology

Inherited from French sera (“will be”) or similar (e.g., seras), an inflection of French être (“to be”).

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. (auxiliary, copulative) will be

Lower Sorbian

Preposition

sa

  1. Obsolete spelling of za.

Macanese

Etymology 1

Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge3, possessive marker).

Alternative forms

Particle

sa

  1. particle appended after pronouns to denote ownership: -'s
    iou-sa filo ― my child
    êle-sa ― his; her; their (sg.)
    ilôtro-sa casa ― their (pl.) house
    uví mai-sa ladínha ― to listen to mother's scolding
Usage notes
  • According to native speakers, sa is more commonly used than sua.
  • The particle is not inflected for gender.
  • Almost always spelt connected using a hyphen in the vast majority of writings, but not mandatory.

See also

Macanese personal pronouns (edit)
Person Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Reflexive Possessive
First iou, io, mi*, ieu* iou-sa, iou-sua#, minha, io-sa, io-sua# nôs, nosôtro* nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua# onçóm su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua#
Second vôs vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua# vosôtro vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua#
Third êle, êla* êle-sa, su, êle-sua# ilôtro, elôtro*, olôtro*, ulôtro* ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua#

#: dated.
*: rare.

Etymology 2

Uncertain. Possibly from Portuguese sabe (“know”), thus a doublet of sábi.

Alternative forms

Particle

sa

  1. expletive particle expressing confirmation or explanation
    Sâm diabo? Nunca, sâm tacho-sa!
    Is it the devil? No, it's a pot!

References

Malay

Numeral

sa

  1. (1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se.

Maltese

Etymology

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

Pronunciation

Preposition

sa

  1. until
    Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti. ― I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.
  2. as far as

Derived terms

Mandarin

Romanization

sa (sa5／sa0, Zhuyin ˙ㄙㄚ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿

sa

  1. Nonstandard spelling of sā.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of sǎ.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of sà.

Usage notes

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Maranao

Noun

sa

  1. tea

References

Masalit

Noun

sa

  1. water

References

  • Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)

Matal

Etymology 1

Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).[1] Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).

Verb

sa

  1. to drink
    Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)[2]
    For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)
    Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)[3]
    Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)

Etymology 2

Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).[4]

Verb

sa

  1. to come
    La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)[5]
    For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)
    La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)[6]
    ​On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)
    "Sà à waŋ, sà à waŋ", tagòɗ à mamətsay, ama mamətsay ahòy atà à ahàl. (Mafətala 9:6)[7]
    Come here, come here, they said to the death, but the death flew from them (Revelation 9:6)

References

  1. ^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎[1], number 1, Malibu: Undena
  2. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/25#35
  3. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/John/4#13
  4. ^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎[2], number 1, Malibu: Undena
  5. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/11#18
  6. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/13#1
  7. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Rev/9

Minangkabau

Minangkabau cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Synonyms

Derived terms

Northern Roglai

Northern Roglai cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Norwegian Bokmål

Verb

sa

  1. simple past of si

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

sa

  1. past of seia

Ojibwe

Particle

sa

  1. emphasis marker
    Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.
    They were getting ready.

References

Old French

Etymology

From Latin sua, feminine of suus.

Determiner

sa f (masculine son, plural ses)

  1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

Descendants

  • French: sa

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *swa.

Conjunction

sā

  1. so
  2. as
  3. or

Old Irish

Determiner

sa

  1. Alternative spelling of so

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts

Pronoun

sa

  1. he, it

Adjective

sa

  1. masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)

Noun

sa

  1. vocative singular of san (“dog”)

Palu'e

Palu'e cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Papiamentu

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.

Verb

sa

  1. to know

Pawaia

Pronunciation

Noun

sa

  1. water

References

  • Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
  • Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)

Polish

Pronunciation

Adverb

sa (not comparable)

  1. (Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland, Kuyavia) Alternative form of sam (“here”)

Further reading

  • Oskar Kolberg (1867) “sa”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 276
  • Oskar Kolberg (1877) “sa”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 35

Rade

Rade cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Rawang

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Verb

sa

  1. to wait.

Etymology 2

Noun

sa

  1. bird; fowl.

Romani

Pronoun

sa

  1. all

Romanian

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

Determiner

sa f

  1. feminine singular of său: his/her

Pronoun

sa f (possessive pronouns)

  1. (preceded by "a") his/hers (that which is his or hers)

Sardinian

Alternative forms

  • s' (apocopated, used before vowels)

Etymology

From Latin ipsa (“herself”), feminine of ipse (“himself”).

Pronunciation

Article

sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)

  1. (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)

References

  • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
  • Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

Preposition

sa

  1. in the
    sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini

Usage notes

  • Triggers lenition.
  • This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
  • Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

References

  • Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
  • McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
  • Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Serbo-Croatian

Preposition

sa (Cyrillic spelling са)

  1. Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

sa

  1. accusative of seba
    Vidím sa v zrkadle. ― I see myself in the mirror.
    Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.

Usage notes

  • In regular sentences, it must take the 2nd position.
    Modlím sa. ― I am praying.
  • In the past tense, it takes the third 3rd while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.
    Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.
  • In the conditional mood, it takes the 4th position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.
    Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...
Slovak personal pronouns
substantive possessive
singular plural singular plural
1st person ja my môj náš
2nd person familiar ty vy tvoj váš
polite vy váš
3rd person m on oni*／ony jeho ich
f ona jej
n ono jeho
reflexive seba, sa (clitic) svoj
* masculine animate only, ony otherwise.

Further reading

  • “sa”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

South Slavey

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [sà(ʔ)]
  • Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sa (stem -za-)

  1. sun
  2. month

Declension

Possessive inflection of sa (-zaá)
singular plural
1st person sezaá naxezaá
2nd person nezaá
3rd person 1) — gizaá
2) mezaá gozaá
4th person yezaá
reflexive sp. ɂedezaá kedezaá
unsp. dezaá
reciprocal — ɂełezaá
indefinite ɂezaá
areal gozaá
1) Used when the subject is a group of human beings and the object is singular.
2) Used when the previous condition does not apply.

Derived terms

References

  • Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 215

Southern Ndebele

Verb

-sa?

  1. to take

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sranan Tongo

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.

Particle

sa

  1. Verbal marker for modal aspect.
  2. Verbal marker for the future tense.
    Synonym: o
    • 1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam‎[8], New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:
      A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
      Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.
      The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
      Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll [want to] eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.
    • 1999, Hillary de Bruin, “Liederen uit de praktijk van de duman [Songs from the Winti priest's practice]”, in OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis‎[9], Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, →ISSN, page 152:
      Blesi sa kon bogobogo, Masra pramis' m'anga yu, Lek'wan alen a sa wiki, Kraf' den di bribi fu tru, Sula fu seigi, wan dei sa was' kon na gron, now wan tu dropu de spiti, ma sibibusi sa kon
      Blessing will come abundantly / the Lord promised to me and you / like a rainshower it will awaken / strengthen those who truly believe / With cataracts of blessing / one day the ground will be awash / now a few droplets are spitting / but torrential rains will come

Etymology 2

From English saw.

Noun

sa

  1. A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).

Sumerian

Romanization

sa

  1. Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)

Swazi

Verb

-sá

  1. to dawn

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

Etymology

Apocopic form of sade

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. (somewhat informal) past indicative of säga

Anagrams

Tagalog

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

Pronunciation

Preposition

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. indirect object marker: to
    Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
  2. used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)
    Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.
    Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.
  3. used to refer towards a location: to; toward
    Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.
  4. used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with
    Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.
  5. used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
    Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.
  6. used in comparisons: than
    Synonym: kaysa
    Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
  7. used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)
    Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.
  8. a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of
    Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.
  9. used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of
    Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.
  10. used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on
    Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.
  11. used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of
    Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.
  12. used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases
    sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of
    mula sa ― from
Usage notes
Alternative forms
Derived terms
See also
Tagalog markers
Direct (ang) Indirect (ng) Oblique (sa)
Common Singular ang ng sa
Plural ang mga ng mga sa mga
Personal Singular si ni kay
Plural / Polite sina nina kina

Etymology 2

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).

Pronunciation

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abakada alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) es, (in the Abecedario) ese
See also

Etymology 3

See tsa.

Pronunciation

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. Obsolete form of tsa.

Further reading

  • “sa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Talysh

Etymology

Cognate with Persian صد (sad).

Numeral

sa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).

Pronunciation

Adjective

-sa (declinable)

  1. (rare) empty, bare
    Near-synonym: -onka
    bigere bisa ― barefoot

Declension

Inflected forms of -sa
Noun class indefinite definite
singular plural singular plural
1/2 musa basa omusa abasa
3/4 musa misa omusa emisa
5/6 lisa masa erisa amasa
7/8 kisa bisa ekisa ebisa
9/10 nsa nsa ensa ensa
11/10 rusa orusa
12/14 kasa busa akasa obusa
13 tusa otusa
14/6 busa masa obusa amasa
15/6 kusa okusa
16 hasa ahasa

Derived terms

  • busa (“naked; nothing”)

References

  1. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 349
  2. Rubongoya, L. T. (2013) Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎[11], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 352
  3. Entry 9239 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Tunica

Noun

sa

  1. dog

Turkish

Phrase

sa

  1. (Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蹉 (“to slip; to fall”, SV: tha)?”

Verb

sa • (蹉, 沙, 莎)

  1. to fall (especially from the sky); to drop down; to prolapse
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.

Noun

sa

  1. gauze
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Romanization

sa

  1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 沙 (“sand”)
  2. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 砂 (“sand”)
Derived terms

Welsh

Verb

sa (not mutable)

  1. (South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod
    Sa i’n gwybod.
    I don’t know.
  2. (colloquial) Contraction of basai.

Usage notes

Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.

West Frisian

Conjunction

sa

  1. so

Further reading

  • “sa (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

West Makian

Pronunciation

Verb

sa

  1. (stative) to be bad
  2. (stative) to be rotten

Conjugation

Conjugation of sa (stative verb)
singular plural
inclusive exclusive
1st person tisa misa asa
2nd person nisa fisa
3rd person inanimate isa disa
animate masa
imperative —, sa —, sa

References

  • Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎[12], Pacific linguistics

Western Cham

Western Cham cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

Numeral

sa

  1. one

Xârâgurè

Etymology

Compare Drehu xe (“smack”).

Verb

sa

  1. hit

References

  • Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations

Xhosa

Etymology 1

Verb

-sa?

  1. to take
Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Ideophone

sâ

  1. Signifies scattering.

Yámana

Pronoun

sa

  1. you

Zhuang

Etymology

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to Mandarin 沙 (shā) or Lao ຊາຍ (sāi) and Thai ทราย (saai)?”

Pronunciation

Noun

sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)

  1. sand

Adjective

sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)

  1. sandy

Zou

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sà/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sa

  1. hot

Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sǎ/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sá

  1. meat
  2. animal
Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sâ/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sà

  1. dense, thick

References

  • Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 62

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.

Verb

-sá

  1. (intransitive) to dawn
Inflection
Tone H
Infinitive ukusa
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukusa ukungasi
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yisa -se
Plural yisani -seni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyasa, ngisa engisayo, engisa ngisa angisi engingasi ngingasi
2nd singular uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
1st plural siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
2nd plural niyasa, nisa enisayo, enisa nisa anisi eningasi ningasi
Class 1 uyasa, usa osayo, osa esa akasi ongasi engasi
Class 2 bayasa, basa abasayo, abasa besa abasi abangasi bengasi
Class 3 uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
Class 4 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 5 liyasa, lisa elisayo, elisa lisa alisi elingasi lingasi
Class 6 ayasa, asa asayo, asa esa awasi angasi engasi
Class 7 siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
Class 8 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 9 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 10 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 11 luyasa, lusa olusayo, olusa lusa alusi olungasi lungasi
Class 14 buyasa, busa obusayo, obusa busa abusi obungasi bungasi
Class 15 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Class 17 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngisile, ngisē engisile, engisē ngisile, ngisē angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nisile, nisē enisile, enisē nisile, nisē anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 usile, usē osile, osē esile, esē akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 basile, basē abasile, abasē besile, besē abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lisile, lisē elisile, elisē lisile, lisē alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 asile, asē asile, asē esile, esē awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lusile, lusē olusile, olusē lusile, lusē alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 busile, busē obusile, obusē busile, busē abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāsa engāsa ngāsa angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nāsa enāsa nāsa anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 wāsa owāsa āsa akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 bāsa abāsa bāsa abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lāsa elāsa lāsa alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 āsa āsa āsa awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lwāsa olwāsa lwāsa alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 bāsa obāsa bāsa abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingasa — ngingasa ngingese — ngingese
2nd singular ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
1st plural singasa — singasa singese — singese
2nd plural ningasa — ningasa ningese — ningese
Class 1 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 2 bangasa — bengasa bangese — bengese
Class 3 ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
Class 4 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 5 lingasa — lingasa lingese — lingese
Class 6 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 7 singasa — singasa singese — singese
Class 8 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 9 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 10 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 11 lungasa — lungasa lungese — lungese
Class 14 bungasa — bungasa bungese — bungese
Class 15 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Class 17 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokusa engizokusa ngizokusa angizukusa engingezukusa ngingezukusa
2nd singular uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
1st plural sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
2nd plural nizokusa enizokusa nizokusa anizukusa eningezukusa ningezukusa
Class 1 uzokusa ozokusa ezokusa akazukusa ongezukusa engezukusa
Class 2 bazokusa abazokusa bezokusa abazukusa abangezukusa bengezukusa
Class 3 uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
Class 4 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 5 lizokusa elizokusa lizokusa alizukusa elingezukusa lingezukusa
Class 6 azokusa azokusa ezokusa awazukusa angezukusa engezukusa
Class 7 sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
Class 8 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 9 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 10 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 11 luzokusa oluzokusa luzokusa aluzukusa olungezukusa lungezukusa
Class 14 buzokusa obuzokusa buzokusa abuzukusa obungezukusa bungezukusa
Class 15 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Class 17 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokusa engiyokusa ngiyokusa angiyukusa engingeyukusa ngingeyukusa
2nd singular uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
1st plural siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
2nd plural niyokusa eniyokusa niyokusa aniyukusa eningeyukusa ningeyukusa
Class 1 uyokusa oyokusa eyokusa akayukusa ongeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 2 bayokusa abayokusa beyokusa abayukusa abangeyukusa bengeyukusa
Class 3 uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
Class 4 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 5 liyokusa eliyokusa liyokusa aliyukusa elingeyukusa lingeyukusa
Class 6 ayokusa ayokusa eyokusa awayukusa angeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 7 siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
Class 8 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 9 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 10 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 11 luyokusa oluyokusa luyokusa aluyukusa olungeyukusa lungeyukusa
Class 14 buyokusa obuyokusa buyokusa abuyukusa obungeyukusa bungeyukusa
Class 15 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Class 17 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngise ngingasi
2nd singular use ungasi
1st plural sise singasi
2nd plural nise ningasi
Class 1 ase angasi
Class 2 base bangasi
Class 3 use ungasi
Class 4 ise ingasi
Class 5 lise lingasi
Class 6 ase angasi
Class 7 sise singasi
Class 8 zise zingasi
Class 9 ise ingasi
Class 10 zise zingasi
Class 11 luse lungasi
Class 14 buse bungasi
Class 15 kuse kungasi
Class 17 kuse kungasi
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngasa ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural nasa nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1 wasa wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3 wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5 lasa langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6 asa angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7 sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11 lwasa lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

Etymology 2

Clipping of -yisa.

Verb

-sa

  1. (transitive) to take to
  2. (transitive) to convey, to send, to transfer
Inflection
Tone L
Infinitive ukusa
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukusa ukungasi
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yisa -se
Plural yisani -seni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyasa, ngisa engisayo, engisa ngisa angisi engingasi ngingasi
2nd singular uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
1st plural siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
2nd plural niyasa, nisa enisayo, enisa nisa anisi eningasi ningasi
Class 1 uyasa, usa osayo, osa esa akasi ongasi engasi
Class 2 bayasa, basa abasayo, abasa besa abasi abangasi bengasi
Class 3 uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
Class 4 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 5 liyasa, lisa elisayo, elisa lisa alisi elingasi lingasi
Class 6 ayasa, asa asayo, asa esa awasi angasi engasi
Class 7 siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
Class 8 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 9 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 10 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 11 luyasa, lusa olusayo, olusa lusa alusi olungasi lungasi
Class 14 buyasa, busa obusayo, obusa busa abusi obungasi bungasi
Class 15 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Class 17 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngisile, ngisē engisile, engisē ngisile, ngisē angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nisile, nisē enisile, enisē nisile, nisē anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 usile, usē osile, osē esile, esē akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 basile, basē abasile, abasē besile, besē abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lisile, lisē elisile, elisē lisile, lisē alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 asile, asē asile, asē esile, esē awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lusile, lusē olusile, olusē lusile, lusē alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 busile, busē obusile, obusē busile, busē abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāsa engāsa ngāsa angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nāsa enāsa nāsa anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 wāsa owāsa āsa akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 bāsa abāsa bāsa abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lāsa elāsa lāsa alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 āsa āsa āsa awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lwāsa olwāsa lwāsa alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 bāsa obāsa bāsa abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingasa — ngingasa ngingese — ngingese
2nd singular ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
1st plural singasa — singasa singese — singese
2nd plural ningasa — ningasa ningese — ningese
Class 1 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 2 bangasa — bengasa bangese — bengese
Class 3 ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
Class 4 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 5 lingasa — lingasa lingese — lingese
Class 6 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 7 singasa — singasa singese — singese
Class 8 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 9 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 10 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 11 lungasa — lungasa lungese — lungese
Class 14 bungasa — bungasa bungese — bungese
Class 15 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Class 17 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokusa engizokusa ngizokusa angizukusa engingezukusa ngingezukusa
2nd singular uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
1st plural sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
2nd plural nizokusa enizokusa nizokusa anizukusa eningezukusa ningezukusa
Class 1 uzokusa ozokusa ezokusa akazukusa ongezukusa engezukusa
Class 2 bazokusa abazokusa bezokusa abazukusa abangezukusa bengezukusa
Class 3 uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
Class 4 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 5 lizokusa elizokusa lizokusa alizukusa elingezukusa lingezukusa
Class 6 azokusa azokusa ezokusa awazukusa angezukusa engezukusa
Class 7 sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
Class 8 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 9 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 10 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 11 luzokusa oluzokusa luzokusa aluzukusa olungezukusa lungezukusa
Class 14 buzokusa obuzokusa buzokusa abuzukusa obungezukusa bungezukusa
Class 15 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Class 17 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokusa engiyokusa ngiyokusa angiyukusa engingeyukusa ngingeyukusa
2nd singular uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
1st plural siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
2nd plural niyokusa eniyokusa niyokusa aniyukusa eningeyukusa ningeyukusa
Class 1 uyokusa oyokusa eyokusa akayukusa ongeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 2 bayokusa abayokusa beyokusa abayukusa abangeyukusa bengeyukusa
Class 3 uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
Class 4 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 5 liyokusa eliyokusa liyokusa aliyukusa elingeyukusa lingeyukusa
Class 6 ayokusa ayokusa eyokusa awayukusa angeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 7 siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
Class 8 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 9 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 10 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 11 luyokusa oluyokusa luyokusa aluyukusa olungeyukusa lungeyukusa
Class 14 buyokusa obuyokusa buyokusa abuyukusa obungeyukusa bungeyukusa
Class 15 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Class 17 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngise ngingasi
2nd singular use ungasi
1st plural sise singasi
2nd plural nise ningasi
Class 1 ase angasi
Class 2 base bangasi
Class 3 use ungasi
Class 4 ise ingasi
Class 5 lise lingasi
Class 6 ase angasi
Class 7 sise singasi
Class 8 zise zingasi
Class 9 ise ingasi
Class 10 zise zingasi
Class 11 luse lungasi
Class 14 buse bungasi
Class 15 kuse kungasi
Class 17 kuse kungasi
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngasa ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural nasa nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1 wasa wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3 wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5 lasa langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6 asa angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7 sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11 lwasa lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

References

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