twardy: difference between revisions

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{{also|Twardy}}
==Lower Sorbian==
==Lower Sorbian==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|dsb|sla-pro|*tvьrdъ}}. Cognate with {{cog|hsb|twjerdy}}.
From {{inh|dsb|sla-pro|*tvьrdъ}}, from {{inh|dsb|ine-bsl-pro|*twírˀtas}}, from {{inh|dsb|ine-pro|*twerH-}}. Cognate with {{cog|hsb|twjerdy}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|/ˈtwardɨ/|lang=dsb}}
* {{IPA|dsb|/ˈtwardɨ/}}


===Adjective===
===Adjective===
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* {{l|dsb|twarda plata||hard drive}}
* {{l|dsb|twarda plata||hard drive}}


===References===
===Further reading===
* {{R:dsb:Muka}}
* {{R:dsb:Muka}}
* {{R:dsb:Starosta}}
* {{R:dsb:Starosta}}

----


==Polish==
==Polish==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
{{inh+|pl|zlw-opl|twardy}}, from {{inh|pl|sla-pro|*tvьrdъ}}, from {{inh|pl|ine-bsl-pro|*twírtas}}, from {{inh|pl|ine-pro|*twerH-}}. {{dbt|pl|kwarc|kwarzec}}.
From {{inh|pl|sla-pro|*tvьrdъ}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
⚫
{{pl-pr|a=Pl-twardy.ogg|hh=Twardy}}
⚫
* {{pl-IPA}}
⚫
* {{audio|Pl-twardy.ogg|audio|lang=pl}}


===Adjective===
===Adjective===
{{pl-adj|m|twardszy|adv=twardo}}
{{pl-adj|twardszy|adv=twardo}}


# [[hard]]
# [[hard]]
⚫
#: {{ant|pl|miękki}}
#: ''Diamenty są bardzo '''twarde'''.''
#:: Diamonds are very hard.
#: {{uxi|pl|Diamenty są bardzo '''twarde'''.|Diamonds are very hard.}}
#: ''Moje łóżko jest bardzo '''twarde'''.''
#: {{uxi|pl|Moje łóżko jest bardzo '''twarde'''.|My bed is very hard.}}
⚫
#: {{uxi|pl|Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść '''twardego''' jedzenia.|I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.}}
#:: My bed is very hard.
⚫
#: {{uxi|pl|Ten stek jest '''twardy'''.|This steak is tough.}}
⚫
# [[hot]]
# {{lb|pl|of water}} [[hard]] {{gl|high in dissolved calcium compounds}}
#: ''Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt '''twardy'''?''
⚫
# [[tough]]
#:: Don't you think you are too hot to him?
#: {{uxi|pl|Nie bądź dla niej taki '''twardy'''.|Don't be so tough with her.}}
# [[tough]]
#: ''Nie bądź dla niej taki '''twardy'''.''
#: {{uxi|pl|Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt '''twardy'''?|Don't you think you are too hard on him?}}
#:: Don't be so tough with her.
⚫
#: ''Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść '''twardego''' jedzenia.''
#:: I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.
# [[firm]]
# [[firm]]
#: ''Wolę spać na '''twardym''' materacu.''
#: {{uxi|pl|Wolę spać na '''twardym''' materacu.|I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.}}
⚫
# [[stiff]], [[rigid]]
#:: I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.
⚫
#: {{uxi|pl|Muszę kupić '''twardy''' pędzel.|I have to buy a stiff brush.}}
⚫
# [[stiff]]

⚫
#: ''Ten stek jest '''twardy'''.''
#:: This steak is stiff.
⚫
#: ''Muszę kupić '''twardy''' pędzel.''
#:: I have to buy a stiff brush.
# [[rigid]]
====Declension====
====Declension====
{{pl-decl-adj-y|tward|twardzi}}
{{pl-adecl}}


====Antonyms====
====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|pl|title=noun|twardy znak}}
⚫
* {{l|pl|miękki}}


====Related terms====
====Related terms====
{{col-auto|pl|title=adjective|twardogłowy|twardawy}}
{{l|pl|twardość}}
{{l|pl|twardziel}}
{{col-auto|pl|title=nouns|twardość|stwardnienie|twardziel}}
{{col-auto|pl|title=verbs|stwardnieć|utwardzać}}
{{l|pl|twardogłowy}}


===Further reading===
===Further reading===
* {{R:PWN}}
* {{R:pl:WSJP}}
⚫
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

===References===
<references />

Latest revision as of 01:30, 4 October 2024

See also: Twardy

Lower Sorbian

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Cognate with Upper Sorbian twjerdy.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adjective

[edit]

twardy (comparative twarźejšy, superlative nejtwarźejšy, adverb twardo or twarźe)

  1. hard (resistant to pressure)

Declension

[edit]
Declension of twardy
Masculine singular Feminine singular Neuter singular Dual Plural
Nominative twardy twarda twarde twardej twarde
Genitive twardego twardeje twardego twardeju twardych
Dative twardemu twardej twardemu twardyma twardym
Accusative twardy
twardego (animate) 		twardu twarde twardej
twardeju (animate) 		twarde
twardych (optional animate form)
Instrumental twardym twardeju twardym twardyma twardymi
Locative twardem twardej twardem twardyma twardych

Antonyms

[edit]

Derived terms

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “twardy”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “twardy”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Polish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /ˈtfar.dɘ/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ardɘ
  • Syllabification: twar‧dy
  • Homophone: Twardy

Adjective

[edit]

twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)

  1. hard
    Antonym: miękki
    Diamenty są bardzo twarde. ― Diamonds are very hard.
    Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde. ― My bed is very hard.
    Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia. ― I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.
    Ten stek jest twardy. ― This steak is tough.
  2. (of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)
  3. tough
    Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy. ― Don't be so tough with her.
    Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy? ― Don't you think you are too hard on him?
  4. firm
    Wolę spać na twardym materacu. ― I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.
  5. stiff, rigid
    Muszę kupić twardy pędzel. ― I have to buy a stiff brush.

Declension

[edit]
Declension of twardy (hard)
singular plural
masculine animate masculine inanimate feminine neuter virile (= masculine personal) non-virile
nominative twardy twarda twarde twardzi twarde
genitive twardego twardej twardego twardych
dative twardemu twardej twardemu twardym
accusative twardego twardy twardą twarde twardych twarde
instrumental twardym twardą twardym twardymi
locative twardym twardej twardym twardych

Derived terms

[edit]
noun
[edit]
adjective
nouns
verbs

Further reading

[edit]
  • twardy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • twardy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
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