孤獨

See also: 孤独

Chinese

		lone; lonely	alone; independent; single alone; independent; single; sole; only
trad. (孤獨)		孤	獨
simp. (孤独)		孤	独
anagram		獨孤／独孤

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gūdú

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ duk⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû-thu̍k
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-to̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ dog⁸

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gūdú
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gudú
    • Wade–Giles: ku¹-tu²
    • Yale: gū-dú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gudwu
    • Palladius: гуду (gudu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu¹ duk⁶
    • Yale: gū duhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ duk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ dug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-thu̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˊ tug
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹ tug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-to̍k
    • Tâi-lô: koo-to̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gou¹ dog⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou to̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: ku duwk

Rime
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	屋 (3)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古胡切	徒谷切
Baxter	ku	duwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/	/duk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/	/duk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/	/duk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/	/dəwk̚/
Li Rong	/ko/	/duk̚/
Wang Li	/ku/	/duk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo/	/dʱuk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū	dú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu1	duk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa  [d]ˤok/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː  doːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gū	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ ku ›	‹ duwk ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁa/	/*[d]ˁok/
English	orphan	alone; only
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孤	獨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4347	11818
Phonetic component	瓜	蜀
Rime group	魚	屋
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	孤	獨
Old Chinese	/*kʷaː/	/*doːɡ/

Adjective

孤獨

1. lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate

   孤獨終老／孤独终老  ―  gūdú zhōnglǎo  ―  to die alone; to die a lonely death

   心底的孤獨和嘆息 [MSC, trad.]
   心底的孤独和叹息 [MSC, simp.]

   xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī [Pinyin]

   endless sighs from lonely souls

2. isolated and helpless

Synonyms

• (lonely):

edit

• 俗 (Hokkien)
• 孤單／孤单 (gūdān)
• 孤孑 (gūjié) (literary)
• 孤寂 (gūjì)
• 寂寞 (jìmò)
• 寂寥 (jìliáo)
• 挑另 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
• 落寞 (luòmò)

 

Noun

孤獨

1. (Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)

   • 矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng. [Pinyin]

     (They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.

Related terms

• 單獨／单独 (dāndú)

Derived terms

• 孤獨感／孤独感 (gūdúgǎn)
• 孤獨症／孤独症 (gūdúzhèng)
• 註孤生／注孤生 (zhùgūshēng)
• 鰥寡孤獨／鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (孤獨):

• → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)
• → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)
• → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)

Pronunciation 2

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-ta̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ dag⁸

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-ta̍k
    • Tâi-lô: koo-ta̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dak
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gou¹ dag⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou ta̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/

Adjective

孤獨

1. (Southern Min) unsociable

Japanese

Kanji in this term
孤	獨
こ Grade: S	どく Hyōgai
kan'on	goon

For pronunciation and definitions of 孤獨 – see the following entry.

【孤独こどく】 [adjective] lonely [noun] loneliness [noun] solitude

(This term, 孤獨, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
孤	獨

Noun

孤獨 • (godok) (hangeul 고독)

1. hanja form^? of 고독 (“loneliness”)
2. hanja form^? of 고독 (“A childless old person.”)