換える

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
換
か Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Cognate with 変(か)える (kaeru), 替(か)える (kaeru) and 代(か)える (kaeru).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かえる [kàérú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「換える」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	換える	かえる	`[kàérú]`
Imperative (命令形)	換えろ	かえろ	`[kàéró]`
Key constructions
Passive	換えられる	かえられる	`[kàérárérú]`
Causative	換えさせる	かえさせる	`[kàésásérú]`
Potential	換えられる	かえられる	`[kàérárérú]`
Volitional	換えよう	かえよー	`[kàéyóꜜò]`
Negative	換えない	かえない	`[kàénáí]`
Negative perfective	換えなかった	かえなかった	`[kàénáꜜkàttà]`
Formal	換えます	かえます	`[kàémáꜜsù]`
Perfective	換えた	かえた	`[kàétá]`
Conjunctive	換えて	かえて	`[kàété]`
Hypothetical conditional	換えれば	かえれば	`[kàéréꜜbà]`

Verb

換(か)える • (kaeru) ^{←かへる (kaferu)^?}transitive ichidan (stem 換(か)え (kae), past 換(か)えた (kaeta))

Japanese verb pair
active	換える
mediopassive	換わる

exchange, change for

Conjugation

Conjugation of "換える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	換え	かえ	kae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	換え	かえ	kae
Shūshikei ("terminal")	換える	かえる	kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	換える	かえる	kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	換えれ	かえれ	kaere
Meireikei ("imperative")	換えよ¹ 換えろ²	かえよ¹ かえろ²	kaeyo¹ kaero²
Key constructions
Passive	換えられる	かえられる	kaerareru
Causative	換えさせる換えさす	かえさせるかえさす	kaesaseru kaesasu
Potential	換えられる換えれる³	かえられるかえれる³	kaerareru kaereru³
Volitional	換えよう	かえよう	kaeyō
Negative	換えない換えぬ換えん	かえないかえぬかえん	kaenai kaenu kaen
Negative continuative	換えず	かえず	kaezu
Formal	換えます	かえます	kaemasu
Perfective	換えた	かえた	kaeta
Conjunctive	換えて	かえて	kaete
Hypothetical conditional	換えれば	かえれば	kaereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

References

^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK2-1] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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