森林

Chinese

	of trees, many	woods; forest
trad. (森林)	森	林
simp. ^#(森林)	森	林
anagram	林森

Wikipedia has articles on:

森林 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
森林 (圖論) (Written Standard Chinese^?)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sēnlín

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄣㄌㄧㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sam¹ lam⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sêm-lìm

(Hailu, HRS): sem^ˋ lim
Eastern Min (BUC): sĕng-lìng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): serm-lîm / sim-lîm / sim-lîn / som-lîn / som-lîm

(Teochew, Peng'im): sim¹ lim⁵
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹sen-lin / ¹sen-lin₂

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sēnlín
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄣㄌㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: senlín
  - Wade–Giles: sên¹-lin²
  - Yale: sēn-lín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: senlin
  - Palladius: сэньлинь (sɛnʹlinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁵⁵ lin³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sam¹ lam⁴
  - Yale: sām làhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sam¹ lam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: sem¹ lem⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm-lìm
  - Hakka Romanization System: sem^ˊ lim^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sem¹ lim²
  - Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴ lim¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: sem^ˋ lim
  - Sinological IPA: /sem⁵³ lim⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng-lìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ^(l-)nˡiŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm-lîm
  - Tâi-lô: serm-lîm
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /səm³³ lim²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîm
  - Tâi-lô: sim-lîm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: simliim
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîn
  - Tâi-lô: sim-lîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: simliin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîn
  - Tâi-lô: som-lîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: somliin
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîm
  - Tâi-lô: som-lîm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: somliim
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: sim¹ lim⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sim lîm
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹sen-lin
  - MiniDict: sen^平 lin
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹sen-lin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən⁵⁵ lin²¹/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ¹sen-lin₂
  - MiniDict: sen^平 lin^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁴⁴ lin/

Middle Chinese: srim lim

Rime
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	所今切	力尋切
Baxter	srim	lim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠiɪm/	/liɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚim/	/lim/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃiem/	/ljem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂjim/	/lim/
Li Rong	/ʃjəm/	/liəm/
Wang Li	/ʃĭĕm/	/lĭĕm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʂi̯əm/	/li̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn	lín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sam¹	lam⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm [r]əm/

(Zhengzhang): /*srɯm ɡ·rɯm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sēn	lín
Middle Chinese	‹ srim ›	‹ lim ›
Old Chinese	/*s.rəm/	/*[r]əm/
English	dense trees	forest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11003	8165
Phonetic component	森	林
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	森	林
Old Chinese	/*srɯm/	/*ɡ·rɯm/

Noun

森林

(countable) forest; trees (Classifier: 片 m)
森林砍伐率 ― sēnlín kǎnfá lǜ ― rate of deforestation

注重保護森林／注重保护森林 ― zhùzhòng bǎohù sēnlín ― to attach importance to forest conservation

請愛護森林。／请爱护森林。 ― Qǐng àihù sēnlín. ― Please protect our trees.
(graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)

Synonyms

(forest; trees):

edit

叢林／丛林 (cónglín) (dense forest)
密林 (mìlín) (dense forest)
林叢／林丛 (líncóng) (dense forest)
樹林／树林 (shùlín)
樹林子／树林子 (shùlínzi)
深林 (shēnlín) (deep forest)
雨林 (yǔlín) (rainforest)

Derived terms

原始森林 (yuánshǐ sēnlín)
原生林 (yuánshēnglín)
森林大火 (sēnlín dàhuǒ)
森林火災／森林火灾 (sēnlín huǒzāi)
水泥森林 (shuǐní sēnlín)
泰加森林
黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (森林):

→ Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
→ Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
森	林
しん Grade: 1	りん Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しんりん [shìńríń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕĩn̺ɾʲĩɴ]

Noun

森(しん)林(りん) • (shinrin)

forest, timber

Derived terms

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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