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瓦

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
瓦 U+74E6, 瓦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74E6
← 瓥
[U+74E5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 瓧 →
[U+74E7]
⽡ U+2F61, ⽡
KANGXI RADICAL TILE
← ⽠
[U+2F60] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽢ →
[U+2F62]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 98 瓦

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 10717, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

  1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 747, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+74E6

Chinese

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trad. 瓦
simp. # 瓦
alternative forms 𪜂

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓦 *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls
邷 *ŋʷraːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Etymology 1

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Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • nguâ - vernacular;
  • nguā - literary.
Note:
  • hiā/hiǎ/hōa/hǒa - vernacular;
  • góa - literary;
  • óa - literary (Zhangzhou, Taiwan), common variant (Xiamen, Quanzhou).
Note:
  • hia6 - vernacular;
  • ua1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 瓦
Mandarin Beijing /ua²¹⁴/
Harbin /ua²¹³/
Tianjin /vɑ¹³/
Jinan /va⁵⁵/
Qingdao /va⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ua⁵³/
Xi'an /ua⁵³/
Xining /ua⁵³/
Yinchuan /va⁵³/ ～房
Lanzhou /va⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /va⁵¹/
Wuhan /ua⁴²/
Chengdu /ua⁵³/
Guiyang /ua⁴²/
Kunming /ua̠⁵³/
Nanjing /uɑ²¹²/
Hefei /ua²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /va⁵³/ 磚～
Pingyao /uɑ⁵³/ 名詞
Hohhot /va⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ŋo²³/
Suzhou /ŋo³¹/
Hangzhou /ʔuɑ⁵³/
Wenzhou /ŋo³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ua³⁵/
/ŋa³⁵/
Tunxi /ŋɔ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ua⁴¹/
Xiangtan /uɒ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /uɑ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ŋa³¹/
Taoyuan /ŋɑ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²³/
Nanning /ŋa²⁴/
Hong Kong /ŋa¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gua⁵³/
/hia²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ua³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ua⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /ua⁵³/
/hia³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hia³³/
Rime
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五寡切
Baxter ngwaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠuaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋʷᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋuaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋwaɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ŋuaX/
Wang
Li 		/ŋwaX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋwaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngaa5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngwæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.ŋʷˁra[j]ʔ/
English roof tile

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/2
No. 12601
Phonetic
component 		瓦
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		瓦
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷraːlʔ/

Definitions

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瓦

  1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
  2. tile (roof covering)
  3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
  4. (historical) amusement park; market
  5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
  6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
  7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
  8. a surname: Wa

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋʷæX (“tile”)
  • → Vietnamese: ngói (“tile”)
  • → Zhuang: vax (“tile”)

Etymology 2

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Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hiā - vernacular;
  • gōa - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 瓦
Mandarin Beijing
Harbin /ua⁵³/
Tianjin
Jinan
Qingdao
Zhengzhou
Xi'an
Xining
Yinchuan /va¹³/ ～刀
Lanzhou
Ürümqi
Wuhan
Chengdu
Guiyang
Kunming
Nanjing
Hefei
Jin Taiyuan /va⁴⁵/ 泥～匠
Pingyao /uɑ³⁵/ 動詞
Hohhot
Wu Shanghai
Suzhou
Hangzhou
Wenzhou
Hui Shexian
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha
Xiangtan
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou
Nanning
Hong Kong
Min Xiamen (Hokkien)
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)
Jian'ou (Northern Min)
Shantou (Teochew)
Haikou (Hainanese)
Rime
Character 瓦
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五化切
Baxter ngwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋwaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋuaH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋwaH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngaa6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 瓦
Reading # 2/2
No. 12603
Phonetic
component 		瓦
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		瓦
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷraːls/

Definitions

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瓦

  1. to tile; to cover with tiles

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Note: ua2 - Shantou (“watt”).

Definitions

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瓦

  1. Used in transcription.
  2. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
Synonyms
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  • (watt):
Dialectal synonyms of 瓦特 (“watt”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 瓦特, 瓦
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 瓦
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 支光
Guiyang 支光, 瓦
Guilin 瓦
Dagudi (Maliba) 瓦
Reshuitang (Longling) 瓦
Mae Salong (Lancang) 瓦
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 瓦
Cantonese Guangzhou 火, 𡆇
Hong Kong 火, 𡆇
Taishan (Guanghai) 瓦
Beihai 瓦
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 瓦, 火
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 瓦
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 瓦
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 瓦
Móng Cái 瓦
Mandalay (Taishan) 度
Hakka Meixian 𡆇
Southern Min Shantou 瓦
Wu Hangzhou 支光
Ningbo 支光

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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瓦

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. tile
  2. gram, gramme

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
瓦
かわら
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
𦨞 (rare)

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),[1][2][3] possibly via Middle Chinese 迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.[3][4][5]

Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

Folk etymologies include:

  • From 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

Pronunciation

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Noun

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瓦(かわら) • (kawara) ←かはら (kafara)?

  1. roof tile

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
瓦
グラム
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.[1][6]

Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲(トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

For pronunciation and definitions of 瓦 – see the following entry.
【グラム】
[noun] gram (unit of mass)
[counter] gram (unit of mass)
Alternative spelling
g
(This term, 瓦, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.)

Derived terms

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Terms derived from グラム

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
瓦
が
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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瓦(が) • (ga) ←ぐわ (gwa)?

  1. roof tile
  2. Used phonetically.
    瓦斯(ガス) (gasu): gas

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “瓦・𦨞”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 “瓦”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  4. ^ “瓦”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  5. ^ “瓦”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
  6. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))

  1. hanja form? of 와 (“roof tile”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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瓦: Hán Nôm readings: ngõa/ngoã, ngói, ngoa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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