肴

See also: 餚

肴 U+80B4, 肴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80B4 ← 肳 [U+80B3] CJK Unified Ideographs 肵 → [U+80B5]

Translingual

Han character

肴 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 大大月 (KKB), four-corner 4022₇, composition ⿱㐅有)

1. cooked or prepared meat

Derived characters

• 倄, 崤, 𢯎, 淆, 𤉶, 餚(𬳁)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29322
• Dae Jaweon: page 1427, character 31
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2049, character 17
• Unihan data for U+80B4

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (爻) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
崤	*ɢaːw, *ɢraːw
郩	*qaːwʔ
敎	*kraːw, *kraːws
較	*kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ
肴	*ɢraːw
淆	*ɢraːw
倄	*ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
爻	*ɢraːw
餚	*ɢraːw
殽	*ɢraːw
笅	*ɢraːw
駁	*praːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢraːw) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – meat dishes.

Current form resembles 乂 + 有 – the lower 乂 of 爻 has moved to the side and down.

Etymology 1

trad.		肴
simp. #		肴

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yáo (yao²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaau⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâu / gâu / ngâu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yáo
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yáo
    • Wade–Giles: yao²
    • Yale: yáu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yau
    • Palladius: яо (jao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaau⁴
    • Yale: ngàauh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngao⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːu̯²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâu
    • Tâi-lô: hâu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haau
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hau²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hau¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâu
    • Tâi-lô: gâu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaau
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡau²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngâu
    • Tâi-lô: ngâu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ngaau
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /ŋãu²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋãu²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋãu¹³/

Note:

• hâu - literary;
• gâu/ngâu - vernacular (俗).

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• Middle Chinese: haew

Rime
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡茅切
Baxter	haew
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠau/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚau/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣau/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨw/
Li Rong	/ɣau/
Wang Li	/ɣau/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣau/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiáo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haau4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraw/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢraːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yáo
Middle Chinese	‹ hæw ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁraw/
English	food
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	肴
Reading #	1/1
No.	14645
Phonetic component	爻
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	肴
Old Chinese	/*ɢraːw/

Definitions

肴

1. prepared meat

Compounds

• 佳肴 (jiāyáo)
• 嘉肴 (jiāyáo)
• 山肴野蔌
• 旨酒嘉肴
• 溷肴
• 美酒佳肴
• 肴蔌
• 肴覈
• 肴饌 (yáozhuàn)
• 酒肴 (jiǔyáo)

 

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 肴 – see 餚 (“meat dish”). (This character is the simplified form of 餚).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese

Kanji

肴

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)^{←げう (geu, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: さかな (sakana, 肴)、な (na)

Compounds

Compounds

• 佳肴(かこう) (kakō), 嘉肴(かこう) (kakō)
• 口取(くちと)り肴(ざかな) (kuchitorizakana)
• 組(く)み肴(ざかな) (kumizakana)
• 下戸(げこ)の肴荒(さかなあら)し (geko no sakanaarashi)
• 下肴(げざかな) (gezakana): inferior fish, cheap fish
• 肴核(こうかく) (kōkaku)
• 小肴(こざかな) (kozakana): small fish
• 肴荒(さかなあ)らし (sakanaarashi)
• 肴奉行(さかなぶぎょう) (sakanabugyō)
• 肴札(さかなふだ) (sakanafuda)
• 肴舞(さかなまい) (sakanamai)
• 酒肴(さけさかな) (sakesakana)
• 残肴(ざんこう) (zankō)
• 強(し)い肴(ざかな) (shiizakana)
• 酒肴(しゅこう) (shukō)
• 酢肴(すざかな) (suzakana)
• 進(すす)め肴(ざかな) (susumezakana)
• 粗肴(そこう) (sokō)
• 珍肴(ちんこう) (chinkō)
• 取(と)り肴(ざかな) (torizakana)
• 直(なお)し肴(ざかな) (naoshizakana)
• 生肴(なまざかな) (namazakana): raw fish
• 熨斗肴(のしざかな) (noshizakana)
• 箱肴(はこざかな) (hakozakana)
• 鉢肴(はちざかな) (hachizakana)
• 引(ひ)き肴(ざかな) (hikizakana)
• 美肴(びこう) (bikō)

Etymology 1

肴 (sakana): a side dish served with alcoholic beverages.

Kanji in this term
肴
さかな Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Compound of Old Japanese elements 酒 (saka, “sake, rice wine”, old combining form of modern sake reading) +‎ 菜 (na, “side dish”). Likely source of Okinawan さかな (sakana).

Alternative forms

• 魚

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) さかな [sàkáná] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [sa̠ka̠na̠]

Noun

肴(さかな) • (sakana) 

1. fish
2. a side dish served with alcoholic beverages: not necessarily fish, may be a vegetable or other meat
3. entertainment at a drinking party

Usage notes

The fish sense is more commonly spelled 魚.

Idioms

Idioms

• 肴(さかな)にする (sakana ni suru): to belittle someone, to make fun of someone

Etymology 2

肴 (na): fish as a side dish.

Kanji in this term
肴
な Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Also spelled variously in kanji in modern Japanese as 肴 (for meat or fish), 菜 (for vegetables), 魚 (for fish).

This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [na̠]

Noun

肴(な) • (na) 

1. a side dish, be it meat or fish or greens

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 肴(さかな) (sakana) (see above)
• 魚(さかな) (sakana) (see above)

Korean

Hanja

肴 • (hyo) (hangeul 효, revised hyo, McCune–Reischauer hyo, Yale hyo)

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