減

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See also: 减
減 U+6E1B, 減
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E1B
← 渚
[U+6E1A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 渜 →
[U+6E1C]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Japan

(Swap 5 and 4
for Chinese;
additionally,
swap 12 and 11
for Taiwan.)

Han character

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減 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹口 (EIHR), four-corner 33150, composition ⿰氵咸)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 633, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17759
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1671, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6E1B

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
感 *kɯːmʔ
鱤 *kɯːmʔ
顑 *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms
轗 *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms
撼 *ɡɯːmʔ
憾 *ɡɯːms
喊 *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘 *krɯːm
瑊 *krɯːm, *kjum
黬 *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm
減 *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
羬 *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram
麙 *ŋɡrɯːm
咸 *ɡrɯːm
鹹 *ɡrɯːm
醎 *ɡrɯːm
諴 *ɡrɯːm
椷 *ɡrɯːm
輱 *ɡrɯːm
鍼 *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm
箴 *kjɯm
葴 *kjɯm
鱵 *kjum

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘／缄 and also serves as a semantic component.

Etymology 1

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trad. 減/减
simp. 减

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kiám - vernacular;
  • kám - literary;
  • kiám - literary (Zhangzhou).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 減
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕian²¹⁴/
Harbin /t͡ɕian²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕian¹³/
Jinan /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiã⁵³/
Xining /t͡ɕiã⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕian⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕiɛn⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕian⁴²/
/kan⁴²/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁵³/
Nanjing /t͡ɕien²¹²/
Hefei /t͡ɕiĩ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie⁵³/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕie⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ke⁵³/
Suzhou /ke̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiẽ̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ka³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕie³⁵/
/kɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /kɔ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kan²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kam³⁵/
Nanning /kam³⁵/
Hong Kong /kam³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵³/
/kiam⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɛiŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiam⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kiam²¹³/
Rime
Character 減 減
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 咸 (151) 咸 (151)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 下斬切 古斬切
Baxter heamX keamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠɛmX/ /kˠɛmX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚæmX/ /kᵚæmX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəɨmX/ /kəɨmX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣămX/ /kămX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiàn jiǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		haam6 gaam2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 減 減
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǎn jiǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hɛmX › ‹ kɛmX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kˁr[ə]mʔ/ /*kˁr[ə]mʔ/
English abridge reduce

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 減 減
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 13509 13521
Phonetic
component 		咸 咸
Rime
group 		侵 侵
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		鹼 豏
Old
Chinese 		/*krɯːmʔ/ /*ɡrɯːmʔ/

Definitions

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減

  1. to decrease; to subtract; to diminish
  2. (arithmetic) to subtract
    Antonym: 加 (jiā)
  3. 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼)
  4. (chemistry) basic
    Antonym: 酸 (suān)
  5. (Cantonese) to sweep (food over to another container)
  6. (Hokkien) to be short of
    減一箍／减一箍 [Hokkien]  ―  kiám chi̍t kho͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  short of one dollar

Compounds

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Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 缺 (“to be short of”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 缺, 少
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 少
Singapore 差, 少
Southern Min Taipei 減 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 減
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Etymology 2

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trad. 減/减
simp. 减
alternative forms 噉 (gam2) Cantonese
咁 (gam2) Cantonese
𡄎 (gam2) Cantonese
緊／紧 (gan2) Cantonese

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from etymology 1?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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減

  1. (Cantonese) Used after a verb or adjective to indicate partial attainment of an amount/degree.
    個蛋糕畀啲細路仔食減一大橛。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    个蛋糕畀啲细路仔食减一大橛。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    go3 daan6 gou1 bei2 di1 sai3 lou6 zai2 sik6 gam2 jat1 daai6 gyut6. [Jyutping]
    The kids ate a big section of the cake.
    次次硬係少減幾個人。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    次次硬系少减几个人。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ci3 ci3 ngaang6-2 hai6 siu2 gam2 gei2 go3 jan4. [Jyutping]
    We're missing a few people every single time.
    頭先個頭好痛，瞓完一覺，而家好減啲喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    头先个头好痛，𰥛完一觉，而家好减啲喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    tau4 sin1 go3 tau4 hou2 tung3, fan3 jyun4 jat1 gaau3, ji4 gaa1 hou2 gam2 di1 laa3. [Jyutping]
    I had a bad headache before. After taking a nap, I feel a bit better.

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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減

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: けん (ken)、げん (gen, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan)
  • Kun: へる (heru, 減る, Jōyō)、へらす (herasu, 減らす, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Compounds

Suffix

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減(げん) • (-gen) 

  1. reduction

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 減 (MC keamX). Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [감(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

減 (eumhun 덜 감 (deol gam))

  1. hanja form? of 감 (“reduction”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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減: Hán Nôm readings: giảm, dởm, xảm

  1. Decrease, reduce, lessen
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