胸

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See also: 脑 and 胷
胸 U+80F8, 胸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80F8
← 胷
[U+80F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 胹 →
[U+80F9]

Translingual

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Han character

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胸 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月心山大 (BPUK), four-corner 77220, composition ⿰月匈)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 981, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29442
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1432, character 32
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2070, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+80F8

Chinese

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trad. 胸
simp. # 胸
2nd round simp. 匈
alternative forms 胷
匈

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 胸
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (凶) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
酗 *qʰos
凶 *qʰoŋ
匈 *qʰoŋ
兇 *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ
訩 *qʰoŋ
胸 *qʰoŋ
胷 *qʰoŋ
洶 *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ
恟 *qʰoŋ
詾 *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ

Originally written 匈. Now ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰoŋ) : semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 匈 (OC *qʰoŋ, “chest”).

Etymology

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Unclear. Noting that Middle Chinese *x- could have arisen from voiceless *r̥-, Schuessler (2007) considers it either connected to Chepang रुङः (ruŋʔ, “breastbone, center of chest”) or from Austroasiatic (compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *-ruŋ (“to shield, to protect”) > Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) > Old Khmer [script needed] (drooŋ, “ribcage, chest, breast”) > Khmer ទ្រុង (trung, “cage”); related to 籠 (OC *roːŋ, “cage, coop”)).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • horng1 - vernacular;
  • hoeng1/hyeng1 - literary.
Note:
  • heng - vernacular;
  • hiong - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 胸
Mandarin Beijing /ɕyŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕyŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕyŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ɕyuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕyŋ²¹/
Xining /ɕyə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /xỹn³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕioŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ɕioŋ³¹/
Hefei /xiŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕyŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕỹŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕioŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕioŋ³³/
Wenzhou /ɕyɔ³³/
Hui Shexian /ɕyʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /ɕin¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕioŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /hiuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hioŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/hiŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xœyŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /heŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 胸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 許容切
Baxter xjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/huawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/xioŋ/
Wang
Li 		/xĭwoŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/xi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 胸
Reading # 1/1
No. 13893
Phonetic
component 		凶
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		胷
Old
Chinese 		/*qʰoŋ/
Notes 胷晚起字，手冊即以代胷

Definitions

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胸

  1. chest; thorax
  2. breast; bosom
  3. (figurative) mind; heart of hearts; thought

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 乳房 (“breast”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 乳
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 乳房
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 咂兒, 咂咂兒, 咂兒咂兒, 媽媽, 奶膀子, 奶子, 㜷㜷
Taiwan 奶子, 咪咪 slang, 長輩 slang
Langfang 咂咂兒
Ulanhot 咂兒, 奶頭, 媽媽
Tongliao 咂兒, 奶頭
Chifeng 乳房
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 咂咂兒
Harbin 奶子, 奶膀子, 咂兒, 咂咂兒, 媽兒媽兒
Singapore 乳房
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 奶膀子
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 個個
Tangshan 悶兒
Cangzhou 媽媽
Baoding 媽媽
Shijiazhuang 媽媽
Jinan 媽媽, 奶
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 奶子
Qingdao 奶子
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 奶
Daming 媽媽
Wanrong 奶
Zhengzhou 媽
Xi'an 奶頭, 奶
Xining 奶頭
Xuzhou 媽媽
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 高高
Bayanhot 高高, 奶頭
Lanzhou 苶苶
Ürümqi 奶子, 高高
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 奶奶, 包子 humorous
Wuhan 媽, 媽媽, 奶
Guiyang 咪咪, 奶
Kunming 奶
Guilin 奶
Liuzhou 奶
Mae Salong (Lancang) 奶
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 奶
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 奶兒, 奶子
Yangzhou 奶子
Nantong 奶子
Hefei 奶頭
Chuzhou 媽頭子
Mandarin Nanping (Yanping) 奶奶
Cantonese Guangzhou 𢆡
Hong Kong 𢆡, 胸, 波, 車頭燈
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 媽仔
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 媽仔
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 𢆡姑
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 𢆡姑
Macau 奶
Guangzhou (Panyu) 𢆡, 奶
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 𢆡
Guangzhou (Conghua) 𢆡
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 𢆡
Foshan 𢆡
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 奶
Foshan (Shunde) 乳房
Foshan (Sanshui) 𢆡
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 𢆡
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 𢆡
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 𢆡, 呢仔
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 𢆡, 奄
Zhuhai (Doumen) 𢆡
Jiangmen (Baisha) 奶
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 𢆡
Taishan 𢆡
Kaiping (Chikan) 𢆡
Enping (Niujiang) 𢆡
Heshan (Yayao) 𢆡
Dongguan 𢆡, 奶
Shaoguan 奶
Yunfu 𢆡
Yangjiang 𢆡
Xinyi 𢆡
Nanning 奶
Wuzhou 奶
Yulin 𢆡
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 𢆡, 奶
Singapore (Guangfu) 波
Gan Nanchang 奶
Lichuan 奶
Pingxiang 奶
Hakka Meixian 奶菇, 奶牯
Xingning 奶菇, 奶
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 奶
Huiyang 奶菇
Huidong (Daling) 奶菇, 奶
Dongguan (Qingxi) 奶牯
Boluo (Bendihua) 奶
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 奶牯
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 奶
Wuhua (Huacheng) 奶菇
Heyuan (Bendihua) 奶
Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 奶牯
Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 奶
Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 奶牯
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 奶
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 奶房, 奶
Liannan 奶
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 奶
Jiexi 奶菇
Changting 奶
Wuping 奶菇
Wuping (Pingyu) 奶菇
Ninghua 奶菇
Yudu 奶
Ruijin 奶
Shicheng 奶菇, 奶
Shangyou (Shexi) 波
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 奶菇
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 奶菇
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 奶菇
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 奶菇
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 奶菇
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 奶
Hong Kong 奶菇
Luchuan 奶
Luchuan (Daqiao) 奶
Sabah (Longchuan) 奶
Senai (Huiyang) 奶菇
Singkawang 奶, 奶菇
Huizhou Jixi 奶, 奶脯
Shexian 奶, 媽
Huangshan (Tunxi) 奶
Jin Taiyuan 奶, 奶奶
Xinzhou 奶, 奶奶, 奶牛, 奶牛牛
Taibus (Baochang) 奶
Linhe 奶頭
Jining 奶
Hohhot 牛牛
Baotou 奶
Dongsheng 奶
Haibowan 奶頭
Zhangjiakou 媽媽
Handan 妹妹
Northern Min Jian'ou 奶, 奶脬, 奶座
Eastern Min Fuzhou 奶奶, 奶
Fuzhou (Changle) 奶奶
Fuqing 奶奶
Yongtai 奶
Gutian 奶
Fu'an 奶
Ningde 奶
Shouning 奶
Zhouning 奶
Fuding 奶
Southern Min Xiamen 奶, 奶仔
Quanzhou 奶, 奶仔
Zhangzhou 奶, 奶仔
Taipei 奶
New Taipei (Sanxia) 奶仔
Kaohsiung 奶
Yilan 奶
Changhua (Lukang) 奶
Taichung 奶
Taichung (Wuqi) 奶
Tainan 奶
Taitung 奶
Hsinchu 奶
Kinmen 奶
Penghu (Magong) 奶
Penang (Hokkien) 奶
Singapore (Hokkien) 奶, 奶仔, 奶奶
Manila (Hokkien) 奶仔
Pingnan (Shangdu) 奶
Chaozhou 奶
Shantou 奶
Jieyang 奶
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 奶
Singapore (Teochew) 奶
Wenchang 奶
Haikou 奶
Puxian Min Putian 奶
Xianyou 奶
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 𢆡
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 奶頭
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 奶
Wu Shanghai 奶, 奶奶
Shanghai (Chongming) 奶
Suzhou 奶奶
Danyang 奶奶
Hangzhou 奶奶
Ningbo 奶奶脯, 奶脯, 奶奶
Wenzhou 奶奶, 奶
Jinhua 奶, 奶窠
Xiang Changsha 奶子, 奶, 奶唧唧 childish, 唧唧 childish
Xiangtan 奶痣婆
Loudi 奶婆
Shuangfeng 奶婆
Hengyang 奶婆
Quanzhou 奶婆, 奶
  • (mind):
edit

Compounds

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References

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  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “胸”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

Japanese

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Kanji

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胸

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. breast, chest
  2. heart, feeling, thought

Readings

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  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: むね (mune, 胸, Jōyō)、むな (muna, 胸, Jōyō †)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
胸
むな
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] Possibly the original form of mune below.

The first edition of the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten says that this is cognate with 棟 (muna, “main roofline, roof ridge”), from the underlying idea of central or main portion.[2] However, see Etymology 2.

Possibly also related with 空, 虚 (muna, “emptiness, void”), from the idea of cavity.

Seldom used in isolation even in Old Japanese. Only found as the first element of compounds in modern Japanese.[1][3]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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胸(むな) • (muna) 

  1. chest, breast
    • 711–712, Kojiki, Kamitsumaki (“First Volume”):
      奴婆多麻能　久路岐美祁斯遠 / 麻都夫佐尓　登理與曾比 / 淤岐都登理　牟那美流登岐 / 波多多藝母　許禮婆布佐波受 / 幣都那美　　曾迩奴岐宇弖
      ぬばたまの　くろきみけしを / まつぶさに とりよそひ / おきつとり むなみるとき / はたたぎも これはふさはず / へつなみ そにだきうて
      nubatama no kuroki mikeshi o / matsubusa ni toriyosohi / oki tsu tori muna miru toki / hatatagi mo kore wa fusawazu / he tsu nami so ni dakiute
      I put on black iris-seed garments with schisandra, and though I fluff up my garments like when the ocean birds look at their chests, I say this is not good and I cast them off into the sea's waves...
  2. heart, inner thoughts
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
胸
むね
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *munai. The apophony is similar to the phonetic process observed in the shift from 神 (kamu, “spirit, god”, older form used in compounds) to 神 (kami, newer form, used as a standalone noun); see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.

Alternatively, may be a compound of 身 (mu, “body”) +‎ 根 (ne, “root”). Other theories have been suggested.[4]

The first edition of the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten says that this is cognate with 棟 (mune, “main roofline, roof ridge”) and 宗, 旨 (mune, “gist, main idea, primary part”), from the underlying idea of central or main portion.[2] However, the accent of 胸 (mune) in the Heian period is HL,[4] while the accent of 棟 (mune) is HH.[5] This suggests that they may not be directly related.

Notably, 棟 and 宗 also have an older reading muna that is only used in compounds (for 宗, possibly only in place names). Meanwhile, 旨 (mune) (Heian HH[6]) appears in The Tale of Genji of circa 1001-1004, and this reading is used as a standalone noun rather than in compounds. This is consistent with other nouns that have paired vowel forms, and suggests that muna is probably the original form, and that the compound derivation is a folk etymology.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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胸(むね) • (mune) 

  1. chest, breast
  2. heart, inner thoughts
    胸(むね)の中(なか)の熱(あつ)い思(おも)い
    mune no naka no atsui omoi
    the passion in one's heart
  3. bosom, breasts
    彼女(かのじょ)はどんな服(ふく)を着(き)ても胸(むね)が目立(めだ)ちます。
    Kanojo wa donna fuku o kite mo mune ga medachimasu.
    No matter what clothes she wears, her chest always stands out.
Synonyms
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Synonyms
Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “むな 【胸】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 “むね 【胸】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  5. ^ “むね 【棟】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  6. ^ “むね 【旨】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 胸 (MC xjowng). Recorded as Middle Korean 胷/휴ᇰ (hyung) (Yale: hyung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

胸 (eumhun 가슴 흉 (gaseum hyung))

  1. hanja form? of 흉 (“chest; box”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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胸: Hán Nôm readings: hung, hông

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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