centum

See also: Centum

English

Alternative forms

• Centum

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin centum (“hundred”), attested at least since 1890s. Its use in linguistics is due to it being a canonical example of a word retaining an original velar stop, as opposed to Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 (satəm). Doublet of hundred and satem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɛntəm/
• IPA^(key): (proscribed) /ˈsɛntəm/
• Rhymes: -ɛntəm

Adjective

centum (not comparable)

1. (Indo-European studies) Referring to an Indo-European language that did not produce sibilants from a series of Proto-Indo-European palatovelar stops.

   Antonym: satem

   • 2003, Johanna Nichols, Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses:

     Table 10.1 shows the relative chronology of centum and satem entries to the west. Along each trajectory, centum languages precede satem languages, and the frontier languages, thos most clearly showing peripheral type shift, are centum.

Derived terms

• centumization

Etymology 2

Calque of Sanskrit शतक (śataka, “a hundred; a satakam”). The latter meaning is attested at least since 1991 and is explained by 100-point academic grading in India.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɛntəm/

Noun

centum (plural centums)

1. (Sanskrit and other Indian philology) Satakam, set of one hundred verses connected by the same metre or topic.
   • 1847, William Taylor, Madras Journal of Literature and Science:

     Tonda-mandala-sātacam, a centum of verses on the Conjeveram country, No. 148, C. M. 73. The sātacam is a poem of one hundred stanzas, in its appropriate metre.

   • 2017, Language, Culture and Power: English–Tamil in Modern India, 1900 to Present Day:

     Norman Cutler's Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion (1987) provides a partial translation, choosing to translate just 50 hymns from the first two centums and a few phalasrutis, or the signature stanzas.

2. (India) Perfect score on a board exam.
   • 1991, A. Srinivasa Raghavan, The Life and Works of Sri Nigamanta Maha Desikan:

     Achyuta Satakam is a centum in Prakrit Language; Devanayaka Panchasat (the fifty on Devanayaka), in sanskrit and several poetical works in Tamil.

   • 1998, K. Srinivasa Rao, Srinivasa Ramanujan: A Mathematical Genius:

     Though he secured a centum in mathematics, he failed to secure pass marks in other subjects.

   • 2004, K. R. Narayanaswamy, A Teacher's Grammar of English:

     Ramesh scored a centum in mathematics.

See also

• per centum

Anagrams

• cutmen

Italian

Adjective

centum (invariable)

1. Only used in lingua centum

Latin

Latin numbers ^(edit)

		1,000
←  90	[a], [b], [c] ←  99	C 100	200  →	1,000  →
		10[a], [b]
Cardinal: centum     Ordinal: centēsimus     Adverbial: centiēs, centiēns     Proportional: centuplus, centumplus     Multiplier: centumplex, centuplex, centiplex     Distributive: centēnus     Collective: centuria     Fractional: centēsimus

Alternative forms

• Symbol: C

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kentom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Formal cognates include Sanskrit शत (śata), Old Church Slavonic съто (sŭto), and Old English hund (whence English hundred, with an attached suffix).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈken.tum/, [ˈkɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃen.tum/, [ˈt͡ʃɛn̪t̪um]

Numeral

centum (indeclinable)

1. a hundred; 100
   • c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.381:

     Simul ipsa precatur Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant.

     Together she entreats father Ocean, and the sister-nymphs who guard a hundred forests and a hundred streams.

Usage notes

The numeral centum behaves like an indeclinable adjective. See Appendix:Latin cardinal numbers for additional information.

Derived terms

• centennium
• centēnus
• centēsimus
• centi-
• centiceps
• centiēns, centiēs
• centifidus
• centifolia
• centimanus
• centimeter
• centimetrum
• centinōdius
• centipeda
• centipelliō
• centipēs
• centoculus
• centumpeda
• centumplex, centiplex
• centumpondium
• centumvirī
• centuplicātus
• centuplicō
• centuplus
• centuria
• centussis
• ducentī (“two hundred”)
• nōngentī (“nine hundred”)
• octingentī (“eight hundred”)
• quadringentī (“four hundred”)
• quīngentī (“five hundred”)
• septingentī (“seven hundred”)
• sescentī (“six hundred”)
• trecentī (“three hundred”)
• ūndēcentum

 

Related terms

• centēnārius
• centēniōnālis nummus
• centuriō
• centuriōnus

Descendants

• Balkan Romance:
  • Aromanian: tsendu, tsentu
  • → Albanian: qind
• Italo-Romance:
  • Corsican: centu
  • Gallurese: centu
  • Italian: cento
    • →? Dalmatian: ciant
  • Neapolitan: ciènto

    Tarantino: cinde

  • Sassarese: zentu
  • Sicilian: centu
• North Italian:
  • Friulian: cent
  • Istriot: sento
  • Ligurian: çento
  • Piedmontese: sent
  • Romansch: tschient
  • Venetan: sento, zsento
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: cent
  • Old French: cent (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Northern French: chent
    • Norman: chent
• Occitano-Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: cent
  • Occitan: cent
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: cien, cientu
  • Mirandese: cient, ciento
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: cento
    • Galician: cento
    • Portuguese: cento
  • Spanish: ciento (see there for further descendants)
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: chentu (Logudorese), centu (Campidanese)

Unsorted borrowings (many of them via Romance):

• → Belarusian: цэнт (cent)
• → Bulgarian: цент (cent)
• → Central Melanau: sin
• → Czech: cent
• → English: centum
• → Esperanto: cent, cendo
• → Estonian: sent
  • → English: sent
• → Finnish: sentti
• → German: Cent
• → Greek: σεντ (sent)
• → Icelandic: sent
• → Interlingua: cento
• → Latvian: cents
• → Lithuanian: centas
• → Macedonian: цент (cent)
• → Malay: sen
• → Romanian: cent
• → Russian: цент (cent)
  • → Armenian: ցենտ (cʻent)
  • → Georgian: ცენტი (cenṭi)
• → Slovak: cent
• → Slovene: cent
• → Ukrainian: цент (cent)
• → West Coast Bajau: sin

See also

• Appendix:Latin cardinal numbers

References

• “centum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “centum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• centum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• centum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred: centum annos complere
    
  • about a hundred of our men fell: nostri circiter centum ceciderunt
    

Romanian

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin centum.

Adjective

centum m or n (feminine singular centumă, masculine plural centumi, feminine and neuter plural centume)

1. centum

Declension

		singular				plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine		masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	centum		centumă		centumi	centume
	definite	centumul		centuma		centumii	centumele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	centum		centume		centumi	centume
	definite	centumului		centumei		centumilor	centumelor