ech

See also: Ech and ECH

Bergish

Alternative forms

• ek, ik

Pronoun

ech

1. I

East Central German

Alternative forms

• oech (Oberländisch High Prussian)
• öch (Breslau(i)sch High Prussian)

Pronoun

ech

1. (Oberländisch High Prussian) I (first person pronoun)
   • E. Heinel, Erinnerungen. 2. Die Stadt Marienburg, in: 1849, Neue Preußische Provinzial-Blätter. Jahrgang 1849. Juli – December, Königsberg, p. 161ff., here p. 174 ([1]), an example inside of a Standard High German text:

     Eine Probe dieses Dialekts wird seine Anmuth klar machen. Ein Schulknabe erhob bei seinem Lehrer, welcher zugleich Kantor an der evangelischen Kirche war, folgende Anklage; „Herr Kunterche (Kantorchen) de Junges soge emmer, ech hob dem Matzing (Metzing) saine Kraih (Krähe) gestohle!“

   • 1881, August Schemionek, Ausdrücke und Redensarten der Elbingschen Mundart mit einem Anhange von Anekdoten dem Volke nacherzählt. Gesammelt und erklärt, Verlag von Theodor Bertling, Danzig, p. 49 (inside the section Proben der Elbingischen Mundart), an example beginning with Standard High German:

     Arzt: Nun Frau Vogelreuter, Sie haben mich rufen lassen, was fehlt Ihnen denn?
     „Na Herr Docter, oech wees je nich, esse ess oech, trinke trink oech, on schloafe schloaf oech och—man es romort mer so en de Kaldaunen.“—

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Esperanto

Adverb

ech

1. H-system spelling of eĉ

Kalasha

Noun

ech

1. Alternative spelling of eč

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German ich, from Old High German ih, from Proto-Germanic *ik.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eχ/, [əɕ]
• Homophones: iech, Iech (unstressed only)

Pronoun

ech

1. first-person singular, nominative: I

   Ech liese gären. ― I like reading.

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns

		nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
		str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
1st person singular		ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (informal)		du	de	dech	—	dir	der	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (formal)		Dir	Der	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech
3rd person singular	m	hien	en	hien	en	him	em	sech
	f	si	se	si	se	hir	er	sech
	n	hatt	et ('t)	hatt	et ('t)	him	em	sech
1st person plural		mir	mer	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)
2nd person plural		dir	der	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech
3rd person plural		si	se	si	se	hinnen	en	sech

Middle English

Alternative forms

• eche, ich, iche, uch, uche, ych
• elke, ilk, ylke (Northern)
• æch, ælc, ælch, elch, euch, ilch, illc, ulche (Early Middle English)

Etymology

From Old English ǣlċ, a contraction of ǣġhwylċ (compare ewilch). For the loss of /l/, compare which, swich.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛːt͡ʃ/, /ɛt͡ʃ/
• (Northern) IPA^(key): /it͡ʃ/, /ilk/

Determiner

ech

1. every (all of a group)
2. each (all of a group, seen individually)
3. (Early Middle English) any; at all
4. (rare) All kinds of.

Descendants

• English: each
• Scots: ilk, elk
• Yola: earch

References

• “ēch, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Pronoun

ech

1. each one
2. every one

Descendants

• English: each
• Scots: ilk, elk

References

• “ēch, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old Irish

Etymology

From Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva) and Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ex/

Noun

ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)

1. horse

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ech	echL	eichL
Vocative	eich	echL	eochuH
Accusative	echN	echL	eochuH
Genitive	eichL	ech	echN
Dative	eochL	echaib	echaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Synonyms

• marc

Descendants

• Middle Irish: each
  • Irish: each
  • Manx: agh, eagh
  • Scottish Gaelic: each

Mutation

Mutation of ech

radical	lenition	nasalization
ech (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ech

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ech”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛx/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛx
• Syllabification: ech

Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic.

Interjection

ech

1. argh! (used to express disappointment, despondence, or impatience)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ech n

1. genitive plural of echo

Further reading

• ech in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• ech in Polish dictionaries at PWN