fungus

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin fungus (“mushroom”).

Picture dictionary

fungus

organism

organism

mold

mold

mushroom

mushroom

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌŋɡəs

Noun

fungus (countable and uncountable, plural fungi or (nonstandard, rare) funguses or (nonstandard, rare) fungusses)

1. (mycology) Any member of the kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
   • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

     Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2. (now rare, pathology) A spongy, abnormal excrescence, such as excessive granulation tissue formed in a wound.

Hyponyms

• (organism): ascomycete, basidiomycete, mold, mushroom, toadstool, yeast

Derived terms

• ambrosia fungus
• artillery fungus
• artist's fungus
• bird's nest fungus
• black fungus
• bleeding tooth fungus
• bracket fungus
• cannonball fungus
• caterpillar fungus
• cinnamon fungus
• club fungus
• coal fungus (Daldinia concentrica)
• coral fungus
• cup fungus
• dark fungus
• face fungus
• fly fungus
• fungal
• fungicidal
• fungicide
• fungoid
• fungus beetle
• fungus comb
• fungus garden
• fungus gnat
• fungus-growing ant
• fungus moth
• fungus weevil
• ghost fungus
• honey fungus
• hoof fungus
• jelly fungus
• nail fungus
• pleasing fungus beetle
• rust fungus
• sac fungus
• sewage fungus
• shelf fungus
• shotgun fungus
• snow fungus
• sulfur fungus
• sulphur fungus
• toothed jelly fungus
• tooth fungus
• whiskey fungus
• zombie fungus

 

Related terms

• fungous

Descendants

• → Irish: fungas

Translations

any member of the kingdom Fungi

• Afrikaans: swam, fungus
• Albanian: këpurdhë f
• Alemannic German: Pilz m
• Arabic: فُطْر (ar) m (fuṭr)

  Egyptian Arabic: فطر m (feṭr)

• Armenian: սունկ (hy) (sunk), սնկիկ (hy) (snkik), բորբոս (hy) (borbos)
• Assamese: ভেঁকুৰ (bhẽkur)
• Asturian: fungu m
• Azerbaijani: göbələk (az)
• Bashkir: бәшмәктәр (bəşməktər)
• Belarusian: грыбо́к m (hrybók)
• Bengali: ছত্রাক (bn) (chotrak)
• Breton: foue (br)
• Brunei Malay: kulat
• Bulgarian: гъба (bg) f (gǎba)
• Burmese: မှို (my) (hmui)
• Catalan: fong (ca)
• Central Melanau: kulat
• Chinese:

  Hokkien: ko͘

  Mandarin: 菌類／菌类 (zh) (jūnlèi), 真菌 (zh) (zhēnjūn)

• Chuvash: кӑмпа (kămp̬a)
• Czech: houba (cs) f
• Danish: svamp (da) c
• Dutch: zwam (nl) m
• Erzya: пангт (pangt)
• Esperanto: fungo (eo)
• Estonian: seen (et)
• Faroese: soppur
• Finnish: sieni (fi)
• French: fongus (fr) m
• Galician: fungo (gl) m
• Georgian: სოკო (soḳo)
• German: Pilz (de) m
• Greek: μύκητας (el) m (mýkitas)
• Hawaiian: kalina
• Hebrew: פטרייה (he) f (pitriyá)
• Hindi: फफूंद f (phaphūnd), फफूँद (hi) f (phaphū̃d), फफूँद (hi) f (phaphū̃d)
• Hungarian: gombaféle (hu), gomba (hu)
• Iban: kulat
• Icelandic: sveppur (is)
• Irish: fungas m
• Italian: fungo (it)
• Japanese: 菌類 (ja) (きんるい, kinrui), 真菌 (ja) (しんきん, shinkin), 茸 (ja) (きのこ, kinoko)
• Kannada: ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ (kn) (śilīndhra)
• Khmer: ផ្សិត (km) (phsət)
• Korean: 균계 (gyun'gye)
• Lao: ເຫັດ (het)
• Latin: fungus
• Latvian: sēnes (lv)
• Lingala: liyɛbú
• Lithuanian: grybas (lt)
• Low German: Swamm m
• Luxembourgish: Pilzeräich
• Macedonian: габа f (gaba)
• Malay: kulat (ms)
• Manx: fungys m
• Maori: harore, hekaheka, puruheka
• Marathi: बुरशी f (burśī)
• Nahuatl: nanacatl (nah)
• Northern Sami: guobbarat
• Norwegian: sopp (no)
• Occitan: fonge (oc)
• Ottoman Turkish: مانطار (mantar)
• Persian: قارچ (fa) (qârč)
• Plautdietsch: Pilz n
• Polish: grzyb (pl) m
• Portuguese: fungo (pt) m
• Quechua: k'allampa (qu)
• Romanian: ciupercă (ro) f
• Russian: гриб (ru) m (grib), грибо́к (ru) m (gribók)
• Samogitian: kremblē
• Sanskrit: कवकम् (sa) (kavakam)
• Sardinian: cordolinu
• Scottish Gaelic: fungas m
• Serbo-Croatian: gljȉva (sh) f, гљива f
• Slovak: huba (sk) f
• Spanish: hongo (es) m
• Swahili: kuvu
• Swedish: svamp (sv)
• Tagalog: halamang-singaw, buot, apugaw, kolatkolat
• Tajik: занбӯруғ (zanbüruġ)
• Tamil: பூஞ்சைகள் (pūñcaikaḷ)
• Telugu: శిలీంధ్రం (śilīndhraṁ)
• Thai: เห็ดรา (hèt-raa)
• Tongan: talingelinga
• Turkish: mantar (tr)
• Ukrainian: гриб (uk) m (hryb), грибо́к (hrybók) (microscopic, non formal)
• Uzbek: zamburugʻ (uz)
• Vietnamese: nấm (vi)
• Volapük: funig (vo)
• Walloon: tchampion (wa)
• Welsh: ffwng (cy) m
• Xhosa: ikhowa, inkowane
• Yiddish: פֿונגוס m (fungus), שוואָם m or f (shvom)

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin fungus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfʏŋ.ɡʏs/, /ˈfʏŋ.ɣʏs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: fun‧gus

Noun

fungus m (plural fungi)

1. (mycology) fungus, member of the kingdom Fungi

Related terms

• fungicidaal
• fungicide
• spons

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fɔ̃.ɡys/

Noun

fungus m (plural fungus)

1. Alternative spelling of fongus

Indonesian

Noun

fungus (first-person possessive fungusku, second-person possessive fungusmu, third-person possessive fungusnya)

1. fungus

Latin

fungus (a mushroom)

Etymology

Originally sfungus. Along with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos), "sponge" (whence Latin spongia), σφόγγος (sphóngos), and Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn), likely a loanword from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly also related to Georgian სოკო (soḳo), Tsez зикӏу (zik’u), Bezhta сакӏо (sakʼo), Moksha панга (panga) and Erzya панго (pango, “mushroom”). Linguists such as Kluge and Kroonen have suggested a connection to English swamp and its Germanic cognates.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈfun.ɡus/, [ˈfʊŋɡʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈfun.ɡus/, [ˈfuŋɡus]

Noun

fungus m (genitive fungī); second declension

1. mushroom; fungus
2. fungal growth or infection
3. candle-snuff
4. (figuratively, derogatory) dolt, idiot

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:homo stultus

Declension

Second-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	fungus	fungī
genitive	fungī	fungōrum
dative	fungō	fungīs
accusative	fungum	fungōs
ablative	fungō	fungīs
vocative	funge	fungī

Derived terms

• fungifōrmis
• fungīnus
• fungōsus
• fungulus

Related terms

• fungidus

Descendants

• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: fungo
  • Neapolitan: fungio
  • Sicilian: funcia, funciu
• North-Italian:
  • Emilian: fonz, fons
  • Friulian: fonc, fong
  • Ligurian: fonzo
  • Lombard: fons, fonz, foncc, fonze
  • Piedmontese: fons
  • Romagnol: fons, fong
  • Venetan: fongo, fonc
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Aragonese: fongo, frongo
  • Catalan: fong (perhaps from Aragonese or a calque from Spanish)
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Old Spanish: fongo
    • Spanish: hongo
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: fungu
  • → Basque: onddo
  • → English: fungus
  • → French: fongus
  • → Irish: fungas
  • → Galician: fungo
  • → Portuguese: fungo
  • → Romanian: fungă

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 586–587
• “fungus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fungus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• fungus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• fungus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to perform the last rites for a person: supremo officio in aliquem fungi
    
  • (ambiguous) to live a perfect life: virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi (Tusc. 1. 45. 109)
    
  • (ambiguous) to do one's duty: officio suo fungi
    
  • (ambiguous) to perform official duties: munere fungi, muneri praeesse