penar

See also: peñar

Catalan

Etymology

From pena +‎ -ar.

Verb

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite pení, past participle penat); root stress: (Central) /ɛ/; (Balearic, Valencia) /e/

1. to punish

   Synonyms: penalitzar, castigar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of penar (first conjugation)

infinitive			penar
gerund			penant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		penat		penada
		plural		penats		penades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	peno	penes	pena	penem	peneu	penen
	imperfect	penava	penaves	penava	penàvem	penàveu	penaven
	future	penaré	penaràs	penarà	penarem	penareu	penaran
	preterite	pení	penares	penà	penàrem	penàreu	penaren
	conditional	penaria	penaries	penaria	penaríem	penaríeu	penarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	peni	penis	peni	penem	peneu	penin
	imperfect	penés	penessis	penés	penéssim	penéssiu	penessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	pena	peni	penem	peneu	penin
	negative (no)	—	no penis	no peni	no penem	no peneu	no penin

Derived terms

• rata penada

 

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese penar. By surface analysis, pena +‎ -ar.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈna(ʁ)/ [peˈna(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈna(ʁ)/ [peˈna(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /peˈna(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /peˈna(ʁ)/ [peˈna(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈna(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈnaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈnaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈna.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: pe‧nar

Verb

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite penei, past participle penado)

1. (intransitive) to be in pain
2. (intransitive) to suffer
3. (transitive) to cause pain to; make suffer
4. (transitive) to suffer the consequences of
5. (reflexive) to grieve

Conjugation

    Conjugation of penar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	penar
Personal	penar	penares	penar	penarmos	penardes	penarem
Gerund
	penando
Past participle
Masculine	penado			penados
Feminine	penada			penadas
Indicative
Present	peno	penas	pena	penamos	penais	penam
Imperfect	penava	penavas	penava	penávamos	penáveis	penavam
Preterite	penei	penaste	penou	penamos1, penámos2	penastes	penaram
Pluperfect	penara	penaras	penara	penáramos	penáreis	penaram
Future	penarei	penarás	penará	penaremos	penareis	penarão
Conditional	penaria	penarias	penaria	penaríamos	penaríeis	penariam
Subjunctive
Present	pene	penes	pene	penemos	peneis	penem
Imperfect	penasse	penasses	penasse	penássemos	penásseis	penassem
Future	penar	penares	penar	penarmos	penardes	penarem
Imperative
Affirmative		pena	pene	penemos	penai	penem
Negative (não)		não penes	não pene	não penemos	não peneis	não penem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

    Conjugation of penar-se (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	penar-se
Personal	penar-me	penares-te	penar-se	penarmo-nos	penardes-vos	penarem-se
Gerund
	penando-se
Past participle
Masculine	penado			penados
Feminine	penada			penadas
Indicative
Present	peno-me	penas-te	pena-se	penamo-nos	penais-vos	penam-se
Imperfect	penava-me	penavas-te	penava-se	penávamo-nos	penáveis-vos	penavam-se
Preterite	penei-me	penaste-te	penou-se	penamo-nos1, penámo-nos2	penastes-vos	penaram-se
Pluperfect	penara-me	penaras-te	penara-se	penáramo-nos	penáreis-vos	penaram-se
Future	penar-me-ei	penar-te-ás	penar-se-á	penar-nos-emos	penar-vos-eis	penar-se-ão
Conditional	penar-me-ia	penar-te-ias	penar-se-ia	penar-nos-íamos	penar-vos-íeis	penar-se-iam
Subjunctive
Present	me pene	te penes	se pene	nos penemos	vos peneis	se penem
Imperfect	me penasse	te penasses	se penasse	nos penássemos	vos penásseis	se penassem
Future	me penar	te penares	se penar	nos penarmos	vos penardes	se penarem
Imperative
Affirmative		pena-te	pene-se	penemo-nos	penai-vos	penem-se
Negative (não)		não te penes	não se pene	não nos penemos	não vos peneis	não se penem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Noun

penar m (plural penares)

1. suffering; bitterness; hurt

Usage notes

The noun is a deverbal of the verb inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese since there are no samples of use as a noun in the ancestral language.

Further reading

• “penar”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
• “penar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

Romanian

Alternative forms

• penal

Etymology

From earlier form penal, from German Pennal, from Medieval Latin pennale, from penna (“feather”). It originally referred to a case to hold quills.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [peˈnar]

Noun

penar n (plural penare)

1. pencil case

   Synonym: plumieră

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	penar	penarul		penare	penarele
genitive-dative	penar	penarului		penare	penarelor
vocative	penarule			penarelor

Related terms

• pană

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnaɾ/ [peˈnaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: pe‧nar

Verb

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite pené, past participle penado)

1. (transitive) to punish

   Synonym: castigar

2. (intransitive) to suffer

   Synonym: sufrir

   • 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 194:

     Las ánimas de los criminales condenados a muerte por la justicia, penan en los sitios donde cometieron sus delitos y alrededor del patíbulo en que los expiaron.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of penar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			penar
gerund			penando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		penado		penada
		plural		penados		penadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	peno	penastú penásvos	pena	penamos	penáis	penan
	imperfect	penaba	penabas	penaba	penábamos	penabais	penaban
	preterite	pené	penaste	penó	penamos	penasteis	penaron
	future	penaré	penarás	penará	penaremos	penaréis	penarán
	conditional	penaría	penarías	penaría	penaríamos	penaríais	penarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	pene	penestú penésvos2	pene	penemos	penéis	penen
	imperfect (ra)	penara	penaras	penara	penáramos	penarais	penaran
	imperfect (se)	penase	penases	penase	penásemos	penaseis	penasen
	future1	penare	penares	penare	penáremos	penareis	penaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		penatú penávos	pene	penemos	penad	penen
	negative		no penes	no pene	no penemos	no penéis	no penen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of penar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive penar
	dative	penarme	penarte	penarle, penarse	penarnos	penaros	penarles, penarse
	accusative	penarme	penarte	penarlo, penarla, penarse	penarnos	penaros	penarlos, penarlas, penarse
with gerund penando
	dative	penándome	penándote	penándole, penándose	penándonos	penándoos	penándoles, penándose
	accusative	penándome	penándote	penándolo, penándola, penándose	penándonos	penándoos	penándolos, penándolas, penándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative pena
	dative	péname	pénate	pénale	pénanos	not used	pénales
	accusative	péname	pénate	pénalo, pénala	pénanos	not used	pénalos, pénalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative pená
	dative	pename	penate	penale	penanos	not used	penales
	accusative	pename	penate	penalo, penala	penanos	not used	penalos, penalas
with formal second-person singular imperative pene
	dative	péneme	not used	pénele, pénese	pénenos	not used	péneles
	accusative	péneme	not used	pénelo, pénela, pénese	pénenos	not used	pénelos, pénelas
with first-person plural imperative penemos
	dative	not used	penémoste	penémosle	penémonos	penémoos	penémosles
	accusative	not used	penémoste	penémoslo, penémosla	penémonos	penémoos	penémoslos, penémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative penad
	dative	penadme	not used	penadle	penadnos	penaos	penadles
	accusative	penadme	not used	penadlo, penadla	penadnos	penaos	penadlos, penadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative penen
	dative	pénenme	not used	pénenle	pénennos	not used	pénenles, pénense
	accusative	pénenme	not used	pénenlo, pénenla	pénennos	not used	pénenlos, pénenlas, pénense

Further reading

• “penar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28