Papers by Enkhbayar Shagdar
ERINA REPORT (PLUS) = ERINA REPORT (PLUS), Feb 20, 2020
Foreign trade plays a crucial role in the Mongolian economy with the value of foreign trade turno... more Foreign trade plays a crucial role in the Mongolian economy with the value of foreign trade turnover almost equaling to the country’s GDP. Mongolia embarked upon an irreversible path towards a market economy in 1990 and introduced trade reforms and liberalization policies since the early years of economic transition. Mongolia joined WTO in 1997. The Northeast Asian (NEA) countries have large presence in Mongolia’s foreign trade activities accounting for more than two-third total trade. Because Mongolia is a landlocked country and has limited domestic and international transportation networks, Mongolia’s only two neighbors – China and Russia – have the largest presence in its foreign trade activities. Although Japan and the ROK have emerged as new trading partners of Mongolia’s exports, the volume remains limited. The overall structure of Mongolia’s foreign trade with NEA did not change much over the period 1995-2005. Exports were dominated by mineral products and products of livesto...
1 in Rio de Janeiro. Although the global community does not know what the acceptable concentratio... more 1 in Rio de Janeiro. Although the global community does not know what the acceptable concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere may be, it is clear that a business-as-usual attitude will not be acceptable in the near future, regardless of what level concentration targets might be. Therefore, the promotion of synergies between different initiatives aimed at the mitigation of GHG 2 emissions and the promotion of investment in clean and best available technologies is expected to be the near-term challenge for both developed and developing countries. However, researchers suggest that short-term measures attempting to limit emissions alone will not stabilize global CO2 concentrations. Accordingly, the long-term challenge is the development and diffusion of technologies for its stabilization (Lee, 2000). Moreover, recognition of the benefits of pollution control by developing countries is essential as emissions from these countries are expected to surpass those from developed countries in the...
Аливаа орны санхүүгийн систем болон түүнд засгийн газраас оролцох оролцоо нь эдийн засгийн хөгжил... more Аливаа орны санхүүгийн систем болон түүнд засгийн газраас оролцох оролцоо нь эдийн засгийн хөгжилд мэдэгдэхүйц нөлөө үзүүлдэг гэсэн ойлголт Профессор Гершенкроны 2 нөлөө бүхий судалгааны ажлаас хойш нийтлэг болоод байгаа билээ. Чухам хэрэг дээрээ, Япон зэрэг нилээд олон оронд хөгжлийн санхүүжилтын байгууллагууд /ХСБ/ нь аж үйлдвэрийн салбарт урт хугацаат зээл болон хөрөнгө олгох замаар тухайн орны аж үйлдвэрийн хөгжилд чухал хувь нэмэр оруулсаар ирсэн юм. Тиймээс, аж үйлдвэржилтийн хөгжлийн үедээ байгаа болон төвлөрсөн төлөвлөгөөт эдийн засгаас зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжиж буй орнуудын хувьд ХСБ болон эдийн засгийн хөгжлийн харилцан хамаарлын талаар сонирхон үзэж, улсынхаа хөгжлийн цогц бодлоготойгоо нийцүүлэн ХСБ-ыг бий болгох эсэх талаар бодох ёстой юм. Тодорхой хэлбэрээр төрөлжсөн санхүүгийн байгууллагуудаас хөгжлийн банкны талаар ихэнхдээ буруу ойлголттой байдаг. Зарим хэсэг нь хөгжлийн банкийг аливаа санхүүгийн системийн жинхэнэ төгс элемент гэсэн үзлийг тууштай ...
Journal of International Studies, 2020
Mongolia has been pursuing a free trade policy since the transition to a market economy, and toda... more Mongolia has been pursuing a free trade policy since the transition to a market economy, and today, with a sharp increase in imports and a boom in raw materials exports, domestic production has fallen, and the country became overly dependent on mining products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to review the methods for implementing foreign trade policy, to study their optimal use and update them effectively. This study examines how Mongolia’s import tariff regulations have been reforming since the transition to a market economy, and discusses some potential impacts of the import tariff reform on the Mongolian economy. Монгол Улсын импортын гаалийн тарифын шинэчлэл Хураангуй: Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс чөлөөт худалдааны бодлого баримталсаар ирсэн бөгөөд өнөөдөр импортын урсгал эрс нэмэгдэж, түүхий эдийн экспорт хөгжсөнөөр дотоодын үйлдвэрлэл уналтад орсон, уул уурхайн бүтээгдэхүүнээс хэт хамааралтай улс болжээ. Иймд гадаад худалдааны бодлогыг хэрэг...
Despite growing trade and economic relations among the countries in the Northeast Asian (NEA) reg... more Despite growing trade and economic relations among the countries in the Northeast Asian (NEA) region, there are only two bilateral free trade agreements in effect currently. The China–ROK Free Trade Agreement entered into force on 20 December 2015 and the Japan–Mongolia Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) became effective on 7 June 2016. However, several EPAs and free trade agreements (FTAs) are under negotiation or have prospects to emerge among not only the countries in the region, but also surrounding regions and countries. An analysis of the economic effects of the ongoing FTA (China–Japan–Korea Trilateral Free Trade Agreement (CJK FTA)), and several other prospective FTAs—Northeast Asia Preferential Free Trade Agreement (NEA FTA); Northeast Asia plus the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Preferential Free Trade Area (NEA+EAEU FTA); and Northeast Asia plus the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) plus the EAEU Preferential Free Trade Area (NEA+RCEP+EAEU FTA)—using th...
Having joined the WTO in 1997, Mongolia is a country with relatively liberal trade policies; but ... more Having joined the WTO in 1997, Mongolia is a country with relatively liberal trade policies; but the country is not yet party to any regional or bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs). At the outset toward further robust economic development, Mongolia is keen to diversify its export markets. Recently, Mongolia began talks on concluding an EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) with Japan. An analysis using the CGE model and employing the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 8 Data Base revealed that the macroeconomic impacts of Mongolia’s bilateral FTAs with the four Northeast Asian countries of Russia, the ROK, Japan and China—Mongolia’s major trading partners—would be almost negligible. This result was consistent with the fact that currently Mongolia’s import tariff rates are already relatively low and the partner countries exercise almost near zero-tariffs for Mongolia’s major export commodities, of mining and livestock origin. Raw materials or low value-added products of mining or...
58 はじめに 世界の自動車業界は米欧など先進国から新興国へ主戦場 が変わり構造変化が起きている。新興国市場の開拓や事業 展開は先進国市場とは異なるので、こうした構造変化への対 応を考える必要に... more 58 はじめに 世界の自動車業界は米欧など先進国から新興国へ主戦場 が変わり構造変化が起きている。新興国市場の開拓や事業 展開は先進国市場とは異なるので、こうした構造変化への対 応を考える必要に迫られている。また、新興国市場には先進 国とは異なる経営課題が多く存在する。それゆえ、新しいパ ラダイムに立脚した戦略やマネジメントを中心としたビジネ スモデルの構築が求められている。新興国市場開拓や競争 優位獲得のための戦略やマネジメントは喫緊の課題である。 ロシア市場はBRICsの一角である。成長市場として欧米 日韓をはじめ、各国企業が注目している。ロシアの自動車 市場は、現地生産のグローバル化が進み、欧米日韓メーカー が2000年代初頭から次々に現地生産を開始し、競争が激化 している。そうした中で、日系自動車メーカーの競争上の ポジションは、欧米や韓国と比べると後塵を拝している。 これに対して急成長しているのは韓国の現代自動車グルー プ(以下、現代)である。ブランド力や技術力に劣る後発 の現代が、なぜロシアでシェアを伸ばしているのであろう か。現代は市場開拓をどのように行っているのであろうか。 そのやり方はトヨタなどの先進国メーカーといかなる点で 違いがあるのであろうか。また、それは従来の先進国市場 開拓を中心とした多国籍企業の理論と一体、どのような点 が異なるのであろうか。 本稿ではロシアの自動車市場における先進国企業、トヨ タ自動車(以下、トヨタ)と新興国企業で後発の現代を取り 上げ、両社のロシア市場へのアプローチについて比較検討 する。自動車市場を取り上げるのは、欧米日韓のほぼすべ ての多国籍企業(自動車メーカー)による競争が繰り広げら れていること、日系企業にとり、自動車産業は最も裾野が広 く日本の産業界を背負って立つ「最後の砦」である最も重 要な産業であること、それにもかかわらず、日本の携帯電話 や家電メーカーのように、技術では先行しているものの、急 激に新興国市場は奪われてきていること、そのため早急に アプローチの方法を再考する必要があるためである。 本稿の構成は以下の通りである。最初にロシアの自動車 市場を概観する。次に、両社のロシア市場へのアプローチ について、1ロシア市場参入プロセス、2マーケティング 戦略、3両社のアプローチの違いについて比較検...
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Papers by Enkhbayar Shagdar