4 Eoi Grammar-4c2baa PDF

ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS DE MLAGA
LVARO SOUVIRN 4 CURSO 2001-2002

216
PHRASAL VERBS

LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SON VERBOS QUE VAN ACOMPAADOS DE UNA
PARTICULA (PREPOSICION O ADVERBIO (ON,OFF,DOWN,IN...ETC.) QUE
ADQUIEREN UN NUEVO SIGNIFICADO,

CON LA MAYORA DE LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SI EL OBJETO ES UN
NOMBRE,EL OBJETO SE PUEDE PONER ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:

Put on your coat / put your coat on
He took out his wallet / he took his wallet out

CUANDO EL OBJETO ES UN PRONOMBRE,ESTE SIEMPRE
VA ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.

EJEMPLO:
Put it on.

VERB TAKE OUT PARTICLE

OBJECT OBJECT

HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET HE TOOK IT OUT

Can I try on this dress ?
Can I try this dress on ?
Can I try them on

SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES?

Normalmente,si la particula es up,se puede separar ,y si es after,no se puede

217
HAY CUATRO TIPOS DE VERBOS FRASALES

TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS/PROBLEMAS
1-VERBO FRASAL SIN UN
OBJETO
The meeting went on for
hours
EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA NO SE
PUEDEN SEPARAR
2-EL VERBO FRASAL PUEDE
ESTAR SEPARADO OR UN
OBJETO
Take off your shoes
Take your shoes off
Take them off
SI EL OBJETO ES UN NOMBRE ,ESTE
PUEDE IR O DESPUES DE AMBAS
PARTICULAS DEL VERBO FRASAL O
ENTRE ELLAS.SI EL OBJETO ES UN
PRONOMBRE ESTE DEBE DE IR
ENTRE LAS DOS PARTES NO TAKE
OFF THEN
3-VERBOS FRASALES QUE NO
PUEDEN ESTAR SEPARADOS
POR UN OBJETO
I looked through the
magazine when i was at the
hairdresser
NO I LOOKED THE MAGAZINE
THROUG
4-VERBOS FRASALES CON DOS
PREPOSICIONES /ADVERBIOS
Weve run out of petrol
LAS TRES PALABRAS NO PUEDEN
SER SEPARADAS.
NO WEVE RUN OUT OF PETROL

ALGUNAS VECES EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA PARTICULA DE LA PARTICULA
(PREPOSICION O ADVERBIO) NOS AYUDA A ENTENDER EL VERBO
FRASAL.EJ.BACK CASI SIEMPRE SIGNIFICA: VOLVER.

ALGUNAS PREPOSICIONES PUEDEN TENER DIFERENTES
SIGNIFICADOS:

UP A) AUMENTO B) COMPLETAMENTE

DOWN A) PONER EN PAPEL B) DISMINUCION
B) C) PARAR COMPLETAMENTE

ON A) CONTINUACION B) VESTIR C) CONECTAR

OFF A) DESCONECTAR B) SALIR

OUT A) HACER DESAPARECER B) PARA GENTE DIFERENTE


218

PARA HABLAR DE NACIONALIDADES

1- ADJECTIVE + PEOPLE
French people

2-THE + ADJECTIVE
The French

3- SI EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN AN ,SE LE AADE S
The Hungarians

4-HAY PALABRAS ESPECIALES QUE DEFINEN NACIONALIDADES
The Poles Los Polacos
The Spaniards Los Espaoles

QUESTION FORMATION

Use Examples Notes / Problems
Para formar preguntas
normales usamos un verbo
auxilar (do,have)
Has your Father phoned?
Where do they normally
work?
Did you enjoy the show?
Con el Present Simple y el
Past Simple usamos
Do/Does/Did
Usamos preguntas negativas
para comprobar si algo es
verdad o mentira
Dont you like chips?
Hasnt Mary phoned

El orden de las palabras es
el mismo que en las
preguntas normales
Cuando la question word es el
sujeto no se usa Do/ Did
Who wrote Proud and
Prejudice?
Which actor won the Oscar
No who did write
Usamos indirect question para
preguntar de una forma mas
educada
Could you tell me where the
bank is?
El orden de las palabras
es:subject + verb
Preguntas terminando en
preposiciones
What are they talking
about
Where does he come from?
La preposicion va al final
de la pregunta
Short questions Im going on holiday
tomorrow


219
Where to?
QUESTION TAGS

Las QUESTION TAGS, son pequeas preguntas al final de una frase que
corresponden a expresiones en espaol como: No? / Verdad?

Si la frase es afirmativa, la question tag es negativa
Si la frase es negativa, la question tag es afirmativa

Frase afirmativa Q.T. Negativa

Its a beautiful day inst it?
She lives in London doesnt she?
You Closed the window didnt you?
Those shoes are nice arent they?
Tom will be at home tomorrow wont he?

Frase Negativa Q.T. Afirmativa

That inst your car is it?
You dont smoke do you?
You havent met my mother have you?
You wont be late will you?

Usamos DO/DOES para el presente y DID para el pasado

SHORT ANSWERS

Usamos las Short Answers despues de preguntas con respuestas SI /NO
Para hacer una Short Answer,repetimos el verbo auxiliar.
Si no lo hay ,usamos do/does/did

Are you coming with us? Yes I am / No Im not
Mary likes reading Yes she does / No she doesnt
Do you go out yesterday Yes,we did / No we didnt
Have you been here before? Yes,I have / no I havent

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Can you cook? Yes I can / no I cant

ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS

USO: USAMOS ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES
ADVERBIALES PARA DESCRIBIR UN VERBO,ADJETIVO,O
UNA FRASE ENTERA
TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS
COMO ALGUIEN
HACE ALGO:
DE MODO
He drives very badly. Normalmente van
DESPUES DEL VERBO
CUANTAS VECES
SUCEDE ALGO:
DE FRECUENCIA
I never drink alcohol
We usually go to bed at
midnight.
Hes always late.
Ponemos ANTES DEL
VERBO PRINCIPAL,
pero DESPUES DEL
VEBO TO BE
CUANDO SUCEDE
ALGO:
DE TIEMPO

I think hell be here
soon.
Last night I had dinner
with a friend.
Pueden ir al PRINCIPIO
DE LA FRASE PARA DAR
NFASIS

CUANTAS VECES ES
ALGO HECHO:
DE GRADO
He drinks a lot.
Ive almost finished.

A bit,little,much, y a lot
van DESPUES DEL
VERBO O EXPRESION.
Todos LOS DEMAS van
ANTES DEL VERBO
PRINCIPAL
PARA HACER
COMENTARIOS
ACERCA DE UNA
SITUACION:
FRASES
ADVERBIALES
Ideally we ought to leave
at 10:00.
The car broke down,
unfortunately.
AL PRINCIPIO es mas
enftico
OTROS ADVERBIOS

I only have one sister.
Theyve just arrived.
She can probably come.
LA MAYORIA de los
adverbios van ANTES
DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL

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What does he like doing?.....que le gusta hacer?
What does he look like?...... Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)
Who does he look like?....... A quien se parece?
Whats it like?..............Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)
How is she?...................Como esta? (de salud)
Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase n1

PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING -ED

1- WHEN THE BASE FORM OF THE VERBS ENDS WITH THE SOUNDS

/D/ OR /T/ THE PRONUNCIATION IS /ID/

E.G. WAIT WAITED = /WEITID/

2- WHEN THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB ENDS WITH THE SOUNDS

/F/ /K/ /P/ /S/ / / / t / THE PRONUNCIATION IS T

E.G. FINISH FINISHED = /FINI T/

3- WITH ALL THE OTHER VERBS

/D/


222

TENSES IN CONDITIONALS (FIRST AND ZERO)
AND FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

FIRST CONDITIONAL
if + present, future
If she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes
si toma un taxi, estar aqu en diez minutos
En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condicin expresada.

ZERO CONDITIONAL
if + two present tenses
If you boil water, It evaporates
cuando hierves agua,se evapora
Expresa una condicin que siempre es verdad.
If significa when o whenever (cuando)

Use Examples Notes / Problems
Usamos el Primer condicional
(If + Present Tense+
will/wont /going
to/Imperative,
para hablar acerca de una
posibilidad futura y sus
consecuencias
If I see her, Ill tell her
If youve finished ,Lets go
He wont come If he isnt
feeling better.
If the film is very violent,Im
going to leave
Despues de If se usan
tiempos
presentes,simple,perfect o
continuo,pero no una forma
futura
If Ill see her
Usamos el Zero conditional
tiempos presentes en cada
una de las partes .
para hablar acerca de algo que
siempre sucede
If Ive got a headhache.
I always take an aspirin.
If you heat water to 100C
It boils (Its the consecuence)

Usamos un tiempo presente
(simple ,perfect, continuous)
despues de :
When,as soon as, before,
after, until,unless, and in
case..
Ill get up when the doctor
comes.
Shell go back to work as soon
as she feels better.
Dont stop taking the pills until
youve finished the packet.
If= para posiblidad
When= cuando estos
seguro que sucedera.
As soon as =
inmediatamente cuando.
Until=encima del tiempo

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para hablar acerca del futuro
(no will+infinitivo).
En la otra parte,usamos will o
going to o imperativo
Shell probably come unless
shes studying.
Take a coat in case its get cold
later

cuando
Unless= excepto si.in case
= por si hay una posibilidad
de que suceda:Por si.

FIRST OR SECOND CONDITIONALS ?

FIRST CONDITIONAL
if + present, future
If she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes
si toma un taxi, estar aqu en diez minutos
En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condicin expresada.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
if + past, conditional
if she took a taxi, she would be here in ten minutes
si tomara un taxi, estara aqu en diez minutos
En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condicin
expresada. Este tipo tambin puede expresar algo contrario a la
realidad actual:
if I had any money, I would lend it to you
si tuviera dinero, te lo prestara (pero no tengo dinero)

FIRST-If you rest for a couple of days,youll feel better
Likely (=probable) or possible situations

SECOND- If you rested for a couple of days,youd feel better
Unlikely (=unproblable) or impossible situations


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FIRST- If Im not working tomorrow,Ill come with you
Likely (=probable) or possible situations

SECOND- If We Arent working tomorrow,Wed come with you
Unlikely (=unproblable) or impossible situations

FUTURE FORMS

SHALL

SE USA PARA :
OFRECIMIENTOS...Shall I clean the car?
SUGERENCIAS....Shall we go to the cinema
Y
PROMESAS...You shall have ....

WILL

EXPRESA UNA INTENCION O DECISION NO PLANEADA.
TOMADA EN EL MOMENTO DE DECIRLO,
Well ask a policeman
Solo usamos shall con I and we

GOING TO...

EXPRESA INTENCION Y/O PREDICCION
DECISION TOMADA ANTES DEL MOMENTO DE DECIRLO

TAMBIEN CUANDO PARECE EVIDENTE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER
Look at the sky! Its going to rain.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (TO BE + ING)

PARA PLANES FIJOS QUE HAREMOS EN UN FUTURO CERCANO
WERE TAKING TO THE CINEMA

ESTOS DOS LTIMOS:GOING TO Y P.CONTINUOUS ,SON MUY MUY PARECIDOS


225

EJEMPLO:
-Im going to the shops soon, do you want anything?
-We havent got any sugar
-Its on my list, Im going to buy some.
-we havent got any bread
-ok. Ill go to the bakers and Ill buy a loaf

GOING TO.. TENIA PREVISTO DE ANTEMANO IR DE COMPRAS Y COMPRAR AZUCAR.
WILL: NO LO TENIA PREVISTO PERO CUANDO SE LO DICEN,EN ESE MOMENTO,
TOMA LA DECISION

CONCERTANDO UNA CITA

USO DEL WILL Y DEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS

RECORDEMOS QUE EL PRESENT CONTINUOUS ES MUY PARECIDO AL GOING TO
Y QUE PUEDE SER USADO PARA EXPRESAR PLANES DE FUTURO ENTRE PERSONAS

LOGICAMENTE AL IGUAL QUE EL GOING TO , SON PLANES YA DECIDIDOS
O SABIDOS DE ANTEMANO

Y WILL SON DECISIONES TOMADAS EN EL MOMENTO

-COULD I SPEAK TO MR.HUELIN?
-IM AFRAID HES OUT AT THE MOMENT
-WHAT TIME WILL HE BE BACK?
-MMM. AT ABOUT 10 OCLOCK, HES DOING EXERCISE AT THE GYM.
-IS HE FREE AT LUNCH TIME?
-ILL CHECK. NO,HES HAVING A LUNCH WITH HIS WIFE
-WHENS A GOOD TIME TO TRY AGAIN
-HELL BE IN HIS OFFICE AT HALF PAST SIX
-ILL PHONE BACK THEN
-THATS FINE

WILL

DECISION EN EL MOMENTO
Ill give you my phone number,ring me tonight
Ill check her diary for you
Ill phone back later

PREDICCION DE FUTURO
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny

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Im sure you ll pass your exam

GOING TO

DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO
Were going to have a holiday
My daughters going to study spanish in madrid

CERTEZA DE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER
Look at those clouds. Its going to rain

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS
Pat and peter are coming for a meal tonight
Were having salmon for supper

FUTURE PERFECT

(WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

USAMOS EL FUTURE PERFECT PARA DECIR QUE ALGO
ESTAR ACABADO
EN UN MOMENTO PARTICULAR FUTURO

In two weeks term will have finished
They wont have come out of the cinema yet
Ill have done the home work by monday

Este tiempo es usado frecuentemente con expresiones de tiempo


227
FUTURE CONTINUOUS

(WILL BE + VERB + ING)

USAMOS EL FUTURE CONTINUOUS PARA DECIR QUE UNA ACCION
ESTARA EN PROGRESO
EN UN CIERTO MOMENTO FUTURO

I hope Ill be living in my own flat soon.
What will you be doing tomorrow at 11:00?

Ese tiempo es muy comun usarlo con un tiempo exacto en el futuro (11:00)

I USED TO / I DIDNT USE TO

(SOLA / NO SOLA)

Para hbitos que han cambiado / Situaciones pasadas o estados que han cambiado

I used to drive to work ( but I dont now)

BE USED TO (+VERB +ING) O UN NOMBRE

(ESTOY ACOSTUMBRADO )

Una nueva situacion que ahora ya es familiar y estas acostumbrado

Im used to not eating chocolate
Im used to my new way of life


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GET USED TO (+VERB+ ING) O UN NOMBRE

(ME ESTOY ACOSTUMBRANDO)

Algo que todavia no es familiar para ti o te estas adaptando a ello

Im still getting used to my job
I have got used to living without caffeine

USUALLY+ PRESENT SIMPLE

(NORMALMENTE)

Para hbitos y/o situaciones del presente usamos

I used to eat a lot of meat but now I usually eat fish

GERUND

1. DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES
She left without saying goodbye
Im thinking of buying a flat

2. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS ( EMOCION )
LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH,
STOP...
I love cooking but I hate cleaning
I dont mind driving you to the airport

3. COMO EL SUJETO DE LA FRASE
Eating in restaurants is expensive
Swimming is good exercise

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TO + INFINITIVE

1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
Its difficult to learn a language

2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON / PROPOSITO)
Why did you go to Mexico?
To see my aunt and uncle

3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( INTENCION )
WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE,
EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET, SEEM, TRY, PROMISE,
OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE
Would you like to come?
Im hoping to get a better job soon

NARRATIVE TENSES

PAST SIMPLE
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Usamos el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en el
pasado

She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small caf

(ella se tomo un caf despues de comprar el periodico)


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Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir
una accion mas larga en continuo.

The sun was shining when she left the caf

(La accion de continuo mas larga, es que el sol estaba brillando.
Ella dej el caf es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la accion
mas larga de continuo)

Usamos el PAST PERFECT (had + past participle) para hablar acerca de
algo que sucedi antes del tiempo del cual estamos hablando

When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill

(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara)

Usamos el PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (had + past participle + verb +
ing) para hablar acerca de una accion en continuo mas larga que estaba
sucediendo antes del tiempo especifico en el pasado cuando los
acontecimientos principales de la historia sucedieron

She went to the doctor because she hadnt been feeling well

Ella fue al doctor porque no se habia estado sintiendo bien

THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:

EN ESTE CASO ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA
CONDICIN EXPRESADA.


231
(PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ALGO QUE SUCEDI EL EL PASADO Y
PODRA HABER SIDO DIFERENTE)

IF + PAST PERFECT...WOULD+ HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE (conditional perfect)

If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi

Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habra estado aqu en diez minutos
Ella habria estado aqu si hubiera tomado un taxi

PODEMOS USAR COULD MIGHT EN VEZ DE WOULD

If Id worked harder, I could have passed the exam
I could have passed the exam If Id worked harder

Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen
Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado ms duro

ZERO CONDITIONAL
PRESENT......PRESENT

SIEMPRE SE CUMPLE LA EXPRESION
If you boil water ....it evaporates

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FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF....WILL

PUEDE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION
If she takes a taxi....she will be here in ten minutes

SECOND CONDITIONAL
IF + PAST...WOULD + INF.

ES MENOS PROBABLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION
If she took a taxi...she would be here in ten minutes

THIRD CONDITIONAL
IF + HAD + P.P.....WOULD + HAVE + P.P.

ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION
If she had taken a taxi...she would have been here in ten minutes

SHOULD /SHOULDNT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE:

Lo usamos para criticar una accion pasada

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cuando tu o alguien no hizo la cosa correcta
Have se pronuncia /hv/
I should have waited
Debera haber esperado
You shouldn't have accepted
No deberas haber aceptado

PODEMOS USAR TAMBIEN CON EL MISMO SIGNIFICADO
OUGHT TO HAVE / OUGHTNT TO HAVE

Su uso equivale al de debera, deberas, etc:

La forma negativa de ought to es ought not to. Tambin existe la
contraccin oughtn't to, pero es menos frecuente.

You ought to write to her
Deberas escribirle
They ought to arrive before three
Deberan llegar antes de las tres
You ought not to go out alone
No deberas salir solo

OUGHT TO TAMBIN SE USA SEGUIDO DE HAVE + PARTICIPIO:
I ought to have bought it
Debera haberlo comprado
She ought not to have agreed
No debera haberlo consentido


234

SHOULD
LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE SHOULD ES SHOULDN'T, PERO EN
CONTEXTOS FORMALES O ENFTICOS SE SUELE USAR SHOULD
NOT.
SE USA SHOULD PARA INDICAR QU ES LO QUE DEBE HACERSE:

All essays should be typed
Todos los trabajos deben ser escritos a mquina
Why should I listen to her?
Por qu le voy a hacer caso?
Por qu he de hacerle caso?

A MENUDO SHOULD INDICA UN DEBER MORAL Y EQUIVALE A
DEBERA, DEBERAS, ETC.:
You shouldn't speak to her like that
No deberas hablarle as
Should I offer to help?
Crees que debera ofrecerme para ayudar?

TAMBIN SE USA SEGUIDO DE HAVE + PARTICIPIO:

I should have waited
Debera haber esperado
You shouldn't have accepted
No deberas haber aceptado


235
A VECES SHOULD INDICA PROBABILIDAD:
The taxi should be here soon
El taxi debe (de) estar al llegar
It shouldn't cause any problems
No debera (de) causar ningn problema

THE...THE + COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

LO USAMOS PARA ENSEAR QUE CUANTO MAS ES UNA COSA ,MAS ES LA OTRA

CUANTO MAS CHOCOLATE SE COME......MAS SE ENGORDA

EXAMPLES

If we leave soon well get there earlier
The sooner we leave the earlier well get there

If I speak fast I make more mistakes
The faster I speak the more mistakes I make

If the weather is cold you use more electricity
The colder the weather is the more electricity you use

If the restaurant is full the service is worse
The fuller the restaurant is the worse the service is

If the colour is bright shell like it more
The brighter the colour is the more shell like it

If you have a lot of money you can dress better
The more money you have the better you can dress

* CUIDADO CON LA POSICION DEL IS / IT !!!

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I WISH = IF ONLY

OJAL...

I WISH + PAST TENSE

REFIRIENDOSE AL PRESENTE O AL FUTURO
(Quiero cambiar algo del presente)

OJALA YO FUESE RICO (AHORA O DENTRO DE UN MES)

I whish I were rich

I WISH + PAST PERFECT

REFIRIENDOSE AL PASADO
(Algo que ocurri y que ojal no hubiera ocurrido)

OJALA YO HUBIESE TERMINADO MI TRABAJO (AYER)

I wish I had finished my homework (yesterday)

I didnt learn german , I wish I had learned german (or if only)

I WISH + WOULD

REFIRIENDOSE A QUEJAS O CRITICAS HACIA ALGO O ALGUIEN
(Para hbitos que nos molestan)
(Pensamos en futuro y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)

OJAL DEJARA DE LLOVER

I wish it would stop raining


237

SIN S FINAL
NOMBRES INCONTABLES SIN ARTICULO
MASA Y LIQUIDOS

HOW MUCH? CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES (CUANTO/CUANTA)

CON S AL FINAL
NOMBRES CONTABLES CON ARTICULO
PUEDEN LLEVAR NMERO

HOW MANY? CON NOMBRES CONTABLES (CUANTOS CUANTAS)

NOMBRES INCONTABLES:

LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON SIEMPRE INCONTABLES:

Traffic
Weather
Accommodation
Health
Scenery
Rubbish
Work
Politics (y otras palabras terminadas en ics)

SIEMPRE NECESITAN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR

NO LLEVAN S FINAL

NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN

There was terrible traffic this morning


238

LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON TAMBIEN INCONTABLES:

Furniture, Information, Advice
News, Luck, Bread
Toast, Luggage, Equipment

NECESITAN TAMBIEN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR

CUANDO HABLAMOS DE UN SOLO ELEMENTO DE ESTOS USAMOS
:A PIECE OF

Thats a beautiful piece of furniture

ALGUNOS NOMBRES PUEDEN SER CONTABLES O INCONTABLES,PERO
CAMBIAN LOS SIGNIFICADOS

IRON....UNCONTABLE : EL METAL
IRON.......CONTABLE : LA PLANCHA

Id like a glass of water / The table is made of glass

NOMBRES PLURALES

ESTOS NOMBRES SOLO EXISTEN EN PLURAL

Clothes, People. Trousers
Jeans, Arms (guns..), Police

NECESITAN UN VERBO EN PLURAL
NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN

People here are very friendly
The police have arrived


239
HAVE SOMETHING DONE

CUANDO TU ORGANIZAS ALGO PARA QUE OTRA PERSONA LO HAGA

HAVE + SOMETHING + PAST PARTICIPLE

Im having the house painted
(he pagado a los pintores para que lo hagan por mi)

Hes having a new garage built
El ha construido un nuevo garage (los albailes)

Weve just had the house painted
Hemos acabado de pintar la casa(la han pintado los pintores)

I usually have my hair cut one a month
Normalmente me corto el pelo una vez al mes (el peluquero)

Aqu Have es el verbo principal,asi pues la negativa y la interrogativa son
formadas con Do/Did en el Present simple y el Past simple

I didnt have the kitchen painted because I did it myself

How often do you have your car serviced?


240

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

SIGNIFICA ANTES DE AHORA .
NO EXPRESA CUANDO HA SUCEDIDO UNA ACCION,
SI QUEREMOS DECIR EXACTAMENTE CUANDO, TENDREMOS QUE USAR EL
PAST SIMPLE

EL PRESENT PERFECT TIENE ESTOS USOS PRINCIPALES:

1- EXPRESA UNA ACCION QUE OCURRIO EN EL PASADO Y TODAVIA NO HA
ACABADO.
Weve lived in the same house for ten years

2-CON HOW LONG / FOR / SINCE PARA VERBOS QUE NORMALMENTE NO
SON USADOS EN CONTINUO
Ive known her since I was a child

4. CON EVER / ALREADY / YET / JUST

3- EXPRESA UNA ACCION PASADA QUE TIENE RESULTADO EN EL
PRESENTE
(EN UN PASADO RECIENTE)
Ive lost my wallet (I havent got it now)

4 -CUANDO DECIMOS CUANTO O CUANTAS VECES
Ive read two books this morning

5 -SE HACE LA PREGUNTA EN INGLS CON PRESENT PERFECT,PERO SE
TRADUCE AL ESPAOL EN PRESENTE.
A- How long has he been in Spain?
B- Cuanto tiempo hace que esta en Espaa?

6- LIVE AND WORK (+FOR / SINCE) PUEDEN SER USADOS CON
AMBOS TIEMPOS CON EL MISMO SIGNIFICADO.


241

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

ACCIONES QUE EMPEZARON EN EL PASADO Y HAN SEGUIDO
REALIZANDOSE DE FORMA CONTINUADA HASTA EL PRESENTE .
How long have you been studying english?

CUANDO PREGUNTAMOS HOW LONG.......Y RESPONDEMOS... SINCE AND
FOR
Ive been studying english for two years

ACCIONES QUE ACABAN DE TERMINAR RECIENTEMENTE
A- Youre very dirty. What have you been doing?
B- Ive been playing football

CON LOS VERBOS LIVE AND WORK PODEMOS USAR AMBOS TIEMPOS


242

WORDS THAT JOIN IDEAS

BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
IN SPITE OF DESPITE A PESAR DE
CURRENTLY ACTUALMENTE
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE / DE HECHO
SO ASI QUE
ALTHOUGH AUNQUE
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
NEARLY CERCA
I BELIEVE CREO
DUE TO DEBIDO A
AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AT THE MOMENT EN ESTE MOMENTO
IN MY OPINION EN OPINION MIA
SPECIALLY ESPECIALMENTE
IT IS CLEAR TO ME THAT ESTA CLARO PARA MI QUE...
IM IN FAVOUR OF ESTOY A FAVOR DE...
I AGREE WITH ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
IM AGAINST ESTOY EN CONTRA
OBVIOUSLY EVIDENTEMENTE
EVENTUALLY FINALMENTE
EVEN INCLUSO
MOREOVER LO QUE ES MAS
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
I DISAGREE WITH NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
BUT PERO
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
CONSEQUENTLY POR CONSIGUIENTE
FOR EXAMPLE /FOR INSTANCE POR EJEMPLO
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
ON THE OTHER HAND POR OTRO LADO
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
FINALLY POR ULTIMO
BECAUSE PORQUE
AS I SEE IT SEGN YO LO VEO
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
ONLY SOLO
ALSO AS WELL TAMBIEN
EITHER TAMPOCO


243
A. IN MY OPINION.... (Opinion)
THE FACT THAT.... ( Se expone el tpico
ITS CLEAR TO ME
B. I BELIEVE THAT....(Se respalda la opinion)
AS I SEE IT....(Ejemplos,hechos,datos)
I STRONGLY FEEL....( Se aporta una nueva idea)
C. IN ADDITION.... (Campaas, tv,prensa,informacion...)
D. IN CONCLUSSION.....(Se ofrece una solucion)

QUANTIFIERS
USO EJEMPLOS
Usamos ALL para la cantidad total:

1 - ALL + plural o nombre incontable
cuando se habla en general.
2 ALL (OF) para especificar gente o
cosas

3 ALL + RELATIVE CLAUSE para decir
Everything / the only thing

All men like cars

All cheese is made from milk
All of the people at work smoke

Ive got all that I need
EVERYBODY / EVERYTHING para
hablar de todo el mundo / todas las cosas

Has everybody finished?
Everything was incredibly
expensive
EVERY para decir cada cuanto tiempo
suceden las cosas

EACH para hablar sobre dos cosas

I go to class every Tuesday

There are two hotels . Each (one)
has its own style
NO + noun

NONE + without noun or + of

There are no oranges

Are there any oranges? No none
ANY(body,etc) +positive verb or ALONE
para decir no importa

Buy any kind of bread
Anybody can come to my party

244
BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER
BOTH....and... (A and B)...: Ambos / Los dos
Both Auxi and I are studying english

EITHER .... or... (A or B)....:Uno u otro / cualquiera
Either Auxi or lvaro have blue eyes

NEITHER ...nor... (A nor B )....: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos
Neither Auxi nor lvaro have curly hair

Las frases de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la
informacion y decirnos sobre QUIEN o QUE cosas estamos
hablando

WHO/THAT
QUIEN
QUE

WHAT
LO QUE
LA COSA QUE
WHICH /THAT
QUE. EL QUE . LO QUE.
EL CUAL. LO CUAL
WHERE
DONDE
WHOSE
CUYO.CUYA
DE QUIEN

The actor WHO/THAT won The Oscar ir from New Zealand
The film WHICH/THAT won The Oscar was about gladiators
The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.
The film WHOSE direction won The Oscar was Gladiator

WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO EL VERBO DESPUES DEL
PRONOMBRE RELATIVO (WHO / WHICH ) TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE

This is the person WHO works for me
Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi
(La persona : sujeto)

This is the person WHO I work for
Esta es la persona para la que trabajo
(Yo : sujeto)


245

That is the car WHICH cost 1 million Pounds
Este es el coche que cuesta 1 milln de Libras
(El coche : sujeto)

That is the car WHICH I like
Este es el coche que me gusta
(A m: sujeto)

Si WHO o THAT es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:
I like people who are kind and considerate

Si WHO o THAT es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:
The person you need to talk to is on holiday
(Sujeto: you)

Usamos WHOM en vez de WHICH despues de preposiciones o en Ingls muy
formal
Usamos WICH (Not THAT) despues de preposiciones o para referirnos a todo
Dave hasnt arrived yet,which is very worrying

LA VOZ PASIVA(II)

1 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

LA PASIVA, SIEMPRE TIENE QUE TENER UNA
REGLA VERBAL MS QUE LA FRASE EN ACTIVA.
e.g.
Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody


246
EN LA FRASE PASADA A PASIVA, LA PRIMERA
REGLA VERBAL,SIEMPRE CONSERVA EL MISMO
TIEMPO VERBAL.
e.g.
Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody

EN LA FRASE EN PASIVA,LA REGLA
VERBAL,SIEMPRE ACABAR EN PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g.
Casablanca is remembered by everybody

OTRAS:

Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3
elementos)
Cuando el verbo es TO BE es Being
Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been
Nunca ing detrs de have has being

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made

247
SO and SUCH

Hacen que el significado de el adjetivo o adverbio sea mas fuerte,mas enftico

1- USAMOS SO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB
You are so stupid !
The waters so warm
The weathers so nice

2- USAMOS SUCH + A /AN + NOUN / ADJECTIVE
Such a story
Such people
Such a stupid story
Such nice people

3- SUCH +ADJECTIVE+ PLURAL OR INCONTABLE NOUN
Theyre such boring books

4- USAMOS SO / SUCH...THAT (opcional) para expresar una consecuencia
The book was so exciting (that) I couldnt put it down

EACH and EVERY

USAMOS EACH CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS SEPARADAMENTE ,UNA A
UNA

El uso de Each es mas usual para pequeos numeros

At the begining of the game, each player has three cards

USAMOS EVERY CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS COMO UN GRUPO
El significado es similar a All (todo)

El uso de Every es mas usual para grandes numeros

I would like to visit every country in the world


248

EVERYONE and EVERY ONE

USAMOS EVERYONE SOLO PARA REFERIRNOS A
PERSONAS(=EVERYBODY)
Everyone enjoyed the party

USAMOS EVERY ONE PARA REFERIRNOS A COSAS (=EACH ONE)
He is invited to a lot of parties and he goes to every one

Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through the countryside)
Like
Love
Adore
Enjoy
Prefer
Hate
Cant stand
Dont mind
Finish
Look forward to
Gustar
Amar
Adorar
Disfrutar
Preferir
Odiar
No soportar
No importar
Acabar
Tener ganas de

Apologized for
Accuse (sb) of
Admit
Deny
Insist (on)
Recommend
Regret
Suggest

Disculparse por
Acusar de
Admitir
Negar
Insistir en
Recomendar
Arrepentirse de
Sugerir

Doing
Cooking
Sightseen

Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon)
Agreee
Choose
Dare
Decide
Expect
Forget
Help
Hope
Learn
Manage
Need
Offer
Promisse
Refuse
Seem
Want
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
Estar de acuerdo
Escoger
Desafiar
Decidir
Esperar
Olvidar
Ayudar
Esperar
Aprender
Poder
Necesitar
Ofrecer
Prometer
Negar
Parecer
Querer
Gustara
Querra
Preferira
Odiara

To do

To come

To cook
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg
Encourage)
Expect
Help
Aconsejar
Permitir
Preguntar
Pedir limosna
Animar
Esperar
Ayudar


249
Need
Invite
Order
Remind
Tell
Want
Warn (+not)
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
Necesitar
Invitar
Ordenar
Recordar
Decir
Querer
Avisar/no
Gustara
Querra
Preferira
Odiara
Me

Him

Them

Someone

To do

To go

To come
Verb+ somebody+ infinitive (no To) Let us know if youre in the area
Let Make Help Her Us Do
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (sin cambiar el significado)
Begin Start Continue Raining To rain
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de significado)
Remember Stop Try Doing To do

LIKE VERSUS AS

LIKE

COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA
SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE
Trabaja como un camarero(de bien y de rpido,pero no es camarero)

SIGNIFICA:

SIMILAR A ..:
Their house is like a zoo

IGUAL QUE...:
Im gemini, like you

COMO EJEMPLO....:
Why do you say things like that?


250

AS

TAMBIEN COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA
SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE
Trabaja de camarero( es camarero de profesin)

PERO EXPRESA:

TRABAJO...:
I worked as a waiter

FUNCION O USO DE COSA PERSONA ...:
We use our garage as kitchen
Use this plate as an ashtray

Con verbos de speaking and knowing, y + usual y always

COMO CONJUNCION LIKE y AS
SON SEGUIDOS DE UN SUJETO Y UN VERBO(CLAUSE)
As you know, were leaving tomorrow

LA USAMOS TAMBIEN EN COMPARACIONES
My daughter is as tall as me


251
VERBOS QUE PUEDEN SER SEGUIDOS POR UN
GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO

FORGET
Forget + Infinitivo
Te olvidaste.No hicistes algo
Matt forgot to take his camera out of the car

Forget + Gerund
Hicistes algo. Y no lo olvidars (o si)
Ill never forget talking my son to school for the first time

Forget + gerund es normalmente usado en el negativo

REMEMBER
Remember + Infinitive
Recuerdas algo,luego tu lo hicistes
Remember to close the windows before you leave!

Remember + Gerund
Hicistes algo.Mas tarde te acuerdas de lo que hicistes
I definitely remember closing the window

TRY
Try + Infinitive
Haces un esfuerzo para hacer algo dificil
I tried to change the wheel ,but I couldnt

Try + Gerund
Intentas hacer algo que es facil de hacer
I dont know why my radio inst work. I tried changing the batteries,but theyre OK.

NEED
Need + Infinitive
Tienes que o deberias de hacer algo
I need to clean my shoes.Theyre filthy

Need + Gerund
Algo tiene o deberia de ser hecho
My shoes need claning.Theyre flithy


252
INFINITIVO GERUNDIO
FORGET Te olvidastes de hacer algo.
No lo hicistes
Hicistes algo y no lo olvidaras.
REMEMBE
R
Recuerdas algo ,
luego lo hicistes
Te acuerdas de haber estado
haciendo algo
TRY

Intentas hacer algo dificil Intentas hacer algo facil.
NEED Tienes que hacer algo.
Deberias de hacer algo
Algo tiene que ser hecho
Algo deberia de ser hecho

ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH,
IN SPITE OF, DESPITE
(AUNQUE /A PESAR DE QUE)

Usamos estos terminos para expresar un contraste de ideas

Despues de ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, usamos

un sujeto + verbo

Although it rained a lot ,they enjoyed themselves
I didnt get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications

EVEN THOUGH,es mas duro que ALTHOUGH, THOUGH (+ informal)
Even though I was really tired , I couldent sleep

Despues de IN SPITE OF Y DESPITE usamos

1- un nombre
2- un verbo en ing form
3- The fact that + sujeto + verbo = more formal

In spite of the traffic I arrived on time
I couldnt sleep despite being tired
I didnt get the job in spite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary
qualifications

253
EXPRESING PURPOSE AND REASON

PURPOSE

1. TO, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO + INFINITIVE
I went to the cinema to see a film
Please drive slowly in order to avoid accidents (more formal)
He took an umbrella so as not to get wet (more formal)

For negative purpose use: SO AS NOT TO and IN ORDER NOT
TO

2. FOR + NOUN
They went to Thailand for a holiday

3. SO THAT + CLAUSE (subject and verb)
Ill do the cooking so that you can have a rest
She gave him so that he can know where he go

Despues de That normalmente va un verbo modal(can,could,would)

REASON

1. BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( subject + verb)
We arrived late because we missed the bus

2. BECAUSE OF + NOUN
We took an umbrella because of the rain


254
Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through all time)

Adore
Accuse (sb) of
Admit
Apologized for
Cant stand
Deny
Dont mind
Enjoy
Finish
Hate
Insist (on)
Like
Look forward to
Love
Prefer
Recommend
Regret
Suggest

Adorar
Acusar de
Admitir
Disculparse de
No soportar
Negar
No importar
Disfrutar
Acabar
Odioar
Insistir en
Gustar
Tener ganas de
Amar
Preferir
Recomendar
Arrepentirse de
Sugerir

Doing

Cooking

Sightseing

Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon)

Agreee
Choose
Dare
Decide
Expect
Forget
Help
Hope
Learn
Manage
Need
Offer
Promisse
Refuse
Seem
Want
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate

Estar de acuerdo
Escoger
Desafiar
Decidir
Esperar
Olvidar
Ayudar
Esperar
Aprender
Poder
Necesitar
Ofrecer
Prometer
Negar
Parecer
Querer
Gustara
Querra
Preferira
Odiara

To do

To come

To cook

Verb + Sb.+ To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg
Encourage
Expect
Help
Need
Invite
Order
Remind
Tell
Want
Warn (+not)
Would like
Would love
Aconsejar
Permitir
Preguntar
Pedir limosna
Animar
Esperar
Ayudar
Necesitar
Invitar
Ordenar
Recordar
Decir
Querer
Avisar/no
Gustara
Querraa

Him

Me

Them

Someone

To do

To go

To
come
VERBS OF
SENSATION
Para describir sentidos o
sensaciones usamos:

TASTE, SMELL, FEEL,
LOOK, and SOUND

1- LOOK ,SMELL,(etc.) +
ADJECTIVE
It looks wonderful
It tastes delicious

2- LOOK, SMELL (etc.) + LIKE
+NOUN (like=similar to)
She looks like an actress
This soup tastes like gazpacho

3- LOOK (etc.) + AS + IF +
CLAUSE (subject + verb)
That cake smells as if its burning
It sounds as if the babys woken up


255

ESTAR ABURRIDO

BORING: ESTAR / SER ABURRIDO PERMANENTEMENTE
BORED: ESTAR / SER ABURRIDO TEMPORALMENTE

VERBS OF SENSATION
Para describir sentidos o sensaciones usamos:

TASTE, SMELL, FEEL, LOOK, and SOUND

1- LOOK ,SMELL,(etc.) + ADJECTIVE
It looks wonderful
It tastes delicious

2- LOOK, SMELL (etc.) + LIKE +NOUN (like=similar to)
She looks like an actress
This soup tastes like gazpacho

3- LOOK (etc.) + AS + IF + CLAUSE (subject + verb)
That cake smells as if its burning
It sounds as if the babys woken up


256
THE PASSIVE

OTHER USES

1- IT + PASSIVE + CLAUSE

Esta estructura es comunmente usada en noticieros de prensa y TV con los verbos
KNOW,TELL,UNDERSTAND, REPORT, EXPECT, SAY AND THINK.
Esto hace que la informacion suene mas impersonal
SE DICE....SE SABE....SE ESPERA....SE PIENSA.....

It said that street crime has dobled this year
Its thought that the police are inteviewing suspects
It is said that 32 million Big Macs are eaten worldwide every day
Its was known that the minister had accepted bribes
Its being said that the couple have secretly divorced

2- VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS

Algunos verbos : GIVE, ASK, SHOW, TELL, TEACH, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND...
A menudo tienen dos objetos

Le ofrecieron el trabajo a Angela
Angela was offered the job or The job was ofered to Angela

I was told that the film was good
She was tought to cook by her mother
I was promised that they would finish the work today
We were given free tickets for a concert
He was asked to make a speech at the weeding

ATENCION!!!

CUANDO LA FRASE COMIENZA POR
THEY, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY and PEOPLE...
NO LLEVA BY
A PARTIR DEL RELATIVO ( THAT ) LA FRASE QUEDA COMO ESTABA ANTES
DE VOLVERLA A PASIVA

257

WORDS AND PHRASES THAT JOIN IDEAS
(INCREASED)
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE / DE HECHO
AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AFTERWARDS DESPUES
ALSO / AS WELL TAMBIEN
ALTHOUGH AUNQUE
ANOTHER ADVANTAGE IS OTRA VENTAJA ES
ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS OTRO ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
AS I SEE IT SEGN YO LO VEO
AS OPPOSED TO MAS QUE / OPUESTO
AT FIRST LO PRIMERO
AT LAST POR ULTIMO
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
AT THE MOMENT EN ESTE MOMENTO
BECAUSE PORQUE
BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
BUT PERO
CONSEQUENTLY POR CONSIGUIENTE
CURRENTLY ACTUALMENTE
DESPITE A PESAR DE
DUE TO DEBIDO A
EITHER TAMPOCO
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
EVEN INCLUSO
EVENTUALLY FINALMENTE
FINALLY POR ULTIMO
FOR EXAMPLE /FOR INSTANCE POR EJEMPLO
FURTHERMORE ADEMAS
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
I (STRONGLY) BELIEVE CREO
I (STRONGLY) FEEL TENGO LA SENSACION
I AGREE WITH ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I BELIEVE CREO
I DISAGREE WITH NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I DONT FEEL THAT YO NO SIENTO QUE
IM AGAINST ESTOY EN CONTRA

258
IM IN FAVOUR OF ESTOY A FAVOR DE...
IN ADDITION EN SUMA
IN CONTRAST TO EN CONTRASTE CON
IN MY OPINION EN OPINION MIA
IN SPITE OF /DESPITE A PESAR DE
IN THE END EN EL FINAL/ AL FINAL
IN THE PAST EN EL PASADO
IT IS CLEAR TO ME THAT ESTA CLARO PARA MI QUE...
LATER MAS TARDE
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
MOREOVER LO QUE ES MAS
NEARLY CERCA
OBVIOUSLY EVIDENTEMENTE
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
ON THE OTHER HAND POR OTRO LADO
ONCE UNA VEZ
ONE ADVANTAGE IS UNA VENTAJA ES
ONE ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS UN ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
ONLY SOLO
OTHER PEOPLE BELIEVE OTRA GENTE CRE
PERHAPS QUIZAS
PERSONALLY PERSONALMENTE
POSSIBLY POSIBLEMENTE
PROBABLY PROBABLEMENTE
SINCE DESDE HACE
SO ASI QUE
SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE ALGUNA GENTE CREE
SPECIALLY ESPECIALMENTE
SUDDENLY DE REPENTE
THEN ENTONCES
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
THOSE WHO ARE IN FAVOUR AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN A FAVOR
THOSE WHO ARE AGAINST AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN EN CONTRA
THOUG AUNQUE
TO BEGIN WITH PARA EMPEZAR CON
WHEREAS MIENTRAS QUE
WHILE MIENTRAS /CUANDO

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ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS DE MLAGA

LVARO SOUVIRN 4 CURSO 2001-2002

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