Matematica 3 Eso Tema 4 PDF
Matematica 3 Eso Tema 4 PDF
Matematica 3 Eso Tema 4 PDF
PGINA 98
P RACTICA
1 Asocia a cada enunciado una de las expresiones algebraicas que aparecen de-
bajo:
a) El cuadrado de un nmero menos su doble.
b) El 80% de un nmero.
c) Un nmero impar.
d) Los dos tercios de un nmero ms cinco unidades.
2 x + 5; x 2 2x; 0,8x; 2x + 1
3
a) El cuadrado de un nmero menos su doble 8 x 2 2x
b) El 80% de un nmero 8 0,8x
c) Un nmero impar 8 2x + 1
d) Los 2 de un nmero ms 5 unidades 8 2 x + 5
3 3
A 3 B x C x
x 2x x+2
Permetro = 2(x + 2 + x) = 4x + 4
C 2
rea = (x + 2)x = x + 2x
A y B y C y+1
x x1 x
Permetro = 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y
A
rea = xy
Permetro = 2(x 1 + y) = 2x + 2y 2
B
rea = (x 1)y = xy y
Permetro = 2(x + y + 1) = 2x + 2y + 2
C
rea = x(y + 1) = xy + x
9 Simplifica.
a) 6x 2 7x 2 + 3x 2 b) 6xy 5xy + 10xy
3
c) 1 xy 2 3 xy 2 7 xy 2 d) 2x + 1 x 3 x 3
3 5 3 3 5
5 3 (
3 5 3 )
c) 1 xy 2 3 xy 2 7 xy 2 = 1 3 7 xy 2 = 13 xy 2
3 5
( (
3
d) 2x + 1 x 3 x 3 = 2 + 1 1 x 3 = 2 x 3
3 5 3 5 15
10 Efecta.
a) 5x x 2 + 7x 2 9x + 2 b) 2x + 7y 3x + y x 2
c) x 2y 2 3x 2y 5xy 2 + x 2y + xy 2
a) 5x x 2 + 7x 2 9x + 2 = 6x 2 4x + 2
b) 2x + 7y 3x + y x 2 = x 2 x + 8y
c) x 2y 2 3x 2y 5xy 2 + x 2y + xy 2 = x 2y 2 2x 2y 4xy 2
( )( )
c) 3 x 3 1 x 3 = 3 x 6
4 2 8 ( )( )
d) 1 xy 3xz = 3 x 2yz
4 2 8
PGINA 99
(
c) 1 x 2 3 x 2 + 6x 9
3 2 )
a) x(x 2 5) 3x 2 (x + 2) 7(x 2 + 1) = x 3 5x 3x 3 6x 2 7x 2 7 =
= 2x 3 13x 2 5x 7 8 Grado 3.
b) 5x 2 (3x + 1) x(2x 3x 2) 2 3x = 15x 3 + 5x 2 2x 2 + 3x 3 6x =
= 12x 3 + 3x 2 6x 8 Grado 3.
3 ( 2 )
c) 1 x 2 3 x 2 + 6x 9 = 1 x 4 + 2x 3 3x 2 8 Grado 4.
2
15 Opera y simplifica.
a) (2x 2 + 3)(x 1) x (x 2) b) (x + 4)(2x 2 + 3x 5) 3x (x + 1)
c) (x 2 5x + 3)(x 2 x) x (x 3 3) (2 3 6)
d) 1 x 2 + 5 x + 1 (6x 12)
2 ( 3 6 (
d) 1 x 2 + 5 x + 1 (6x 12) = 3x 3 6x 2 + 10x 2 20x + x 2 =
= 3x 3 + 4x 2 19x 2
Identidades notables
f) ( 2 x 1 y)
2
e) (x 2y)2
5 3
a) (x + 6)2 = x 2 + 36 + 12x b) (7 x)2 = 49 + x 2 14x
( )
2
c) (3x 2)2 = 9x 2 + 4 12x d) x + 1 = x 2 + 1 + x
2 4
( 5 3 ) 25 9 15
2
e) (x 2y)2 = x 2 + 4y 2 4xy f ) 2 x 1 y = 4 x + 1 y 4 xy
2 2
( 2 )(2 )
e) 1 x 1 1 x + 1 = 1 x 2 1
4 ( )( )
f ) 1 + 1 1 1 = 1 12
x x x
22 Completa con el trmino que falta para que cada expresin sea el cuadrado
de una suma o el de una diferencia:
a) x 2 + + 4x b) x 2 + 10x
c) x 2 + 9 + d) x 2 + 16
a) x 2 + 4 + 4x b) x 2 + 25 10x
c) x 2 + 9 + 6x d) x 2 + 16 + 8x
25 Simplifica las siguientes fracciones algebraicas. Para ello, saca factor comn:
a) x2 4x b) 2 3x c) 3x + 32
x 2 x + 2x (x + 1)
2 3 2 3
d) 2x3 + 4x2 e) 8x 4x2 f) 5x4 + 5x
x + 2x (2x 1) x + x2
2
a) x 24x = x (x 2 4) = x 4
x x x
b) 3x = 3x = 3
x2 + 2x x(x + 2) x + 2
c) 3x + 32 = 3 (x + 1)2 = 3
(x + 1) (x + 1) x+1
2
d) 2x3 + 4x2 = 2x(x
2
+ 2) = 2
x + 2x x (x + 2) x
3 2 2 2
e) 8x 4x2 = 4x (2x 21) = 4x
(2x 1) (2x 1) 2x 1
3 5x(x 2 + 1) = 5
f ) 5x4 + 5x =
x + x2 x 2 (x 2 + 1) x
a) x 32 b) 3x + 2 : x + 1
x+1 x x1 x
2
c) 3
2
: 2 d) (x + 1) : x 1
(x 1) x 1 2
a) x 3 = 3x = 3
x+1 x 2 (x + 1)x 2 (x + 1)x
2
b) 3x + 2 : x + 1 = x(3x + 2) = 3x 2 + 2x
x1 x (x + 1)(x 1) x 1
c) 3 : 2 = 3(x 1)2 = 3
(x 1) 2 x 1 2(x 1) 2(x 1)
2
d) (x + 1) : x 1 = 2(x2 + 1) = 2(x + 1) = 2
2 x 1 (x + 1)(x 1) x 1
PGINA 100
27 Efecta.
a) 1 + 1 2 1 3 b) 2 + x 1 c) 2 3 + x + 1
6x 3x 2x x x7 x x4 x4
d) 2x x 1 e) 3 + 1 + x f) 3 1 +2
x3 x+3 x 1 2x 4 x + 1 x2 + x
2
a) 1 + 32 1 3 = x + 18x 3
6x x 2x 6x 3
b) 2 + x 1 = 2(x 7) + x(x 1) = 2x 14 + x 2 x = x 2 + x 14
x x7 x(x 7) x 2 7x x 2 7x
2 2
c) 2 3 + x + 1 = 2 (x 4) 3x + x(x + 1) = 2x 8 3x + x + x = x2 8
x x4 x4 x(x 4) x(x 4) x 4x
2 4x + 3)
d) 2 x 1 = 2 (x + 3) (x 1)(x 3) = 2x + 6 (x =
x3 x+3 (x 3)(x + 3) x2 9
2 2
= 2x + 6 2x + 4x 3 = x +2 6x + 3
x 9 x 9
e) 3 + 1 + x = 2x 4 3 + (x 1)4 + (x 1)2x x =
x 1 2x 4 (x 1) 2x 4
3 2 3 2
= 24x + 4x 4 + 2x 2x = 2x 2x + 28x 4 =
(x 1) 2x 4 (x 1) 2x 4
3 2 3 2
= 2(x x + 14x 2) = x x 2+ 14x 2
(x 1) 2x 4 4x 4x
f) 3 1 +2= 3 1 + 2 = 3x 1 + 2x(x + 1) =
2
x+1 x +x x + 1 x(x + 1) x(x + 1)
2 2
= 3x 1 + 2x + 2x = 2x +2 5x 1
x(x + 1) x +x
P IENSA Y RESUELVE
28 Expresa algebraicamente:
a) El rea del tringulo azul. b) El rea del trapecio amarillo.
c) La longitud de l. x
3
a) (2x/3) x = 1 x 2 b) (x + x/3) x = 2 x 2
2 3 2 3
x
( )
2x 2 13 l
c) l = x2 + = x2
3 9
x
y
2
2
x
3x
(3x + x)y
rea = = 2xy
2
Diagonal: y 2 + (3x)2
(
a) 6 5x 4 + 2x 3 x 1
6 2 3 )
b) 12 (x + 6 x + 1 + 3x 1)
3 2 4
c) 4 [(x 2) 3 x 4]
2 2
4
d) 30[ x (x 2) (x + 1) + 1 ]
2
15 6 2
a) 6 ( 5x 4 + 2x 3 x 1 ) = 5x 4 + 3(2x 3) 2(x 1) =
6 2 3
= 5x 4 + 6x 9 2x + 1 = 9x 12
(
3 2 4 )
b) 12 x + 6 x + 1 + 3x 1 = 4(x + 6) 6(x + 1) + 3(3x 1) =
= 4x + 24 6x 6 + 9x 3 = 7x + 15
[ ]
c) 4 (x 2)2 3 x 2 4 = 4(x 2 + 4 2x) 3x 2 16 = 4x 2 + 16 8x 3x 2 16 =
4
= x 2 8x
[ 2
]
d) 30 x(x 2) (x + 1) + 1 = 2x(x 2) 5(x 2 + 1 + 2x) + 15 =
15 6 2
= 2x 2 4x 5x 2 5 10x + 15 = 3x 2 14x + 10
6 12 8(
a) 3 + x 5 x x + 1 = 24 3 + x 5 x x + 1 =
8 6 12 )
= 3(3 + x) 4(5 x) 2(x + 1) =
= 9 + 3x 20 + 4x 2x 2 = 5x 13
3 6 4 (
b) 3 (x 1) 1 (x + 1) + 1 = 12 3 (x 1) 1 (x + 1) + 1 =
4 3 6 )
= 3 3(x 1) 4(x + 1) + 2 = 9x 9 4x 4 + 2 =
= 5x 11
( )
2 2 2 2
c) (2x 5) (x + 1) = 18 (2x 5) (x + 1) = 2(4x 2 + 25 20x) =
9 6 9 6
= 3(x + 1 + 2x) = 8x 2 + 50 40x 3x 2 3 6x =
2
= 5x 2 46x + 47
( )
2 2 2 2
d) x(x 3) + x(x 2) (3x + 2) = 8 x 3x + x + 2x 9x + 4 + 12x =
2 4 8 2 4 8
2 2 2
= 4(x 3x) + 2(x + 2x) (9x + 4 + 12x) =
= 4x 2 12x + 2x 2 + 4x 9x 2 4 12x =
= 3x 2 20x 4
2 2
e) 5(x 1) 7(x + 2) + x(x + 3) =
9 12 2
( )
2 2 2
= 36 5(x + 1 2x) 7(x + 4 + 4x) + x + 3x =
9 12 2
= 4 5(x + 1 2x) 3 7(x + 4x + 4) + 18(x 2 + 3x) =
2 2
e) x 2 4 = (x + 2)(x 2) = x 2
x 2 + 4x + 4 (x + 2)2 x+2
3 2 2 2
f ) x + 2x + x = x(x + 2x + 1) = x(x + 1) = x(x + 1)
3x + 3 3(x + 1) 3(x + 1) 3
PGINA 101
a a
a)
=
b b
b) (a b)n = a n b n
c) a = b 2 + c 2 d) x(x + 1) = x 2 + x
39 Cul debe ser el valor de k para que 2 sea raz del polinomio:
x 3 5x 2 7x + k?
Justifica tu respuesta.
Para que 2 sea raz de ese polinomio, al dar a x ese valor el polinomio debe ser
igual a 0. Por tanto:
(2)3 5 (2)2 7 (2) + k = 0 8 8 20 + 14 + k = 0 8 k = 14
43 Averigua cul debe ser el valor de a, en cada caso, para que las dos expre-
siones sean idnticas:
a) (3x + a)(3x a) + 7 y 9x 2 18 b) (x a)2 + 2xa 46 y x 2 + 18
P ROFUNDIZA
(
a) 2 x : 3 2
x 1 x+1 x1) ( )
b) 4x 2 + 1 x2+ 2
(x + 2) x+2 x +4
[ ] 2
c) 1 3 : (x + 2) x + 1
x x
a) x : ( 3 2 ) = x : ( 3x 3 2x 2 ) = x : x 5 =
2 2 2 2 2
x 1 x+1 x1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
= x(x 2 1) = x
(x 2 1)(x 5) x 5
[ ] [ ]
2 2
c) 1 3 : (x + 2) x + 1 = 1 3 : x(x + 2) x 1 =
x x x x
=1 3 :
x ( x2 + 2x
x
x2
)
1 = 1 3 : 2x 1 =
x x
=1 3x = 1 3 = 2x 1 3 = 2x 4
x(2x 1) 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1
x+1
x
Volumen: R 2 2R = 2R 3
3 cm 3 cm
3x
x
3 cm Altura: h = 9 x 2
h
(3x + x) 9 x 2
rea: = 2x 9 x 2
2
x x x
3x