El Índice de Área Foliar
El Índice de Área Foliar
El Índice de Área Foliar
Cultivo de Maíz }
¿Qué es el IAF? El índice de área foliar (IAF) es la expresión numérica adimensional resultado de
la división aritmética del área de las hojas de un cultivo expresado en m2 y el área de suelo sobre
el cual se encuentra establecido, también expresado en m2. El IAF permite estimar la capacidad
fotosintética de las plantas y ayuda a entender la relación entre acumulación de biomasa y
rendimiento bajo condiciones ambientales imperantes en una región determinada. ¿Qué aplicación
tiene? Es una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de modelos predictores de cosecha y una forma
precisa de estimar la capacidad de captura de luz del dosel vegetal. Aunque la intercepción de luz
tiende a saturarse en IAF>3, la distribución de las hojas puede afectar la eficiencia de uso de la luz.
El IAF también sirve para evaluar el desarrollo y crecimiento de los cultivos en los estudios de
requerimientos hídricos y evaluaciones sobre eficiencia bioenergética o determinar el daño
producido por plagas y enfermedades sobre el follaje. La estimación del rendimiento en distintos
cultivos puede basarse en el IAF determinado en alguna etapa fenológica y previamente
correlacionado mediante algún método de determinación: destructivo, no destructivo, in situ o
determinaciones por métodos empíricos. Esta correlación deberá ser realizada para un cultivo bajo
condiciones regionales acotadas. A nivel experimental se ha demostrado que la acumulación de
materia seca hasta la cosecha y el IAF son características con estrecha correlación con el
rendimiento para cultivos como: cereales, tubérculos, solanáceas, leguminosas y cultivos
industriales, sin descartar a otros. ¿Cómo se mide? El IAF puede estimarse por diferentes métodos,
algunos de estos se describen brevemente a continuación: Métodos destructivos: consiste en la
toma de muestras representativas del cultivo y se contabiliza el área foliar por medio de
ceptómetros (integrador de área electrónico). Cálculo empírico del IAF: Tomar dos plantas por
unidad de estudio, medir y multiplicar largo por ancho de cada hoja, el resultado multiplicarlo por el
factor 0.75, sumar los valores obtenidos de cada hoja por planta, promediar resultados de cada
planta. Posteriormente determinar el área de suelo ocupada por planta. Finalmente el IAF será
determinado dividiendo el aérea foliar de la planta entre el área de suelo ocupada por esta. Figura
1. Ceptómetro para integrar área foliar por método destructivo. Foto: Colpos Métodos no
destructivos: El ceptómetro lineal estima el IAF in situ. Estos equipos pueden calcular el IAF con
alto coeficiente de correlación con el rendimiento (R2= 0.9) para condiciones de riego. El principio
del funcionamiento de estos equipos es medir la intensidad lumínica sobre y debajo del dosel del
cultivo, para el empleo de estos aparatos debe además considerarse: ángulo solar y cielo
despejado. Algunos estudios en Maíz Para estos fines y para el caso de gramíneas se distinguen
tres periodos de crecimiento: a) Plantas pequeñas que no se sombrean entre sí con tasas de
crecimiento y acumulación de materia seca exponenciales. b) Cuando el cultivo cubre por completo
el suelo maximizando la intercepción de luz con tasas de crecimiento constante y el incremento de
peso en seco se da de forma lineal. c) Cuando llega la senescencia de las hojas y se presenta
decremento en la tasa de crecimiento. Figura 2. Relación entre IAF y el rendimiento de grano en
maíz. Créditos: Inifap En este punto cabe aclarar, solo la radiación dentro del espectro visible de
400 a 700 nanómetros está disponible para ser usada por el cultivo, realizar fotosíntesis e impactar
en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. El IAF máximo para el caso de maíz es alcanzado
durante la floración. La acumulación de materia seca es influenciada por la tasa fotosintética que la
planta logra interceptar y la nutrición mineral que recibe. En la Figura 2 se observa la correlación
obtenida entre el IAF y el rendimiento de grano de maíz en ton/ha para la región de San Andrés
Tuxtla Veracruz, en experimentos de espaciamiento entre plantas y distancia entre surcos para
rendimientos potenciales de hasta 10 ton/ha. Mediante el modelado por regresión lineal se
encontró que por cada unidad de aumento del IAF muestreado en la floración se obtiene un
incremento de 567 kg/ha. Este dato se obtuvo luego de la evaluación de 18 tratamientos durante 3
años (1999-2001) en densidades de 71,000 plantas/ha. Fuentes consultadas Acosta D. E. 2008.
Relación entre Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento en Frijol bajo condiciones de Secano. INIFAP.
Nuevo León Mex. Warnok R. 2006. Área Foliar, componentes del Área Foliar y Rendimiento de
Seis Genotipos de Caraota. Universidad central de Venezuela. Aragua Ven. Tinoco C. 2008.
Arreglo Espacial de Híbridos de Maíz, Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento. INIFAP. Veracruz
México. Camacho. R. G. 1995. Caracterización de Nueve Genotipo de Maíz (Zea mays L.) en
relación a Área Foliar y Coeficiente de Extinción de Luz. Universidad central de Venezuela.
Venezuela.
Fuente: https://www.intagri.com/articulos/cereales/el-indice-de-area-foliar-iaf
Non-destructive methods of leaf area measurement are useful for small plant populations, such as
experiments with potted plants, and allow the measurement of the same plant several times during
the growing period. A methodology was developed to estimate the leaf area index (LAI) of
cucumber and tomato plants through the evaluation of the leaf area distribution pattern (LADP) of
the plants and the relative height of the leaves in the plants. Plant and leaf height, as well as the
length and width of all leaves were measured and the area of some leaves was determined by a
digital area meter. The obtained regression equations were used to estimate the leaf area for all
relative heights along the plant. The LADP adjusted to a quadratic model for both crops and LAI
were estimated by measuring the length and width of the leaves located at the relative heights
representing the mean leaf area of the plants. The LAI estimations presented high precision and
accuracy when the proposed methodology was used resulting in time and effort savings and being
useful for both crops.
RESUMO
Métodos não destrutivos para a medição da área foliar são úteis para pequena população de
plantas, como experimentos com plantas conduzidas em vasos, e permitem que a mesma planta
seja medida várias vezes durante o período de cultivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver
uma metodologia para a estimativa do índice de área foliar (IAF) do pepino e do tomate pela
determinação do padrão de distribuição de área foliar (PDAF) das plantas e da altura relativa da
folha que representa a área foliar média da planta. A altura da planta e da folha, assim como o
comprimento e a largura de todas as folhas, foram medidos e algumas folhas tiveram sua área
determinada por um medidor digital de área foliar. As equações de regressão obtidas foram
utilizadas para estimar a área foliar para todas as alturas relativas ao longo da planta. O PDAF
ajustou-se a um modelo quadrático para ambas as culturas e o IAF foi estimado através de
medidas do comprimento e da largura das folhas localizadas nas alturas relativas que
representavam a área foliar média das plantas. As estimativas do IAF pela metodologia proposta
apresentaram alta precisão e exatidão, sendo que a metodologia promove economia de tempo e
esforço na determinação do IAF e pode ser utilizada com sucesso para ambas as culturas.
Palavras-chave: Cucumis sativus L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., ambiente protegido, índice de
área foliar.
Leaf is an important plant organ, and is associated with photosynthesis and evapotranspiration;
therefore, leaf area measurements are required in most physiological and agronomic studies
involving plant growth (Guo & Sun, 2001). Many methods of leaf area measurements have been
developed. Direct methods for determining leaf area are restricted to the use of an automatic area-
integrating meter. Tracing, shadowgraphing or the use of a planimeter to measure the leaf area of
leaves attached to shoots is time consuming and tedious; also, in some experiments time is
insufficient to make such measurements (Manivel & Weaver, 1974). Estimation of leaf area from
mathematical models involving linear measurements of leaves is relatively accurate and non-
destructive.
A mathematical model can be obtained by correlating the leaf length (L), width (W) or length x width
(LW) to the actual leaf area (LA) of a sample of leaves using regression analysis. The non-
destructive methods based on linear measurements are quicker and easier to be executed and
present good precision for the study of plant growth in several crops (Manivel & Weaver, 1974;
Sepaskhah, 1977; Strik & Proctor, 1985; Pedro Júnior et al., 1986; Robbins & Pharr, 1987; Silva et
al., 1998; Gutiérrez & Lavín, 2000; Astegiano et al., 2001; Guo & Sun, 2001).
A non-destructive methodology for estimating the LAI for greenhouse-growing tomato and
cucumber plants, based on linear measurement models was developed in this study.
In the first cucumber season, a greenhouse of 1.6 m height of lateral opening, 10 m wide and 20 m
long and covered with a polyethylene film of 0.15 mm thickness was used. The lateral curtains were
closed at night and opened during the day greenhouse was located in a experimental area of the
Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba city, Brazil. Cucumber seedlings, cv. Hokushin, were
transplanted on 13thJanuary, 1999, in four beds, each one with two rows of plants, giving a plant
population of 2.5 plants m-2. Plants were trained with a single stem along and around a vertical
plastic string. Water was applied by a drip irrigation system, with one dripper per plant, and
fertilizers containing N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were applied with the irrigation water in all irrigations,
following the uptake rate of cucumber in greenhouse (Papadopoulos, 1994).
Forty days after transplanting (DAT), five plants were selected and the width (W) and length (L) of
all leaves were measured with a simple ruler. In addition, plant height and the insertion height of the
petiole from each leaf was also obtained to calculate the relative leaf height by the equation:
where RLH is the relative leaf height, LH is the leaf height (m), that is, the distance between the soil
surface and the node corresponding to the leaf, and PH the plant height (m). In the same day,
leaves of different sizes were selected to represent the full spectrum of measurable leaf sizes and
their areas were measured using a LI-COR 3000 leaf area meter. Length was measured from
lamina tip to the point of intersection of the lamina and petiole and width were measured from tip to
tip between the widest lamina lobes (Figure 1A). The relative leaf area (RLA) was calculated by
dividing the area of each leaf by the mean leaf area of the plant for each RLH as follows:
where RLA is the relative leaf area, LA is the leaf area of a given leaf (cm 2) and LAMis the mean leaf
area of the plant (cm2 leaf-1) given by the sum of the LA of all leaves divided by the number of
leaves of each plant. The RLH was plotted against RLA in order to determine the leaf whose area
represents the mean leaf area of the plant.
In the second season, cucumber seedlings were grafted on squash (Cucurbita spp.), hybrid Excite-
Ikki, and cultivated in a greenhouse in the experimental area of the Universidade de São Paulo. The
greenhouse was 6.3 m wide, 17.5 m long and the lateral opening was 2.8 m height, with
polyethylene cover of 0.15 m thickness. The management of the lateral curtains and the plants
spacing, training, irrigation and fertilization was the same as the first season. Seedlings were
transplanted on 23thJune, 1999, and the leaf measurements were performed at 35 and 54 DAT.
Tomato, hybrid Facundo, grew in a 22.5 m length, 6.4 m wide and 3 m height greenhouse covered
with polyethylene film, of 0.15 mm thickness located in the same area used for the second
cucumber season. The laterals did not have curtains but an anti-aphid screen to avoid the action of
vectors of viral diseases. Plants were transplanted on 23 th October, 2001, on pots containing about
60 kg of dry soil and were conducted with a single stem. Drip irrigation frequency and amount was
controlled by tensiometers installed at 0.15 and 0.30 m depth, 0.10 m from the plant. Preplant
fertilization was done based on soil fertility analysis. Fertigation with N, K and Ca followed the
nutrient uptake rate of tomato (Fayad, 1998). Plants were spaced at 1 x 0.5 m with one plant per pot
and leaf measurements were taken at 30 and 42 DAT following the same criteria used for the
measurements of the cucumber leaves (Figure 1B).
To evaluate the performance of the methodology, the L and W of all leaves of five plants different
from those used in the model development, from each crop and season were measured and, the
areas of the leaves located at the relative heights that represented the LA M were used to calculate
the LAI by the equation:
where N is the number of leaves in the plant and A the area (cm 2) occupied by one plant in the
cropped area. Estimated LAI was correlated to the measured LAI, the sum of the areas of all leaves
divided by A, and the results were plotted and analysed by means of the regression slope,
coefficient of determination (r2) and coefficient of Willmott (Willmott, 1981).
Thus, as advocated in the present study, it is possible to have a good estimate of LAI simply by
measuring the width and length of the leaf located at the RLH that represents the mean leaf area of
the plant. Figure 3 shows the results of the test of the methodology performance for estimating LAI.
The estimated values of LAI were very close to the measured values, giving an overestimation of
1.7% in the predictions. The coefficient r2 indicated that the estimations had a precision of 98% and
the coefficient of Willmott (d) indicated an accuracy of 99.6%. These coefficients were sufficiently
high and the prediction of the LAI by the proposed method could be satisfactory for most purposes
and experiments where the LAI determination is needed.
This study has shown that leaf area estimations based on linear
measurements in situ are reliable. The approach used here is rapid,
inexpensive, simple and precise for LAI determination in crops
growing in greenhouse. Some sacrifice in accuracy is inevitable,
but using larger populations in the experiments may reduce the
deviations.