TERMODINÁMICA

1. Juan José Guerrero y Juliana Barrionuevo. Problema 21

2. Laura Valentina Triana y Juan Sebastián Sánchez  Prob 22
3. Miguel Pineda y Laura Villa Pr 23
4. Cristian Daniel Quintero y Daniela Monsalve.Prob 4
5. Daniela Fernández Rivera y Daniela Alejandra Pinzón González Prob 9
6. Juliana Cañas Villamizar y Cristian Javier Mendivelso. Prob 12
7. Daniel A. Aponte Prob 17
8. David Muñoz y Santiago Rincón Prob 13
9. Laidy D. Garzón y  Nilson Steven Alba. Prob 15
10. Diana S. Rojas y Juan Pablo Ayala Molina Prob 20
11. Valentina Rozo Suesca y Valentina Zamora Díaz Prob 14

21- Un recipiente rígido contiene 2 lb de una mezcla de líquido y vapor (X = 50%) de

CO2 a 90 psia (6.3 kgf/cml abs). El CO2 absorbe calor hasta que su temperatura es de
400°F (204°C); el ambiente está en Po = 14.7 psia (1.033 kgf/cml abs.), to = 80°F
(27°C). Determine
(a) la presión final Pl y el volumen,(b) Q
(e) la irreversibilidad, si la fuente de calor está a la temperatura mínima constante.

22-Un motor de tipo o tto quema 26.3 kg/h de combustible (q¡ = 44 199kJ/kg) en 395
kg/h de aire, y desarrolla 157 kW. El aire y el combustible líquido entran a 43.3°C. Para
los fines de este problema, emplee la entalpia de los productos como si fuera la del aire.
Los gases de escape salen a 676.7°C; t:J( = O. Trace el diagrama de energía
y calcule (a) el calor cedido (en kJ/min) y (b) la eficiencia térmica.

23-Una planta ideal de turbina de gas (ciclo de Brayton) funcionará en ciclo cerrado
para liberar 5 968 kW y recibir calor de un reactor nuclear. Deben estudiarse diferentes
gases. Considere que se emplea argón; p¡ = 482.64 kPa abs., ti = 43.3°C. El argón entra
en la turbina a 1 093.3°C y el ciclo debe ser tal que produzca un trabajo máximo para
estas limitaciones.
¿Con qué intensidad debe circular el argón?
(b) Si las eficiencias de la turbina y el compresor son 86% y 84%, respectivamente
calcule el flujo de gas necesario para desarrollar un trabajo de fluido de 5 968 kW.

1-A flow process produces work using water as the working medium. The process is as
follows: steam of quality 50% at 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 20 bar; is heated
isothermally by absorbing 3500 kJ/kg of heat; is expanded adiabatically to an
unspecified final pressure; and is finally cooled isothermally until the steam returns to
its initial state (steam of quality 50% at 1 bar). It is further reported that 53% of the
heat added during the heating step is rejected during the cooling step. What is your
evaluation of this process?

2-The power generation unit in your plant uses a hot exhaust gas from another process
to produce work. The gas enters at 10 bar and 350 °C and exits at 1 bar and 40 °C. The
process produces a net amount of work equal to 4,500 J/mol and it exchanges an
unknown amount of heat with the surroundings.
a) Determine the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings. Is this heat
absorbed or rejected by the system?
b) Calculate the entropy change of the exhaust gas.
c) As a young and ambitious engineer you seek ways to improve the process. What is
the máximum amount of work that you could extract from this system? Assume that
the inlet and outlet conditions of the exhaust gas remain the same.
Additional data: Assume the surroundings to be at the constant temperature of 25 °C
and the exhaust gas to be ideal with CP = 29.3 J/mol K.

3-Liquid propane boils in a constant pressure boiler to produce propane vapor at 30

bar and 245 °C. At the inlet of the boiler the propane is saturated liquid.

a) Draw a PV graph and show this process. Show all the relevant temperatures and
pressures as well as the critical isotherm and the critical pressure.
b) Calculate the entropy change of propane between the inlet and outlet of the boiler.
Explain your calculations and procedure clearly.
Additional data
1. The saturation temperature at 30 bar is 78 °C.
2. The heat of vaporization at 78 °C is 8780 J/mol.
3. The ideal-gas CP of propane vapor is 112 J/mol K.

4-Steam flows in a long, noninsulated pipe under a constant pressure of 2 bar. At the
inlet of the pipe the temperature is 300 °C. Due to losses to the surroundings, the
temperature at the exit of the pipe is 60 °C. Assume the surroundings to be at 25 °C.
a) Draw a PV graph for the steam. Show the path of the process and all the relevant
pressures and isotherms.
b) Calculate the amount of heat removed from the steam.
c) Calculate the entropy change of the steam.
d) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings. What is the entropy generation?

5-Steam at 5 bar, 300 °C is condensed to saturated liquid in at 5 bar in a heat exchanger

at a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. Cooling is provided by water, which enters the heat
exchanger at 20 °C 1 bar and exits at 60 °C. Neglecting pressure drop in pipes and heat
losses to the surroundings, determine the flow rate of the cooling water, the amount of
heat that is exchanged, and the rate of entropy generation.

6-A steam turbine generates power by expanding steam from 30 bar, 450 °C to 8 bar.
a) Determine the amount of work and the exit temperature if operation is reversible.
b) Repeat the calculation assuming an efficiency of 80%. How much is the lost work
due to the reduced efficiency?

7- A thermally insulated turbine generates 750 kW of power by expanding steam from

500 C and 3.5 MPa to 200 C and 0.3 MPa.

a) What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?

b) Because of failure in the insulation there is a loss of 60 kJ per kg of steam. What is
the power produced
by the turbine if all inlet and outlet conditions remain the same?
Assume negligible kinetic and potential energy changes.

8-Steam at 500 C and 40 bar passes through two turbines arranged in parallel, and
their exit streams are combined into one stream. Turbine 1 has 100% efficiency, while
the efficiency of turbine 2 is 75%. Both turbines exhaust at 1 bar. The stream that is
formed by combining the exhausts of the two turbines is saturated vapor.

a) Determine the fraction of the total flow rate that passes through each turbine.
b) Determine the rate of entropy generation. What are the irreversible feature of this
process?

9-Methane passes through a compressor and is subsequently cooled in a heat

exchanger. Methane enters the compressor at 1 bar, 20 °C with volumetric flow rate 30
ft3/min; it exits the heat exchanger at 10 bar, 20 °C. The compressor efficiency is 80%.
Assuming methane to be in the ideal-gas state with Cp= 36.3 J/mol K, do the following:
a) Calculate the work in the compressor (in J/s)
b) Calculate the required heat in the heat exchanger.
c) Calculate the entropy generation.

10-Air is compressed in a steady-state, insulated flow device. The air enters at 1 bar, 25
°C and exits at 5 bar, 200 °C.
a) Determine the amount of work needed for this compression.
b) Calculate the entropy generation.
c) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to compress air from 1 bar, 25 °C to
5 bar?
d) What would be the temperature at the exit of the compressor in part (c)?

11-A new compressor has just been delivered to your plant. In order to check its
performance you order your staff to make a test run using air. Your staff reports to you
the following results: air at a flow rate of 50 mol/min was compressed from 1 bar and
25 °C to 10 bar. The temperature at the exit of the compressor was measured and found
to be 450 °C.
a) What is the power (in kW) consumed by the compressor?
b) What is the efficiency of the compressor?

12-The steam power plant shown in Figure uses a two-stage turbine and one feedwater
heater that regenerates the partly exhausted steam from the first turbine stage. The
steam enters the turbine at 60 bar and 700 °C, and exhausts at 1 bar. Steam for the
feedwater heater is extracted from the turbine at 5 bar and exits the heater as saturated
liquid (stream 7), while stream 1 exits at a temperatura that is 6 °C below that of stream
7. The condenser produces saturated liquid. Calculate the energy balances, the
thermodynamic efficiency, and perform an entropy analysis around each unit of the
process.
What are the advantages of this design compared to the simple Rankine plant?
Additional data: The efficiency of both stages in the turbine and of the pump is 80%.
13-The process shown in Figure is part of a chiller unit that uses water as the
refrigerant. The following data are available: stream 1 is a vapor-liquid mixture at 0.5
bar; stream 5 is saturated vapor at 5 °C; stream 6 is at 500 °C; stream 7 is at 100 °C.
Calculate the following on the basis of 1 kg/s of water in stream 1:

a) Calculate the energy balances.

b) Determine the rate of entropy generation and identify the irreversible units in order
of significance.
c) Show the process on a qualitative PH graph.

14- You are designing a refrigeration cycle that will absorb 100 W of heat at − 10 °F.
The cycle will use ammonia as the refrigerant in a standard vapor compression cycle.
Its condenser will be cooled by air, assumed to be at 80 °F. Calculate the energy
balances, determine the flow rate of the refrigerant, and calculate the entropy
generation. Assume a 10 °F temperature between streams in the heat exchangers and a
compressor efficiency of 80%.

15-Ammonia is liquefied in a steady-state process by first compressing the gas and then
cooling until all the ammonia condenses. The cooling takes place in a heat exchanger
using water at 90 °F. The ammonia enters the compressor at 80 psia and 80 °F. The
efficiency of the compressor is 80%.
a) What is the minimum pressure that we must have at the exit of the compressor in
order to achieve liquefaction?
b) Calculate the amount of work in the compressor.
c) Calculate the amount of heat that must be removed by the cooling water.

16-The refrigeration cycle in Figure 6-21 shows a vapor compression cycle with
recirculation. The vapor-liquid separator after the throttling valve recycles the vapor to
the compressor and passes the liquid to the evaporator. This process uses the
refrigerant R-134a with the evaporator temperature set at − 20 °C, the condenser at 30
°C, and with compressor efficiency of 75%. Determine the energy and entropy balances
and compare the efficiency of this process to the simple vapor-compression cycle
without recirculation.

17-A 3 m3 insulated tank contains steam at 1 bar, 150 °C. The tank is connected to a
steam line that is maintained at 10 bar, 300 °C until the pressure in the tank is 5 bar.
A)How much steam (kg) was transferred into the tank
b) what is the final temperature in the tank?
c) Determine the entropy generation

18-Oxygen is compressed from 1 bar, 25 °C, to 150 bar. To avoid overheating,

compression is done in stages followed by intercooling with water at 30 °C so that the
temperature exiting each stage of the compressor does not exceed 200 °C. Determine
the number of stages, the work in each stage, and the amount of cooling, if the
efficiency of all stages is 80%.

19-Steam is vented from a pressurized tank to air at pressure 1 bar. The volume of the
tank is 2.5 m3 and is initially at 350 °C and 20 bar. Determine the amount of steam in
the tank when the pressure is 12 bar, and the temperature of the steam coming out
from the vent at this point.

20-A flow process that operates with steam has one inlet stream (A) and two outlet
streams (B and C). Stream A is at 20 bar, 25 °C, and has a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s;
stream B is saturated liquid at 20 bar and has a flow rate of 7 kg/s; stream C is at 20
bar. The process receives heat at the rate of 14,100kW from a heat source at 25 °C.
a) What is the temperature of stream C?
b) Determine the entropy generation.