GRAMMAR BOOK

1. Tenses - Present Simple

Para responder una pregunta de sí / no.

Hacer una pregunta de sí / no cuando ya se espera

una determinada respuesta.
Para hacer preguntas sobre acciones en el tiempo general
que Agregue
comienzanunaconetiqueta de pregunta
estas palabras corta de dos
de preguntas: QUÉ,
palabras
CUÁNDO, al final QUIÉN,
DÓNDE, de la declaración.
POR QUÉ, CÓMO.

¿Quién vive aquí?

"¿Trabajas los sábados?"

"¿Trabajas los sábados?"

Hacer preguntas sobre acciones

en tiempo general que necesitan
una respuesta de "sí" o "no".

Ponga DO o DOES delante del

sujeto.
1. El presente simple se usa para hablar sobre el tiempo general, los estados y las
acciones repetidas.
2. El presente progresivo se utiliza para hablar de situaciones y acciones más temporales
que están sucediendo en el momento presente.
3. NOTA: Algunos verbos se usan solo en tiempos simples: querer, gustar, amar, odiar,
necesitar, pensar, saber, comprender, creer, significar.
 El presente simple se usa para hablar sobre el
tiempo general, los estados y las acciones
repetidas. El presente progresivo se usa para
hablar de situaciones y acciones más
temporales que están sucediendo en el
momento presente.

Hablar de acciones, estados o

eventos que suceden en
cualquier momento,
repetidamente o todo el tiempo.

Hablar de acciones, estados o eventos que suceden en

cualquier momento, repetidamente o todo el tiempo.

Los verbos que terminan en ss, sh, ch, x, o toman -es en

tercera persona del singular: besa, coincide, va, mira Para
los verbos que terminan en consonante + y, elimine la y y
agregue -ies: llevar / llevar, intentar / intentar, copia / copias
NOTA: El Presente simple se usa a menudo con adverbios
y frases de adverbio: Siempre, Nunca, A menudo, A veces,
Generalmente, Todos los días / semana, Los domingos,
Dos veces al mes, año, etc.

NOTA: El Presente simple se usa a menudo con

adverbios y frases de adverbio que indican la
frecuencia: Siempre, Nunca, A menudo, A veces,
Generalmente, Todos los días / semana,
Domingos, Dos veces al mes, año, etc.
Presente simple: "Pat juega al tenis todos los viernes".

Presente progresivo: "Ahora está jugando al tenis".

Present Simple: "Hans speaks very good English."

Present Progressive: "Now he is speaking English to that tourist."

2. Be
Conectar el sujeto con el resto de la oración.
"Mi nombre es Maurice".

"Soy tu mesero".

"Tenemos hambre."
Hacer una oración negativa.
"Este vestido no es de mi talla."

"Ellos no están felices."

 Para hacer preguntas que comiencen con estas
palabras de pregunta: QUÉ, CUÁNDO, DÓNDE,
QUIÉN, POR QUÉ, CÓMO.
Unir el tema y la forma de "SER" y
convertirlos en una sola palabra. Usado
en conversación.

El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.

Para responder una pregunta de sí / no.

 Hacer una pregunta de sí / no cuando ya se
espera una determinada respuesta.

Agregue una etiqueta de pregunta corta de dos

palabras al final de la declaración.
3. Present Progressive
Para responder una pregunta
Hacerde síPara
/ no.acciones
Describir
preguntas describir que
una están
unasucediendo
acción
que necesitan que ahora
no estáde
respuesta "sí" oo "no".
en elsucediendo
futuro. ahora o en el futuro.
To ask questions that begin with the following
El sujeto yquestion words:
la forma de "SER"WHAT, WHEN,
cambian WHERE, WHO,
de lugar.
WHY, HOW

El sujeto y la forma de "SER"

cambian de lugar.
"¿Me estás escuchando?" "¿Tu hermana se va a mudar a
Nueva York?"
 Hacer preguntas de sí / no cuando ya
La ortografía de algunos verbos cambia cuando se
se espera una respuesta determinada.
agrega "ing".

Agregue una etiqueta de pregunta corta de

dos palabras al final de la declaración.
Para la mayoría de los verbos que terminan en consonante-vocal-
consonante, duplica la última letra: parar - parar

Para los verbos que terminan en "e", elimine la "e" antes de agregar
"ing":
4. Past Simple
Hablar de eventos y acciones pasados.

El pasado simple se usa a menudo con adverbios: ayer,

última semana / mes / año, ... hace.
 Algunos sobre
Hacer preguntas verbosacciones
tienen formas irregulares
/ eventos pasadosenque
pasado simple,
necesitantendrás que aprenderlos
una respuesta de "sí" o de memoria. A continuación, se
"no".
muestra una lista de algunos de los verbos más frecuentes:

Hacer preguntas sobre el pasado que comiencen con estas palabras de

pregunta: QUÉ, CUÁNDO, DÓNDE, QUIÉN, POR QUÉ, CÓMO.
5. Be – Past
Conectar el tema con el resto de la
oración y hablar del pasado.
- Where were you and Susan last night?
- Oh, we were out.
- Were you at the new French restaurant?

- No, we weren't. Susan was at night school and I was at the office.

Hacer preguntas que necesitan una respuesta de

"sí" o "no".

To ask questions that begin with these question

words:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
6. Past Progressive
Usamos el pasado simple para hablar sobre una acción completada en el pasado.
Usamos el pasado progresivo para hablar de una acción que continuó durante un
período de tiempo en el pasado.
También podemos usar el pasado simple y el pasado progresivo juntos en la misma
oración, para mostrar que una acción o evento corto ocurrió durante una acción o
evento más largo. Si mencionamos primero la acción más corta, generalmente unimos
las dos partes de la oración junto con WHILE.
Si mencionamos primero la acción más larga, generalmente unimos las dos partes de
la oración junto con CUÁNDO.
7. The Future
 La VOLUNTAD se usa para expresar
una opinión subjetiva, o para expresar
una decisión, una promesa, una
creencia o una amenaza, etc. sobre el
futuro. Esta es la razón por la que WILL
a menudo sigue expresiones como
"Espero ...", "¿Crees que ...", etc.

En la forma interrogativa, WILL a

menudo presenta una solicitud.
A menudo encontramos VOLUNTAD e IR A en la misma
conversación. En el siguiente diálogo, el paciente quiere una
respuesta definitiva a su pregunta, pero la enfermera
responde con solo una promesa:
A menudo usamos el Presente Progresivo (ver Básico 1) para hablar sobre planes y decisiones
para el futuro cercano. Se usa más comúnmente con verbos que expresan movimiento (por
ejemplo, llegar, venir, ir, salir, navegar, visitar, etc.)
A veces usamos el Presente Simple para hablar de
acciones y eventos futuros "definidos" que ya están
fijados o dispuestos en un horario oficial.
8. More Future
-In about an hour from now, we'll be parachuting through the air, too.
-I can't believe I let you talk me into this. You know
I hate doing risky things.
-Don't worry so much. I'll be jumping with you and holding your hand all the way down.
 - What do you think you'll be doing when you're 25?
- I'll be studying to be a doctor. How about you?
By the time I'm 25, I'll have completed my studies and will be working at the
- U.N. as a translator.
- Good Luck!

ESPAÑOL
Estos tiempos verbales se utilizan para hablar sobre acciones que
tendrán lugar en o durante un período de tiempo particular en el futuro
(FUTURO PROGRESIVO) y sobre acciones y eventos que se
completarán en un momento determinado en el futuro (FUTURO
PERFECTO).
 9. Present perfect

Here we are at the Indy 500 with Mike Rhodes. Mike, have you ever driven in
- an Indy race?
- No, I haven't. But I've been a race driver in Europe for ten years.
- Well, good luck to you!
- Hey, weren't you here yesterday?
Oh yes, I've already seen this movie twice this month. I saw it last week and I
saw it again yesterday. I love it. I always see my favorite movies four or five
- times.
- I guess you do, ma'am.
Hi, Karla! I haven't
seen you lately.
What have you been
doing?
I've been really busy. I've been playing in a band. Our
- name is "Wild Thing." Have you heard of us?
- No, I haven't.
- Well, come and see us on Saturday night!
 10. Past Perfect

- Who was that?

- The XYZ company - they want their money.
- Did you tell them that I had already mailed the check?
- No, I told them the truth that you hadn't sent it yet.
Parts Of Speech 1
1. Nouns
-Here are two men's watches for...
-One dollar!-Two dollars!-Three dollars!
-Two watches sold for three dollars!
2. Nouns and Quantifiers
3. Comparison Of Adjectives
4. Pronouns
5. Reflexive Pronouns
6. Adverbs
7. Particicles
- I'm so bored.
- Are you kidding?This is the most exciting game of the season!
- I can see that you're excited, but I think baseball is boring.
- OK. Next weekend I'll take you to a football game.
- Your teacher just called. She says she caught you cheating on a test today.
- I'm sorry. But I've been finding it difficult to study with this broken arm.
Maybe I can give you a helping hand. What do they have you learning in
- school these days?
- Shakespeare, Advanced Algebra, Computer Science...
- Hmmm. Maybe you should get your mother to help you.
- You look tired.
- Well, walking five miles is very tiring.
- Five miles!
Yes. My car ran out of gas. I left it sitting by the side of the road. Can you
- help me?
- Sure, no problem. I'll have your car running again in no time.
- Great! Thanks.
Parts Of Speech 2
1. Modals
 Don't worry. These bottles are not dangerous. You don't have to wear gloves
- over here.
- And over there?
- Ooh.. that's different. You mustn't touch anything without gloves over there.
- The doctor says I MUST lose weight.
- He's right. You really should lose at least twenty pounds.
- But I can't. I love to eat. I'm never able to stay on a diet.
- Join a diet club. My brother had to join one. It helped him a lot.
2. Past Form Of Modals
- Is Mr. Tanaka still at work?
- I don't see him. He must have left.
- Aha... He's usually home by now.
Well, his car was giving him some trouble. It may have broken down or he
- might have taken it to a garage.
- I'm worried. Jack should have been on that train.
- He must have taken a later train.
- Well, he could have called!
- He may have left a message. Let me check my phone.

3. Will Vs Would

-So, will you or won't you be coming camping with us this weekend?-I would if I weren't still sick.-
It's only a cold. When you were younger, you would never miss a camping trip.-I'm sorry. I won't be
able to go.-I'll bet you would come if you had the right incentive. Here. Read this note from
Sharon.-Dear Dave: Will you please come camping this weekend? I'd love to see you...OK. I'll come.
4. Infinitives
- Sheila! I'm so happy to see you!
- I didn't have anything to do so I came to help you get ready for the party.
- Great! Can you help me prepare the food?
- Sure. I love to cook.
5. More Infinitives
 "Marie Groner was thought to have been killed during the war, but she turned
- up years later in a small town in Switzerland."
- Why did they make a statue of her?
Well, it says here that "her heroic acts are known to have saved thousands of
- lives."
 I arrived at work this morning only to find this note from my boss on my
desk: Bob, I returned from my trip to discover that you still hadn't finished
work on the Johnson file. If your job is important to you, make sure to finish it
- by Monday.
- Does this mean we're not going camping this weekend?
 Jules Gates is reported to have escaped from the local jail last night. Gates,
who likes to be called by his nickname, Jay, appears to have headed north.
The public is warned that Gates is dangerous and is believed to have stolen a
- gun.
- I suppose you know that our Kevin is considered to be the family genius.
- No, I didn't know that, but...
Yes indeed. That's why I was so surprised when I came home to find him
- angry because he'd failed a math test.
Well, in fact, he was absent on the day of the test and when I gave him
another chance to do it, he didn't
- show up then, either.
- Oh, really? Well, he is also known to be rather forgetful.
6. Gerunds
- I'm thinking about quitting school and getting a job.
- You can't get a good job without finishing school.
- But I need the money.
7. Pharasal Verbs
Clauses
1. Clauses
- Do you know what time Karl is coming?
Not exactly, but I know that he's going to be late. He's only coming after he
- finishes his homework.
- Oh. Then he's going to be very late.
 2. Relative Clauses

- This is the bike that we found. Is it the one that you lost?
- Yes, it's my bike. Where did you find it? Did you arrest the person who stole
 it?
No, I'm sorry. We weren't able to. People who steal bikes are very hard to
- catch.
- There's the new programmer they hired.
- The one in red? She's the one they chose?
- Yes, why?
- They wanted someone who had a lot of experience. She looks so young!
- A girl called you.
- A girl? Hey! Maybe it was the girl I met at the party last night.
- No. She's the girl who said hello to you at the bus stop today.
- Oh yeah.
3. More Relative Clauses
-My sister, who is a professor of French, lives in Paris.-How interesting. Did she get her degree
there?-Yes. She studied at the Sorbonne, which as you know, is the best in France.

- That blue car, which is blocking the driveway, needs to be moved.

- How are you going to figure out whose car it is?
Simple. Will whoever parked in front of the driveway please move their car
- immediately!
 4. Clauses Of Result

You should hold the bat near its base so as to maximize the power of your
- swing.
- Thanks, Uncle Phil. Now that you're teaching me, I know I'll get on the team.
- You actually have a chance, kid, as long as you keep practicing.
5. Conditionals
 Dad, if we went to France on vacation for three months, I
- would really learn French!
If we had enough money for that kind of vacation, we could get you a private
- teacher!
- If I were you, I'd buy that car.
- If I had the money, I would.
- Well, if you work extra hours this month, you'll have enough money.
6. More Conditionals
-If we hadn't spent all that money on dinner last night, we would be able to buy that tablet for us
now.-Oh! If I had known you were trying to save money, we could have made a nice dinner at
home.
 7. Subjunctive Mood

- Fred, you look terrible! Have you seen the doctor yet?
- Yes, I have. He recommended that I stay home from work for a few days.
- Then why are you here?
- Well, Mr. Knight insists that I finish this report by the end of the week.
- Oh. I guess what the boss says takes priority, then.
- Victor wants to learn to drive. It's important that we find him a good teacher.
- I can teach him.
- No, I think it's better that he learn from a professional.
-My parents asked that we visit them this Saturday.-I can't. My boss requested that I come in to the
office on Saturday.-Oh, no! Is it absolutely essential that you go?-Yes. It's vital that we finish the
project before Monday's deadline.
More Grammar Points
Reported Speech

- This isn't correct. Don't you remember what Bob said?

- No, what did he say?
He said he wanted ten boxes, not only five. And he asked if you would
- keep them here till next month.
 Today I will meet with the Ambassador of Garland. We will continue the
- discussions we began last week.
- Last night, Thomas Hardwick said that he would meet with the Ambassador of
Garland. He added that they would continue the discussions they had begun
the previous week.
 Terry, John was here and he wanted to know where you were. He said that he
was leaving the books on your desk. He also said that he wanted you to call
- him at home.
- OK, Bob.
Passive Voice}
 The castle was built in 1543. It has been rebuilt twice since then. The original
- stones can be seen in the...
- But who was killed here? Does the book say anything about ghosts?
Causatives or Permissives
Conjunctions

- My cousin Tom is in town. Do you want to meet him?

- It depends. Tell me about him.
- Not only is he cute, but he's also smart.
- In that case, I'm free either Friday or Saturday night!
-I love seafood!-I do too. But it's so expensive.-Don't worry. I'm paying.-I hope so. I'm broke.
 Julie, I'm buying this dress. It's not only beautiful, it's also cheap. I really like
- it.
- I do too. But why is it so cheap?
- Hmm. Either they marked it wrong, or the material isn't very good.
Logical Connectors

- What do you think of my new hair style, Ms. Bronson?

- Although I'm no expert, I'd say it's very unfashionable.
- What do you mean?
- I mean, hair like that isn't in style any more.
- Well, in spite of what you think, I like it.
- So why did you ask my opinion?
 First, you can vacuum the living room. Second, you can wash the kitchen
- floor. Third, you can fold the laundry...
Hold on! First of all, I'm not your maid, I'm your roommate. Second of all, it
wouldn't hurt you to do some work around here. After all, it is your apartment
- too.
- Sorry. You're right.
 In order to pass the course, you'll have to rewrite this exam. In the event
- that you fail, you'll have to take the whole course again.
- In that case, sir, can I have a couple more days to study?
- You're home early. What happened?
I was late for work because of a traffic jam. Consequently, I missed an
important meeting. As a result, I was yelled at by my boss in front of
- everyone. Then, for the simple reason that I yelled back at him, he fired me.
Well, I have good news for you. Your boss just called and said, seeing
- that you are such a valuable employee, he's going to give you your job back.
Negation

-Boys, I know I've told you that nothing is more important than hard work. And you have certainly
worked hard. But working hard is not the only thing that makes a good sports team. There is
something else - teamwork. Not many teams in the league have players that work together as well
as you do. And no one would believe that you only started playing together a few weeks ago. So
now, before you go out on the field, I will give you neither advice nor long speeches. Just keep
doing what you're doing!
Impersonal Statements
Common Errors
- We'd better get home. It's getting late.
- Wouldn't you rather go for a walk in the park?
- Henry, you know I'd rather spend more time with you than go home, but...
- I know, I know. Your dog needs to be fed.
- It must have been great traveling through Europe.
- It was.
- There are so many beautiful cities there.
There certainly are. We took so many photos, it's going to take us ages to
- upload them!
-The big, brown, hairy monster jumped out of the bushes.-Uh-oh! Will the mean, ugly monster eat
the tiny, young girl?-Let's keep reading and see. Suddenly, a tall, young, French soldier appeared
and drew his sword.-Oh, no! The poor monster!
- You always make the same mistake!
- Don't yell at me. I'm doing my best.
You'll never make any money as a professional golfer unless you learn how to
- swing properly.
- Your insults do more harm than good. Please try to be more patient.
- I'm sorry. Let's try again.
 Do you think I did a good job decorating the apartment for Alex's surprise
- party?
- Yes, excellent. You could make money doing this.
I'd rather stick to teaching thanks. Listen, we'd better hide. Alex will be here
- any minute.
- Just one more question: Why the picture of a big, blue, Australian koala bear?
There's actually a simple explanation. It's because Alex is Australian. Didn't
- you know?
More Common Errors

- Would you mind running over to the store and picking up some bread?
- Not at all. Would you like me to get some eggs while I'm there?
- No, we still have eggs. But I wouldn't mind some ice cream.
- Me neither! Would you like chocolate or vanilla?
- So, what's Tony like?
- He's such a wonderful person. He's kind and generous and funny.
- Wow! He sounds so wonderful.
- He does have a twin brother, you know. Are you interested?
-How are your Spanish lessons going?-Great! I'm learning to read, to write, and even to speak. And
how about you? Are you still a member of that water-sports club? -Yes. Every weekend I
go sailing, swimming, and windsurfing.-Wow! What an active life you lead!
-I'm really excited about tonight's Mick Starlight concert!-I assume you're referring to that noisy
rock musician.-Yes. I've been listening to his music all week to get into the mood.-I'm aware of that.
I've had a headache from it all week.
- What sports are you interested in?
- I like swimming, cycling, and bowling.
- Would you like to go bowling today?
Bowling? But it's such a nice day.
- I'd rather do something outdoors.