Fundamentos Generales

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Especialización en Diseño Web

Módulo: Redes y Configuración de


servicios de Internet
Facilitadores:
Diego Avila P.
Alberto Arellano A.
Facilitador
Diego Avila Pesántez
Estudios:
Ingeniero en Sistemas Informáticos ( UC 1997)
Maestría en Internetworking (U. de Chile 2002)
Maestría en Informática Aplicada (ESPOCH 2003)
Estudiante del Doctorado en Ingeniería de Sistemas
e Informática (UNSM 2013)
Certificaciones Internacionales:
CCNA (Cisco Certified Netwok Associete)
CCNP(Cisco Certified Network Proffesional)
CCAI (Cisco Certified Authirized Instructor)
Facilitador
Alberto Arellano Aucancela
Estudios:
Ingeniero en Electrónica y
Computación(ESPOCH 2003)
Maestría en Informática Aplicada (ESPOCH 2009)
Certificaciones Internacionales:
CCNA (Cisco Certified Netwok Associete)
CCNP(Cisco Certified Network Proffesional)
CCAI (Cisco Certified Authirized Instructor)
Motivación
Agenda
• Conceptos Generales, modelo OSI
& TCP/IP
•Switching LAN: VLAN
• Direccionamiento IPv4, IPv6.
• Servicios
Bibliografía
· Isaacs, M. Internet User's Guide to Network Resource Tools:
http://www.terena.nl/gnrt/. Estupenda guía sobre las herramientas y servicios de
Internet. Imprescindible para cualquier usuario habitual u ocasional.

· McKeon, B. An Introduction to the OSI Reference Model:


http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2/ . Muy buen resumen del modelo OSI y de los
protocolos OSI. También habla de TCP/IP y ATM.

· Networking Essentials: http://www.labmice.net/networking/networkbasics.htm

· Technology Guides for Communications & Networking:


http://www.techguide.com/. Interesante recopilación de guías técnicas. Hay que
registrarse para conseguirlas, pero es gratis.

· Home Page de Raj Jain: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/. Impresionante


colección de materiales docentes sobre redes (presentaciones, ejercicios, etc.)

· Tutoriales de Network Magazine:


http://www.networkmagazine.com/static/tutorial/index.html. Interesante
recopilación de artículos educativos sobre diversos temas relacionados con redes
de computadores.
Bibliografía
Howe, D. Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing: http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/.
Recopilación exhaustiva de términos informáticos.

· Malkin, G. (RFC1983). Internet Users' Glossary. Completo diccionario de


términos y abreviaturas del mundo Internet

· Tech Encyclopedia: http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/

· Webopedia: http://webopedia.internet.com/

· Whatis: http://whatis.com/

ANSI (American National Standards Institute): http://www.ansi.org/

· ATM Forum: http://www.atmforum.com

· Frame Relay Forum: http://www.frforum.com

· IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers): http://www.ieee.org

· IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): http://www.ietf.org


Objetives

 Describe the structure of a network, including the


devices and media that are necessary for successful
communications.
 Explain the function of protocols in network
communications.
 Explain the advantages of using a layered model to
describe network functionality.
 Describe the role of each layer in two recognized
network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI
model.
 Describe the importance of addressing and naming
schemes in network communications.
8
Local Area Network(LAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)


 An individual network usually spans a single
geographical area, providing services and applications
to people within a common organizational structure,
such as a single business, campus or region.
9
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 T1, DS3, OC3
 PPP, HDLC
 Frame Relay, ATM
 ISDN, POTS

 Wide Area Networks (WANs)


 Leased connections through a telecommunications
service provider network.
 Networks that connect LANs in geographically
separated locations
 Telecommunications service provider (Carrier)
interconnect the LANs at the different locations.
 Voice and data on separate networks or converged
10
networks
Internet
 The internet is defined as a global mesh of
interconnected networks

11
Components of the Network

 Devices (hardware)
 End devices, switch, router, firewall
 Media (wired, wireless)
 Cables, wireless mediums
 Services (software)
 Network applications, routing protocols, processes, algorithms 12
End devices

 End devices or hosts:


 The source or destination of a message.
13
Devices
 Describe network representations

14
Servers and Clients

Client

Server

 A host
 Client, Server, or both.
 Software determines the role.
 Servers provide information and services to clients
 e-mail or web pages
 Clients request information from the server.
15
Network
Media

 Network media: The medium over which the message


travels.
 Cooper wires - electrical impulses.
 Fiber optics – pulses of light
 Wireless – electromagnetic waves.
16
Network
Media

 Different media considerations (4):


 Distance it will carry signal
 Environment it works in
 Bandwidth (speed)
 Cost
17
Protocol Suites and Standards

 Early days – proprietary network equipment and protocols.


 Now – Industry standards
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN)
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 Internet standards
 RFCs (Request for Comments)
 Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP
18
Example: RFC 791 IPv4

19
Protocols
HTTP
Data
Protocols Header

App
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header Header Frame Trailer

 Protocol – Rules that govern communications.


 Protocol suite - A group of inter-related protocols
 Example: TCP/IP 20
Protocol and Reference Models

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the


most widely known internetwork reference model.
 The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) released the OSI reference model in 1984, was the
descriptive scheme they created. 21
TCP/IP Model

 TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite is an open standard.

22
Multiple protocols (encapsulated)
HTTP
Data
Protocols Header

App
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header Header Frame Trailer

Data

 Encapsulation – Process of adding a header to the data


or any previous set of headers.
 Decapsulation – Process of removing a header. 23
The Communication Process - Encapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Server
HTTP Data

 Encapsulation – Process of adding control information as


it passes down through the layered model. 24
The Communication Process - Decapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Client

HTTP Data

 Decapsulation – Process of removing control information


25
as it passes upwards through the layered model.
The
Communication
Process

 Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any
layer.
 PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite.
 Data - Application layer PDU
 Segment - Transport Layer PDU
 Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
 Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
 Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the
medium 26
The
Communication
Process

27
TAREA EN CLASE: ENCAPSULAMIENTO

Organizarse en equipos de 4 personas.


Determinar la manera como pueden
describir el proceso de encapsulamiento
de datos.
10 min. para planificar la presentación.
Warriors of the Net

29
TCP-IP Protocol
TCP-IP Protocol
Aplication Layer
HTTP
(WWW) DHCP
(IP address
resolution)

FTP
(file transfer) DNS
(domain name
resolution)

SMTP SNMP
(email)

P2P
Telnet (file sharing)
(remote login)

32
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
HTTP HTTP

HTTP
HTTP
Client
Server

 Implemented in:
 Client program
 Server program
 Web page (also called a html document)
 Web page consists of objects
 HTML file
 JPEG image
 JAVA applet
 Audio file
33
HTTPS

 HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer) is a URL


scheme used to indicate a secure HTTP connection.
 HTTPS is not a separate protocol
 combination of a normal HTTP interaction over an encrypted:
 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or
 Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection

34
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP FTP
Client Server

 FTP was developed to allow for file transfers between a client and a
server.
 Used to push and pull files from a server running the FTP daemon
(FTPd).
 RFC 959 35
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

User agent Mail server Mail server User agent


SMTP SMTP

POP3
IMAP

 Internet mail involves:


 User agents
 Allows users to read, reply, compose, forward, save, etc., mail messages
 GUI user agents: Outlook, Eudora, Messenger
 Text user agents: mail, pine, elm
 Mail servers
 Stores user mail boxes, communicates with local user agents and other
mail servers.
 SMTP
 Principle application layer protocol for Internet mail
 Sent over TCP
36
 Mail access protocols: POP3, IMAP4, HTTP
Telnet
Telnet Telnet

Server

 Allows a user to remotely access another device (host, router,


switch).
 Connection called a Virtual Terminal (VTY) session.
 Telnet clients:
 Putty
 Teraterm
 Hyperterm

37
Telnet

 Supports user authentication,


 Does not encrypt data.
 Secure Shell (SSH) protocol offers an alternate and secure method for
server access.
 Stronger authentication
 Encrypts data

38
DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

 IP addresses and other information can be obtained:


 Statically
 Dynamically (DHCP)
39
DNS – Domain Name System

 DNS allows users (software) to use domain names instead of IP addresses

40
P2P

41
Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer

43
Transport Layer Role

44
TCP: Connection Establishment
0 15 16 31

16-bit Source Port Number 16-bit Destination Port Number

32-bit Sequence Number

32 bit Acknowledgement Number

4-bit Header 6-bit U A P R S F


Length (Reserved) R C S S Y I 16-bit Window Size
G K H T N N

16-bit TCP Checksum 16-bit Urgent Pointer

Options (if any)

Data (if any)

Three-way
Handshake

45
TCP: Connection Termination

1. When the client has no more data to send in the stream, it sends a segment
with the FIN flag set.
2. The server sends an ACK to acknowledge the receipt of the FIN to terminate
the session from client to server.
3. The server sends a FIN to the client, to terminate the server to client session.
4. The client responds with an ACK to acknowledge the FIN from the server.

46
Network Layer

IPv4
IPv6

47
Network Layer

Layer 3 uses four basic processes:


 Addressing
 Encapsulation
 Routing
 Decapsulation

48
Network/Subnets Address
172.16.10.0/24 172.16.20.0/24 172.16.30.0/24 172.16.40.0/24

172.16.10.100/24 172.16.30.39/24 172.16.40.123/24


172.16.20.77/24

172.16.20.96/24 172.16.40.51/24
172.16.10.55/24 172.16.30.10/24

172.16.1.1/24
172.16.10.3/24 172.16.40.29/24
172.16.20.103/24 172.16.30.111/24

172.16.10.1/24 172.16.20.1/24 172.16.30.1/24 172.16.40.1/24

 Networks can be subdivided into subnets.


 This provides for several benefits which we will discuss later.
 Networks can be grouped based on factors that include:
 Geographic location, Purpose, Ownership 49
Routing
Network 192.168.1.0/24

Network 192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.254/24

C 192.168.2.0/24 is direction connected, FastEthernet0/1

 Static routes
 Manually entered by the administrator
 Dynamic Routing protocols
 Routers automatically learn about remote networks
 Ex: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP 50
Data Link Layer

 Data Link layer


 Connects the Network Layer with the Physical Layer
 Network Layer and above is software (IP, TCP, HTTP, etc.)
 Physical layer is implemented in hardware (converting bits to a
transmission signal)
 Data Link layer is implemented in both:
 Software
 Hardware
 Data Link Layer prepares Network Layer packets for transmission
across some form of media, be it copper, fiber, or the atmosphere. 51
Media Access Control

 The media access control methods used by logical


multi-access topologies are typically:
 CSMA/CD - Hubs
 CSMA/CA - Wireless
 Token passing – Token Ring

52
Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 Describe the purpose of the Physical layer in the network and
identify the basic elements that enable this layer to fulfill its
function
Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 Describe the role of bits in representing a frame as it is
transported across the local media

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