Colección Modelos - Volumen VI: Laboral

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Colección Modelos : volumen VI : laboral - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : La Ley, 2021.
Libro digital, PDF

Archivo Digital: descarga y online

ISBN 978-987-03-4293-9

1. Derecho. I. Título.
CDD 344.01

Todos los derechos reservados

© La Ley S.A. Editora e Impresora

Dirección, administración y redacción

Tucumán 1471 (C1050AAC)

laley.redaccionjuridica@tr.com

Ventas
CASA CENTRAL

Tucumán 1471 (C1050AAC)

Tel.: 4378-4700 / 0810-266-4444

LOCAL I FACULTAD DE DERECHO - UBA

Figueroa Alcorta 2263 (C1425CKB)Tel. / Fax: 4806-

5106

Atención al cliente: 0810-266-4444

Buenos Aires - Argentina

Hecho el depósito que establece la ley 11.723.

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ÍNDICE

ACUERDOS .............................................................................................................................8

ACUERDO CON ART ..........................................................................................................9

ACUERDO MINISTERIO DE TRABAJO. BUENOS AIRES ..........................................12

CONTRATO A PLAZO FIJO .............................................................................................15

CONVENIO ANTE EL SECLO ..........................................................................................17

PRESENTAN CONVENIO CONCILIATORIO. PIDEN HOMOLOGACIÓN.................20

CARTA PODER ....................................................................................................................23

CARTA PODER (PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES) .....................................................24

CARTAS DOCUMENTO Y TELEGRAMAS USUALES ................................................26

CARTA DOCUMENTO INTIMANDO PRESENTACIÓN A TRABAJAR .....................27

CARTA DOCUMENTO PREAVISO ART. 94 ..................................................................28

CARTA DOCUMENTO RECHAZANDO ACCIDENTE .................................................29

CARTA DOCUMENTO RECHAZANDO RECLAMO.....................................................30

TELEGRAMA AFIP............................................................................................................31

TELEGRAMA ART POR PRESTACIONES .....................................................................32

TELEGRAMA INFORMANDO LICENCIA POR ENFERMEDAD ................................33

TELEGRAMA INTIMANDO RATIFIQUE O RECTIFIQUE DESPIDO .........................34

TELEGRAMA RECHAZA RESPUESTA Y DESPIDO INDIRECTO .............................35

TELEGRAMA RECHAZA SUSPENSIÓN COVID ..........................................................36

TELEGRAMA RECLAMANDO CERTIFICACIONES POR DESPIDO .........................38

TELEGRAMA RECLAMANDO DIFERENCIA DE HABERES ......................................39

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TELEGRAMA SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO .........................................................................40

CONSTENTACIONES DE DEMANDA .............................................................................41

CONTESTA DEMANDA. ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO..................................................42

CONTESTA DEMANDA. ART..........................................................................................93

CONTESTA DEMANDA. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO .....................................................104

DEMANDAS ........................................................................................................................112

DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO ......................................................................113

DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO POR DIFERENCIAS INDEMNIZATORIAS

............................................................................................................................................183

DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO. ACCIÓN CIVIL .........................................203

DEMANDA DESPIDO. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO .........................................................252

DEMANDA DIFERENCIAS SALARIALES. PANADERÍA ..........................................272

DEMANDA INDEMNIZACIÓN (ART. 29) ....................................................................296

DEMANDA INDEMNIZACIÓN POR DESPIDO. CONTRATOS SUCESIVOS...........339

DEMANDA INDEMNIZACIÓN POR DESPIDO. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO...............366

DEMANDA INDEMNIZACIÓN POR DESPIDO DISCRIMINATORIO ......................383

INICIA DEMANDA DE DESPIDO. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO .....................................410

INTERPONE APELACIÓN CONTRA DICTAMEN COMISIÓN MÉDICA .................417

OTROSÍ DIGO: RECONVIENE. PROMUEVE ACCIÓN POR INDEMNIZACIÓN POR

DESPIDO. SE CONDENE ENTREGA DE CERTIFICADO DE TRABAJO Y
PREVISIONAL BAJO APERCIBIMIENTO DE APLICAR ASTREINTES. CUESTIÓN
FEDERAL ..........................................................................................................................425

PROMUEVE ACCIÓN POR DIFERENCIAS DE SALARIOS. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL

............................................................................................................................................441

PROMUEVE ACCIÓN POR INDEMNIZACIÓN POR DESPIDO. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL

............................................................................................................................................453

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PROMUEVE ACCIÓN POR REINSTALACIÓN EN EL CARGO. SOLICITA PAGO DE

SALARIOS CAÍDOS. DAÑO MORAL. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL...................................473

PROMUEVE DEMANDA DE DESALOJO COMO ACCESORIO DEL CONTRATO DE

TRABAJO. SOLICITA COMO MEDIDA CAUTELAR LA ENTREGA DEL INMUEBLE
CON LA CAUCIÓN QUE SE FIJE. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL..........................................480

PROMUEVE DEMANDA DE INDEMNIZACIÓN POR DESPIDO (BS.AS.) ..............488

EDICTOS..............................................................................................................................510

CERTIFICADO DE EDICTOS .........................................................................................511

EDICTO JUDICIAL ..........................................................................................................512

ESCRITOS VARIOS ...........................................................................................................513

ACOMPAÑA CÉDULA DILIGENCIADA ......................................................................514

ACOMPAÑA OFICIOS DILIGENCIADOS ....................................................................515

ACOMPAÑA PODER .......................................................................................................516

ACOMPAÑA TASA Y SOBRE TASA ............................................................................517

ADJUNTA BOLETAS DE APORTES .............................................................................518

CUMPLE INTIMACIÓN ..................................................................................................519

DENUNCIA NUEVO DOMICILIO. PIDE NUEVA CÉDULA.......................................520

DENUNCIA QUIEBRA DE LA DEMANDADA. SOLICITA OFICIO ..........................521

DEPOSITA. DA EN PAGO...............................................................................................522

INICIA EJECUCIÓN DE HONORARIOS .......................................................................523

INVOCA ART. 48 CPCC. SOLICITA PRÉSTAMO .......................................................524

PIDE DESARCHIVO ........................................................................................................525

PIDE LIBRANZA ..............................................................................................................526

PIDE NOTIFICACIÓN POR TELEGRAMA ...................................................................527

PIDE NUEVO EMBARGO. CUENTAS BANCARIAS ..................................................528

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PIDE PRÉSTAMO.............................................................................................................529

PLANTEA NULIDAD DE NOTIFICACIÓN ...................................................................530

PRACTICA LIQUIDACIÓN.............................................................................................533

PROMUEVE EJECUCIÓN DE SENTENCIA..................................................................534

RATIFICA LO ACTUADO...............................................................................................535

RENUNCIA MANDATO ..................................................................................................536

SOLICITA AUDIENCIA DE CONCILIACIÓN ..............................................................537

SOLICITA EMBARGO.....................................................................................................538

SOLICITA EXTRACCIÓN DE FONDOS .......................................................................539

SOLICITA INFORME EXISTENCIA DE FONDOS .......................................................540

SOLICITA MEDIDA CAUTELAR ..................................................................................541

SOLICITA NOTIFICACIÓN POR EDICTOS .................................................................545

SOLICITA PAGO EN EFECTIVO ...................................................................................546

SOLICITA REBELDÍA .....................................................................................................548

SOLICITA SE INFORME EN QUIEBRA ........................................................................549

SOLICITA TRANSFERENCIA DE FONDOS .................................................................551

SUSTITUYE PATROCINIO .............................................................................................552

OFICIOS...............................................................................................................................553

OFICIO...............................................................................................................................554

OFICIO BCRA...................................................................................................................556

PRUEBA ...............................................................................................................................558

AMPLÍA DEMANDA .......................................................................................................559

DESISTE DE PRUEBA .....................................................................................................560

IMPUGNA PERICIA MÉDICA ........................................................................................561

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NUEVOS HECHOS. CONTESTA TRASLADO. OFRECE NUEVA PRUEBA ............564

PIDE OFICIO REITERATORIO ......................................................................................567

PIDE SE ABRA A PRUEBA ............................................................................................568

PUNTOS PERICIAL INFORMÁTICA ............................................................................569

SOLICITA SE DECLARE NEGLIGENTE ......................................................................571

SOLICITA SE DESIGNE NUEVO PERITO ....................................................................572

SOLICITA SE FIJE VISTA DE CAUSA ..........................................................................573

SOLICITA SE INTIME A PERITO ..................................................................................574

SOLICITA SE SUSPENDA VISTA DE CAUSA.............................................................575

SOLICITA SE TENGA POR DESISTIDA DE LA PRUEBA .........................................576

RECLAMO MINISTERIO DE TRABAJO ......................................................................577

RECLAMO MINISTERIO DE TRABAJO .......................................................................578

RECURSOS ..........................................................................................................................584

INTERPONE RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO (BS.AS.) ..............................................585

RECURSO DE INAPLICABILIDAD DE LA LEY EN CAUSA LABORAL (BUENOS

AIRES) ...............................................................................................................................591

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ACUERDOS

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ACUERDO CON ART

Excmo. Tribunal del Trabajo:

..........................................................................., abogada, inscripta al Tº

........................................................................... - Fº
........................................................................... del
..........................................................................., Clave Identificatoria Previsional
..........................................................................., Ingresos Brutos nro.
..........................................................................., C.U.I.T. nro.
..........................................................................., manteniendo domicilio procesal y
electrónico, por la representación de ...........................................................................;
........................................................................... por derecho propio y con patrocinio letrado del
Dr. ..........................................................................., Abogado, inscripto al Tº
..........................................................................., Fº
........................................................................... del C
..........................................................................., (Legajo Prev.
..........................................................................., CUIT.:
..........................................................................., IVA: Resp. Monotr,), manteniendo domicilio
procesal y electrónico en autos: "..........................................................................." Expte n°
........................................................................... a V.E. respetuosamente decimos:

I.- ACUERDO
Que las partes que suscriben el presente, venimos a formular acuerdo conciliatorio de
acuerdo a lo normado en el art. 25 de la Ley Provincial Nº 11.653, conforme las siguientes
cláusulas:

PRIMERA
........................................................................... (en adelante EL ACTOR), reajusta el monto
de su pretensión por accidente laboral en virtud de la incapacidad fijada en un
...........................................................................% de la t.o. en la cantidad de Pesos
................................................... ($ .............................................................-) .

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SEGUNDA
La ART demandada ..........................................................................., sin reconocer hechos
ni derecho alguno y al sólo efecto transaccional a fin de dar por abonadas únicamente las
prestaciones dinerarias derivadas de la Ley Nacional N° 24.557 que es lo que contra ella se ha
reclamado en los autos de referencia, acepta el reajuste de la pretensión detallada en la cláusula
primera, y abonará el importe total único y definitivo por el accidente de trabajo de $
........................................................................... en un solo pago en concepto de capital e
intereses respecto del accidente de trabajo. Así, dicha suma será abonada a los treinta (30) días
contados a partir del día siguiente de notificada mediante cédula la sentencia que homologue
el presente Acuerdo; mediante depósito judicial en la Cuenta que a tal fin se abrirá en el Banco
de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Sucursal Tribunales, Bahía Blanca, con imputación a estos
autos y a la orden del Tribunal.

Las partes manifiestan que, el presente acuerdo y la totalidad de las obligaciones asumidas
en él, se encuentran sujetos a condición de que él mismo sea homologado judicialmente y se
deja expresamente sentado que en el supuesto de no homologación del presente, los autos
seguirán según su estado y los términos del acuerdo, de manera alguna podrán ser invocados
y/o tenidos como antecedentes a los fines de la dilucidación de la acción por accidente de
trabajo.

La actora considera la suma a abonar como una justa composición de su reclamo por la
incapacidad laboral, por ello la acepta tanto el monto como su modalidad de pago.

TERCERA
La demandada ........................................................................... asume el pago de los
honorarios de los peritos, honorarios y aportes correspondientes a la asistencia letrada de la
actora, en proporción al capital aportado los cuales serán abonados en los mismos plazos que
el capital, reconociendo como honorarios del Abogado
..........................................................................., el veinte por ciento (20%) del monto del
acuerdo transaccional, los que serán a cargo de ...................................... ART S.A. en la suma
pesos ........................................... ($ ...............................), con más el adicional de ley, dicha
suma será abonada a los treinta días (30) días contados a partir del día siguiente de notificada
mediante cédula la sentencia que homologue el presente Acuerdo mediante depósito en la
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cuenta judicial que al efecto se procederá a abrir, a la orden de este Tribunal.

CUARTA
Una vez acreditado el depósito de la suma de dinero referida en la cláusula segunda, EL
ACTOR nada más tendrá que reclamar por ningún concepto proveniente del accidente laboral
discutido en autos a .............................................., liberándola de toda obligación.

Asimismo se menciona que contra la patronal -el codemandado Sr.

........................................................................... - EL ACTOR seguirá con todos los rubros
reclamados en conceptos de indemnización por los daños y perjuicios/acción civil sin perjuicio
de que en una potencial sentencia se descuenten los montos aquí acordados.

QUINTA
...................... se hará cargo de los honorarios y aportes de su propia asistencia letrada,
solicitando que los honorarios de la Dra. ....................... se regulen en el mínimo legal.

SEXTA
Las partes solicitan la exención del pago de la tasa de justicia y de la sobretasa.

II.- PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto a V.S. solicitamos:

a) Homologue en la forma de estilo el acuerdo arribado respecto a la incapacidad laboral.

b) Se proceda a la apertura de la cuenta judicial en el Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

Sucursal Tribunales de Bahía Blanca; y

Tener presente y proveer de conformidad, que

SERÁ JUSTICIA

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ACUERDO MINISTERIO DE TRABAJO. BUENOS AIRES

En la ciudad de ........................................................................... a los

........................................................................... días del mes de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., por una parte el Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI nº
..........................................................................., constituyendo domicilio en calle
........................................................................... de la ciudad de
..........................................................................., y por la otra, el Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI n°
..........................................................................., en representación de
........................................................................... constituyendo domicilio en la calle
........................................................................... de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, deciden firmar
el presente acuerdo sobre los siguientes rubros:

1) Que el Sr. ........................................................................... trabajó para el Sr.

........................................................................... en el local comercial cuyo nombre de fantasía
es ........................................................................... realizando tareas de
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... a
........................................................................... hs, desde el período que va del
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... al
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
............................................................................

2) Que el día ........................................................................... del mes de

........................................................................... del año
..........................................................................., el Sr.
........................................................................... envió el telegrama laboral n°

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........................................................................... de fecha
........................................................................... donde manifiesta expresamente su renuncia a
continuar en el trabajo detallado ut supra.

3) Que el Sr. ........................................................................... manifiesta expresamente su

conocimiento que, ante la renuncia, no le corresponden las indemnizaciones de ley tales como
sustitutiva del preaviso e indemnización por antigüedad (art. 245 Ley 20.744).

4) Que el Sr. ........................................................................... reclama la suma de $

........................................................................... por días trabajados, aguinaldo proporcional,
vacaciones proporcionales y diferencias de haberes.

5) Que sin reconocer hechos ni derechos y al solo efecto transaccional, el Sr.

........................................................................... ofrece abonar en este acto la suma de $
........................................................................... por los conceptos referidos en el punto
anterior.

6) Que el Sr. ........................................................................... acepta dicha suma

manifestando que nada más tiene que reclamar respecto a la relación laboral que lo unió con el
Sr. ..........................................................................., renunciando a cualquier reclamo futuro en
concepto de indemnización por antigüedad, preaviso, diferencias de haberes, horas extras,
aguinaldo proporcional, vacaciones proporcionales, adicionales de ley y cualquier otro rubro
que pudo haberse generado por algún vínculo de tipo laboral con el Sr.
............................................................................ Asimismo manifiesta que nada tendrá que
reclamar bajo ningún concepto, razón o título emergente de la relación que lo unía con el Sr.
............................................................................

7) Que en este acto, el Sr. ........................................................................... entrega al Sr.

........................................................................... la cantidad de PESOS
........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................) valiendo la presente como total recibo y
cancelación de cualquier deuda con causa en crédito laboral a favor del Sr.
............................................................................
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8) En este acto las partes manifiestan estar dispuestas y conformes con los términos del
presente acuerdo transaccional, por cuanto entienden que la única solución que cabe es la
conciliatoria en los términos expuestos, lo que no podría lograrse si no cedieran en sus
respectivas pretensiones, principios y posiciones fundamentadas, los cuales podrían hacer valer
o no en una instancia judicial. Razón por la cual declaran que han alcanzado -en la inteligencia
de las mismas- una justa composición de los derechos e intereses en juego en los términos del
artículo 15 de la Ley nº 20744, y que en el acuerdo de marras se observan fielmente los
principios legales enunciados, por lo que en consecuencia solicitan conjuntamente al SEÑOR
DELEGADO REGIONAL DEL MINISTERIO DEL TRABAJO SU HOMOLOGACIÓN.

No siendo para más, se dio por finalizado el acto, previa ratificación y lectura de lo actuado,
firmando los comparecientes.

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CONTRATO A PLAZO FIJO

Entre ..........................................................................., con domicilio en

........................................................................... por una parte en su carácter de "empleador" y
el Sr. ........................................................................... de nacionalidad
..........................................................................., de estado civil
..........................................................................., con DNI Nº
..........................................................................., CUIL Nº
..........................................................................., domiciliado en la calle
........................................................................... en el carácter de empleado, convienen celebrar
el presente Contrato de Trabajo a Plazo Fijo, que se regirá por las siguientes cláusulas:

PRIMERA
El empleado ........................................................................... prestará servicios en el
establecimiento ubicado en la calle ........................................................................... a partir del
día ........................................................................... del mes
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... horas
........................................................................... a
..........................................................................., horas hasta el
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... (art. 93 L.C.T.) El salario que percibirá el
empleado será de $ ...........................................................................

SEGUNDA
El empleador declara que esta contratación por plazo fijo se fundamenta en
........................................................................... (indicar las causas objetivas que justifican ese
tipo de contratación, de acuerdo con lo que dispone el at. 90, inc. b. L.C.T.), lo que el empleado
conoce.

Se firman dos ejemplares de un mismo tenor y a un solo efecto en

........................................................................... a los

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........................................................................... días
........................................................................... del mes de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Firma de las partes.

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CONVENIO ANTE EL SECLO

En la Ciudad de Buenos Aires a los ........................................................................... días del

mes de ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... siendo las
........................................................................... horas comparecen ante el servicio de
Conciliación Obligatoria del Ministerio de Trabajo Empleo y Formación de Recursos
Humanos, ante el funcionario interviniente el Sr.
........................................................................... en su carácter de Administrador del
CONSORCIO DE PROPIETARIOS DE ...........................................................................
personería que acredita mediante la copia simple del Acta Protocolizada de nombramiento
pasada al Folio ..........................................................................., de fecha
..........................................................................., declarando bajo juramento la autenticidad y
vigencia del mismo, con domicilio en ...........................................................................
CAPITAL FEDERAL, por una parte; y por la otra el Sr.
........................................................................... D.N.I.
...........................................................................CUIL 20-
........................................................................... con domicilio en la calle
........................................................................... PORTERÍA, CAPITAL FEDERAL, en
adelante denominado "EL TRABAJADOR", con el patrocinio letrado del Dr.
........................................................................... T
........................................................................... F
........................................................................... - C.S.J.N., ambas partes establecen y
convienen lo siguiente:

Declarado abierto el acto por el Funcionario Actuante, las partes expresan:

1) Que el trabajador ingresó a trabajar para el CONSORCIO DE PROPIETARIOS DE

........................................................................... el
........................................................................... con categoría "VIGILADOR NOCTURNO
SIN VIVIENDA PRIMERA CATEGORIA" percibiendo una remuneración mensual de $
........................................................................... en bruto y que hasta la fecha percibió todos los
haberes normales de ley, entendiéndose por tales los consignados en los recibos de haberes
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extendidos por su Empleador conforme lo dispuesto por el art. 138 y concordantes de la Ley
de Contrato de Trabajo.

2) Que las partes deciden resolver el presente contrato de trabajo por voluntad concurrente
de las mismas de conformidad a lo establecido por el art. 241 y conc. de la L.C.T.

3) Las partes deciden conciliar en la sede del Servicio de Conciliación obligatoria del
Ministerio de Trabajo Empleo y Formación de Recursos Humanos judicial y la parte
empleadora, sin reconocer hechos ni derecho, y al sólo efecto conciliatorio, ofrece abonar "por
todo concepto indemnizatorio y remuneratorio" la suma total de $
........................................................................... en las siguientes condiciones: a.- la suma de
........................................................................... efectivo en este acto, sirviendo el presente de
suficiente recibo y eficaz carta de pago; y b.- El saldo, o sea la suma de $
........................................................................... en diez cheques de pago diferido
correspondientes a la CUENTA CORRIENTE n°
..........................................................................., de titularidad del empleador abierta en el
BANKBOSTON NA SUCURSAL BELGRANO, DOMICILIO DE PAGO:
..........................................................................., CAPITAL FEDERAL.

4) Los diez (10) cheques son los siguientes n°

........................................................................... al
........................................................................... inclusive por la suma de $
........................................................................... cada uno, fecha de libramiento:
........................................................................... con vtos. el
........................................................................... y así consecutiva e ininterrumpidamente hasta
el ........................................................................... inclusive.

5) El empleado presta conformidad con la misma manifestando que una vez percibida la
suma total nada más tendrá que reclamar por ningún concepto respecto a la relación laboral
que los uniera la que es imputable a todo concepto indemnizatorio.

6) En este acto el Sr. ........................................................................... percibe la suma de $

........................................................................... (pesos
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...........................................................................) en dinero en efectivo en este acto conforme,

sirviendo el presente de suficiente recibo y eficaz carta de pago.

7) Asimismo, en este acto el Sr. ........................................................................... recibe los

diez (10) cheques n° ........................................................................... enumerados en la cláusula
4° de este convenio sirviendo también el presente de suficiente recibo de los mismos. El pago
del saldo convenido implicará la cancelación de la deuda por todo concepto indemnizatorio y
remuneratorio.

El Funcionario actuante deja constancia que se ha explicado a las partes los alcances del
acto, que el trabajador ha obrado con discernimiento y libertad al celebrar este acuerdo, con
patrocinio letrado y que se han brindado las aclaraciones solicitadas sobre el significado del
acuerdo.

Con lo que terminó el acto, firmando los comparecientes previa lectura y ratificación por
ante el Funcionario actuante que certifica.

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PRESENTAN CONVENIO CONCILIATORIO. PIDEN HOMOLOGACIÓN

Excmo. Tribunal de Trabajo:

........................................................................... por derecho propio, con el patrocinio de la

Dra. ..........................................................................., Abogada (Tº
........................................................................... Fº
........................................................................... Colegio de Abogados de
...........................................................................), como demandado, constituyendo domicilio
procesal en calle ........................................................................... de la ciudad de
........................................................................... y el electrónico en
........................................................................... @notificaciones.scba.gov.ar, tel.cel:
........................................................................... y
..........................................................................., por derecho propio, con el patrocinio letrado
de la Dra. ...........................................................................
........................................................................... (tº
........................................................................... fº
........................................................................... Colegio de abogados de
..........................................................................., legajo previsional nº
..........................................................................., CUIT e ING. BRUTOS nº
..........................................................................., Monotribuista), con domicilio procesal
constituido en calle ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... y domicilio electrónico en
........................................................................... @notificaciones.scba.gov.ar, tel.cel
........................................................................... en los autos caratulados
"..........................................................................." a V.E. decimos:

I.- Que venimos a presentarnos en autos y a acompañar el presente convenio conforme los
puntos subsiguientes:

II.- Conforme surge de la documentación y cartas documento obrantes en autos, los

reclamos solicitados por la actora y el tipo de contrato laboral se encuentran negados. En virtud
de ello y teniendo en cuenta las dificultades probatorias que podría tener el actor durante el
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desarrollo del presente proceso, las partes hemos convenido poner fin a la controversia que dio
lugar a estos autos mediante un acuerdo conciliatorio (art. 25 ley 11.653) en los términos que
a continuación desarrollamos:

PRIMERO
La actora reajusta los términos de la demanda a un total de
........................................................................... ($
........................................................................... -), considerando satisfechas todas sus
pretensiones con el pago de dicha cantidad de parte de la demandada, no teniendo nada más
que reclamarle a ........................................................................... ni por depreciación monetaria
ni por intereses.

SEGUNDO
Que en virtud del reajuste de la pretensión, sin reconocer los hechos ni el derecho invocado
en la demanda y al solo efecto conciliatorio, la demandada ofrece abonarle a la actora el
importe de ........................................................................... ($
........................................................................... -) pagaderos en
...........................................................................
(...........................................................................) cuotas consecutivas de PESOS
........................................................................... cada una cuyas vencimientos operaran el
...........................................................................

TERCERO
La actora acepta el importe y la modalidad de pago ofrecida por la demandada en la cláusula
anterior, manifestando las partes que con esta conciliación quedan resueltas todas las
cuestiones derivadas de la relación laboral, no teniendo nada más para reclamarse. La falta de
pago producirá la mora automática y la caducidad del plazo, quedando facultada la actora para
reclamar a la demandada la totalidad del saldo adeudado, con más los intereses a la tasa legal
devengados a partir de la mora, mediante el procedimiento de ejecución de sentencia.

CUARTO
La Dra. ........................................................................... acuerda el valor de sus honorarios

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en la suma de PESOS ........................................................................... ($

...........................................................................-) que serán a cargo del demandado, acordando
como forma de pago ........................................................................... cuotas iguales y
consecutivas de PESOS ........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) a vencer a igual fecha que las primeras tres
cuotas del capital.

QUINTO
Las partes solicitan que se exima al demandado del pago de la tasa de justicia, que se
homologue el presente convenio conciliatorio (art. 25 ley 11.653) y que se disponga la apertura
de cuenta judicial a efectos del pago convenido.

PETITORIO
1. Se tenga por presentado al demandado de estos autos, con los domicilios denunciados
constituidos y por abonado el bono y jus acompañado en anterior presentación.

2. Se tenga presente el acuerdo arribado, y oportunamente se homologue.

Proveer de conformidad,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CARTA PODER

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CARTA PODER (PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES)

En la ciudad de ..........................................................................., a los

........................................................................... días del mes de
........................................................................... del año dos mil
..........................................................................., comparece por ante éste Tribunal del Trabajo
el sr. ........................................................................... D.N.I.
..........................................................................., argentino, desempleado, nacido el
..........................................................................., de estado civil
..........................................................................., con domicilio en calle
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., quien haciendo uso de la facultad que le
confiere la ley provincial 11.653, otorga PODER ESPECIAL a favor de los Abogados
........................................................................... (tº
........................................................................... fº
...........................................................................
...........................................................................) y
........................................................................... (T°
........................................................................... F°
...........................................................................
...........................................................................) para que en su nombre y representación
promuevan y prosigan hasta su total terminación, juicio contra
........................................................................... con domicilio en
........................................................................... de la ciudad
..........................................................................., por cobro de diferencias salariales, multa y
sanciones por falta de entrega del certificado de servicios y remuneraciones (art. 80 LCT),
indemnización por despido, preaviso, vacaciones, indemnizaciones previstas en los arts. 1 y 2
Ley 25.323, arts. 43, 44 y 45 Ley 25.345, y/o cualquier otro crédito de origen laboral que
pudiera corresponderle, en todos los casos con más sus intereses a tasa activa del Banco de la
Provincia de Buenos Aires. A tal efecto, lo faculta para que se presente ante las autoridades
judiciales o administrativas nacionales y/o provinciales de cualquier fuero o jurisdicción, con
escritos, demandas, contrademandas, testigos y cuanta más pruebas y justificativos considere
necesarios; recuse con o sin causa; cobre o perciba; preste juramentos o cauciones juratoria;
tache testigos; diga de nulidad; prorrogue o decline jurisdicción; asista a juicios y comparendos
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verbales; interponga toda clase de recursos y excepciones legales; pida embargos,

desembargos, excepciones y sus levantamientos; solicite la venta de los bienes de los deudores;
proponga o soliciten nombramiento de martilleros y toda clase de peritos; reconvenga o
conteste reconvenciones; oponga y conteste excepciones; ponga y absuelva posiciones;
interponga recursos y desista de ellos; transe, concilie, desista, formule arreglos, conceda
remisiones, quitas y esperas, de recibos y carta de pago; y asimismo para que practique cuantos
más actos y gestiones fueren necesarios para el mejor desempeño de este mandato, que podrán
sustituir. Con lo que terminó el acto; previa lectura y ratificación, la firma el compareciente,
por ante mí, que certifico.

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CARTAS DOCUMENTO Y TELEGRAMAS USUALES

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CARTA DOCUMENTO INTIMANDO PRESENTACIÓN A TRABAJAR

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Por la presente, atento la falta injustificada de su parte a presentarse a trabajar por más de
tres días consecutivos, intimo plazo 48hs se apersone a su puesto laboral bajo apercibimiento
de considerarlo en situación de abandono de trabajo y dar por extinguido el contrato laboral
que nos une, ello conforme el art. 244 LCT.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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CARTA DOCUMENTO PREAVISO ART. 94

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Por medio de la presente, y conforme el art. 94 de la LCT, cumplo en preavisarle que, el

contrato laboral a plazo fijo firmado con usted el día
..........................................................................., finalizará y se extinguirá el día
........................................................................... no teniendo esta parte intención de renovar la
relación laboral que nos une. Cumplida la fecha nombrada tendrá la liquidación final a su
disposición en el plazo de ley.

QUEDA UD. DEBIDAMENTE NOTIFICADO

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CARTA DOCUMENTO RECHAZANDO ACCIDENTE

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Por medio de la presente desconozco y rechazo por falaz y maliciosa su CD n°

...........................................................................

Rechazo que exista alguna relación laboral que nos una y que le genere derecho alguno a
reclamar con base en algún accidente laboral que usted dice haber sufrido.

Ni tan siquiera nos une una relación de origen contractual ya que, es únicamente con el Sr.
........................................................................... con quien mantengo una relación contractual
ocasional ya que fue quien ...........................................................................

En este sentido es a dicha persona a quien debiera inclinar su reclamo ya que nunca contraté
de ninguna forma con usted.

Así las cosas, rechazo tener algún tipo de culpa y/o responsabilidad de tipo contractual y/o
laboral.

Lo intimo se abstenga de continuar con sus reclamos infundados bajo apercibimiento de

iniciar las acciones legales en su contra y en contra del Sr.
........................................................................... por no cumplir con la normativa vigente para
sus tareas.

QUEDA UD. DEBIDAMENTE NOTIFICADO

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CARTA DOCUMENTO RECHAZANDO RECLAMO

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

En respuesta a su CD ........................................................................... rechazo la misma por

falaz y maliciosa. Niego adeudarle a usted o a su hermano la suma de $
........................................................................... en concepto de indemnización por
fallecimiento de vuestro padre, así como por los demás rubros por usted solicitados.

Como es de vuestro conocimiento, la Sra. ...........................................................................

con fecha ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... cobró todos los rubros por ustedes intimados.

Conforme el art. 248 de la LCT, ante el fallecimiento del trabajador, las personas
enumeradas en el art. 38 de la ley 18.037 tendrán derecho a la liquidación detallada conforme
el orden de prelación allí establecido.

En tal sentido, vuestra madre era la única legitimada a solicitar las indemnizaciones y a
cobrarlas y así fue efectuado.

Así las cosas, intimo absténganse de seguir con sus reclamos infundados bajo
apercibimiento de iniciar las acciones judiciales pertinentes.

A todo evento, constituyo domicilio en el estudio jurídico de mi letrado patrocinante Dr.

...........................................................................

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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TELEGRAMA AFIP

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

En los términos de la Ley 25.345 artículo 47, 23.789 artículo 2 inciso d) y 24.013 artículo
11 inciso b) comunico a AFIP del reclamo cursado a
........................................................................... y a
........................................................................... con domicilio laboral en
........................................................................... de la ciudad de
..........................................................................., del siguiente texto: "(copiar texto del tcl
intimando correcta registración)"

Queda Ud. notificado.

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TELEGRAMA ART POR PRESTACIONES

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Por medio de la presente impugno el alta médica otorgada por ustedes. En primer lugar la
misma tiene un error formal como es la fecha errónea de alta, figurando en el acta el día de
asistencia ........................................................................... cuando dicha fecha aún no llegó.
Seguidamente, en motivo de consulta fue designado como intercurrencia cuando en realidad
fue un accidente de trabajo, ello conforme fue denunciado oportunamente en vuestras oficinas.

Finalmente, se establece el fin de las prestaciones desde el

........................................................................... con el fundamento rechazo parcial, dicho tipo
de rechazo no existe en nuestra legislación. Por otro lado, desde el momento en que
comenzaron a otorgarse las prestaciones no pueden luego rechazar el siniestro, ello va en contra
de la teoría de los propios actos.

Subsidiariamente rechazo el alta laboral, ello por cuanto continúo con fuertes dolores en
........................................................................... y con la inmovilidad total del mismo. No es
cierto que mi problema sea congénito e inculpable, el daño
........................................................................... se produjo en ocasión de mi trabajo cuando
........................................................................... y dicho dolor me continúa al día de hoy con el
agravado de la inmovilidad del mismo.

Así las cosas, intimo plazo 48hs rectifiquen el alta médica y vuelvan a otorgarme las
prestaciones que por ley me corresponden, procediendo a la cirugía necesaria para recuperar
mi salud.

QUEDAN UDS DEBIDAMENTE NOTIFICADOS

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TELEGRAMA INFORMANDO LICENCIA POR ENFERMEDAD

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Conforme certificado médico extendido en el día de la fecha por el Dr.

........................................................................... (M.P.
........................................................................... - Especialista en
...........................................................................) que textualmente dice:
"..........................................................................." cuyo copia se presentó en las oficinas de
........................................................................... y cuyo original se encuentra a su disposición
en las oficinas de mi letrado (Dr. ...........................................................................) sita en calle
........................................................................... de la ciudad de
........................................................................... comunico a ustedes que me continúo en
licencia por enfermedad por el plazo indicado por el facultativo.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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TELEGRAMA INTIMANDO RATIFIQUE O RECTIFIQUE DESPIDO

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Atento tareas cumplidas a sus órdenes intimo plazo de 48 horas, ratifique o rectifique el
despido verbal efectuado. Asimismo intimo igual plazo abone salario acorde a las tareas que
ejecuto a vuestro servicio de acuerdo a la categoría
........................................................................... del CCT
..........................................................................., abone diferencias salariales por todo el
período no prescripto según escala salarial para dicha categoría aplicable al caso, diferencias
de SAC por el período no prescripto, diferencias de vacaciones, adicionales no remunerativos,
presentismos no abonados, vacaciones debidas, etc. De igual manera intimo igual plazo realice
los aportes según salario efectivamente abonado y salario declarado en ANSeS.

Todo ello bajo apercibimiento de considerarme despedido indirectamente por injuria moral
y económica.

Hago uso de mi derecho de retención de tareas hasta tanto Ud. cumpla con sus obligaciones
laborales conforme la ley.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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TELEGRAMA RECHAZA RESPUESTA Y DESPIDO INDIRECTO

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Rechazo por falaz e improcedente su CD ...........................................................................,

ratifico todos los términos de mi anterior misiva. En consecuencia me considero injuriado
moral y económicamente, y en tal sentido en situación de despido indirecto. Intimo plazo 48hs,
abonen indemnización por despido, diferencias salariales por todo el período no prescripto
según escala salarial aplicable a las labores realizadas, horas extras, SAC por el período no
prescripto, vacaciones debidas, sueldo anual complementario sobre vacaciones, asignaciones
familiares, etc. Intimo idéntico plazo entreguen certificado de remuneraciones y servicios que
contenga el correcto importe de las remuneraciones y sueldo anual complementario que debí
percibir conforme a la categoría laboral en la que me desempeñara desde mi ingreso a sus
servicios, debiendo ingresar asimismo los fondos de seguridad social omitidos, entregándome
constancia documentada de ello, todo ello bajo apercibimiento de las sanciones previstas en
los artículos 80 y 132 bis de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo. Vista la defectuosa registración de
la relación laboral, intimo por idéntico plazo me abonen el incremento indemnizatorio previsto
en el art. 1ª de la Ley 25.323. Para el caso en que no fueren satisfechas mis pretensiones en
tiempo y forma reclamaré judicialmente asimismo la demás indemnizaciones prevista en la ley
citada.

QUEDA UD. NOTIFICADO

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TELEGRAMA RECHAZA SUSPENSIÓN COVID

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Por medio de la presente, intimo a Uds. plazo 48hs dejen sin efecto la suspensión ordenada
desde el ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... al
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
............................................................................ Asimismo, intimo igual plazo a que, al
momento de liquidar mi salario mensual abone todos los días de trabajo así como el
presentismo atento que mis ausencias fueron debidamente justificadas.

Es que la suspensión por ustedes ordenadas es incausada por ser contraria a la legislación
local de emergencia vigente.

Como es de vuestro conocimiento, mis tareas se brindan exclusivamente para el sector de

servicios financieros y cobro de entidades mutuales, me encargaba de cobrar impuestos y/o
servicios, es decir actividad completamente ajena al sistema alimenticio principal de la
empleadora.

La actividad principal de la ........................................................................... son las propias

de un supermercado relacionado con la industria alimenticia (actividad que sí estaba excluida
del aislamiento social y obligatorio). Por el contrario, la
........................................................................... también realiza actividades secundarias de
orden financiero al aceptar depósitos de ahorro y cuentas de sus asociados, ésta actividad no
estaba excluida del aislamiento social y obligatorio por no tener ningún tipo de vinculación
con la cadena de producción y distribución alimentaria. Y es en esta actividad secundaria donde
desempeño mis funciones.

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Es por ello que, al momento de decretarse el aislamiento social y obligatorio, mis tareas no
estaban excluidas del mismo y era mi obligación no asistir a mi puesto de trabajo así como la
obligación de mi empleadora abonarme igualmente el salario correspondiente.

Recién con fecha 20 de abril de 2020 se habilitaron como excluidas del régimen de
cuarentena a las actividades financieras, como lo son cobro de impuestos y servicios de manera
presencial, y es allí cuando vuelve a nacer mi obligación de prestar tareas.

Así las cosas, mis ausencias fueron justificadas por el decreto que ordenó el aislamiento
social y obligatorio así como por sus modificatorias, mientras que la suspensión por ustedes
ordenada lo fue de manera incausada.

Por todo lo antedicho es que intimo a Ud. a que procedan a rectificar la sanción de
suspensión, dejándola sin efecto y procedan a liquidar mi salario conforme a derecho. Caso
contrario me veré obligada a iniciar las denuncias administrativas pertinentes ante el Ministerio
de Trabajo de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

Firma

Aclaración

DNI

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TELEGRAMA RECLAMANDO CERTIFICACIONES POR DESPIDO

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Atento tareas realizadas a su cargo como ........................................................................... en

..........................................................................., desde
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... a
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., fecha en el que me despide verbalmente, y no
habiéndome abonado los indemnizaciones de ley. Intimo plazo 48hs, abonen indemnización
por despido, preaviso, diferencias salariales por todo el período no prescripto según escala
salarial aplicable a las labores realizadas, horas extras, SAC por el período no prescripto,
vacaciones debidas, sueldo anual complementario sobre vacaciones, asignaciones familiares,
etc.

Intimo idéntico plazo entregue certificado de remuneraciones y servicios que contenga el

correcto importe de las remuneraciones y sueldo anual complementario que debí percibir
conforme a la categoría laboral en la que me desempeñara desde mi ingreso a sus servicios,
debiendo ingresar asimismo los fondos de seguridad social omitidos, entregándome constancia
documentada de ello, todo ello bajo apercibimiento de las sanciones previstas en los artículos
80 y 132 bis de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo. Vista la defectuosa registración de la relación
laboral, intimo por idéntico plazo me abonen el incremento indemnizatorio previsto en el art.
1ª de la Ley 25.323. Para el caso en que no fueren satisfechas mis pretensiones en tiempo y
forma reclamaré judicialmente asimismo la demás indemnizaciones prevista en la ley citada.

QUEDA UD. NOTIFICADO

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TELEGRAMA RECLAMANDO DIFERENCIA DE HABERES

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Atento tareas cumplidas a sus órdenes como

..........................................................................., categoría
........................................................................... abonen diferencias salariales por todo el
período no prescripto, diferencias SAC por el período no prescripto, diferencias vacaciones
debidas, diferencias sueldo anual complementario sobre vacaciones, horas extras. Todo ello de
acuerdo al verdadero salario que debía corresponderme según
........................................................................... y la verdadera cantidad de horas trabajadas en
vuestras empresas a tiempo completo (más de 48hs semanales).

Intimo idéntico plazo entreguen certificado de remuneraciones y servicios que contenga el

correcto importe de las remuneraciones y sueldo anual complementario que percibía conforme
a la categoría laboral en la que me desempeñara desde mi ingreso a sus servicios, debiendo
ingresar asimismo los fondos de seguridad social omitidos, entregándome constancia
documentada de ello, todo ello bajo apercibimiento de las sanciones previstas en los artículos
80 y 132 bis de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo.

Vista la defectuosa registración de la relación laboral, intimo por idéntico plazo me abonen
el incremento indemnizatorio previsto en el art. 1ª de la Ley 25.323.

Para el caso en que no fueren satisfechas mis pretensiones en tiempo y forma reclamaré
judicialmente asimismo la demás indemnizaciones prevista en la ley citada.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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TELEGRAMA SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO

(Lugar), ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
...........................................................................

Atento tareas a sus órdenes desde ........................................................................... de

........................................................................... al
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., realizando labores de cuidado y atención de la
señora ..........................................................................., labores de limpieza y de cocina del
lugar, compras de mercadería, entre otras, encuadrando la relación laboral en la categoría
........................................................................... de servicio doméstico (Ley 26.844) con una
carga horaria de ........................................................................... a
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... a
........................................................................... hs, habiendo finalizado la relación laboral que
nos unía por fallecimiento de la señora ...........................................................................
producida el día ........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., intimo plazo
........................................................................... hs abone indemnización art. 46 inc. f Ley
26.844, preaviso, vacaciones debidas, sac debido, diferencias de haberes y horas extras
generadas por todo el período no prescripto, etc. Todo ello bajo apercibimiento de iniciar las
acciones judiciales pertinentes.

QUEDAN UDS. NOTIFICADOS.

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CONSTENTACIONES DE DEMANDA

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CONTESTA DEMANDA. ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO

Excmo. Tribunal:

..........................................................................., abogada, inscripta al Tº

........................................................................... - Fº
........................................................................... del
..........................................................................., Clave Identificatoria Previsional
........................................................................... Ingresos Brutos nro.
..........................................................................., C.U.I.T. nro.
..........................................................................., constituyendo domicilio legal en calle
........................................................................... de esta ciudad y como domicilio electrónico
........................................................................... @notificaciones.scba.gov.ar en los autos
caratulados "..........................................................................." (EXPTE:
...........................................................................) a V.E. respetuosamente me presento y digo:

I.- PERSONERÍA
Como lo acredito con la copia simple que acompaño del poder general judicial, soy
apoderado de ..........................................................................., con domicilio real
..........................................................................., de la Ciudad de
............................................................................ Respecto de dicho testimonio, presto
juramento acerca de su vigencia y fidelidad.

En consecuencia, solicito se sirva tenerme por presentado y por constituido el domicilio

señalado.

II.- OBJETO
En el carácter invocado y siguiendo expresas instrucciones de mi mandante, vengo por el
presente a contestar el traslado cursado en autos, solicitando desde ya el rechazo de la demanda
intentada, en lo que a mi mandante se refiere, con expresa imposición de costas, atento los
argumentos de hecho y derecho que expondré seguidamente.

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III.- OPONE EXCEPCIÓN DE COSA JUZGADA ADMINISTRATIVA

En los términos del art. 2 de la ley 15057 y art. 76 Ley 18.345 y 346 y 347, inc. 6º del
CPCCN vengo a oponer, para ser resuelta como defensa de previo y especial pronunciamiento,
la EXCEPCIÓN DE COSA JUZGADA de V.S. para entender en el presente reclamo.

El SR. ..........................................................................., inició ante Comisiones Medicas el

reclamo administrativo correspondiente para la determinación de la incapacidad con fecha
........................................................................... art. 1 y 2 Ley 27.348.

Que ante el inicio del trámite administrativo, la Comisión Médica dictó Resolución N°
EXPTE SRT ........................................................................... con fecha
..........................................................................., determino que
"..........................................................................."

Que dicho dictamen fue homologado con fecha

...........................................................................

Ante dicha Resolución, el actor nada hizo en los términos del art. 2 Ley 15057 y Ley 27.348.
NO HA RECURRIDO EL DICTAMEN MENCIONADO, conforme el procedimiento
dispuesto en la ley 27.348; en todo caso si el actor no estaba de acuerdo con la resolución debió
RECURRIR dicho dictamen en el plazo de 15 días hábiles, haciendo la presentación ante la
COMISIÓN MÉDICA, quién luego elevaría las actuaciones ante la JUSTICIA LABORAL.

De esta forma, siguiendo los claros lineamientos de la Ley 27.348, Resolución 299/17,
Resolución 899-E/17, se desprende que frente a una resolución de Comisión Médica, "El
trabajador tendrá opción de interponer RECURSO CONTRA lo dispuesto por la comisión
médica jurisdiccional ANTE LA JUSTICIA ORDINARIA DEL FUERO LABORAL de la
jurisdicción provincial o de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, según CORRESPONDA
AL DOMICILIO DE LA COMISIÓN MÉDICA QUE INTERVINO." Art 2 Ley 27.348.

Mientras que la Resolución 298/17, detalla en su art. 16 que Recurso de Apelación. "Los
actos del Titular del Servicio de Homologación de la Comisión Médica, que concluyan el

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procedimiento sin que las partes arriben a un acuerdo, serán susceptibles de los recursos
previstos en el artículo 2° de la Ley Complementaria de la Ley sobre Riesgos del Trabajo.

DENTRO DEL PLAZO DE QUINCE (15) DÍAS de notificado el acto, las partes podrán
interponer dichos recursos ante el Servicio de Homologación.

El recurso deberá presentarse por escrito en sede de la COMISIÓN MÉDICA

INTERVINIENTE, fundado y contener la crítica concreta y razonada de la decisión por la que
se agravia. No bastará remitirse a presentaciones anteriores ni podrá fundar sus pretensiones
en hechos no alegados en la instancia anterior".

De la expresión de agravios se correrá traslado a la contraparte por el plazo de CINCO (5)

días"

La normativa es clara, mediando Resolución de Comisión Médica, solo se podrá interponer

recurso de apelación dentro de los 15 días de notificada, frente aquella Comisión Médica
interviniente. Siendo que el SR. ..........................................................................., no interpuso
recurso de apelación alguno.

Solicito a V.S conforme lo precedentemente trascripto, surge a las claras que existe cosa
juzgada respecto del reclamo que pretende ejercer ahora el actor, procediendo entonces, el
rechazo de la acción contra mi mandante, con expresa imposición de las costas a la parte actora.

Asimismo y ante el improbable caso que V.S. no considere que existe cosa juzgada tal y
como fuera expuesto, debe destacarse que el actor NO ha habilitado la vía en
........................................................................... e incluso la vía intentada no resulta acorde a lo
dispuesto por la ley 27.348, Res. 298/17 y 899-E/17, ya que el acceso a la justicia laboral debe
hacerse de forma RECURSIVA y no plena tal y como pretende el actor.

De tal forma fue resuelto en los autos "Causa N°: 56125/2017 - MIRANDA, SEBASTIÁN
NICOLÁS c/ FEDERACIÓN PATRONAL SEGUROS S.A. s/ACCIDENTE — LEY
ESPECIAL" JNT N° 20-: "...Que tal como surge de las constancias acompañadas a fs. 3/4, el

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Sr. Miranda inició el expediente por "divergencia en la determinación de incapacidad" —no

cuestionado- con fecha 21/03/2017; es decir, cuando en el ámbito de esta Ciudad de Buenos
Aires —al cual acudió el accionante para instar su reclamo administrativo de estar a las piezas
mencionadas— ya se encontraban en vigencia y operatividad los preceptos de procedimiento
de la ley 27348. Que el régimen de la ley 27348 establece una instancia excluyente y obligatoria
para que el trabajador afectado, contando con el debido patrocinio letrado, solicite la
determinación del carácter profesional de su enfermedad o contingencia, la determinación de
su incapacidad y las correspondientes prestaciones dinerarias previstas en la Ley de Riesgos
del Trabajo—; y sólo prevé la actuación judicial posterior en el marco de la vía recursiva, en
tanto "los decisorios que dicten las comisiones médicas jurisdiccionales o la Comisión Médica
Central que no fueren motivo de recurso alguno por las partes así como las resoluciones
homologatorias, pasarán en autoridad de cosa juzgada administrativa en los términos del
artículo 15 de la ley 20.744" (conf. art. 2 ley 27348). Que del expediente administrativo SRT
N°58455/2017 surge que — efectivamente— el Sr. Miranda inició el trámite por "divergencia
en la determinación de la incapacidad" en la fecha antes mencionada y que el 21/04/2017 la
Comisión Médica N° 10 de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires emitió el correspondiente dictamen
médico. Además, el 08/05/2017, el titular del Servicio de Homologación aprobó el
procedimiento llevado a cabo en el expediente y el grado de incapacidad fijado (0%); sin que
se cuestionaran o recurrieran ninguna de las disposiciones en cuestión (ver fs. 71/152), por lo
que adelanto mi opinión la excepción planteada tendrá favorable acogida. Que para arribar a
esta solución, no he soslayado el planteo de inconstitucionalidad formulado por la parte actora
en el escrito de inicio. Nuestro más Alto Tribunal ha postulado mesura en el ejercicio del
control de legalidad difuso por parte de los jueces, ya que es un acto de suma gravedad
institucional, que debe ser conceptualizado como la "última ratio" y demostrarse la lesión con
referencia a las circunstancias concretas de la causa (Fallos 285:322, 258:255, entre otros) ya
que constituye la más delicada de las funciones susceptibles de encomendar a un tribunal de
justicia (Fallos 260:153). Asimismo estimo que el trámite administrativo previo y obligatorio
establecido por la Ley 27.348 no implica contradecir la doctrina establecida por la CSJN en el
caso "Castillo, Ángel c/Cerámica Alberdi del 7.9.04 y "Venialgo, Inocencia c/Mapfre" del
13.3.07, puesto que lo que el Máximo Tribunal consideró irrazonable y por ende,
inconstitucional, fue la decisión legislativa de atribuir competencia a la justicia federal para
resolver las cuestiones vinculadas con la aplicación de la ley 24.557, impidiendo que la justicia
provincial ejerciera su función y desnaturalizando la del juez federal al convertirlo en
magistrado del fuero común. Pero, el nuevo texto del art.46 LRT por la ley 27.348 condiciona
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la aplicación de las nuevas reglas propuestas a la expresa decisión legislativa de cada estado
provincial, con lo que no habría intromisión del legislador nacional en las facultades procesales
propias de las autonomías estaduales y se observa que la derivación es a la justicia local
competente según las leyes locales. Por ende, el aspecto federal cuestionado queda subsanado
con la distribución territorial de competencia y en el conjunto de comisiones médicas existentes
en todo el territorio nacional (Res. SRT Nº326/17). Consecuentemente, no advierto en el caso
de autos que la exigencia formal de transitar una instancia administrativa previa constituya un
obstáculo al acceso a la justicia, ni que exista motivo alguno que justifique declarar la
inconstitucionalidad de la norma, puesto que se encuentra garantizado el acceso a la
jurisdicción, acotado el plazo del trámite instaurado y garantizado el derecho de defensa en
juicio. Por todo lo expuesto y citas que anteceden RESUELVO: 1. Compartir en su totalidad
el dictamen Fiscal de fs. 160/161 el que ha sido incorporado al sistema para su visualización,
al que me remito en honor a la brevedad. 2. Hacer lugar a la excepción de cosa juzgada
interpuesta por la demandada. 3. Costas al accionante vencido (arts. 68 y 69 CPCCN).
Regístrese y notifíquese. Fdo: ANA ALEJANDRA BARILARO JUEZ NACIONAL" (textual,
la negrita me pertenece)

El actor ha iniciado la presente acción judicial reclamando prestaciones dinerarias en base

a la ley 24.557 y sus modificatorias y ley 26.773. Solicitando el cobro de la suma de $
........................................................................... por una incapacidad del
...........................................................................%.

Ahora bien, es dable resaltar que el Sr. ..........................................................................., ha

hecho opción del artículo 4 de la ley 26.773; toda vez que ha cobrado la suma de $
........................................................................... por la incapacidad determinada por Comisión
Médica 132 — ..........................................................................., emitido el
........................................................................... por supuesto accidente de Trabajo de fecha
...........................................................................

Teniendo en cuenta lo normado por el art 4 del anexo I de la ley 27.348 el cual establece
que los actos de homologación asumirán autoridad de cosa juzgada administrativa en los
términos y con los alcances del art. 15 de la ley 20.744 (t.o. 1976), se interpone excepción de
cosa juzgada.
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• Interpone excepción de cosa juzgada

Tal como lo manifestara ut supra, esta parte ya ha cumplido en los términos de la Ley de
riesgo con las prestaciones dinerarias por el supuesto accidente de fecha
...........................................................................

Es decir, mi mandante ya fue condenada por una única prestación.

De no hacer lugar a esta excepción se estaría condenando a mi mandante dos veces por el
mismo hecho.

Situación que generaría un enriquecimiento ilícito por parte de la actora.

Va de suyo que desconocer la virtualidad de cosa juzgada emergente de la referida causa

judicial y de la sentencia genera un verdadero escándalo o inseguridad jurídica, por tanto
solicito a VE tenga a bien rechazar la demanda intentada por la parte actora contra
........................................................................... ART SA, con costas.

En este sentido resulta claro que ello no puede ser admitido por V.E. so riesgo de violentar
el más elemental principio de seguridad jurídica, defensa en juicio, debido proceso y propiedad
de mi representada, amparados por la Constitución Nacional.

Si bien la doctrina exigió durante largos años la existencia de las tres clásicas identidades
(sujeto, objeto y causa) para que prosperara esta defensa de cosa juzgada, no es menos cierto
que "...la ley 22.434 adoptó un criterio amplio, sin exigir una rigurosa coincidencia entre los
elementos de la pretensión que fue objeto de juzgamiento, recogiendo de esa manera el criterio
doctrinario y jurisprudencial según el cual debe reconocerse a los jueces un margen de
discrecionalidad a fin de establecer si los litigios, considerados en su conjunto, son o no
idénticos, contradictorios o susceptibles de coexistir (conf. Fenochietto-Arazzi, 'Código
Procesal...', t. 2, com. art. 347, Nº 26, p. 235; CNCivil, esta sala, c. 191.113, 27/03/96)..." (in
re del 27/2/03 "Barrios, Iris M. c/ Barttfeld, Arnoldo R. y otro s/ daños y perjuicios", CNCivil,

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sala E, publicado en LL del 12/3/03, pág. 13).

El fallo comentado por Eisner (JA.1985,E.P.174) la Cámara Nacional o Civil, Sala A, dijo:
"La defensa de cosa juzgada cumple una función negativa, es decir, evitar la tramitación de un
proceso que versa sobre lo ya juzgado en otro. Pero además el principio de la cosa juzgada
tiene una función positiva que excede el interés privado o dispositivo de los litigantes, y
satisface una finalidad pública de paz social. La cosa juzgada integra la normatividad del
contenido de la sentencia; es decir, la afirmación relativa a la existencia o inexistencia de la
consecuencia jurídica pretendida por una de las partes y expresada en el fallo, con respecto a
todo otro proceso o situación en el cual se cuestiona a la misma consecuencia jurídica.

En virtud de la cosa juzgada no está solamente precluida la facultad de renovar las

cuestiones que fueron planteadas y decisivas, sino también las cuestiones que hubieron podido
plantearse. Abarca no solo los planteos alegados efectivamente en el proceso, sino también
aquellos que debieron haber sido articulados, o sea no solo lo aducido, sino lo aducirle, o mejor
aun lo que debió aducirse.

El fallo comentado alude al contenido de lo que se ha dado en llamar la cosa juzgada

implícita y constituye según Peyrano (JA 1985,E.p.175), la línea predominante que tiende a
concederle a la sentencia firme, alcances menos ceñidos con la economía procesal, y más
congruentes con las nuevas concepciones que ya no miran con prevención a todo cambio que
afecte el tabú del respeto irrestricto a la triple identidad tantas veces defendidas a ultranza, sin
parar mientes en que la institución de la autoridad, la cosa juzgada no es connatural al proceso
civil y por ende debe regularse y entenderse del modo más rendidor el mejor servicio de justicia
(T,.E.).En el mismo sentido, Palacio "Der.Proc.Civ.,TºV,p.515).

Pero además de la violación al derecho constitucional de la defensa en juicio y al debido

proceso legal, la sentencia que viola el principio normativo de la cosa juzgada, incurre a su vez
en una violación al derecho constitucional de la propiedad privada (Art.18 de la C.N:y 16
Const.Prov.).

Tiene dicho la C.S.J.N.: "En efecto propio de la preclusión impedir que se traten
nuevamente cuestiones ya decididas en forma expresa o implícita en el juicio o fuera de él".
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Fallo 296, pág. 643).

El Régimen de la cosa juzgada abarca dos aspectos conexos pero claramente diferenciados:
a) La estabilidad de las decisiones judiciales que es exigencia primaria de seguridad jurídica;
b)El derecho adquirido que corresponde al beneficiario de una sentencia ejecutoriada, derecho
que representa para sustituir una propiedad latu sensu.(Fallos 294-434).

Por su parte, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de Mendoza, ha dicho: "La cosa juzgada
constituye un derecho adquirido para las partes, y como tal, integra el concepto de derecho de
propiedad garantizado por las cartas fundamentales de la Provincia y la Nación. Además
constituye un instituto formal sustancial inspirado en indiscutibles razones de orden público.
(SCMza.Dic.22.9.61.; en LL.109, p. 24, Idem. L.S.178, p. 46, L.S.80, p. 61, L.S.115; 475;
L.S.160-242; 157, p. 450, 174, p.230).

El Dr. Palacio comentando el instituto expresa: "La C.S. ha expresado a través de numerosos
precedentes que el derecho reconocido por una sentencia pasada en autoridad de cosa juzgada,
constituye un bien que queda incorporado al patrimonio del interesado, y del cual no puede ser
privado sin mengua del precepto constitucional que consagra la inviolabilidad de la propiedad.
(Manuel del Der. Proc. Civ. pág. 256).

Se viola la estabilidad de la sentencia y se traduce el decisorio en consecuencia inadmisible,

en tanto que por una simple liquidación se varíe lo decidido expresamente en la sentencia, la
cual ha pasado a cosa juzgada, y con el criterio de la parte accionante, permite entonces una
situación de indefinición permanente.

Cosa Juzgada dentro de un proceso, significa la conclusión de todas las posibilidades de

accionar jurisdiccionalmente en procura del mismo objeto y por la misma causa, por el
principio "non bis in idea", y es pues su principal efecto. Y cuando las leyes procesales del
trabajo asignen efecto de cosa juzgada a los acuerdos conciliatorios homologados, están
señalando, por una parte, que dichos acuerdos tienen la fuente de una sentencia para todos los
aspectos de la elección forzada contra el deudor, y por la otra, posibilitarán al deudor la ulterior
defensa frente a cualquier intento de accionar por los mismos objetos y causas. Equivale pues,
la cosa juzgada, la imposibilidad de ser juzgada nuevamente el caso, y representa el
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agotamiento de toda vía para volver a juzgar las cuestiones que ya fueron decididas.

El Estado es portador de un interés directo en que la actuación de la Ley tenga lugar una
vez sola y para siempre, en cada caso concreto. La reproducción ilimitada de una misma
situación jurídica ante los órganos jurisdiccionales del Estado, atenta contra la posibilidad
material de satisfacer el deber asumido por aquel de prestar la actividad jurisdiccional y por
tanto, de mantener a disposición de los interesados (justiciables), los medios adecuados que
permitan el acceso a aquel servicio. El costo que demandaría la predisposición de medios
jurisdiccionales para atender cada caso, en todas las ilimitadas oportunidades que lo requieran
los interesados, haría imposible la debida prestación del servicio de la justicia. La cosa juzgada
responde a ese interés estatal posibilitando una adecuada prestación de la actividad
jurisdiccional y una equitativa distribución entre los miembros del núcleo social del derecho
de acceder a la justicia.

La preclusión opera de dos formas en relación a la facultad de alegación. Una de ellas es la

que tiene lugar durante el desarrollo de la actividad procesal, estableciendo un límite temporal
al ejercicio de la facultad de introducir razones y pruebas a favor de las pretensiones deducidas
por las partes, en determinado momento procesal "precluye" la facultad de alegación de ciertas
razones y pruebas y quedan fijadas las cuestiones que el órgano judicial debe resolver, esa
facultad no puede ser ejercida en adelante toda vez que se extinguió por agotamiento o por
omisión. La otra modalidad de la preclusión se verifica, precisamente con motivo de la
sentencia definitiva y la extinción de la facultad de impugnación; lo que veda toda posibilidad
de alegar razones contra aquella, brindándole una especie de estabilidad "interna" o "formal"
que se resuelve en la imposibilidad de obtener una nueva decisión sobre cuestiones que tengan
vinculación con el objeto del proceso ya terminado, se produce aquí, el agotamiento o la
extinción de la totalidad de las facultades de alegación, ya que no subsiste resquicio alguno por
el que las partes puedan reabrir el proceso para la decisión de la más mínima cuestión, ha
operado lo que puede llamarse la suma o máxima preclusión.

Además, no escapará al elevado criterio de V.E. que el rechazo de la presente excepción

lesionaría gravemente derechos de mi mandante de indiscutida raigambre constitucional, toda
vez que podría eventualmente resultar condenada mi parte en dos procesos distintos pero
fundados en una misma causa, por un mismo hecho y con relación a un mismo accionante. O
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aún más, podría darse el caso de dos sentencias contradictoria.

Para el hipotético caso de que V.E no hiciere lugar a dicha excepción solicito que al
momento de dictar sentencia se descuenten las sumas actualizadas abonadas al Sr. Acuña.

En esta postura y en defensa de los intereses de la Aseguradora de Riesgos del Trabajo

representada, introduzco el Caso Federal del art. 14 de la ley 48, para el supuesto que el Juzgado
rechazara la defensa opuesta.

IV.- ANÁLISIS DE LAS CUESTIONES PLANTEADAS EN EL ESCRITO DE

DEMANDA
Acciona el SR. ........................................................................... contra
........................................................................... ART S.A. por el cobro de la prestación
dineraria de la Ley 24.557, 26.773 y 27.348, como consecuencia un accidente que habría sido
el ...........................................................................

Al respecto manifiesta que "...........................................................................".

Refiere padecer ...........................................................................

Una vez efectuada la denuncia ante mi mandante por el actor, mi mandante procedió a
atender el episodio agudo.

Fue derivado a los prestadores correspondientes quienes lo atendieron hasta el alta médica.

A fin de que se le determine incapacidad, el actor concurrió ante LA COMISIÓN MÉDICA,

la cual determinó que era portador de incapacidad alguna conforme el baremo de la ley 24.557
del ...........................................................................% y por el cual mi mandate abonaría la
suma de $ ...........................................................................

DICHA RESOLUCIÓN NO FUE RECURRIDA POR EL ACTOR CONFORME LA LEY

27.348, ENCONTRÁNDOSE FIRME, HACIENDO DE COSA JUZGADA
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ADMINISTRATIVA.

Ahora bien, habiendo quedado claramente delimitado el reclamo que se formula, debe
encuadrarse el presente responde teniendo en cuenta tanto la cobertura que otorga el Contrato
de Afiliación suscripto por mi mandante con la empleadora del actor (afiliada), cuanto el
procedimiento y objeto de la propia existencia de la ART marcados por la Ley 24.557, Decretos
Reglamentarios dictados en su consecuencia y Resoluciones de la Superintendencia de Riesgos
del Trabajo, autoridad de aplicación de la normativa y contralor de las Aseguradoras de Riesgos
del Trabajo.

De lo expuesto precedentemente y tal como lo reconoce el propio actor, surge que mi

mandante atendió el mencionado siniestro (no reconocido por esta parte en cuanto a la
mecánica), brindando todas las prestaciones en especie, conforme lo establece la Ley 24.557.

Sin embargo, el actor decidió apartarse del trámite por ante las Comisiones Médicas (no
apeló) e inició la presente acción sosteniendo hallarse incapacitado física y psíquicamente en
un ...........................................................................% de la T.O, lo que desde ya negamos, y
reclama en consecuencia la suma de $ ............................................................................

V.- RECONOCIMIENTO CONTRATO DE AFILIACIÓN. DELIMITA VIGENCIA,

OBJETO Y ÁMBITO DE COBERTURA
Si bien mi parte habrá de reconocer que entre
........................................................................... A.R.T. S.A. y la empleadora de la actora,
........................................................................... se celebró el Contrato de Afiliación Nº
..........................................................................., vigente desde el
........................................................................... hasta
............................................................................

Ahora bien, conforme se acreditará en estos actuados mediante la pericial contable que infra
dejo ofrecida como prueba, de la cláusula PRIMERA de las condiciones particulares de dicho
Contrato de Afiliación, las partes contratantes se sometieron a lo normado por la Ley Nº
24.557, a sus Reglamentaciones, a las disposiciones de dicho contrato y sus anexos y cláusulas
generales y particulares que forman parte integrante del mismo.
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Asimismo, se estableció que -en ningún caso- las condiciones particulares podrían ser
contrarias a lo dispuesto en la normativa precitada y a las cláusulas del contrato de afiliación y
en especial al contrato modelo de afiliación aprobado por la Resolución 39/96 y su
modificatoria 47/96 de la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo, conforme el duplicado
correspondiente a la renovación automática (art. 27, inc. 4 LRT); por lo que no puede sino
concluirse que las obligaciones y derechos de las partes contratantes deberán valorarse dentro
de tal marco normativo (Ley 24.557 y sus decretos reglamentarios, Contrato de Afiliación,
etc.).

Por ello y no obstante el reconocimiento que antecede respecto de la existencia y vigencia

del Contrato de Afiliación celebrado entre mi mandante y la empleadora del actor, considera
mi parte que corresponde puntualizar determinadas circunstancias del reclamo incoado por la
parte actora, a fin de encuadrar debidamente las defensas de mi representada y que a
continuación se desarrollarán.

VI.- MANIFIESTA INEXISTENCIA DE RELACIÓN DE CAUSALIDAD ENTRE EL

ACCIDENTE RELATADO Y LAS SUPUESTAS SECUELAS
Más allá de negar su existencia, en relación a las supuestas secuelas mencionadas por el
actor, y nunca detalladas sucintamente a lo largo de la demanda; mi mandante no pude dejar
de advertir que, en ningún momento, el accionante explicita sus argumentos por los que habría
de reputar las actuales supuestas dolencias, en el caso en que se comprobara su veracidad, como
consecuencias del accidente sufrido.

En cuanto a la aludida relación de causalidad, de acuerdo sus tareas, las misma implican
que deben existir pruebas de orden clínico, patológico, epidemiológico, consideradas aisladas
o concurrentemente, que permitan establecer una asociación CAUSA-EFECTO, entre la
supuesta secuela y el desenvolvimiento de los hechos en torno al accidente.

Es necesario precisar una vez más, que la Aseguradora de Riesgos del Trabajo, incluida en
el esquema de la LRT y, por consiguiente, como parte integrante de un subsistema de la
Seguridad Social, tiene funciones específicas asignadas por la ley 24.557 (art. 26, inc. 3) que
la limitan estrictamente en su objeto y, en consecuencia, sólo puede ser responsable por las
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prestaciones en especie y dinerarias que otorga esta normativa (Capítulo IV y V, arts. 11, 20 y
cc.), pero de ningún modo puede ser citada o emplazada en juicio por pretensiones que excedan
dicho marco, es decir, para responder por una indemnización dentro del ámbito de la ley civil,
marco legal invocado por la contraria.

La aseguradora que represento, en virtud de la ley que resulta aplicable al caso de autos, tan
sólo acepta la cobertura, -de considerarse científicamente que se está ante secuelas derivadas
de una contingencia de carácter laboral -en los términos del Contrato de Afiliación y de los
arts. 1, 49, disposición adicional quinta, inc. 1, de la ley 24.557, es decir, "...Las contingencias
que sean puestas en conocimiento del empleadora con posterioridad a la entrada en vigencia
de esta ley darán derecho únicamente a las prestaciones de la LRT, aun cuando la contingencia
fuera anterior...", de conformidad con la exposición que se ha formulado en los párrafos
precedentes, empero, corresponde insistir, a fuerza de parecer reiterativo, que ha de otorgarse
siguiendo el procedimiento marcado por el régimen actualmente vigente para los daños
derivados del trabajo y no mediante un procedimiento judicial, como el aquí instaurado.

En esta postura y en defensa de los intereses de la Aseguradora de Riesgos del Trabajo

representada, introduzco el Caso Federal del art. 14 de la ley 48, para el supuesto que V. S.
rechazara la defensa de falta de relación de causalidad o juzgara a mi mandante parte
condenándola con desplazamiento del procedimiento de la normativa vigente, es decir la ley
24.557 y sus reglamentaciones.

VII.- OPONE EXCEPCIÓN DE FALTA DE ACCIÓN — CONTESTA PLANTEO DE

INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 24.557 Y/O LEY 26.773 Y/O LEY 27.348
1. CONTESTA PLANTEO DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 24.557

En cuanto al planteo de inconstitucionalidad formulado por el actor mi parte solicita el

rechazo del mismo por improcedente, atento a las consideraciones que se exponen a
continuación:

Resulta importante destacar que toda vez que se impugnó judicialmente la

constitucionalidad de normas legales, la jurisprudencia, respetando el principio de división de
poderes, ha sido uniforme en sostener que "la interpretación de la norma y su aplicación al
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caso, debe ser favorable a su validez, privilegiando la solución que mejor respete la respuesta
dada a la emergencia por el legislador.".

Ello, en la inteligencia de que no incumbe a los jueces en el ejercicio regular de sus

atribuciones, sustituirse a los otros poderes del estado en las funciones que le son propias y que
si así lo hicieran el poder judicial se convertiría en una "superlegislatura" lo cual no es
admisible en un régimen republicano como el que nos rige (CSJN: "Cocchia, Jorge c/Estado
Nacional y otro", 2/12/93, ED 156-321).

En igual sentido nuestra Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido reiteradamente que:

"El interesado en la declaración de inconstitucionalidad de una norma debe demostrar

claramente de qué manera ésta contraría la Constitución Nacional causándole de esa manera
un gravamen, y debe probar, además, que ello ocurre en el caso concreto." (CS, febrero 6-996,
"Caja Complementaria de la Actividad Docente c/Provincia de la Rioja", LL, 1996-D, 256 y
asimismo en Fallos 310:211 y 311:1880).

En el caso de autos el reclamo de inconstitucionalidad planteado representa un ejemplo

paradigmático de planteo infundado e insuficiente en el sentido indicado, ya que en ningún
momento expresa cuáles son los perjuicios concretos que le traería a la accionante la aplicación
de la ley impugnada.

No obstante lo expuesto, el análisis de la inconstitucionalidad planteada deberá ser evaluado

teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias concretas del expediente, las que surgirán una vez
transcurrido el periodo probatorio.

En esta línea, la Suprema Corte provincial, siguiendo la doctrina de la C.S.J.N., ha sostenido

reiteradamente que el principio de división de poderes impuesto por los arts. 1, 44, 87 y 108
de la Constitución Nacional impide que el Poder Judicial invalide genéricamente y en abstracto
las normas dictadas por el Poder Legislativo.

En tal sentido ha sostenido:

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"El control de constitucionalidad en abstracto resulta ajeno al derecho federal argentino,

imposibilitando toda declaración sobre la validez de la norma impugnada en esas condiciones
dentro del marco de un proceso judicial (CS, Agosto 5, 1982 "Eliseix, Juan P. y otros
c/Lazagabaster, Juan P. y otros", Albremática RL 150369).

El actor pretende prescindir -a su exclusiva discreción- de segmentos de la ley que considera

inconvenientes. En este sentido, lo que se intenta en la demanda es un diseño normativo a
medida de las pretensiones del actor.

La materialización de las prestaciones dinerarias previstas en la ley 24557 depende

exclusivamente de la determinación de incapacidad efectuada por las Comisiones Médicas. En
tal sentido, debemos destacar que las resoluciones de estos órganos reviste suma confiabilidad,
atento que la apoyatura científica de sus dictámenes resulta indubitable.

A todo evento, queda claro que un eventual acogimiento a tal planteo, determinará que mi
parte no pueda ser obligada a responder en estos autos, en la inteligencia de que la ley 24.557
es la única fuente de obligaciones de mi mandante y de que la inconstitucionalidad de ésta
norma no le será oponible a los efectos de ampliar su responsabilidad indemnizatoria.

Por las consideraciones expuestas, corresponde rechazar el planteo de inconstitucionalidad

incoado.

a) Constitucionalidad de los arts. 21 y 22 de la LRT

Este planteo, V.S. es a todas luces, abstracto ya que no existe derecho alguno agraviado por
la norma en juego. Por lo que corresponde desestimarlo, sin más.

El procedimiento establecido en la LRT, tiene una fundamentación técnica que la actora no

puede ignorar. En efecto, el Mensaje del Poder Ejecutivo al elevar el proyecto de la ley 24.577
al Poder Legislativo, sostuvo en su parte pertinente:" en orden al procedimiento, la LRT
impone como vía obligatoria dictámenes administrativos, a través del sistema de comisiones

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medicas previsto en el SIJP, reservando la alternativa judicial solo para casos de excepción.
Con este mecanismo se procura reducir costos (utilizando una infraestructura ya creada para
este fin específico), mejorar la calidad técnica de los dictámenes, estandarizar criterios (para
todo el ámbito de la Seguridad Social), agilizar la gestión (cuestión clave a los efectos de la
automaticidad) y liberar a la justicia de una tarea burocrática que obstaculiza su función y
desjerarquiza su rol).

b) Constitucionalidad del Arts. 46 de la LRT

La aplicación del art. 46 ley 24.557 no le provoca perjuicio alguno al actor:

En nuestro sistema de control de constitucionalidad está prohibido solicitar o declarar la

inconstitucionalidad de normas en abstracto, es decir sin que haya un perjuicio concreto que
tenga lugar en el marco de un caso, causa o controversia. Sin tales requisitos, se considera que
el que peticione la declaración de inconstitucionalidad no tiene interés para hacerlo y, dado que
el interés es la medida de la acción, tampoco está facultado por el ordenamiento jurídico para
realizar una solicitud semejante que, como ya vimos, constituye un acto de suma gravedad y
es una última ratio del orden jurídico. En nuestro derecho no puede solicitarse una
inconstitucionalidad por la inconstitucionalidad misma.

Vale decir que para que proceda la declaración de inconstitucionalidad peticionada por la
accionante es necesario que ésta acredite fehacientemente cuál es el perjuicio o gravamen que
le provoca la norma que tacha de inconstitucional.

"La declaración de inconstitucionalidad de una norma es un acto de suma gravedad

institucional que debe ser considerado como última ratio del orden jurídico y procedente en
tanto el interesado demuestre claramente de qué forma aquélla contraría la Constitución
Nacional, causándole un gravamen, y para ello es menester que precise y acredite
fehacientemente en el supuesto concreto el perjuicio que le genera la aplicación del dispositivo,
resultando insuficiente la invocación de agravios meramente conjeturales" (Fallos 328:4282).

"Las declaraciones que excluyen la validez de normas legales en virtud de planteos de

inconstitucionalidad, constituyen la última ratio del orden jurídico y requieren no sólo la
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aserción de existir un agravio, sino su comprobación en el caso concreto" (Fallos 300:1041).

"La declaración de inconstitucionalidad de una disposición legal es acto de suma gravedad

institucional que debe ser considerado como última ratio del orden jurídico. Para su
procedencia requiere que se encuentre cuestionado el reconocimiento de algún derecho
concreto a cuya efectividad obstaren las normas cuya validez se impugna" (Fallos 301:962).

La mera remisión a la jurisprudencia del fuero local o de otras provincias, a normas

provinciales o a un fallo de la CSJN de ningún modo alcanza para dar por probado el perjuicio
que el art. 46 ley 24.557 podría provocarle a la demandante. Tampoco es dable advertir de qué
manera el citado precepto legal podría afectar las garantías y derechos constitucionales que la
parte actora menciona en la demanda. Ello así porque el mismo no provoca privación de justicia
ni afecta las garantías de la defensa en juicio o del debido proceso, ni menoscaba el principio
del juez natural, en tanto que los arts. 21, 22 y 46 de la ley 24.557 están en un todo conformes
con la doctrina de Fallos 247:646 ("Fernández Arias c/ Poggio").

De hecho, el art. 46, al establecer un recurso que permite el control judicial de órganos
administrativos que ejercen funciones jurisdiccionales, tal como ocurre con las Comisiones
Médicas, sustenta la validez constitucional del procedimiento sistémico en tanto y en cuanto
dicho recurso cumple con el requisito que desde el ya citado precedente de Fallos 247:646 se
exige para la validez constitucional del ejercicio de funciones jurisdiccionales en sede
administrativa: el control judicial suficiente.

Conviene repasar los agravios que, de acuerdo a la actora, le provocarían la aplicación del
art. 46 ley 24.557 y contrastarlos con la doctrina emanada de Fallos 247:646 y con las normas
que cita en respaldo de su posición.

La garantía del juez natural, como es sabido, tiene como finalidad evitar la creación de
comisiones especiales con posterioridad al hecho que motiva la actuación judicial, o que un
determinado asunto sea sustraído arbitrariamente de la jurisdicción del juez que debería haber
entendido originalmente en el mismo. Se busca así asegurar la imparcialidad del tribunal
interviniente.

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En ese sentido se ha dicho que "lo que la Constitución repudia, es el intento de privar a un
juez de su jurisdicción en un caso concreto para conferírsela a otro que no la tiene, en forma
tal que por esta vía indirecta se llegue a constituir una verdadera comisión especial disimulada
bajo la calidad de juez permanente de que se pretende investir a un magistrado de ocasión"
(Fallos 329:1245).

"El art. 18 de la Constitución Nacional refiérese al caso de un litigante al que se haya

formado una comisión o se le haya designado un juez especial para que lo juzgue" (Fallos
187:458; 212:11).

"La garantía de los jueces naturales tiene por objeto asegurar a los habitantes del país una
justicia imparcial, a cuyo efecto prohíbe substraer arbitrariamente una causa de la jurisdicción
del juez que continúa teniéndola para casos semejantes, con el fin de atribuirla a uno que no la
tiene, constituyendo así, por vía indirecta, una verdadera comisión especial disimulada" (Fallos
234:482; 236:528; 237:673; 238:141, entre otros).

"La aspiración de contar con una magistratura independiente e imparcial está directamente
relacionada con la consagración constitucional de la garantía del 'juez natural', expresada en la
contundente prohibición de que los habitantes de la Nación puedan ser juzgados por comisiones
especiales o ser sacados de los jueces legítimamente nombrados (art. 18 de la Constitución
Nacional)" (causa R.1309.XLII in re "Rosza, Carlos Alberto y otro s/ recurso de casación",
sentencia del 23 de mayo de 2007).

En ese orden de cosas una copiosa jurisprudencia del máximo tribunal ha afirmado que no
se viola la garantía del juez natural porque se establezca la competencia de unos u otros de los
tribunales permanentes, sean federales o provinciales, o porque ella sea conferida a órganos
administrativos.

"El objeto del art. 18 de la Constitución Nacional es proscribir las leyes ex post facto y los
juicios por comisiones especialmente designadas para el caso, y esa garantía no sufre
menoscabo porque sea uno en vez de otro de los jueces permanentes el que intervenga en la
causa" (Fallos 186:41; 208:225; 220:727; 231:436; entre otros).

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"La garantía de los jueces naturales es ajena a la distribución de la competencia entre los
tribunales del país" (Fallos 234:146; 239:436).

"La garantía constitucional de los jueces naturales es ajena a la distribución de la

jurisdicción entre los jueces permanentes que integran el poder judicial de la Nación y de las
provincias y no sufre menoscabo porque uno u otro de ellos intervenga en la causa con arreglo
a lo que disponga la respectiva legislación" (Fallos 235:284 y 672; 246:121; 249:199; 250:361;
entre otros).

"La garantía de los jueces naturales no resulta afectada en el caso en que se atribuya a
autoridades administrativas, cuyas resoluciones son susceptibles de recurso, el conocimiento
de las causas que tramitaban ante los jueces" (Fallos 242:308; 250:405).

De modo tal que ni el procedimiento ante las Comisiones Médicas ni el recurso previsto
ante la justicia federal vulneran la garantía del juez natural, en los términos y alcance que la
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación le otorga a la misma. En lo que hace a la imparcialidad,
nada ha dicho la accionante que permita desacreditar la imparcialidad y seriedad de los jueces
del fuero federal o de la Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social. La afirmación de que la
aplicación del art. 46 ley 24.557 la priva de acceso a un juez imparcial es, por tanto, dogmática
y carente de fundamentos.

El actor no se hace cargo de que el procedimiento establecido en el art. 46 satisface

plenamente los requisitos del precedente de Fallos 247:646 en cuanto a que el control judicial
instituido en aquella norma es suficiente. En este punto es interesante recordar cuál es el
alcance de la suficiencia del control judicial posterior a una actuación administrativa:

"En una situación jurídica que supone litigios entre particulares atinentes a sus derechos
subjetivos privados (...) control judicial suficiente quiere decir: a) reconocimiento a los
litigantes del derecho a interponer recurso ante los jueces ordinarios; b) negación a los
tribunales administrativos de la potestad de dictar resoluciones finales en cuanto a los hechos
y al derecho controvertidos, con excepción de los supuestos en que, existiendo opción legal,
los interesados hubiesen elegido la vía administrativa, privándose voluntariamente de la
judicial" (Fallos 247:646).
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En el caso de la actora la normativa del sistema de riesgos de trabajo cumple con los dos
requisitos que la doctrina de la Corte Suprema exige. En efecto, claramente el art. 46 de la ley
24.557 establece el derecho de los litigantes a interponer recurso ante el poder judicial contra
el dictamen de la Comisión Médica Central o de una Comisión Médica Jurisdiccional.

Por último, debe tenerse especialmente en cuenta que la norma del art. 46 tiene en cuenta
los intereses del trabajador y mantiene incólumes los principios protectorios que rigen en
materia laboral, al establecer que "[t]odas las medidas de prueba, producidas en cualquier
instancia, tramitarán en la jurisdicción y competencia donde tenga domicilio el trabajador y
serán gratuitas para éste", de modo tal que no le irroga a la actora perjuicio alguno la
competencia de la Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social o de la Comisión Médica Central.

Por lo expuesto, esta parte entiende que la solicitud de inconstitucionalidad del art. 46 ley
24.557 debe desestimarse, conjuntamente con la de las demás disposiciones.

c) Constitucionalidad de los ARTS 21 y 22 de la LRT

Este planteo, V.S. es a todas luces, abstracto ya que no existe derecho alguno agraviado por
la norma en juego. Por lo que corresponde desestimarlo, sin más.

El procedimiento establecido en la LRT, tiene una fundamentación técnica que el actor no

puede ignorar. En efecto, el Mensaje del Poder Ejecutivo al elevar el proyecto de la ley 24.577
al Poder Legislativo, sostuvo en su parte pertinente: " en orden al procedimiento, la LRT
impone como vía obligatoria dictámenes administrativos, a través del sistema de comisiones
medicas previsto en el SIJP, reservando la alternativa judicial solo para casos de excepción.
Con este mecanismo se procura reducir costos (utilizando una infraestructura ya creada para
este fin especifico), mejorar la calidad técnica de los dictámenes, estandarizar criterios (para
todo el ámbito de la Seguridad Social), agilizar la gestión (cuestión clave a los efectos de la
automaticidad) y liberar a la justicia de una tarea burocrática que obstaculiza su función y
desjerarquiza su rol)

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Por otra parte, esos órganos tienen atribuidas ciertas funciones, por su naturaleza técnica.
En cuanto a la atribución de funciones jurisdiccionales a órganos de carácter administrativos,
reiteramos el argumento del Dr. Mairal en cuanto a la atribución de facultades jurisdiccionales
a órganos, expuestas en el INC B) de este mismo pto.

d) Constitucionalidad del art. 6 LRT

En efecto, como ya se señaló mi poderdante ha otorgado cobertura asegurativa a aquellas

contingencias previstas en la ley 24.557, es decir los accidentes de trabajo y las enfermedades
profesionales que se hallan enumeradas en el art. 6to. de la ley 24.557 (siendo, con relación a
las enfermedades, las que se hallan incluidas en el listado aprobado por el Poder Ejecutivo).

Recordemos que siempre con relación a los dependientes de las empresas afiliadas a
GALENO A.R.T. S.A., extremo que no se acredita en autos.

Ahora bien, dicho contrato de afiliación no ampara —como riesgo cubierto- los reclamos
que pudieren realizar los trabajadores en relación de dependencia por afecciones que se
encuentren excluidas de la columna de triple listado que contiene el Decreto 658/96 y Laudo
156/96.

En este sentido, las enfermedades que dice padecer la actora, no están incluidas en el decreto
658/96, es decir no se encuentran incluidas en el Listado de Enfermedades Profesionales
elaborado por el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (Decreto 658/96 y Laudo 156 del 23 de Febrero de
1996 y su Anexo I) para la actividad laboral denunciada -máxime que se niega que exista
relación de causalidad o de asociación entre el presunto agente y la enfermedad (Cfr. Agente;
Enfermedades y Actividades Laborales que pueden generar exposición; Anexo al Laudo
citado).

Asimismo, cabe destacar que la actora tampoco se sometió al procedimiento indicado en el

art.6 inc 2 a los efectos de que las patologías que dice alegar sean consideradas como
profesionales por el órgano administrativo correspondiente (El art 6 inc 2 LRT reza "serán
consideradas enfermedades profesionales aquellas otras que en el caso concreto, la Comisión
Médica Central determine como provocadas por causa directa e inmediata de la ejecución del
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trabajo…"). Ergo, lo que en más la actora cuestiona la constitucionalidad de dicho

procedimiento, siendo en cambio, que mi representada se pronuncia por su validez.

e) Constitucionalidad del ART 46 de la LRT

En primer lugar cabe decir que la actora no invoca un agravio concreto, sino que ataca el
art. 46 de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo en forma genérica.

En el caso de autos, el pedido de declaración de inconstitucionalidad del art. 46 a que se

refiere la parte actora, representa un ejemplo paradigmático de planteo infundado e insuficiente
en el sentido indicado. Obsérvese que la actora no cumple con la carga de expresar cuáles son
los perjuicios concretos que le acarrearía la aplicación de la norma impugnada.

Por otra parte, cabe recordar que la jurisprudencia ha reconocido que la creación de órganos,
procedimientos y jurisdicciones especiales de índole administrativa es compatible con el marco
constitucional, si bien los pronunciamientos de tales órganos deben quedar sujetos a control
judicial suficiente, a fin de impedir que aquellos ejerzan un poder absolutamente discrecional,
sustraído a toda especie de revisión ulterior (conf. Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en
autos: "Fernández Arias, Elena y otros c. Poggio, José (Suc)" del 19/09/1960 publicado LA
LEY Tº 100 pág. 58; Fallos 247:646).

En el caso del procedimiento previsto en la ley 24.557, la posibilidad de ocurrir ante un

órgano jurisdiccional (Juzgados Federales o Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social) a fin de
que efectúe un control judicial suficiente de lo actuado en el ámbito administrativo está
totalmente asegurada por la ley (art. 46), de allí que su constitucionalidad no resulte discutible.

Recordemos que desde el leading case Fernandez Arias C Poggio se entendió que: "El
reconocimiento de facultades jurisdiccionales a órganos administrativos constituye uno de los
modos universales de responder, pragmáticamente, al premioso reclamo de los hechos que
componen la realidad de este tiempo, mucho más vasta y compleja que la que pudieron
imaginar los constituyentes del siglo pasado y se asienta en la idea de que una administración
ágil, eficaz y dotada de competencia amplia es instrumento apto para resguardar, en
determinados aspectos, fundamentales intereses colectivos de contenido económico y social,
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los que de otra manera sólo podrían ser tardía o insuficientemente satisfechos".

Se dijo en el fallo que: "...La verdad es que esta Corte ha debido afrontar asuntos de índole
semejante en anteriores ocasiones que le permitieron adelantar un expreso criterio de solución,
según lo acreditan los fallos que versan sobre las facultades de: a) el Departamento del Trabajo
de la Prov. de Buenos Aires, que intervenía en cuestiones relativas a accidentes del trabajo, de
acuerdo con la ley local 4548 (Adla, XIV-B, 1515) (Fallos, t. 186, p. 337; t. 187, p. 79; t. 194,
p. 317, t. 195, p. 50, etc.); b) el Tribunal Bancario a que se refiere la ley 12.637 (Fallos, t. 199,
p. 401); c) el Departamento Nac. del Trabajo, al que se dio participación, como "tribunal de 1°
instancia", en asuntos concernientes a la ley 11.317, incorporada a los códigos civil y penal
(Fallos, t. 182, p. 157) ; d) la Comisión de Conciliación creada por el decreto- ley 32.347/44
(Fallos, t. 207, p. 346). Que en las decisiones citadas, y en otras similares, la Corte Suprema
admitió la actuación de cuerpos administrativos con facultades jurisdiccionales, mas lo hizo
luego de establecer, con particular énfasis, que la validez de los procedimientos hallábase
supeditada al requisito de que las leyes pertinentes dejaran expedita la instancia judicial
posterior. Así, se asignó valor esencial a la circunstancia de haberse previsto "oportunidad para
que los jueces revisen el pronunciamiento administrativo" (Fallos, t. 187, p. 79), estimándose
imprescindible el otorgamiento de "recurso o curso subsiguiente ante los jueces del Poder
Judicial" (Fallos, t. 195, p. 50), en la inteligencia de que, a falta de él, el régimen dejara de ser
congruente "con los derechos y garantías constitucionales" (Fallos, t. 207, p. 346). Y en la
breve pero importante sentencia de Fallos, t. 199, p. 401, se encareció la necesidad de validar
el recurso ante la justicia federal contra las resoluciones del Tribunal Bancario de la ley 12.637,
por estimarse que un criterio distinto privaría a las partes de la 2a instancia que es la
propiamente judicial y que obvia, por ello, el carácter administrativo del tribunal de 1ra.
Instancia (consid. 3°).18. — Que la misma orientación puede observarse en la doctrina
jurisprudencial de los Estados Unidos. Sobre el punto, W. W. Willoughby, cuyas opiniones en
la materia han sido especialmente valoradas por esta Corte (Fallos, t. 164, p. 344 y t. 187, p.
79), explica que, en su país, la atribución de facultades "cuasi judiciales" a organismos
administrativos se ha considerado válida, fundamentalmente, respecto de "asuntos que atañen
a derechos públicos". Y añade: "Sería indudablemente declarada inconstitucional una ley que
pretendiera poner en manos administrativas la decisión final de controversia entre
particulares", con posible exclusión de ciertos diferendos laborales ("The Constitution of the
United States", ed. 1929, t. III, p. 1655). Esta aseveración, por otra parte, coincide con la que
funda las soluciones prevalecientes en la jurisprudencia (Corpus Juris Secundum, ed. 1956, t.
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XVI, p. 868, notas 77 a 79. Véase también: "Administrative Procedure Act", de 1946, y A. y
S. Tunc, "Le systeme constitutional des États-Unis d'Amérique", ed. 1954, ps. 478 y sigts.;
Davis, Kenneth Culp, "Administrative Law Treatise", ed. 1958, t. IV)... ".(fin de la cita).

Ya veinte años antes de ese conocido pronunciamiento citado, en autos: "Costes, Antonio
c/ Prado, Andrés. "Piedra, Cándido c/ Cía. de Seguros La Comercial de Rosario" (1940) Fallos:
T. 187, P. 79 se había reconocido que: "...La intervención del Departamento del Trabajo de la
Prov. de Buenos Aires en los casos originados por accidentes dispuesta por la ley 4548, no es
objetable por razón de la falta de intervención de la justicia y de lo dispuesto en el art. 18 de la
Constitución Nacional...".

En el mismo orden de ideas el distinguido profesor de Derecho Administrativo Tomás

HUTCHINSON en su obra "Régimen de procedimientos administrativos. Ley 19.549", p. 16
señala las muchas ventajas que trae aparejada la existencia de una instancia administrativa
previa a la intervención judicial: a) constituye una etapa conciliatoria anterior al juicio que
puede evitarlo; b) otorga a los entes administrativos la posibilidad de corregir errores; c)
promueve el control de legitimidad y conveniencia de los organismos estatales; d) facilita la
tarea tribunalicia al llevar ante los jueces una situación contenciosa ya planteada y e) permite
una mejor defensa del interés público (citado por Amanda Lucía Pawlowski de Pose en "La
expresión de agravios como requisito ritual para la apertura de la instancia de revisión judicial
en materia siniestral", artículo publicado en DT 2000-A, p. 1334).

Dicha postura ha sido receptada en un muy reciente pronunciamiento del 07/09/2006 Expte.
9325/03 (20.846) S. 14560 en autos: "Calizaya Soria Everto c/Alvarez Laudelina y otro s/
accidente - ley 9688" en el que la Cámara Nacional del Trabajo, Sala X, dijo a través del voto
del distinguido magistrado Dr. Miguel Ángel Maza: "...las Comisiones Médicas.

En efecto, entiendo que éstas constituyen órganos administrativos, dependientes de

entidades autárquicas, que componen la Administración descentralizada, desarrollando
funciones públicas estatales que se expresan a través de actos administrativos del tipo
jurisdiccional (así lo expresé en el estudio que efectuamos con Mario E. Ackerman en nuestra
obra Ley sobre Riesgos del Trabajo. Cuestiones constitucionales y procesales, Rubinzal-
Culzoni Editores, Santa Fe, 1999, págs. 244 y stes.)".
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"Y en virtud de la competencia que el legislador les otorgó a las comisiones médicas en el
art. 21 de la ley 24.557 constituyen, a mi ver, tribunales administrativos, es decir que son
órganos de la Administración a los que se les atribuyó legislativamente una función
jurisdiccional".

"Más allá de que, en lo personal, no comparto esta práctica legislativa, lo cierto es que la
doctrina y la jurisprudencia en nuestro país avalan la creación de estos tribunales
administrativos con funciones jurisdiccionales".

"Así, el recordado maestro Miguel Marienhoff explicaba que hay casos en los que los
órganos o funcionarios de la Administración ejercen facultades judiciales, o sea las que, en el
orden normal de las instituciones, incumben a los Jueces, señalando que se trata de supuestos
que las leyes sustraen a la intervención judicial (Marienhoff, Miguel S., Tratado de Derecho
Administrativo, Abeledo-Perrot, Bs. Aires, 1988, t. I, págs. 86, 88 y concs.)".

"Añadía, citando doctrina judicial de la Corte Suprema, que esa actividad jurisdiccional de
la Administración se caracteriza porque en ella los funcionarios u órganos administrativos
obran como Jueces (Marienhoff, Ob. citada)".

"Puede verse, asimismo, una recopilación de opiniones en el mismo sentido, vertidas en

ocasión del dictado por el Máximo Tribunal de la sentencia del caso "Angel Estrada y Cía. SA
c/ Secretaría de Energía y Puertos" (J.A., Lexis Nexis, Número Especial 2005-III, págs. 3 y
stes)".

"Y, precisamente, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, en base a una interpretación

dinámica y muy amplia de la división de poderes y de la regla del art. 109 de la Constitución
Nacional viene admitiendo que por ley se atribuya al poder administrador la facultad de
desempeñar funciones jurisdiccionales mediante organismos especiales, con el recaudo de una
completa y auténtica instancia judicial de revisión".

"Así lo ha hecho, especialmente, a partir del caso "Fernández Arias, Elena c/ Poggio, José"

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(Fallos 247:646, del 19-9-60) y esa doctrina fue recientemente ratificada el 5-4-05 en la recién
citada causa "Angel Estrada y Cía. SA c/ Secretaría de Energía y Puertos" (J.A., Lexis Nexis,
Número Especial 2005-III, págs. 74 y stes.), ya que, con nuevas precisiones y exigencias, se
estableció la validez de la atribución por ley de atribuciones jurisdiccionales a auténticos
tribunales administrativos independiente para resolver cuestiones técnicas propias del
conocimiento de esos cuerpos expertos, con el recaudo de que exista una revisión judicial
amplia".

"Y bien, he reseñado prietamente estos antecedentes de aceptación de los tribunales

administrativos para que se comprenda que, más allá de que no comparta ese criterio en general
y la decisión legislativa plasmada en el Art. 21 de la L.R.T. en particular, los actos que dictan
las comisiones médicas en el marco regular del procedimiento instaurado por dicha norma,
complementado por el régimen recursivo del art. 46 y reglamentado por el decreto 717/96 y la
Res. S.R.T. 45/97 constituyen actos jurisdiccionales que, mientras no sean objeto de
nulificación, gozan de los atributos de la cosa juzgada en la medida que no sean modificados
o revocados mediante el sistema recursivo organizado por el mismo plexo normativo que les
dio lugar".

En el mismo sentido la Cámara Nacional del Trabajo, sala V, en autos: "Gallardo, Roberto
S. c. Magnesio Argentina S.A. y otro", con fecha octubre 20 de 2005 publicado en La Ley on
line dijo: "Estimo que sella la suerte de la apelación lo resuelto por este tribunal en los autos
"Mazzei Luico Arturo c. Carou Carlos Rodolfo y otro s/accidente ley 9688" sentencia definitiva
67.524 del 31 de marzo de 2005 en cuanto a que "... el sistema de las Comisiones Médicas que
cuestiona la parte actora no resulta inconstitucional, pues prevé la posibilidad de que las
decisiones que se dicten dentro de tal ámbito administrativo sean revisadas -ante el recurso
respectivo de la parte afectada- por el órgano judicial que la "ley establece"."

"En efecto, si el legislador ha establecido que previo a la instancia judicial existe una
administrativa, es lógico que ésta deba agotarse para poder iniciar aquélla, y, en este aspecto,
la reglamentación en modo alguno excede los términos de la ley. Antes bien, dicha previsión
guarda coherencia con lo dispuesto por el art. 23 inciso a) de la ley 19.549, respecto de la
impugnación judicial de los actos administrativos de alcance particular".

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"No es ocioso destacar que la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación ha sostenido

reiteradamente la validez constitucional de los diseños que establecen procedimientos
administrativos previos al acceso a la jurisdicción en la medida en que se consagre la posterior
revisión judicial plena de lo allí actuado (Fallos: 248:258)".

"Cabe añadir que los conceptos precedentes se hallan en armonía de sentido e interpretativa
con precedentes del más Alto Tribunal de la República y no puede inferirse que el recientísimo
fallo "in re" "Castillo", modifique el núcleo de aquella doctrina pacífica la que acota, reitero,
los límites a incumbencias que la Constitución en su parte orgánica distribuye entre los poderes
que instituye siempre sobre el presupuesto inexcusable de su armonización e integración y no
de su invasión de uno por el otro (ver entre otros: CSJN caso "Fernández Arias c. Poggio" del
19/9/60, Fallos: 247/652)" (citado en autos "Gallardo Roberto Simón c. Magnesio Argentina
S.A. y otro s/accidente ley 9688", sent. def. 67.825 de fecha 23/9/2005 del registro de esta Sala
V)".

"En esa línea interpretativa y establecida la validez constitucional del procedimiento

administrativo previo regulado en las L.R.T. y considerando que el actor no transitó por dicha
vía, corresponde rechazar la apelación "sub examine" y confirmar la sentencia en el punto
objeto de agravio...". (fin de la cita).

De lo expuesto se pueden extraer algunas conclusiones en forma categórica:

1) Que las Comisiones Médicas constituyen Tribunales administrativos; 2) Que la Corte

Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en forma pacífica ha admitido la validez constitucional de
los Tribunales administrativos; 3) Ergo, las Comisiones Médicas que son Tribunales
Administrativos son constitucionales. Claro está siempre que exista posibilidad de revisión
judicial de la decisión, la que está contemplada en la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo.

Por todas estas razones el planteo de inconstitucionalidad del actor debe ser desestimado.

A todo evento destaco que la jurisprudencia invocada en la demanda en la que se declara la

inconstitucionalidad de la ley de riesgos del trabajo 24.557 no obliga a V.S. Recordemos que,
en efecto, en nuestro sistema jurídico, la declaración de inconstitucionalidad es para el caso
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concreto, no tiene efectos erga omnes. En este sentido me remito a lo resuelto por la Cámara
Nacional de Apelaciones del Trabajo, Sala VIII con fecha 30/09/2003 en autos: "Morales,
Néstor E. c. Frigorífico San Carlos S.A." publicado en DT 2004 (mayo), p. 664: "En nuestro
ordenamiento jurídico el control de constitucionalidad de las leyes es difuso y circunscripto a
cada caso concreto, lo cual significa que no existe un tribunal competente para conocer de
impugnaciones generales, con base constitucional, de las normas de rango inferior, y para
dejarlas sin efecto, con ese carácter, cuando resultan violatorias de la Constitución Nacional,
porque esa atribución es ejercida por todos los jueces, quienes no emiten declaraciones
genéricas sino pronunciamientos específicos con efectos para la causa y en la medida en que
la descalificación resulte necesaria para asegurar el goce de una garantía reconocida por el
texto constitucional".

f) Constitucionalidad del art. 6 LRT

En efecto, como ya se señaló mi poderdante ha otorgado cobertura asegurativa a aquellas

contingencias previstas en la ley 24.557, es decir los accidentes de trabajo y las enfermedades
profesionales que se hallan enumeradas en el art. 6to. de la ley 24.557 (siendo, con relación a
las enfermedades, las que se hallan incluidas en el listado aprobado por el Poder Ejecutivo).

Recordemos que siempre con relación a los dependientes de las empresas afiliadas a
Consolidar A.R.T. S.A., extremo que no se acredita en autos.

Ahora bien, dicho contrato de afiliación no ampara —como riesgo cubierto- los reclamos
que pudieren realizar los trabajadores en relación de dependencia por afecciones que se
encuentren excluidas de la columna de triple listado que contiene el Decreto 658/96 y Laudo
156/96.

En este sentido, las enfermedades que dice padecer la actora, no están incluidas en el decreto
658/96, es decir no se encuentran incluidas en el Listado de Enfermedades Profesionales
elaborado por el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (Decreto 658/96 y Laudo 156 del 23 de Febrero de
1996 y su Anexo I) para la actividad laboral denunciada -máxime que se niega que exista
relación de causalidad o de asociación entre el presunto agente y la enfermedad (Cfr. Agente;
Enfermedades y Actividades Laborales que pueden generar exposición; Anexo al Laudo
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citado)-

Asimismo, cabe destacar que la actora tampoco se sometió al procedimiento indicado en el

art. 6 inc 2 a los efectos de que las patologías que dice alegar sean consideradas como
profesionales por el órgano administrativo correspondiente (El art. 6 inc 2 LRT reza "serán
consideradas enfermedades profesionales aquellas otras que en el caso concreto, la Comisión
Médica Central determine como provocadas por causa directa e inmediata de la ejecución del
trabajo…"). Ergo, lo que en más la actora cuestiona la constitucionalidad de dicho
procedimiento, siendo en cambio, que mi representada se pronuncia por su validez.

g) Constitucionalidad del art. 8 inc. 3 de la LRT.

Aduce la actora que el grado de determinación de incapacidad laboral permanente a cargo

de las Comisiones Medicas creadas por la ley, viola el principio de la división de poderes, y el
principio de defensa en juicio y del debido proceso establecidos por el art. 18 de la Constitución
Nacional.

Resulta V.S. que, tampoco en este planteo, ha concretado la actora la violación concreta al
derecho subjetivo aducido. En efecto, la simple mención de la violación a los principios de
división de poderes, defensa en juicios y debido proceso, no resulta suficiente a los efectos de
lograr la declaración de inconstitucionalidad perseguida por la actora.

En cuanto a la atribución de funciones jurisdiccionales a órganos de carácter administrativo,

el Dr. Mairal ha sostenido que: "Es la posibilidad del control judicial ulterior lo que, en la
jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema, redime la constitucionalidad de tales atribuciones. Así en
el leading case Fernández Arias c/ Poggio, la Corte Suprema: a) admitió que el reconocimiento
de facultades jurisdiccionales a órganos administrativos es uno de los aspectos que, en mayor
grado, atribuyen fisonomía relativamente nueva al principio atinente a la división de poderes y
que esta modalidad se asienta en la idea de que una administración ágil, eficaz y dotada de
competencia amplia es instrumento apto para resguardar, en determinados aspectos,
fundamentales intereses colectivos de contenido económico y social (...) los que de otra manera
solo podría ser tardía o insuficientemente insatisfechos...; b) otorgo carácter relativo al alcance
de control judicial suficiente, ya que él deberá ser el que resulte de un conjunto de factores y
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circunstancias variables o contingentes, y entre ellos la naturaleza del derecho individual

invocado, la magnitud de los intereses públicos comprometidos, la complejidad de la
organización administración creada para garantizarlos, la mayor o menor descentralización del
tribunal administrativo, etc.". (Fallos 247:646).

h) Constitucionalidad del art. 12 de la Ley 24.557

Esta parte entiende que no existe elemento alguno que permita a V.S apartarse de la
normativa en vigencia máxime cuando el actor en modo alguno introduce agravio que permita
justificar la adopción de un acto de suma gravedad institucional como resulta la declaración de
inconstitucionalidad de una norma dictada sobre la base del mecanismo previsto por la carta
magna.

A los fines de dilucidad la cuestión corresponde determinar la forma de calcula del valor
mensual del ingreso base. Para ello hay que remitirse a lo normado en el art. 12 de la L.R.T.
que establece "1) A los efectos de determinar la cuantía de las prestaciones dinerarias se
considera ingreso base la cantidad que resulte de dividir la suma total de las remuneraciones
sujetas a aportes y contribuciones, con destino al Sistema Integrado de Jubilaciones y
Pensiones, devengadas en los DOCE (12) meses anteriores a la primera manifestación
invalidante, o en el tiempo de prestación de servicio si fuera menor a UN (1) año, por el número
de días corridos comprendidos en el período considerado. 2) El valor mensual del ingreso base
resulta de multiplicar la cantidad obtenido según el apartado anterior por 30,4".

La demanda ha soslayado por completo que el art. 12 de la L.R.T. establece que sólo se
toman las remuneraciones sujetas a aportes y contribuciones a los efectos de liquidar el ingreso
base mensual.

A tal efecto, corresponde acudir al art. 9 de la Ley 24.241 que establece "A los fines del
cálculo de los aportes y contribuciones correspondientes al SIJP, las remuneraciones no podrán
ser inferiores al importe equivalente a tres (3) veces el valor del Módulo Previsional (MOPRE),
definido en el Artículo 21. A su vez, y a los fines exclusivamente del cálculo de los aportes
previstos en los incisos a) y c) del Artículo 10, la mencionada base imponible previsional tendrá
un límite máximo equivalente a VEINTE (20) veces el citado mínimo".
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Si un trabajador cobra más de dicha suma, lo que excede de la misma no es una

remuneración sujeta a aportes, por lo tanto no integra el cálculo que se debe efectuar conforme
lo normado en el art. 12 de la L.R.T., que sólo toma las remuneraciones que están sujetas a
aportes y contribuciones.

Respecto de las contribuciones patronales, y para explicar que se dan los requisitos
establecidos por la L.R.T. para determinar el ingreso base mensual, corresponde, aplicar la
Resolución General de la AFIP Nº 1750/2004 que establece también la base imponible máxima
sobre la cual los empleadores deben abonar las alícuotas a las ART.

En consecuencia, a los efectos del art. 12 de L.R.T., las remuneraciones que exceden de
dicho monto no están sujetas a contribuciones por parte del empleador y, por lo tanto no
integran la base sobre la cual se efectúa el cálculo del ingreso base mensual conforme el art.
12 de la L.R.T.

Se trata de la aplicación lisa y llana del artículo 12 de la L.R.T. en su más pura literalidad.

Es por ello que entiende esta parte que el actor carece de derecho para reclamar el pago de
una suma de dinero bajo el cálculo realizado por el actor, dado que el reclamo se sustenta en
remuneraciones que no se encuentran sujetas a aportes y contribuciones, por lo que carece de
acción para iniciar el presente reclamo por ante V.S.

El art. 12 de la L.R.T. no deja lugar a dudas y cualquier otra interpretación que pretenda
esbozarse no será más que forzar la letra de la norma.

Asimismo, dicha aplicación no sólo se ajusta al texto de la norma legal sino que se ajusta a
los principios generales de los contratos y, específicamente, de los contratos de seguro.

En efecto, es necesario poner de resalto una cuestión central para el presente caso: la ART
cobra alícuotas de los empleadores y en base a esas alícuotas otorga luego las prestaciones en
especie y dinerarias cuando ocurre un siniestro de los previstos en el art. 6 de la L.R.T.

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Es lógico que debe haber una proporción entre el monto de la alícuota que se percibe y la
obligación que asume la ART frente a los asegurados cuando se produce un siniestro.

Si esto no fuera así, el negocio contractual tendría serias fallas. Carece de toda lógica que
la ART cobre una alícuota sobre montos con tope y luego deba satisfacer prestaciones
dinerarias sin tope alguno.

En consecuencia, esta proposición es lógica y ajustada a los más elementales principios de

los contratos, por los que se establece que la obligación asumida por una de las partes debe
conllevar una contraprestación por parte de la otra, debiendo ser las mismas equilibradas. Creo
que no es necesario abundar al respecto dado el elevado conocimiento en la materia que tiene
V.S.

Sentado ello, cabe determinar efectivamente, cuál es la prestación que percibe mi mandante
por parte del empleador del ahora actor:

A tal efecto, corresponde ir en primer lugar al art. 23 de la L.R.T. que establece lo siguiente:
"1) Las prestaciones previstas en esta Ley a cargo de las ART, se financiarán con una cuota
mensual a cargo del empleador. 2) Para la determinación de la base imponible se aplicarán las
reglas de la Ley 24.241 (artículo 9), incluyéndose todas las prestaciones que tengan carácter
remuneratorio a los fines del SIJP. 3) La cuota debe ser declarada y abonada conjuntamente
con los aportes y contribuciones que integran la CUSS. Su fiscalización, verificación y
ejecución estará a cargo de la ART".

Este artículo, a los efectos de determinar la base sobre la cual se cobran las alícuotas, remite
al art. 9 de la Ley 24.241. Dicho artículo, luego de modificaciones ha quedado redactado de la
siguiente forma: "A los fines del cálculo de los aportes y contribuciones correspondientes al
SIJP, las remuneraciones no podrán ser inferiores al importe equivalente a tres (3) veces el
valor del Módulo Previsional (MOPRE), definido en el Artículo 21. A su vez, y a los fines
exclusivamente del cálculo de los aportes previstos en los incisos a) y c) del Artículo 10, la
mencionada base imponible previsional tendrá un límite máximo equivalente a VEINTE (20)
veces el citado mínimo".
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Ahora bien, mediante Resolución General de la AFIP Nº 1750/2004 se establece también la

base imponible máxima sobre la cual los empleadores deben abonar las alícuotas a las ART.

No es cierto, tal como se afirma en la demanda, que la ART cobre una alícuota sobre el total
de la masa salarial, sino que dicha masa salarial siempre está sujeta a la base imponible máxima
establecida en la citada Resolución de la AFIP.

Es por ello que mi mandante ha percibido de la empleadora del actor una alícuota que ha
tenido en cuenta la base imponible máxima establecida en la Resolución citada.

El cálculo de la alícuota que pagan los empleadores se hace en base a la actividad que
desarrollan (la que se determina por el CIIU), los topes legales establecidos, la masa salarial y
otros elementos propios de la ciencia actuarial, determinándose cuál es la contraprestación que
debe abonar el asegurado frente a los riesgos que asume la ART.

Es por ello que, la alícuota abonada por el empleador del actor a mi mandante, se calculó
teniendo en cuenta el tope indemnizatorio a los efectos del cálculo del ingreso base mensual,
por lo que la obligación asumida por mi mandante, el pago de las prestaciones dinerarias de la
L.R.T., debe tener en cuenta dicho tope a los efectos de que el negocio jurídico efectuado tenga
el equilibrio necesario que lo tornen viable.

Asimismo, no debe perderse de vista que el contrato de afiliación implica que el mismo
debe cumplir con los requisitos básicos de todo negocio contractual, por lo que no puede
pretenderse imponer una obligación a mi mandante que no tiene su contraprestación en las
alícuotas abonadas por el empleador.

Conforme lo dicho se solicita el rechazo de la pretensión del actor con expresa imposición
de costas.

1. Constitucionalidad de los arts. 14 y 15 de la LRT

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De esta manera, la masa de asegurados debería solventar una prestación que no se

encontraba pactada al momento del siniestro, que es el hecho puntual que determina la
normativa aplicable al caso de autos.

Directa consecuencia de lo expuesto, es aceptar la importancia que tiene para todo el sistema
instituido a partir de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo los topes indemnizatorios establecidos, en
tanto los mismos permiten determinar el riesgo y fijar la alícuota respectiva.

Son esas cuotas, las que le permiten a las ART, otorgar las prestaciones en un marco de
solidaridad, a quienes necesitan las mismas.

Pero el mal otorgamiento de prestaciones, es un hecho que atenta, no sólo contra mi

mandante en particular, sino contra el sistema todo, tomado como un conjunto que posee en
común, una regulación (L.R.T.), una autoridad de aplicación (SRT), un fondo de garantía
(artículo 33), un fondo de reserva (artículo 34), y un órgano tripartito de participación (artículo
40).

Asimismo, el artículo 26 de la L.R.T. establece que las ART "... tendrán como único objeto
el otorgamiento de las prestaciones que establece esta ley...". (Ap. 3º). Y también, ordena que
"... los bienes destinados a respaldar las reservas de la ART no podrán ser afectados a
obligaciones distintas a las derivadas de esta ley, ni aún en caso de liquidación de la entidad..."
(Ap. 6º). De cumplirse lo que se lee entrelíneas de la presentación de la actora, la eventual
condena contra mi mandante motivaría que esta parte tenga que desafectar una importante
cantidad de dinero, perteneciente a las reservas que se utilizan para afrontar contingencias de
sus asegurados, para solventar aventuras judiciales causándose un gravamen irreparable, tanto
para mi mandante, como para los asegurados (en debida forma y consecuentemente, a los
trabajadores de los mismos).

La afectación del derecho de propiedad de mi mandante que implicaría hacer lugar a la

pretensión de la parte actora es tan evidente, que no necesita mayor argumentación que su sola
explicitación.

Las reservas de las ART, no se sustentan en una acumulación de capital por producción,
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sino que se constituyen con las primas abonadas por los afiliados. Si la ART que represento
debe abonar una cobertura no pactada, el sistema cae (y no hace falta ser economista o actuario
para prever esto.

Esta circunstancia, además de conculcar la norma que hemos señalado, desconoce la

naturaleza jurídica y económica del contrato de seguro.

Así, es dable recordar que el contrato de seguro "...en el estado actual de su evolución, se
funda en la mutualidad y en la estadística. El requisito de la estadística se impone porque el
riesgo asumido debe tener cierta frecuencia en relación a la masa de asegurados, respecto de la
cual es menester que el siniestro aparezca con la mayor certeza posible...". En relación a la
mutualidad de asegurados, "...es menester que el asegurador realice la agrupación de los
riesgos, para reunir un fondo de primas, condición indispensable para prometer y cumplir las
obligaciones que asume. Es decir, que el seguro se funda en la mutualidad o agrupación más o
menos consciente…". "...Crea seguridad en cuanto crea la protección en la medida que
satisface la necesidad eventual suscitada por el riesgo. En este medida repercute en la
economía, al desarrollar el espíritu de empresa, mejorar los medios de producción, la
posibilidad de reconstruir las instalaciones dañadas, etc. En este sentido, socializa los riesgos,
pues las sometidas al mismo riesgo soportan, a través del pago de las primas, los siniestros que
sufren algunas de entre ellas...". Lo extractado, pertenece al Dr. Isaac Halperín, quien en su
obra Seguros, enseña con claridad meridiana, la naturaleza de este contrato (op.cit., Ed. De
Palma 1991 Bs. As).

Se discute —implícitamente- en autos la razonabilidad o no de la normativa específica. Pero

no cabe otra conclusión —sin caer en el absurdo- que concluir la razonabilidad de respetar el
tope establecido por ley so pena de desnaturalizar todo el sistema establecido.

Como ya fuera dicho, la ART que represento ha cobrado las alícuotas teniendo en cuenta el
tope de $180.000 para el otorgamiento de las prestaciones dinerarias y se ha obligado a cubrir
al asegurado hasta ese monto.

En este sentido, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, en la causa "Aquino" en que se

declarara la inconstitucionalidad del artículo 39 de la L.R.T., manifestó que "...del hecho de
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ser constitucionalmente inválido que la mentada prestación de la LRT origine la eximición de

responsabilidad civil del empleador (artículo 39, inc. 1), no se sigue que las Aseguradoras de
Riesgos del Trabajo queden relevadas de satisfacer las obligaciones que han contraído en el
marco de la citada ley. De tal suerte, este pronunciamiento no sólo deja intactos los mentados
propósitos del legislador, sino que, a la par, posibilita que el empleador pueda encontrar
protección en la medida de su aseguramiento..." (Textual).

Por consiguiente, está claro que la C.S.J.N. ha establecido que en el marco de la L.R.T., la
aseguradora debe satisfacer las obligaciones contraídas. En el presente caso, CONSOLIDAR
ART S.A. se obligó a otorgar al actor las prestaciones dinerarias con el tope de $180.000.

Por consiguiente, el vago y abstracto planteo de inconstitucionalidad efectuado por la

contraria respecto del tope indemnizatorio establecido en la L.R.T. no tiene fundamento
alguno, debiendo ser rechazado por V.S.

Resulta oportuno recordar la doctrina de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de

Buenos Aires, que al pronunciarse sobre los términos de las pólizas de seguros (concretamente
de "Accidentes del Trabajo") tiene dicho que "...el contrato de seguro debe interpretarse
literalmente en los supuestos que la cobertura esté expresada claramente, no siendo posible
otorgarle una interpretación extensiva, toda vez que la enumeración de los riesgos y la
extensión de la cobertura deben apreciarse limitativamente..." (SCBA, Causa L 47.438, Dic.
10-991; "Cirone Fulvio Juan c/ Metalúrgica Morón s/ accidente"; entre otros precedentes).

Asimismo, cabe aplicar al presente caso la doctrina elaborada por la Corte Suprema de
Justicia de la Nación en relación a las franquicias establecidas en los contrato de seguro por
responsabilidad de las empresas de transporte automotor de pasajeros.

En la causa "Cuello Patricia Dorotea c/ Lucena, Pedro Antonio" (C. 724. XLI), en el voto
del Dr, Lorenzetti se establece que "...atento a que el contrato de seguro rige la relación jurídica
entre los otorgantes, y está destinado a reglar sus derechos (arts. 1137 y 1197 del Código Civil),
y el damnificado reviste la condición de tercero frente al mismo porque participó en su
realización, si desea invocarlo debe circunscribirse a sus términos, pues los contratos tienen un
efecto jurídico relativo y los efectos se producen exclusivamente entre las partes, y no pueden
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afectar a terceros (arts. 1195 y 1199 del Código Civil)".

Continúa el Dr. Lorenzetti agregando que "...el contrato y la propiedad tienen protección
constitucional en el derecho argentino y, en consecuencia, toda limitación que se disponga es
de interpretación restrictiva. Esta tutela comprende tanto la libertad de contratar, que es un
aspecto de la autonomía personal a la que todo ciudadano tiene derecho (art. 19 de la
Constitución Nacional), como la de configurar el contenido del contrato, que es un supuesto
del derecho a ejercer una industria lícita (art. 14 de la Constitución Nacional) y de la libertad
económica dentro de las relaciones de competencia (art. 43 Constitución Nacional). La libertad
de contratar, de competir y de configurar el contenido de un contrato, constituyen una posición
jurídica que esta Corte debe proteger como tribunal de las garantías constitucionales. En este
sentido debe ser interpretado el término "propiedad" desde la perspectiva constitucional art. 17
de la Constitución Nacional)... Debe afirmarse entonces que la de ejercer una industria lícita,
celebrar el contrato, fijar su contenido, están tuteladas constitucionalmente. Se viola este
principio si, como en el caso, se modifica judicialmente el contenido del contrato celebrado
ejerciendo una industria lícita, conforme a la ley y reglamentaciones fijadas por el Estado".

No cabe dudad que una resolución que determinara la inconstitucionalidad del tope legal
establecido por la normativa vigente al momento del siniestro implica una clara afectación del
derecho de propiedad de mi mandante y de toda la masa de asegurados, como se ha explicado
ut supra.

Pero cabe seguir considerando el fallo citado conforme el voto del Dr. Lorenzetti, que aclara
aún más las cosas. Se afirma en el mismo que:

"Los contratos tienen efectos entre las partes y no pueden beneficiar ni perjudicar a terceros,
salvo excepciones conocidas. Cuando se afirma que la víctima está perjudicada por la
franquicia, y que ello lo hace inoponible, se modifica una regla establecida en el derecho civil
desde el año 1804. Los vínculos que se establecen entre las personas siempre afectan a los
terceros desde el punto de vista económico o moral, pero si se permitiera que todos
cuestionaran esas decisiones, no podría celebrarse contrato alguno. Por esta razón, la libertad
de contratar está protegida constitucionalmente y nadie puede, so pretexto de un perjuicio ético
o patrimonial, entrometerse en la esfera de autonomía de quien ha celebrado ese contrato".
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Concluye el voto del Dr. Lorenzetti, estimando que en tanto la condena es en la medida del
seguro, las cláusulas que ponen límites (en ese caso concreto la franquicia, en el caso de autos
el tope legal del artículo 14 de la L.R.T. y cc.) son oponibles tercero (en el caso de autos el
trabajador accidentado).

Por lo tanto, cree procedente esta parte que se debe aplicar al caso de autos la doctrina
sentada por el Máximo Tribunal de la Nación en relación a las cláusulas que limitan la
responsabilidad de las aseguradoras en los casos en que existen franquicias, en tanto y en
cuanto lo contrario implicaría una clara violación del derecho de propiedad de mi representada,
quien contrató con la empleadora del actor una cobertura con determinadas cláusulas
limitativas de su responsabilidad frente al trabajador damnificado, siendo una de ellas el tope
de $180.000 establecido en el artículo 14 de la L.R.T.

En consecuencia se solicita el rechazo del planteo de inconstitucionalidad articulado por la

parte actora.

VIII.- EN SUBSIDIO CONTESTA DEMANDA

Para el improbable supuesto que V.E no haga lugar a los planteos anteriormente expuestos,
vengo a contestar el traslado de demanda contra esta parte.

IX.- NEGATIVAS
En cumplimiento de un imperativo legal, niego todos y cada uno de los hechos expuestos
en el escrito de inicio en cuanto no fueren objeto de especial reconocimiento en este responde.

Asimismo niego la autenticidad de toda documentación agregada por la actora en cuanto no

fuere expresamente reconocida por mi parte.

Especialmente niego que:

Impugno jurisprudencia por no resultar aplicable al caso.

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B.- IMPUGNA LIQUIDACIÓN

Negada la responsabilidad en el evento, paso a contestar el reclamo patrimonial que se

articula, el que desde ya se considera a todas luces excesivo, infundado e irrazonable.

Impugno el cálculo que efectúa la parte actora en el libelo de inicio en concepto de

prestaciones dineraria de la LRT.

Niego que padezca una incapacidad del ........................................................................... %.

Niego que a la fecha del accidente denunciado el actor tuviera los años que denuncia.

Rechazo la suma pretendida en concepto del art 3 de la ley 26.773.

Por lo expuesto, impugno la suma reclamada de $

........................................................................... que se demanda en estos actuados contra mi
mandante, solicitando de V.S. se rechace la presente demanda, con expresa imposición de
costas a la contraria.

*Respecto a la correcta aplicación del RIPTE:

Que en caso de que V.S. entienda que la presente causa merece la aplicación de índices
RIPTE, es que vengo a solicitar se adecue dicha aplicación al criterio de la Corte Suprema de
Justicia de la Nación que expresó en mediante fallo de fecha 07 de Junio de 2016 en los autos
"Recurso de hecho deducido por la demandada en la causa Espósito, Dardo Luis c/ Provincia
ART S.A. s/ accidente - ley especial" CNT 18036/11/1RH1, lo siguiente: "5°) Que en octubre
de 2012 la ley 26.773 introdujo nuevas modificaciones sustanciales en el régimen de reparación
de los daños derivados de los riesgos del trabajo. Entre dichas modificaciones, interesa
destacar que el arto 3° de esta última ley dispuso que, cuando se tratara de un verdadero
infortunio o enfermedad laboral, y no de un accidente "in itinere", el trabajador damnificado o
sus derechohabientes percibirían, además de las prestaciones dinerarias antes mencionadas,
una indemnización adicional -en compensación de cualquier otro daño no reparado por las
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tarifas- equivalente al 20% del monto de ellas y que, en caso de muerte o incapacidad total,
nunca debía ser inferior a $ 70.000. Por otra parte, el arto 8° estableció, para el futuro, que "los
importes por incapacidad laboral permanente previstos en las normas que integran el régimen
de reparación se ajustarán de manera general semestralmente según la variación del índice
RIPTE (Remuneraciones Imponibles Promedio de los Trabajadores Estables) publicado por la
Secretaría de Seguridad Social del Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, a cuyo
efecto dictará la resolución pertinente fijando los nuevos valores y su lapso de vigencia".
Además, el arto 17.6 de la ley complementó tal disposición estableciendo que "las prestaciones
en dinero por incapacidad permanente previstas en la ley 24.557 Y sus modificatorias, y su
actualización mediante el decreto 1694/09, se ajustarán a la fecha de entrada en vigencia de la
presente ley conforme al índice RIPTE...desde ello de enero del año 2010". Y el decreto
reglamentario 472/14 explicitó que el ajuste previsto en los arts. 80 y 17.6 se refería a los
importes de las prestaciones adicionales de suma fija que habían sido incorporadas al régimen
por el decreto 1278/00, y de los pisos mínimos establecidos por el decreto 1694/09 y por el
arto 3° de la propia ley reglamentada. También en este caso, el art. 17.5 de la ley 26.773 dejó
en claro que "las disposiciones atinentes a las prestaciones en dinero" entrarían en vigencia a
partir de su publicación en el Boletín Oficial y se aplicarían únicamente "a las contingencias
previstas en la ley 24.557 Y sus modificatorias cuya primera manifestación invalidante se
produzca a partir de esa fecha..."

"...La simple lectura de los textos normativos reseñados en el considerando 5° de este

pronunciamiento basta para advertir que del juego armónico de los arts. 8° Y 17.6 de la ley
26.773 claramente se desprende que la intención del legislador no fue otra que la de: (1) aplicar
sobre los importes fijados a fines de 2009 por el decreto 1694 un reajuste, según la evolución
que tuvo el índice RIPTE entre enero de 2010 y la fecha de entrada en vigencia de la ley, que
los dejara "actualizados" a esta última fecha; y (2) ordenar, a partir de allí, un reajuste cada seis
meses de esos importes de acuerdo con la variación del mismo índice. Y que del arto 17.5
también se desprende claramente que estos nuevos importes "actualizados" solo rigen para la
reparación de contingencias cuya primera manifestación invalidante haya ocurrido con
posterioridad a la fecha de entrada en vigencia del capítulo de la ley referente a las prestaciones
dinerarias del régimen de reparación. En síntesis, la ley 26. 773 dispuso el reajuste mediante el
índice RIPTE de los "importes" a los que aludían los arts. 1°, 3° y 4° del decreto 1694/09
exclusivamente con el fin de que esas prestaciones de suma fija y pisos mínimos reajustados
se aplicaran a las contingencias futuras; más precisamente, a los accidentes que ocurrieran y a
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las enfermedades que se manifestaran con posterioridad a la publicación del nuevo régimen
legal. El texto del art. 17.5, al establecer que "las disposiciones atinentes a las prestaciones en
dinero" entrarían en vigencia a partir de la publicación de la ley en el Boletín Oficial, no dejó
margen alguno para otra interpretación...".

Asimismo, La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, resolvió con

fecha 24 de Mayo de 2016 en la Causa L. 118.695 "Storani, Lidia Estela c/ Provincia ART SA
y ots. s/ Amparo, lo siguiente: "...resulta indudable que la modificación del sistema de
prestaciones de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo implementada por la Ley 26773 ha mantenido
la regla general establecida en las reformas previas, relativa a que las mejoras introducidas en
la nueva legislación sólo operan para el futuro, resultando aplicables a las contingencias cuya
primera manifestación invalidante se produzca con posterioridad a su fecha de entrada en
vigencia (y no así a las que hubieran acaecido con anterioridad a ese hito); ello así, salvo que
la normativa consagre alguna excepción puntual a ese principio..."

"...Del juego de ambas normas (arts. 8 y 17 ap. 6, Ley 26773) se desprende que si la primera
establece -con carácter permanente, y para el futuro- el mecanismo de mejoramiento periódico
de las prestaciones conforme el índice RIPTE que deberá publicar semestralmente la Secretaría
de Seguridad Social, la segunda regula simplemente el hito temporal (enero de 2010) a partir
del cual debe aplicarse aquel indicador al importe de esas mismas prestaciones, siempre para
el caso de situaciones sobrevinientes a la publicación de la Ley 26773. En otras palabras: la
Ley 26773 establece que el monto de las prestaciones por incapacidad correspondientes a las
contingencias cuya primera manifestación invalidante sea posterior a la fecha de su entrada en
vigencia (art. 17 ap. 5) debe ajustarse semestralmente mediante el índice RIPTE (art. 8); y hasta
tanto ese mecanismo se implemente en forma definitiva, la operatoria en cuestión debe tener
en cuenta la evolución del módulo escogido (RIPTE) desde el mes de enero de 2010 en adelante
(art. 17 ap. 6). Como se observa, ninguna aplicación retroactiva de las modificaciones
legislativas incorporadas por la reforma surge del texto expreso de la norma, con la única
excepción del supuesto aprehendido en el citado art. 17 ap. 7. (v) Por lo demás, refuerza la
hermenéutica aludida la res. 34/13 (BO del 24-XII-2013) de la Secretaría de Seguridad Social
del Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Nación. En cumplimiento de la
delegación efectuada por los arts. 8 y 17 ap. 6 de la Ley 26773, la mentada Resolución eleva
(por la evolución del índice RIPTE desde el mes de enero del año 2010) la cuantía de las

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prestaciones adicionales de pago único (art. 11 ap. 4, LRT), de los "pisos" indemnizatorios de
las prestaciones por incapacidades permanentes o muerte (arts. 14 y 15, LRT), y de la
compensación adicional por daños no reparados para el caso de muerte o incapacidad total (art.
3 segundo párrafo, Ley 26773), en todos los casos y por sucesivos períodos, a partir del día 26-
X-2012 (ver arts. 1, 2, 4 inc. "a", 5 inc. "a" y 6 inc. "a", res. 34/13), cuando comenzó a regir la
Ley 26773. Ello evidencia que el órgano al cual el Poder Legislativo le delegó expresamente
la tarea de instrumentar los señalados incrementos ha interpretado -en línea con lo expresado
en el apartado precedente- que a las prestaciones debidas con motivo de situaciones previas a
la entrada en vigencia de la nueva ley no les resulta aplicable el sistema reglado por los arts. 8
y 17 ap. 6 de la Ley 26773. En caso contrario, la resolución citada habría incluido los valores
correspondientes a lapsos anteriores al 26-X-2012...".

Resumiendo lo resuelto en ambos casos, tanto la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación

como la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, decidieron avanzar contra
la industria del juicio, estableciendo la irretroactividad de la ley 26.773 y poniéndole, a su vez,
un límite a la aplicación del índice de remuneración imponible promedio de los trabajadores
estables (RIPTE), fijando la fecha a partir de la que se utiliza y qué conceptos deben
actualizarse.

En la causa "Espósito, Dardo Luis c/ Provincia ART S.A. s/ accidente - ley especial", la
Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación resolvió que las indemnizaciones dispuestas a través
de ley 26.773 de octubre de 2012 para accidentes de trabajo, no podrán aplicarse al momento
de estimar los montos por reparación de daño en causas presentadas con anterioridad a la
sanción de esa norma. En referencia al artículo 17.5, los magistrados valoraron que establecía
que los reajustes "solamente se aplicarían a las contingencias futuras; [...] que se manifestaran
con posterioridad a su publicación". Asimismo, señaló que la ley 26.773 dispuso el reajuste
mediante el índice RIPTE de los "importes" a los que aludían los arts. 1°, 3° y 4° del decreto
1694/09 exclusivamente con el fin de que esas prestaciones de suma fija y pisos mínimos
reajustados sean las que se apliquen a las contingencias futuras. Además, destacó que "cuando
se tratara de un verdadero infortunio o enfermedad laboral, y no de un accidente in itinere, el
trabajador damnificado o sus derechohabientes percibirían, además de las prestaciones
dinerarias antes mencionadas, una indemnización adicional —en compensación de cualquier
otro daño no reparado por las tarifas- equivalente al 20% del monto de ellas...", por lo que

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puede interpretarse que se excluye el referido adicional del 20% en caso de accidente in itinere.

Por su parte pero con el mismo espíritu, la Corte de la Provincia de Buenos Aires se expidió
en la causa "STARONI, Lidia Estela c/ PROVINCIA ART S.A. y ots.", estableciendo que la
ley 26.773 no se aplica retroactivamente a siniestros anteriores a su entrada en vigencia, y
además alegando que el art. 17.6 de la ley no es una excepción al art. 17.5, sino que trata sólo
acerca de la modalidad de aplicación del RIPTE, y no sobre su vigencia. Esta decisión del
máximo tribunal provincial permite uniformar la interpretación de la norma, pues resulta
obligatoria para todos los tribunales de instancia inferior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, ya
que tiene vinculación casatoria.

X.- IMPROCEDENCIA DE LA APLICACIÓN DE INTERESES - ACTUALIZACIÓN

MONETARIA
Para el hipotético e improbable supuesto en que se hiciere lugar a la acción promovida por
la parte actora, mi parte se opone a la aplicación de intereses requerida sobre un eventual capital
de condena.

Ahora bien, la ley 24.557 no prevé —en su formulación- la aplicación de intereses sobre las
prestaciones dinerarias por ella fijadas sino a partir del momento en que las ART incurran en
mora en el pago de las mismas. Y, en este sentido, la mora no puede producirse, como se
señaló, sino a partir de la determinación —por parte de las comisiones médicas de la ley- de la
naturaleza laboral del accidente o profesional de la enfermedad y la asignación de un porcentaje
de incapacidad invalidante, en primer lugar, como también la posterior notificación de este
dictamen de la ART para que proceda a liquidar la prestación dineraria correspondiente, en
segundo término.

La resolución S.R.T. 104/98 (B.O. 3/9/98) establece el plazo para el pago de las prestaciones
dinerarias y en su artículo 2 prescribe textualmente "...Estipúlese que el pago de las
prestaciones dinerarias de pago único en concepto de incapacidad laboral permanente
definitiva, deberá realizarse dentro de un plazo no superior a quince (15) días, contados desde
la fecha en que la ART fue notificada de la homologación o dictamen donde determina el
porcentaje de incapacidad..." Asimismo la Resolución 414/99 de la Superintendencia de
Riesgos de Trabajo (DT 2000-A, pág. 229), en su artículo 2 dice: "Establécele que la mora en
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el cumplimiento de la obligación de otorgar las prestaciones dinerarias contempladas en la Ley

24.557 se producirán de pleno derecho transcurridos treinta días corridos de la fecha en que en
que la prestación debió ser abonada o el capital depositado, y por el mero transcurso del plazo
indicado."

Consecuentemente, deviene improcedente la aplicación de intereses a una hipotética

sentencia condenatoria, puesto que mi mandante no ha incurrido en mora, y sólo incurría en
ella y devengaría intereses a favor de la actora una vez trascurrido cuarenta y cinco (45) días
de la fecha en que se notificara la sentencia judicial y quedara firme y consentida la misma.

Es que sólo entonces se habrá configurado, respecto del reclamo fundado en la Ley 24.557,
el presupuesto de hecho que habilita a la imposición de intereses a la ART ya que recién
entonces, la suma seria "debida" al trabajador.

Recuérdese que en tanto se encuentre vigente el esquema de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo
no resulta ajustada a derecho la sentencia que pretenda apartarse de los lineamientos de la
propia normativa legal en que dice fundarse.

Lo contrario importa consagrar una sentencia "contra legem", esto es, una sentencia
arbitraria y este supuesto de arbitrariedad es el que se configura en el fallo recurrido.

En caso contrario, al omitirse la aplicación de la normativa en que se funda la acción

deducida por la actora vigente a la fecha del infortunio denunciado y aun cuando se hubiese
decretado la inconstitucionalidad de los arts. 21, 22 y 46 de la ley 24.557, la aplicación de
intereses solicitada por la parte actora —amen de no resultar una derivación razonada del
derecho vigente y las constancias particulares de la causa- daría lugar a una flagrante
conculcación del derecho de propiedad que asiste a mi mandante, al exorbitar las obligaciones
que le impone la normativa en que debería fundarse una eventual resolución judicial y alterando
las bases técnicas y legales que determinaron la conformación del precio de la alícuota
percibida por parte de la ART de su asegurado.

Ello así, por cuanto no se encuentra controvertido en autos que GALENO ART SA resulta
una aseguradora de riesgos del trabajo (de hecho se la demando en tal calidad) y, como tal, por
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imperio de la propia normativa que determinó su existencia como persona jurídica (art 26 ley
24557) al señalar en su apartado tercero que "...las ART tendrán como único objeto del
otorgamiento de las prestaciones que establece esta ley, en el ámbito que —de conformidad
con la reglamentación- ellas mismas determinen...", no podría ser compelida a otorgar
prestaciones que excedan las fijadas por dicha ley sin provocar un claro perjuicio patrimonial
que redunda en desmedro, inclusive, de la masa de asegurados protegidos por el sistema al
modificar el destino de sus fondos.

De tal forma, jamás podría condenar a mi representada a pagar otra cosa que no fueran las
prestaciones dinerarias fijadas por la LRT y en la medida y con el alcance de dicha normativa
legal.

En ese sentido, cabe destacar que en los autos "Genez Natividad c/ Liberty ART SA s/
accidente — Ley 9688" (causa 11.886/2033 sentencia de fecha 27 de febrero de 2004) se valoró
lo siguiente:

"...Hay casos en que la mora se produce por imperio de una norma que así lo dispone. Es lo
que ocurre en el presente caso, ya que la Resolución 414/99 de la Superintendencia de Riesgos
del Trabajo (DT. 2000-A, pág. 229), en su artículo 2 dice: "Establécele que la mora en el
cumplimiento de la obligación de otorgar las prestaciones dinerarias contempladas en la Ley
24.557 se producirán de pleno derecho transcurridos treinta días corridos de la fecha en que la
presentación debió ser abonada o el capital depositado, y por el mero transcurso del plazo
indicado."; y la Resolución 104/98 de la misma Superintendencia (DT. 1998-B, pág. 1969) en
su artículo 2 dispone: "Estipulase que el pago único en concepto de incapacidad laboral
permanente definitiva, deberá realizarse dentro de un plazo no superior a quince días, contados
desde la fecha en que la ART fue notificada de la homologación o dictamen donde se determina
el porcentaje de incapacidad." Siguiendo estas pautas legales, la ART tenía 15 días para abonar
la indemnización conforme porcentual determinado por la Comisión Médica e ingresaba en
mora treinta días después del momento en que la indemnización debió ser abonada y este es el
criterio que debe aplicarse en autos. No corresponde entonces aplicar intereses con antelación
a estas fechas, porque el marco regulatorio así lo determina con precisión. Distinto fue el
criterio adoptado vigentes las leyes de accidentes que precedieron a la Ley 24.557, donde los
intereses, en casos de accidentes, se aplicaban desde el momento del alta médica..." (Textual).
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Siendo que la única actividad asimilable al dictamen de las Comisiones Médicas o CFSS
—en cuanto a los efectos jurídicos (determinación de la existencia de accidente laboral o
enfermedad profesional)- de haberse decretado la inconstitucionalidad de la normativa que
asigna tal competencia a las comisiones médicas creadas por la ley, juzgados federales y
Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social, lo constituiría la propia sentencia judicial que hiciere
lugar a la acción incoada.

XI.- PRUEBA
A) DOCUMENTAL EN PODER DE LAS PARTES

-Solicito se intime al actor a fin de acompañe los recibos de sueldo originales

correspondientes a los doce (12) meses anteriores a la fecha del siniestro (incluyendo
aguinaldos), bajo apercibimiento de ley.

B) DOCUMENTAL EN PODER DE ...........................................................................

Mi mandante no posee otra documentación distinta a la que se acompaña al presente.

Asimismo, la documentación solicitada por el accionante se encuentra en poder de prestadores
médicos terceros ajenos respecto a mi mandante, lo cuales por otra parte, son oficiados por la
actora.

C) PERICIA MÉDICA

Se designe perito médico legista, especializado en Ortopedia y Traumatología para que

examinando al actor, evaluando todos los antecedentes y solicitando los estudios
complementarios que considere necesario, informe:

1. Qué tipo de signo sintomatología presenta el paciente en virtud del examen médico.

2. Examen semiológico de ambos miembros inferiores, con inclusión de sus ejes clínicos,
tono, trofismo, sensibilidad, fuerza muscular y motilidad activa y pasiva de las distintas
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articulaciones, midiendo los grados en forma goniométrica y guardando especial atención en

el pie derecho.

3. Análisis radiográfico del pie derecho del actor.

4. Grado de incapacidad y elementos tenido en cuenta para valorarla utilizando el Baremo,

de acuerdo al decreto 659/96, del artículo 9 de la Ley 26.773.

XII.- APLICACIÓN LEYES 24.307 Y 24.432 Y DECRETO 1813/92.

Con fecha 10 de Enero de 1995, se ha publicado en el Boletín Oficial la Ley 24.432 de
Honorarios Profesionales, la cual en su art. 1 dispone que se incorpora al art. 505 del Código
Civil el siguiente párrafo " Si en el cumplimiento de la obligación, cualquiera sea su fuente,
derivase en litigio judicial o arbitral, la responsabilidad por el pago de las costas, incluidos los
honorarios profesionales de todo tipo allí devengados y correspondientes a la primera o única
instancia, no excederá del veinticinco por ciento (25%) del monto de la sentencia, laudo,
transacción o instrumento que ponga fin al diferendo. Si las regulaciones de honorarios
practicadas conforme a las leyes arancelarias o usos locales, correspondientes a todas las
profesiones y especialidades superan dicho porcentaje, el juez precederá a prorratear los
montos entre los beneficiarios. Para el cómputo del porcentaje indicado, no se tendrá en cuenta
el monto de los honorarios de los profesionales que se hubieren representado, patrocinado o
asistido a la parte condenada en costas", reproduciendo similar texto con relación al art.277 de
la Ley 20.744 (t.o. decreto 390/76).

Ha dicho la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN, F. 479. XXI- Originario;

Septiembre 12 de 1996, "Francisco Costa e Hijos Agropecuaria c/ Buenos Aires Provincia de
s/daños y perjuicios") que "...en el caso no resultan aplicables las modificaciones introducidas
por la ley 24.432 al artículo 505 del Código Civil. Los trabajos realizados por los distintos
profesionales intervinientes, fueron llevados a cabo íntegramente con anterioridad a la entrada
en vigencia de las nuevas disposiciones legales, por lo que mal pueden ser aplicadas sin afectar
derechos amparados por garantías constitucionales...", agregando que "...En el caso de los
trabajos profesionales el derecho se constituye en la oportunidad que se los realiza, más allá de
la época en que se practique la regulación. Es a partir de ahí que nace una situación jurídica
concreta e individual en cabeza del sujeto que, como tal se hace inalterable y no puede ser
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suprimida o modificada por ley posterior, sin agravio al derecho de propiedad consagrado por
el art.17..." de la Constitución Nacional y "...de resultas de estos principios debe concluirse que
en el sub lite no deben aplicarse las nuevas disposiciones legales con relación a los trabajos
profesionales realizados con anterioridad a su vigencia...".

En base a esta doctrina se sigue, con buena lógica jurídica e inevitablemente, que para todo
trabajo profesional que se ha de cumplir a partir del 19 de enero de 1995, se debe aplicar la ley
24.432, sea prorrateando los honorarios que se regulen a los abogados de la contraparte y
peritos actuantes, sea adecuándolos directamente en el momento del acto regulatorio al tope
máximo legal, para lo cual también ha de tenerse presente la incidencia del importe de la tasa
de justicia, ya que -y aunque parezca reiterativo -, como reglamenta la legislación en cuestión,
"...la responsabilidad por el pago de las costas, incluidos los honorarios profesionales de todo
tipo allí devengados y correspondientes a la primera o única instancia, no excederá el
veinticinco por ciento (25%) del monto de la sentencia...".

Corresponde, asimismo, respecto de los peritos que intervengan en autos, se aplique lo

dispuesto por el Decreto 1813/92, en tanto los honorarios deben ser regulados "...en función de
la tarea profesional cumplida, su utilidad, el tiempo que haya insumido y la naturaleza o materia
de que se trate...", excluyendo las pautas generales arancelarias y procediendo al acto
regulatorio "...conforme a estos últimos criterios, por aplicación de lo previsto en el segundo
párrafo del art.1071 del Código Civil..." (art.1 de dicho ordenamiento).

Ha de tenerse en cuenta que el Decreto 1813/92 fue incluido expresamente en el

denominado "Pacto Federal para el Empleo, la Producción y el Crecimiento" (Decreto
1807/93), suscripto entre el Gobierno Nacional y distintas Provincias, previendo en el Anexo
I, PRIMERO, art.10, dejar sin efecto las restricciones de bienes y servicios "...Derogando el
carácter de orden público de los aranceles correspondientes a honorarios profesionales en todos
los sectores..." , y declarando su aplicación directa, conforme el art.11, in fine.

Recuerda mi parte sobre este apartado, que reiteradamente la Corte Suprema de Justicia de
la Nación ha decidido que los honorarios de los peritos, aun cuando su propio arancel les
permita una suma mayor, deben adecuarse a los del abogado que solicitó su designación (Fallos
236:127; 239:123; 245:139; 246:293; entre muchos otros), siendo admisible, incluso, que los
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Jueces al proceder a fijar los honorarios, se aparten de las normas arancelarias específicas
(CSJN, "Graciarena José"; Octubre 15-1981), ya que, de lo contrario, podrían llegar a cobrar
una retribución mayor que los propios abogados, cuya actuación abarca más etapas que la de
los expertos.

En la actualidad, los conceptos precedentemente expresados han sido receptados por la

Suprema Corte de Justicia de esta Provincia y constituyen la doctrina legal, de acatamiento
obligatorio por los Tribunales Inferiores.

Por su parte, el Cimero Tribunal de la Pcia de Buenos Aires (SCBA, Causa L77.914,
Octubre 2-2002; "Zuccoli, Marcela A. c/ SUM S.A. s/ daños y perjuicios) ha dicho que si bien
el art. 16 de la Ley Nº 24.432 invita a las Provincias a una adhesión al régimen que la misma
instituye, lo es en la medida que "fuere pertinente", por lo que la modificación al art. 505 del
Código Civil "...por el carácter que reviste en razón de la sustancia de lo que regula —
responsabilidad en materia de costas por incumplimiento de la obligación principal- no
requiere adhesión alguna, resultado entonces aplicable en la Provincia, sin que ello implique
vulnerar en modo alguno la autonomía local..." (voto del Dr. Pettigiani) y ello es así porque
"...el Código Civil es derecho común, aplicado por los jueces de cada jurisdicción pero
legislado por la Nación..." (voto del Dr. Roncoroni) y, en consecuencia, las provincias no
necesitan adherir ni legislar sobre normas que a ellas mismas les está vedado hacerlo, por
cuanto "...La Ley 24.432, en cuanto modifica normas sustanciales (Arts. 505 del Código Civil
y 277, L.C.T.) tiene operatividad en todo el país...Un razonamiento contrario conllevaría la
posibilidad de que el Código Civil...se aplique en forma fraccionada en los diferentes estados
provinciales..." (voto del Dr. Hitters, quien admite haber repensado la posición anterior sobre
el tema).

Por estos fundamentos y citas legales arrimadas, al momento de procederse a la regulación

de honorarios de los profesionales abogados de la contraparte y peritos actuantes en este litigio
en carácter de costas, debe ceñirse y hacer aplicación de las mencionadas disposiciones en
vigencia.

Desde ya, de no aplicarse la normativa en cuestión, queda introducido el Caso Federal (art.
14 de la ley 48), para recurrir ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, por entender que
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se violan derechos de raigambre constitucional, entre ellos, los de igualdad, propiedad y

defensa en juicio (arts. 16, 17 y 18 de la Constitución Nacional).

XIII.- INTRODUZCO CASO FEDERAL

Para el hipotético caso en que V.S. no hiciere lugar a las pretensiones de mi mandante en
las presentes actuaciones, mi representada expresamente introduce el caso federal atento el
agravio que se causará a su derecho de propiedad y defensa en juicio, fundados directamente
en los arts. 17 y 18 de la Constitución Nacional, configurándose una cuestión federal típica en
los términos del inc. 3ro, art. 14 de la ley 48, así como se hace expresa reserva de acudir ante
nuestro máximo Tribunal en orden a la doctrina de la arbitrariedad.

XIV.- PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto solicito a V.S.:

1º) Me tenga por presentado, parte y domiciliado procesalmente.

2º) Se resuelva la excepción de incompetencia como de previo y especial pronunciamiento;

3°) Se haga lugar a las defensas planteadas y se acumulen los procesos.

4º) Se tenga por contestada en tiempo y forma la demanda interpuesta y ofrecida la prueba.

5º) En su momento, al sentenciar, se rechace la demanda contra mi poderdante, con costas.

6º) Se tenga por introducido el Caso Federal, previsto por el art.14 de la ley 48, para el
supuesto de desplazarse la aplicación de las leyes 24.307, 24.432 y 24.557, por violentarse
derechos de raigambre constitucional, cuales son los de propiedad, defensa en juicio de
igualdad, amén de la arbitrariedad que tal decisión implicaría.

Proveer de conformidad que,

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SERÁ JUSTICIA.

Recomendaciones Legales: Al final del acápite XI referido a la prueba, y en relación con la

pericia médica se advierte al experto que siendo que por aplicación del art. 8 LRT, resulta
obligatoria la utilización de la Tabla de Evaluaciones laborales de la LRT (dec. 659/96) se
advierte que solo podrá utilizarse dicho baremo para la determinación eventual de la existencia
de porcentuales de incapacidad derivados de las secuelas que pudiere constatar en el marco de
la revisación médica del actor. ME OPONGO LA UTILIZACION BAREMO DISTINTO DE
LA LRT: Toda vez que mi parte se rige por la ley 24.557 debe el experto designado en autos
dictaminar en función del BAREMO QUE LA LRT dispone y no a otro.

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CONTESTA DEMANDA. ART.

Señor/a Juez/a

I. PERSONERÍA
Conforme lo acredito con la copia del testimonio de poder general judicial adjunto, soy
mandatario de ........................................................................... ART S.A., cuyo domicilio real
denuncio en la ........................................................................... N°
..........................................................................., de
............................................................................

Declaro bajo juramento que el poder mencionado se encuentra plenamente vigente y carece
de limitación alguna al momento de esta presentación.

En tal carácter vengo en tiempo y forma a contestar la demanda instaurada en contra de mi

mandante, solicitando el rechazo de la misma en todas sus partes, con costas.

II. OBJETO
En el carácter invocado y siguiendo expresas instrucciones de mi representada,
........................................................................... A.R.T. S.A., paso a continuación a contestar el
traslado que fuera cursado a mi mandante, solicitando desde ya el rechazo del mismo, con
expresa imposición de costas, a mérito de las consideraciones de hecho que expondré y de
derecho que alegaré en el decurso del presente escrito de responde.

III. RECONOCIMIENTO CONTRATO DE AFILIACIÓN. DELIMITA VIGENCIA,

OBJETO Y ÁMBITO DE COBERTURA
Si bien mi parte habrá de reconocer que entre
........................................................................... A.R.T. S.A. y la empleadora del actor,
........................................................................... se celebró el Contrato de Afiliación Nº
..........................................................................., vigente desde el
........................................................................... hasta actualidad.

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Ahora bien, conforme se acreditará en estos actuados mediante la pericial contable que infra
dejo ofrecida como prueba, de la cláusula PRIMERA de las condiciones particulares de dicho
Contrato de Afiliación, las partes contratantes se sometieron a lo normado por la Ley Nº
24.557, a sus Reglamentaciones, a las disposiciones de dicho contrato y sus anexos y cláusulas
generales y particulares que forman parte integrante del mismo.

Asimismo, se estableció que -en ningún caso- las condiciones particulares podrían ser
contrarias a lo dispuesto en la normativa precitada y a las cláusulas del contrato de afiliación y
en especial al contrato modelo de afiliación aprobado por la Resolución 39/96 y su
modificatoria 47/96 de la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo, conforme el duplicado
correspondiente a la renovación automática (art. 27, inc. 4 LRT); por lo que no puede sino
concluirse que las obligaciones y derechos de las partes contratantes deberán valorarse dentro
de tal marco normativo (Ley 24.557 y sus decretos reglamentarios, Contrato de Afiliación,
etc.).

Por ello y no obstante el reconocimiento que antecede respecto de la existencia y vigencia

del Contrato de Afiliación celebrado entre mi mandante y la empleadora del actor, considera
mi parte que corresponde puntualizar determinadas circunstancias del reclamo incoado por la
parte actora, a fin de encuadrar debidamente las defensas de mi representada y que a
continuación se desarrollarán.

IV. CUESTIONES FÁCTICAS ACERCA DEL CASO. CONTESTA AGRAVIOS

La actora demanda a ........................................................................... ART S.A por la
supuesta patología que dice padecer "...........................................................................".

Así las cosas, mi mandante procedió a notificarle tanto al empleador como a la actora que
el hecho denunciado no configura un accidente de trabajo en los términos del art 6 de la ley
24557, conforme surge de la CD acompañada por la actora.

Asimismo entendemos que la actora NO PRESENTA LA ENFERMEDAD Y LESIONES

que denuncia.

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NEGAMOS que esta supuesta patología tenga relación de causalidad con las tareas
prestadas para su empleador.

Sin perjuicio de ello, sostenemos que esta enfermedad es INCULPABLE Y ESTA AJENA
A LA COBERTURA ASEGURATIVA OTORGADA POR MI MANDANTE.

Por lo expuesto, solicito se rechace la demanda interpuesta con expresa imposición de

costas.

V. SUBSIDIARIAMENTE CONTESTA AGRAVIOS

Para el hipotético caso que se declare procedente el recurso de apelación vengo por medio
del presente a contestar los agravios planteados por la parte actora.

CONTESTA AGRAVIOS

En primer lugar sostenemos que el mismo no cuenta con fundamentos que rebatan lo
dictaminado por Comisión Médica Nro. ........................................................................... ,
Expediente: ........................................................................... de fecha
........................................................................... en el cual no se determinó el carácter no laboral
del siniestro en cuestión.

Teniendo presente los puntos precedentemente expuestos, seguidamente procedo a

contestar los agravios planteados por el Sr. ........................................................................... en
el escrito en traslado.

Sin perjuicio de lo expuesto, resulta necesario resaltar la inexactitud del argumento

esgrimido por el recurrente.

En este sentido, el Sr. ........................................................................... se agravia con vagas,

genéricas e inconsistentes manifestaciones respecto del dictamen que pretende impugnar.

Efectivamente, el Sr. ........................................................................... apela el dictamen

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emanado de Comisión Médica Nro. ...........................................................................,

Expediente: ........................................................................... de fecha
........................................................................... sin aportar argumentos o elementos de que
puedan enervar el pronunciamiento de dicha Comisión, por lo que su presentación constituye
una mera discrepancia sin fundamentación que lo avale.

Con fecha ........................................................................... la Comisión Médica n°

........................................................................... dictaminó que el actor padece una
contingencia que nada tiene que ver con su labor.

Por lo expuesto, de lo precedentemente manifestado surge que el Dictamen emanado de la

Comisión Médica interviniente, luce adecuado para el tipo de caso por las fundamentaciones
científicas y técnicas en que se sustenta el mismo, debiendo rechazarse la demanda en todos
sus términos con expresa imposición de costas.

Negamos categóricamente que la Comisión Médica hubiera dictaminado injustamente.

Rechazo el pedido de la parte actora respecto de que se deba darle a la contingencia sufrida
carácter laboral y se deba estimar una incapacidad al actor.

En torno a ello, mi parte solicita se declare desierto el recurso, en los términos del art. 31
del Decreto 717/96, rechazándose in limine su procedencia, atento que la expresión de agravios
efectuada por la parte actora no constituye una crítica concreta y razonada de la Resolución de
la Comisión Médica de referencia.

Prescribe el art. 265 CPCCN: El escrito de expresión de agravios deberá contener una crítica
razonada de las partes del fallo que el apelante considere equivocadas. No bastara remitirse a
presentaciones anteriores... dicen Finocchieto - Arazi: ... la expresión de agravios debe
contener un análisis crítico y razonado de la sentencia que la motiva, señalando y demostrando,
punto por punto, los errores en que se ha incurrido o las causa por las cuales el pronunciamiento
se considera injusto o contrario a derecho (Finocchieto, Arazi, CPCCN Comentado y
concordado, Astrea, 1987).

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Como V.E. podrá observar, ninguna de las previsiones de la norma en análisis se ha

cumplido, el recurrente se lo ha limitado a interponer el recurso, sin mencionar los agravios
relevantes que la sentencia le produce.

VI. NEGATIVAS
A todo evento y sin perjuicio de las defensas esgrimidas por mi parte, paso ahora a contestar
—en forma subsidiaria- el traslado conferido a la aseguradora de riesgos del trabajo que
represento.

Niego que esta parte le deba indemnización por incapacidad parcial y permanente en virtud
del siniestro de autos.

VII. APLICACIÓN LEYES 24.307 Y 24.432 Y DECRETO 1813/92

Con fecha 10 de Enero de 1995, se ha publicado en el Boletín Oficial la Ley 24.432 de
Honorarios Profesionales, la cual en su art. 1 dispone que se incorpora al art. 505 del Código
Civil el siguiente párrafo " Si en el cumplimiento de la obligación, cualquiera sea su fuente,
derivase en litigio judicial o arbitral, la responsabilidad por el pago de las costas, incluidos los
honorarios profesionales de todo tipo allí devengados y correspondientes a la primera o única
instancia, no excederá del veinticinco por ciento (25%) del monto de la sentencia, laudo,
transacción o instrumento que ponga fin al diferendo. Si las regulaciones de honorarios
practicadas conforme a las leyes arancelarias o usos locales, correspondientes a todas las
profesiones y especialidades superan dicho porcentaje, el juez precederá a prorratear los
montos entre los beneficiarios. Para el cómputo del porcentaje indicado, no se tendrá en cuenta
el monto de los honorarios de los profesionales que se hubieren representado, patrocinado o
asistido a la parte condenada en costas", reproduciendo similar texto con relación al art. 277
de la Ley 20.744 (t.o. decreto 390/76).

Ha dicho la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN, F. 479. XXI-Originario;

Septiembre 12 de 1996, "Francisco Costa e Hijos Agropecuaria c/ Buenos Aires Provincia de
s/ daños y perjuicios") que "...en el caso no resultan aplicables las modificaciones introducidas
por la ley 24.432 al artículo 505 del Código Civil. Los trabajos realizados por los distintos
profesionales intervinientes, fueron llevados a cabo íntegramente con anterioridad a la entrada
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en vigencia de las nuevas disposiciones legales, por lo que mal pueden ser aplicadas sin afectar
derechos amparados por garantías constitucionales...", agregando que "...En el caso de los
trabajos profesionales el derecho se constituye en la oportunidad que se los realiza, más allá de
la época en que se practique la regulación. Es a partir de ahí que nace una situación jurídica
concreta e individual en cabeza del sujeto que, como tal se hace inalterable y no puede ser
suprimida o modificada por ley posterior, sin agravio al derecho de propiedad consagrado por
el art.17..." de la Constitución Nacional y "...de resultas de estos principios debe concluirse que
en el sublite no deben aplicarse las nuevas disposiciones legales con relación a los trabajos
profesionales realizados con anterioridad a su vigencia...".

En base a esta doctrina se sigue, con buena lógica jurídica e inevitablemente, que para todo
trabajo profesional que se ha de cumplir a partir del 19 de enero de 1995, se debe aplicar la ley
24.432, sea prorrateando los honorarios que se regulen a los abogados de la contraparte y
peritos actuantes, sea adecuándolos directamente en el momento del acto regulatorio al tope
máximo legal, para lo cual también ha de tenerse presente la incidencia del importe de la tasa
de justicia, ya que —y aunque parezca reiterativo-, como regimenta la legislación en cuestión,
"...la responsabilidad por el pago de las costas, incluidos los honorarios profesionales de todo
tipo allí devengados y correspondientes a la primera o única instancia, no excederá el
veinticinco por ciento (25%) del monto de la sentencia...".

Peticiono, asimismo, respecto de los peritos que intervengan en autos, se aplique lo

dispuesto por el Decreto 1813/92, en tanto los honorarios deben ser regulados "...en función de
la tarea profesional cumplida, su utilidad, el tiempo que haya insumido y la naturaleza o materia
de que se trate...", excluyendo las pautas generales arancelarias y procediendo al acto
regulatorio "...conforme a estos últimos criterios, por aplicación de lo previsto en el segundo
párrafo del art. 1071 del Código Civil..." (art.1 de dicho ordenamiento).

Ha de tenerse en cuenta que el Decreto 1813/92 fue incluido expresamente en el

denominado "Pacto Federal para el Empleo, la Producción y el Crecimiento" (Decreto
1807/93), suscripto entre el Gobierno Nacional y distintas Provincias, entre ellas la de Buenos
Aires, previendo en el Anexo I, PRIMERO, art.10, dejar sin efecto las restricciones de bienes
y servicios "...Derogando el carácter de orden público de los aranceles correspondientes a
honorarios profesionales en todos los sectores...", y declarando su aplicación directa, conforme
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el art.11, in fine.-

El pacto de mención (conocido como "Pacto Fiscal") fue ratificado por el art. 33 de la ley
24.307 en el orden nacional y por la ley 11.463 de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, sancionada
con fecha 18 de noviembre de 1993, por lo cual también quedó ratificado el Decreto 1813/92,
adquiriendo el carácter de norma de igual rango que las leyes arancelarias y, en lo pertinente,
quedaron derogadas implícitamente estas últimas.

Recuerda mi parte sobre este apartado, que reiteradamente la Corte Suprema de Justicia de
la Nación ha decidido que los honorarios de los peritos, aun cuando su propio arancel les
permita una suma mayor, deben adecuarse a los del abogado que solicitó su designación (Fallos
236:127; 239:123; 245:139; 246:293; entre muchos otros), siendo admisible, incluso, que los
Jueces al proceder a fijar los honorarios, se aparten de las normas arancelarias específicas
(CSJN, "Graciarena José"; Octubre 15-1981), ya que, de lo contrario, podrían llegar a cobrar
una retribución mayor que los propios abogados, cuya actuación abarca más etapas que la de
los expertos.

Por estos fundamentos y citas legales arrimadas, mi representada solicita que al momento
de proceder a la regulación de honorarios de los profesionales abogados de la contraparte y
peritos actuantes en este litigio, se tenga presente y haga aplicación de las mencionadas
disposiciones en vigencia.

Desde ya, de no aplicarse la normativa en cuestión, mi parte introduce el Caso Federal (art.
14 de la ley 48), para recurrir ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, por entender que
se violan derechos de raigambre constitucional, entre ellos, los de igualdad, propiedad y
defensa en juicio (arts. 16, 17 y 18 de la Constitución Nacional).

VIII. PRUEBA
Ofrezco la que hace al derecho de mi parte que consiste en la siguiente:

1) DOCUMENTAL:

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Se acompaña la siguiente documentación:

...........................................................................

2) PERICIAL CONTABLE

Solicito se designe perito contador único de oficio a fin de que, examinando los libros de
comercio y demás constancias contables de ...........................................................................
A.R.T. S.A., determine:

1. Si los mismos son llevados en legal forma;

2. Determine el ingreso base mensual del actor, a tenor del art. 12 de la ley 24.557 y
resolución 237/96 de la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo.

3. Informe gastos totales abonados por ........................................................................... ART

S.A., a la fecha de realización de la pericia, en concepto de atención médica, quirúrgica,
farmacéutica y de rehabilitación con relación al actor y con motivo del siniestro discutido en
autos.

4. Informe gastos en concepto de pago de ILT o su reintegro a la empleadora (art. 13 ley

24.557). Detalle fecha de pagos realizados y discrimine montos.

5. Informe el Ingreso Base Mensual del actor.

En la actualidad, ........................................................................... ART S.A cuenta con

información electrónica para ofrecer a los efectos de realizar la pericia contable.

Es por ello que solicitamos se designe perito oficial contable y manifestamos que para la
pericia contable que requiere V.E:

* PONGO LIBROS A DISPOSICIÓN PARA PERICIA CONTABLE: Manifiesto que la

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realización de la pericia contable, en lo que hace a los libros de comercio y demás

documentación pertinente de la aseguradora, que es llevada conforme a derecho (art. 43 y cc.
del Código de Comercio), deberá efectuarse de manera electrónica dirigiéndose a:
esperguinm@galenoart.com.ar/domingueztorresmariaa@galenoart.com.ar, o contactarse al
Tel (011) 4103-7802.-

3) CONFESIONAL

Se cite al actor a absolver posiciones a tenor del siguiente pliego.

1. Para que jure como que se encuentra en perfecto estado de salud.

2. Me reservo el derecho de ampliar.

Designo absolventes a quien suscribe y a los Sres.

...........................................................................

4) PERICIA MÉDICA

Se designe perito médico legista, especializado en Ortopedia y Traumatología para que

examinando al actor, evaluando todos los antecedentes y solicitando los estudios
complementarios que considere necesario, informe: 1. Qué tipo de signo sintomatología
presenta el actor en virtud del examen médico. 2. Sí, por lo observado en el examen médico y
los datos que puedan surgir de los antecedentes, la parte demandada realizo el tratamiento
adecuado y realizo su seguimiento hasta el alta médica. 3. Examen semiológico de ambos
miembros superiores, con inclusión de sus ejes clínicos, tono, trofismo, sensibilidad, fuerza
muscular y motilidad activa y pasiva de las distintas articulaciones, midiendo los grados en
forma goniométrica y guardando especial atención en hombro izquierdo. 4. Análisis
radiográfico de hombro izquierdo del actor, con las incidencias de frente, perfil 5. Análisis de
resonancia nuclear magnética de hombro izquierdo 6. Grado de incapacidad y elementos tenido
en cuenta para valorarla. Baremo utilizado

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IX. AUTORIZA
Se tenga presente que quedan autorizados para compulsar este expediente, obtener
fotocopias, retirar cédulas, oficios, pericias, escritos, realizar desgloses y demás actuaciones y
proceder al diligenciamiento pertinente, a los Sres.
...........................................................................

X. RESERVA CASO FEDERAL

Para el hipotético caso en que V.E. no hiciere lugar a las pretensiones de mi mandante en
las presentes actuaciones, mi representada expresamente hace reserva del caso federal atento
el agravio que aquella causa a su derecho de propiedad y defensa en juicio, fundados
directamente en los arts. 17 y 18 de la Constitución Nacional, configurándose una cuestión
federal típica en los términos del inc. 3ro, art. 14 de la ley 48, así como se hace expresa reserva
de acudir ante nuestro máximo Tribunal en orden a la doctrina de la arbitrariedad.

XI. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto, de V.E. peticiono:

1º) Me tenga por presentada, en el carácter invocado y a tenor del poder acompañado, por
parte y por constituido el domicilio procesal constituido.

2°) Se haga lugar a las defensas planteadas.

3º) Se tenga por contestada la demanda y por ofrecida la prueba. Al dictar sentencia, se
rechace la misma, con expresa imposición de costas a la vencida.

4º) Se tenga presente la reserva del Caso Federal, previsto por el art.14 de la ley 48, para el
supuesto de desplazarse la aplicación de las leyes 24.307, 24.432 y 24.557, por violentarse
derechos de raigambre constitucional, cuáles son los de propiedad, defensa en juicio e igualdad,
amén de la arbitrariedad que tal decisión implicaría.

5º) Se tenga presente las autorizaciones conferidas.

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Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONTESTA DEMANDA. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO

Excmo. Tribunal:

..........................................................................., por derecho propio, con domicilio real en

calle ..........................................................................., con el patrocinio del Dr.
........................................................................... Abogado (Tº
........................................................................... Fº
........................................................................... Colegio de Abogados de
..........................................................................., legajo previsional nº
..........................................................................., CUIT e ING. BRUTOS nº
..........................................................................., Monotributista), constituyendo domicilio en
calle ........................................................................... de esta ciudad y domicilio electrónico en
........................................................................... @notificaciones.scba.gov.ar, tel.cel:
..........................................................................., en los autos caratulados
........................................................................... Expte nº
..........................................................................., a V.E. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
En legal tiempo y forma vengo contestando la demanda iniciada por la Sra.
........................................................................... negando todos los hechos y solicitando el
rechazo de la misma.

II. NEGATIVAS
Por expreso imperativo legal niego todos y cada uno de los hechos detallados en demanda.
Específicamente niego:

- Que ...........................................................................

- Desconozco la autenticidad de toda la documentación acompañada en demanda,

principalmente de los telegramas laboral dirigidos a mi persona.

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III. HECHOS
Conforme surge de los hechos de demanda, la actora habría trabajado a mis órdenes y de
los codemandados ejerciendo actividades de empleada doméstica y cuidado de persona
enferma, habiendo sido contratada por la Sra. ............................................................................
Sin embargo el relato de demanda es completamente falaz y de su propio texto se pueden
deducir los inventos con que la misma cuenta.

Jamás conocí ni tuve relación alguna con la Sra.

..........................................................................., menos aún con la Sra.
...........................................................................

El Sr. ........................................................................... era mi esposo y la Sra

........................................................................... nuestra hija.

Como dejé expresado en el primer punto, mi esposo falleció el 10 de Marzo de 2015 y mi

hija hace varios años que no vive en el país y que no tengo contacto con ella, por lo cual también
es imposible que conozcan a la Sra. ...........................................................................

Nunca contratamos ninguna empleada doméstica ya que con mis haberes como jubilada,
mal podría abonar a una persona el salario necesario, y menos aún un salario de $
........................................................................... mensuales.

Obsérvese que cobrando una jubilación mínima, como la que yo cobro, si le hubiese pagado
en el año ........................................................................... $
........................................................................... a una persona, me habrían quedado alrededor
de $ ........................................................................... para vivir, monto imposible de
administrar.

Por otro lado, también es falsa la demanda desde el momento en que la actora manifiesta
que recibía órdenes de mi persona, del Sr. ...........................................................................

Reitero la Sra. ........................................................................... no vive en el país, por lo

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cual, es imposible que haya dado órdenes de trabajo a la actora.

Nunca se despidió a la ........................................................................... porque nunca trabajó

para mí ni para el resto de los codemandados.

Asimismo, jamás recibimos ninguna de los telegramas acompañados en autos. Por su parte,
la actora no acompañó los recibidos de dichas misivas generando la duda de su correcta
recepción.

A todo ello, hay que agregar que la propia actora reconoce que no fue contratada por esta
parte ni por mi marido ni hija, sino que fue contratada por la Sra.
..........................................................................., con la cual no tenemos ninguna relación.

Es decir, no existe relación laboral entre actora y demandados.

Así para que exista relación de trabajo deben darse ciertas notas tipificantes como son:
subordinación técnica; subordinación jurídica y subordinación económica.

Ninguna de estos pilares vemos en el caso de autos.

La Sra. ........................................................................... habría sido contratada por

........................................................................... con lo cual no hay una subordinación jurídica.

Respecto de las otras dos características, desde el momento en que no conocemos a la actora,
tampoco hubo subordinación técnica ni económica, ya que nunca trabajó en mi hogar y menos
aún se le abonó alguna vez algún salario.

Por su parte, es la propia actora quien deberá demostrar que existió relación laboral entre
las partes, no bastando solamente las declaraciones testimoniales.

Así lo tiene dicho también la jurisprudencia obrante en la materia:

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"Ha sostenido el Superior Tribunal provincial que "Para calificar el contrato de trabajo de
servicio doméstico no sólo debe atenderse a la existencia de subordinación jurídica y
económica, sino también a la índole de las tareas y al lugar donde se desarrollan, y a la
circunstancia de que la prestación se encuentre dirigida a satisfacer necesidades personales del
dueño de casa. Ello implica, que la actividad sea ejecutada en el ámbito del hogar, cumpliendo
funciones inherentes al mismo, y en el sólo interés del empleador y de su familia, sin que pueda
hallarse involucrada para éstos una finalidad de lucro, beneficio o ganancia económica" (SCBA
L 99.540 Sent. 21/12/2011 "Olivera, Eva Beatriz c/Costantini, María Angela y otro
s/Despido").------------ -- " (Tribunal Del Trabajo Nro. 1, Expediente Nro. 30036, Zalazar
Norma Cristina c/ Torrente Zulema s/ Despido, 15/07/2016, Libro de Sentencias Nro. 1)

"La aplicación de los arts. 39 de la ley 11.653 y 57 de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo

requiere, como presupuesto indispensable, acreditar la relación laboral alegada, sin que el
beneficio consagrado en ellas pueda sustituir la obligación esencial que le incumbe al promotor
del pleito de demostrar la existencia del vínculo invocado como sustento de su reclamo."(JUBA
- B3550435 - LEYB 11653 Art. 39 Ver Norma | LEY 20744 Art. 57 | - SCBA LP Rl 117840 I
22/10/2014 - Carátula: Antunez, Esteban Javier contra Melo, José Luis. Despido. - Magistrados
Votantes: Hitters-Negri-Genoud-de Lázzari - Tribunal Origen: TT0000ZA; SCBA LP Rl
118123 I 30/09/2014 - Carátula: Musci, Silvia Noemí contra Budassi, Elizabeth Rosalía y
otro/a. Despido. - Magistrados Votantes: Hitters-Negri-Genoud-Kogan - Tribunal Origen:
TT0100AV; SCBA LP Rl 115148 I 26/10/2011 - Carátula: Fazzari, Guillermo Mario
c/Pedemonte y Méndez, Cecilia Inés s/Despido - Magistrados Votantes: de Lazzari-Negri-
Soria-Genoud - Tribunal Origen: TT0100LM).

"La presunción contenida en la norma del art. 55 de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo sólo
juega respecto de personas vinculadas por un contrato de trabajo, careciendo de eficacia para
acreditar la existencia misma de la relación laboral."(JUBA - B3550817; SCBA LP Rl 118381
I 15/04/2015 - Carátula: Pare, Mauro Sebastian contra Filippone, Hugo otro/a. Despido. -
Magistrados Votantes: Genoud-Kogan-Pettigiani-de Lázzari - Tribunal Origen: TT0100MO)

"El juramento del art. 39 de la ley procesal del fuero no es idóneo para acreditar la existencia
de relación laboral" (JUBA - B3346727; SCBA LP L. 116979 S 26/03/2015 Juez KOGAN
(SD) - Carátula: Azcurrain, Viviana Noemí contra Zingoni, Gustavo Alfredo y otros. Ind.
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Despido, etc. - Magistrados Votantes: Kogan-Genoud-Hitters-Negri - Tribunal Origen:

TT0200BB; SCBA LP L 94975 S 24/06/2009 Juez HITTERS (SD) - Carátula: Sassani,
Antonio Benedicto Luciano c/Distribuidora Interprovincial S.A. y otro s/Despido y diferencias
salariales - Magistrados Votantes: Hitters-Kogan-Genoud-Negri - Tribunal Origen:
TT0400QL)

"El beneficio de la inversión de la carga probatoria consagrado por el art. 39 de la ley 11.653
no puede sustituir la obligación esencial que incumbe al actor de demostrar la existencia de la
relación laboral invocada" (JUBA - B47579 - SCBA LP L 111454 S 05/06/2013 Juez NEGRI
(SD) - Carátula: Goncalvez Do Braz, Stella Maris c/Cooperadora Unica de Centros de Salud
de la Municipalidad de Tigre s/Despido - Magistrados Votantes: Negri-Soria-Hitters-Genoud-
Kogan-Pettigiani - Tribunal Origen: TT0300SI; SCBA LP L 76339 S 12/02/2003 Juez SALAS
(SD) - Carátula: Altamirano, José Luis c/Biggi, Hugo Alberto s/Despido - Magistrados
Votantes: Salas-Negri-de Lázzari-Pettigiani-Roncoroni)

"La presunción contenida en la norma del art. 55 de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo sólo
juega respecto de personas vinculadas por un contrato de trabajo, careciendo de eficacia para
acreditar la existencia misma de la relación laboral." (JUBA - SCBA LP L 112843 S
29/05/2013 Juez NEGRI (SD) - Carátula: De Renzo, Domingo c/Colegio San Martín S.R.L. y
otro s/Despido - Magistrados Votantes: Negri-Soria-Hitters-Kogan - Tribunal Origen:
TT0300A; SCBA LP L 108034 S 19/12/2012 Juez GENOUD (SD) - Carátula: Salazar,
Angelica Noemí c/Roldán, Fany Delfa s/Despido - Magistrados Votantes: Genoud-de Lazzari-
Kogan-Hitters - Tribunal Origen: TT0200MP)

Así las cosas, atento el desconocimiento de esta parte de la relación laboral denunciada por
la actora, es a la Sra. ........................................................................... a quien le corresponde
demostrar los hechos nombrados en su escrito de demanda, no siendo suficiente para ello la
sola prueba testimonial.

Más allá de esto, con los testigos ofrecidos y demás actividades probatorias, demostraré a
V.E. que la Sra. ........................................................................... jamás trabajó en mi hogar y
tan siquiera tuve conocimiento de ella.

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Reitero una vez más la negativa de todos los dichos y solicito a V.E. que rechace la demanda
con costas a la actora.

IV. IMPUGNA LIQUIDACIÓN

Sin perjuicio del desconocimiento de la relación laboral, impugno la liquidación practicada
por la actora por cuanto contiene grandes vicios en sus cálculo.

En primer lugar, la Sra. ........................................................................... reclama $

........................................................................... en concepto de indemnización por antigüedad
calculando el sueldo multiplicado por dos. Entra aquí en error por cuanto, según los dichos de
la actora, el lapso laborado habría sido de un año y un mes, por lo cual, conforme al art. 48 de
la ley 26.844 el cálculo sería de un mes de sueldo por cada año de servicio o fracción mayor a
tres meses, habiendo trabajado un año no podría multiplicarse por
...........................................................................

Igual suerte debe correr la indemnización del art. 50, ya que se debe tomar de parámetro la
del art. 48 de la ley 26.844, es decir un solo mes de sueldo.

La multa del art. 53ter Ley 11.653 no corresponde por cuanto esta parte desconoció y
desconoce la relación laboral con la actora, por lo cual no puede hacerse uso de la presunción
de deuda de salario alguno.

Tampoco es procedente el reclamo de la indemnización sustitutiva del preaviso porque la

Sra. ........................................................................... jamás trabajó para mí. Por eventualidad
procesal habrá de tener en consideración V.E. que la Suprema Corte Provincial, en un fallo
reciente decidió que "La indemnización sustitutiva del preaviso contemplada en el art. 232 de
la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo debe ser equivalente a la remuneración que normalmente hubiera
percibido el trabajador durante el período pertinente, y no la mejor remuneración mensual,
normal y habitual a la que hace referencia el art. 245 de la ley citada" (JUBA - B5006523 -
SCBA LP L 111502 S 15/07/2015 Juez DE LÁZZARI (SD) - Carátula: "Arrieta, Mauricio
Lebian contra Reidy, Roberto Gabriel. Despido" - Magistrados Votantes: de Lázzari-Hitters-
Kogan-Genoud-Soria-Pettigiani-Negri - Tribunal Origen: TT0200LZ).

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Respecto al resto de los rubros, desde que se desconoció la relación laboral, ninguno de
ellos pudiera prosperar.

V. PRUEBA
Ofrezco la siguiente:

V.1. Confesional: Pido se cite a absolver posiciones a la actora, a tenor del pliego de
posiciones que a continuación se transcribe:

V.1.1 ...........................................................................

Reservo el derecho de ampliar en la vista de causa.

V.2. Testimonial: Pido sean citados por el Tribunal (art. 432 C. Procesal), a prestar
declaración testimonial, las siguientes personas:

Los domicilios corresponden a Bahía Blanca. Los testigos serán citados a comparecer bajo
apercibimiento de ser traídos por la fuerza pública.

V.2.3. Informativa: Solicito se libre oficio a:

VI. RESERVA DEL CASO FEDERAL

Dada la claridad del derecho de mi parte y teniendo en cuenta la absoluta improponibilidad
y temeridad de la acción intentada, me veo en el deber de formular expresa reserva del caso
federal para que, en el supuesto caso de que se adopte una decisión contraria al derecho de mi
representada, la misma se encuentre en condiciones de ocurrir a la Corte Suprema de Justicia
de la Nación por vía del artículo 14 de la ley 48, dado que una resolución tal importaría, por
necesidad, grave violación a lo dispuesto en los artículos 14, 14bis, 17, 18 y 28 de la
Constitución Nacional, y artículos 10, 11, 27 y 56 y concs. de la provincia de Buenos Aires y
62, 63 y 242 de la ley 20.744.

VII. AUTORIZA
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Se autorice a compulsar el expediente, obtener fotocopias, retirar cédulas, oficios, pericias,

escritos, realizar desgloses y demás actuaciones y proceder al diligenciamiento pertinente, los
Dres. ........................................................................... en forma indistinta.

VIII. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto a V.E. solicito:

Primero: Tenga por contestada en tiempo y forma la demanda y por ofrecida la prueba que
hace a mi derecho.

Segundo: Tenga por efectuada formal reserva de "caso federal" (art. 14 ley 48).

Tercero: Al sentenciar, rechace la demanda entablada en todas sus partes, con costas.

Proveer de conformidad,

SERÁ JUSTICIA

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DEMANDAS

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DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO

Señor/a Juez/a

I. PERSONERÍA
Que conforme lo acredito con la carta poder que acompaño, prestando juramento acerca de
su vigencia, la ..........................................................................., DNI
..........................................................................., argentina, nacida
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., de estado civil
..........................................................................., actualmente desocupada, con domicilio en
calle ..........................................................................., me ha otorgado mandato con facultades
suficientes para promover esta demanda y representarlo en las instancias procesales que se
sucedan.

II. OBJETO
Que, en cumplimiento de expresas instrucciones de mi mandante, vengo a interponer formal
demanda por indemnización por accidente de trabajo ocurrido en fecha
..........................................................................., contra
........................................................................... ART S.A, con domicilio en calle
........................................................................... de Bahía Blanca, por la suma de PESOS
........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................), valor histórico y provisorio a la fecha del
siniestro a la cual deberá adicionarse los correspondientes intereses, actualización por RIPTE
al momento de practicar liquidación, y/o lo que en más o en menos surja de la prueba a rendirse,
y del más alto criterio de V.E., con más los intereses, costos y costas de la presente.

Dicha suma le es debida por la accionada a mi mandante, hasta su efectivo pago, en

concepto de reparación en los términos de la Ley 24.557, como consecuencia del accidente de
trabajo, sufrido por el actor con fecha ...........................................................................-

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La suma que se reclama es estimativa, y se halla supeditada a las resultas de las periciales
que se requieren en la presente acción, más allá de la pericia medica que se acompaña con la
presente, a lo que resulte de la demás prueba ofrecida en los presentes y en definitiva, al alto
criterio de V.E.

Que la presente acción se funda dentro del andarivel de la LRT, esto es reclamando las
prestaciones dinerarias y en especie previstas en dicho marco normativo, con las
particularidades que se observan y detallan en la presente.

III.- COMPETENCIA. INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LOS ARTS. 21, 22, 46 INC. 1º

DE LA LEY 24.557
a) COMPETENCIA: Que en atención a la materia, y habiendo sido mi mandante contratado
en la ciudad de ........................................................................... y haberse ejecutado el contrato
laboral también en dicha ciudad, sumado a que las prestaciones médicas y dinerarias fueron
otorgadas en su totalidad en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, interviniendo en todo el trámite
administrativo la sucursal local de la demandada, es V.E resulta competente para conocer en
el sub lite.

En razón de la materia, V.E. resulta competente, por cuanto el reclamo del actor tiene por
objeto la indemnización de la incapacidad laboral, causada en el trabajo prestado en relación
de dependencia, de conformidad con lo preceptuado por el art. 2º, inc. a, ley 11.653, que
prescribe que los Tribunales del Trabajo conocerán en las causas vinculadas con un contrato
de trabajo.

Dicha materia, por ser parte integrante del Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social,
constituye derecho común, correspondiendo su aplicación a los tribunales federales o
provinciales, según que las cosas o las personas cayeren bajo sus respectivas jurisdicciones (cf.
art. 75, inc. 12, C.N.).

Es decir, en razón de la materia V.E. resulta competente por cuanto el conflicto que se
ventila encuentra fundamento en normas de derecho común -lo cual excluye la competencia
federal- y por cuanto la pretensión encuentra su causa en un hecho acaecido con motivo y en
ocasión de una relación laboral.
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Más allá de la naturaleza común del derecho aplicable se advierte, entonces, que lo que
dirime la competencia en la materia no es la norma aplicable sino la existencia de un conflicto
entre trabajador y empleador (cf. GELBER, Teodoro, Las acciones civiles del trabajador en la
ley 24.557, Ed. Hammurabi, 1998, Pág. 96; en idéntico sentido: ALOCATTI y ACKERMAN,
citados por GELBER, ob. cit., Págs. 94 y 95).

b) JURISPRUDENCIA: A todo evento, y en cumplimiento de los más altos preceptos

jurídicos establecidos por nuestra Constitución Nacional y Provincial, solicito se declare la
inconstitucionalidad del art. 46, inc. 1 de la ley 24.557, aplicándose la doctrina sentada por la
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en los autos caratulados: Castillo, Angel Santos
c/Cerámica Alberdi S.A., el cual ha merecido notas y citas doctrinales y jurisprudenciales
dictadas por los más encumbrados especialistas en la materia.

En la referida sentencia, de fecha 7 de Septiembre del 2004, la C.S.J.N. ha reiterado lo que

constituye jurisprudencia pacífica desde 1917, en el sentido de que las responsabilidades por
accidentes del trabajo a que se refiere la ley número 9688 y que nacen de hechos ocurridos en
el ejercicio o cumplimiento de contratos entre patrones y empleados u obreros, son de carácter
común' (Fallos: 126:315, 324 y 325:328; asimismo: Fallos: 129:223; 151:315; 162:79;
184:390; 228:537; 239:239; 242:182; 245:174, entre muchos otros), vale decir, resultan
sancionadas por el Congreso con arreglo a las previsiones del art. 67, inc. 11, de la Constitución
Nacional -actual art. 75, inc. 12- (Fallos 248:781, 782, considerando 1º y sus citas). De igual
manera corresponde discurrir respecto de la ley 24.028, que sustituyó a la ley 9688.
(Considerando 4º).

Análoga es la situación de la ley 24.557, ya que ...la mencionada ley no tuvo otro objeto
(...) que establecer, bien que bajo algunas modalidades propias, la regulación de un universo
jurídico que, materialmente considerado, es análogo al que contemplaban las leyes 9688 y
24.028, (por ello) cabe concluir en la inexistencia de razón valedera alguna para prescindir de
la reiterada y recordada jurisprudencia de esta Corte, que reconoce carácter común a las
disposiciones que rigen las relaciones jurídicas de la presente causa.

Que, por ende, no es constitucionalmente aceptable que la Nación pueda, al reglamentar

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materias que son como principio del derecho común, ejercer una potestad distinta de la que
específicamente le confiere el citado art. 75, inc. 12. Lo contrario implicaría tanto como
reconocer que las pautas limitativas que fija la Constitución Nacional cuando se trata de
derecho común, referentes a la no alteración de las jurisdicciones locales y a la aplicación de
esas leyes por los tribunales de provincias (...) pueden ser obviadas por la sola voluntad del
legislador (Fallos: 271206, 209, considerando 4º).-

... la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo (...) no contiene disposición expresa alguna que declare
federal el régimen de reparaciones sub lite. (...) La citada ley, por un lado, regula
sustancialmente sólo relaciones entre particulares, y, por el otro, en sus preceptos no aparece
manifiesta la existencia de una específica finalidad federal para sustentar una declaración de
tal naturaleza (considerando 6º).-

...es perfectamente trasladable al presente litigio la doctrina enunciada por el Tribunal a

propósito de la ley 9688: 'la circunstancia de que la ley haya adoptado formas o bases nuevas
para reglar relaciones de derecho privado nacidas de accidentes del trabajo por ser insuficientes
las adoptadas por el Código Civil a las modernas necesidades creadas por el progreso industrial,
no le quita ni puede quitarle su carácter de ley común destinada a reglar derechos particulares,
cualquiera que fuese la denominación que se les dé' (Fallos 126:325, 329).

Tampoco acude en sustento de la federalización de la ley 24.557 cuanto quiera verse en ésta
como conjuro de situaciones excepcionales. Si cada vez que se invoque una circunstancia de
este tipo, o, aún, cada vez que realmente exista, se estuviese fuera del art. 75, inc. 12, la reserva
que éste asegura podría quedar eliminada en los hechos cuanto más que, en períodos de
transformaciones constantes, acaso muy pocas materias -si no ninguna- serían excluidas en la
sanción de leyes fundadas en hechos excepcionales....-

Toda pretensión tendiente a conferir naturaleza federal a normas que regularmente

pertenecen al orden común, debe ser escrutada con el mayor rigor, sobre todo por cuanto es
deber indeclinable del Tribunal impedir que, a través de esos medios, se restrinjan
indebidamente las facultades jurisdiccionales de las provincias, que son inherentes al concepto
jurídico de autonomía (considerando 7º).

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La Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo, de tal manera, ha producido dos consecuencias

incompatibles con la Constitución Nacional: impedir que la justicia provincial cumpla la
misión que le es propia, y desnaturalizar la del juez federal al convertirlo en magistrado 'de
fuero común'.

Tratándose el presente de un caso de igual sustento fáctico pido se declare la

inconstitucionalidad del art. 46 referido.

Además de las razones expuestas por el Alto Tribunal en los considerandos del fallo
transcriptos, cabe puntualizar que la disposición en crisis es inconstitucional por cuanto:

1) Atenta contra principios de raigambre constitucional como es el derecho de defensa en

juicio, juez natural y el debido proceso legal.

2) Prácticamente anula la alternativa del recurso judicial mediante un exceso reglamentario

por parte del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (art. 99, inc. 2 C.N.).

3) Da facultades jurisdiccionales a un órgano administrativo, en clara y manifiesta violación

constitucional (art. 109 C.N.).

4) Viola la garantía de la igualdad ante la ley (art. 16 C.N.), restringiendo la tutela judicial
por el sólo hecho de ser un trabajador, coartando asimismo su posibilidad real y efectiva de
que jueces naturales garanticen el derecho a la propiedad (Art. 17 C.N.).

c) SOLICITA SE DECLARE LA INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE COMISIONES

MÉDICAS ARTS. 21 Y 22 LEY 24.557, ART. 6 INC 2 A Y B, ART. 40 INC. 3, LEY 24.557,
DTO. 658/1996 MODIFICADO POR DTO. 1167/2003:

Para el hipotético caso que la asegurado planteara el carácter inculpable de las dolencias del
actor, y por lo tanto la sintomatología actual es derivado de afección inculpable excluida a los
fines indemnizatorios y prestacionales de acuerdo al Art. 6 Inc. 3 B de la Ley 24.445,
entendemos que dicho artículo es inconstitucional en base a las siguientes consideraciones.
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En el art. 6 inc 2 a y b de ley 24.557 se establece, en prieta síntesis, que son consideradas
enfermedades profesionales aquellas que se encuentran incluidas en el listado que elabora y
revisa el Poder Ejecutivo conforme al procedimiento del art. 40 inc. 3 de la misma ley. Las
enfermedades no incluidas en dicho listado no serán consideradas resarcibles, con las
excepciones que se establecen los incs. 2 b, 2 c. y 2 d.-

Dichas excepciones establecidas en los referidos incisos del art. 6 son a todas luces
imposibles de transpolar a la realidad de la vida de un trabajador.

Las contingencias no cubiertas -no incluidas en los listados- requieren del trabajador un
esfuerzo volitivo y económico imposible de afrontar.

Debe en primer lugar requerir de asesoramiento médico y legal - gratuito?- para formular
un reclamo en la Comisión Médica Jurisdiccional. Para ello obviamente debe trasladarse a
ciudades distantes del asiento de su hogar en quién sabe cuántas oportunidades. Para que en
definitiva resuelva a todo evento la Comisión Médica Central con asiento en la ciudad de
Buenos Aires.

Es imposible tratar de pensar que el legislador le haya brindado al trabajador excluido esta
irrazonable pseudo-solución en los casos de enfermedades profesionales no incluidas en el
listado del dto. 658/1996 modificado por dto. 1167/2003.

La modificación introducida por el decreto 1278/2000 pretendió atenuar las críticas

constitucionales que la doctrina y jurisprudencia realizaba por cuanto el listado de
enfermedades profesionales era de orden cerrado, es decir, aquellas que no se encontraban en
el mismo no eran resarcibles.

Con la modificación introducida por el decreto antes mencionado se trató pero no se logró,
acertar en la solución brindada. El trabajador excluido tiene la posibilidad legal de solicitar se
incluya en el caso específico una determinada dolencia sanitaria, pero con el procedimiento
instaurado, esa posibilidad se torna en algo imposible de afrontar por el trabajador en los

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hechos.

A todas luces contradictoria, a todas luces inconstitucional, dado que coarta en los hechos
y en la realidad de los trabajadores efectuar dicho reclamo.

En el caso específico, estamos en presencia de un trabajador que se encuentra diezmado por

las dolencias que padece con imposibilidad de realizar las tareas normales y habituales, sin el
dinero suficiente que le permita efectuar las erogaciones necesarias para instar el reclamo -
llámese envío de correspondencia, viajes, certificados médicos, etc., a todo ello debería
sumarse la incertidumbre acerca del resultado final de dicho procedimiento.

En el caso que nos trae, las dolencias del trabajador son consecuencias directas del accidente
que sufriera, que fue denunciado por la patronal, y aceptado por la aseguradora luego de
transcurridos los plazos legales correspondientes.

Dicho sistema atenta contra todos los principios y garantías establecidas en favor de la parte
más débil en las relaciones laborales -el trabajador- en estrecha violación de garantías
constitucionales:

1) Atenta contra principios de raigambre constitucional como es el derecho de defensa en

juicio, juez natural y el debido proceso legal.

2) Prácticamente anula la alternativa del recurso judicial mediante un exceso reglamentario

por parte del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (art. 99, inc. 2 C.N.).

3) Da facultades jurisdiccionales a un órgano administrativo, en clara y manifiesta violación

constitucional (art. 109 C.N.).

4) Viola la garantía de la igualdad ante la ley (art. 16 C.N.), restringiendo la tutela judicial
por el sólo hecho de ser un trabajador, coartando asimismo su posibilidad real y efectiva de
que jueces naturales garanticen el derecho a la propiedad Art. 17 C.N. e indemnidad Art. 19
C.N. ante el daño ocasionado.
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La propia corte CSJBA, ha abordado la cuestión, en los fallos, "Mansilla, Marta Ester vs.
Surrey S.A.C.I.F.I.A. s. Accidente de trabajo", y en "Sala, Jorge Carlos vs. Du Pont Argentina
S.A. s. Daños y perjuicios", declarando inconstitucional la norma en cuestión.

En el primer fallo citado, el Dr. Negri en su voto a dicho, "Respecto del art. 6 de la Ley
24.557 dos aspectos tornan cuestionable su constitucionalidad. El primero es el referido a la
delegación legislativa a favor del Poder Ejecutivo prevista en la norma a fin de que la
administración confeccione las listas de enfermedades profesionales con arreglo al
procedimiento previsto en el art. 40 ap. 3 de la ley y el segundo es el relativo a la limitación a
las enfermedades profesionales como daño indemnizable dentro del contexto de la ley. 8. En
relación al primero he de decir que el legislador adoptó un criterio diferente en la regulación
de los accidentes del trabajo (inc. 1) y de las enfermedades profesionales (inc. 2). A los
accidentes los definió en el apartado primero del artículo en análisis más, en lo concerniente a
las enfermedades profesionales se estableció que serán aquéllas que resultaran de un listado
elaborado anualmente por el Poder Ejecutivo conforme al procedimiento del art. 40 apartado 3
de la ley. Dispuso asimismo que el listado identificará agente de riesgo, cuadros clínicos y
actividades en capacidad de determinar por sí (redacción previa al Dec. 1278/2001, B.O. 3-I-
2001) la enfermedad profesional. Se excluye como resarcible cualquier otra enfermedad no
incluida en el listado...Es obvio que, los recaudos bajo cuya órbita el art. 76 de la Constitución
nacional autoriza la delegación legislativa, no se cumplen en el art. 6 de la Ley de Riesgos del
Trabajo toda vez que se trata indudablemente de materia de derecho común, que por lo tanto,
el Ejecutivo no puede reglamentar ni el Congreso le puede encomendar una tarea que está
sometida a las reglas del citado artículo de la Constitución nacional, máxime que tampoco se
fija plazo para la delegación...El segundo: la limitación que contiene de exclusiva reparación
de las enfermedades profesionales dejando fuera de su ámbito y protección a las enfermedades
accidente tradicionalmente admitidas en principio por doctrina y jurisprudencia, con
reconocimiento legislativo posterior deja fuera un importante número de situaciones en que si
bien el trabajo o las condiciones en que se brinda no son el factor excluyente de provocación
del daño -como ocurre en las enfermedades profesionales- sí cabe considerarlo como
coadyuvante o agravante y por ende concurrente en el perjuicio psicofísico del trabajador."

El art. 6 de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo tal como fue concebido resulta manifiestamente

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irrazonable y consagra una ostensible inequidad con menoscabo de expresas garantías

constitucionales consagradas en protección de la relación laboral y de los derechos individuales
(arts. 14 bis y 17, Constitución nacional).

"Los propios considerandos del Decreto 1278/2000 revelan la irrazonabilidad de la

definición original de la Ley 24557, en cuanto ésta pretendía excluir del resarcimiento por ella
establecido a los daños provocados por enfermedades incapacitantes provocadas por el trabajo
sólo por el hecho de no hallarse incluidas en el listado taxativo de enfermedades profesionales
allí indicado.-", Sala, Jorge Carlos vs. Du Pont Argentina S.A. s. Daños y perjuicios ///
Suprema Corte de Justicia, Buenos Aires; 28-05-2010; Jurisprudencia de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires; RC J 3444/11

"La definición expuesta en el segundo párrafo del art. 6, ap. b), de la Ley 24557,
concerniente a que las enfermedades no incluidas en el listado, así como sus consecuencias, no
serán consideradas resarcibles, pone en evidencia la ruptura del sistema legal ordenado por el
legislador con la Constitución nacional. En efecto, se impone reconocer que en el contexto de
análisis que provee la Constitución nacional, sobre todo, luego de la reforma de 1994 -inspirada
en claras prescripciones tuitivas de la justicia social, así como profundizadora de la protección
que merece el trabajador como sujeto preferente de tutela- un resultado como el anunciado no
puede ocultar su carácter disvalioso, indudablemente alejado y contrapuesto con claros
mandatos de jerarquía supralegal. Bajo esa premisa ha de llevarse a cabo el control de
constitucionalidad requerido respecto de la norma del art. 6.2 de la Ley 24557 (en su redacción
original).-", Sala, Jorge Carlos vs. Du Pont Argentina S.A. s. Daños y perjuicios /// Suprema
Corte de Justicia, Buenos Aires; 28-05-2010; Jurisprudencia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires;
RC J 3444/11

"No podrá resultar constitucional la aplicación de la ley si los daños producidos por los
accidentes de trabajo o por una enfermedad profesional quedan sin reparación de ninguna
especie. Tal el caso de un trabajador que quede incapacitado total o parcialmente como
consecuencia de una enfermedad no incluida en la lista que debe elaborar y/o revisar el Poder
Ejecutivo, de acuerdo con lo previsto -originariamente- por el art. 6.2 de la Ley 24557. En este
último supuesto, la inconstitucionalidad se configura como consecuencia de la irrazonabilidad
de la omisión (art. 28, Const. Nac.) ante el sistema normativo constitucional, especialmente el
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formado por la exigencia de que la seguridad social sea integral, y que la legislación que la
implemente resulte conducente al desarrollo humano, en los términos del art. 75 inc. 19, del
nuevo texto.-", Sala, Jorge Carlos vs. Du Pont Argentina S.A. s. Daños y perjuicios /// Suprema
Corte de Justicia, Buenos Aires; 28-05-2010; Jurisprudencia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires;
RC J 3444/11

"Deviene inconstitucional el art. 6, Ley 24557, en cuanto sólo considera como resarcibles
en el marco de la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo a las enfermedades profesionales, en tanto deja
afuera de su ámbito y protección a las enfermedades accidentes, en donde si bien el trabajo o
las condiciones en que se brinda no son el factor excluyente de provocación del daño -como
ocurre en las enfermedades profesionales- sí cabe considerarlo como coadyuvante o agravante
y por ende concurrente en el perjuicio psicofísico del trabajador. (Del voto en disidencia del
Dr. Negri).-", Mansilla, Marta Ester vs. Surrey S.A.C.I.F.I.A. s. Accidente de trabajo ///
Suprema Corte de Justicia, Buenos Aires; 24-05-2006; Rubinzal on line; RC J 1836/06.

Entonces, por los fundamentos que se mencionaron y en base a los precedentes invocados,
sin perjuicio de que entendemos que el presente es un típico caso de accidente laboral (hecho
súbito y violento, y teniendo en cuanta lo solicitado en el capítulo hechos, respecto a la aptitud
de V.E para determinar en lugar de los entes administrativos la determinación del carácter
laboral de la dolencia de mi mandante), para el hipotético caso de que V.E. entienda que la
dolencia que presenta el actor no se encuentra incluida en el listado del dto. 658/1996, y
afectando entonces las garantías constitucionales ut supra mencionadas, SOLICITAMOS
ENTONCES SE DECLARE LA INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL ART. 6 INC. 2 A, B, C,
D, 40 INC. 3, DE LEY 24.557 Y DTO. 658/1996 MODIFICADO POR DTO. 1167/2003.

Asimismo efectuamos el planteo, en este estadio procesal, relativo a la inconstitucionalidad

de los arts. 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557, en cuanto dichas normas prescriben que serán las
comisiones médicas las encargadas de determinar la naturaleza laboral del accidente, el
carácter y grado de la incapacidad, entre otras facultades, como así también el procedimiento
establecido para obtener las prestaciones.

En el caso de autos, el propio afectado a preferido recurrir a V.E, en base al presente planteo
y jurisprudencia citada, atento la escasa garantía que otorgan dichos entes en la determinación
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de incapacidades, y a efectos de que sea el "juez natural" quien en definitiva decida cuál es la
indemnización correspondiente.

Las referidas comisiones sustituyen a los Tribunales de Justicia -jueces naturales- del fuero
laboral ordinario, especializado en la materia y se constituyen en una instancia no judicial,
obligatoria e ineludible, investida de la potestad jurisdiccional, lesionando -además- el
principio de acceso a la justicia y la garantía del debido proceso consagrados por la
Constitución Nacional y Provincial. El artículo 109 de nuestra Ley Fundamental prohíbe
otorgar potestades jurisdiccionales a órganos administrativos con exclusión de los jueces
naturales (art. 5 inc. 2, art. 21 inc. 2, art. 46 Ley 24.557).- El principio de razonabilidad impone
otro requisito -esencial- para la validez de la jurisdicción administrativa: que dichas comisiones
sean idóneas. En el caso puntual que nos ocupa, el procedimiento no ofrece garantías para el
trabajador, no puede una comisión médica resolver las cuestiones de causalidad entre daño y
actividad, nunca fue una función médica, sino jurisdiccional. Se manifiesta una indeseable
orfandad para la víctima laboral de asesoramiento letrado frente a un procedimiento teórico
complejo. Hay falta de inmediatez entre el lugar donde se produce el accidente y el lugar de
decisión.

Pero, además, la irrazonabilidad aumenta por cuanto las comisiones médicas están sólo
integradas por médicos, dependientes del Poder Ejecutivo y resuelve aspectos controvertidos
ajenos a sus incumbencias profesionales. Se les otorgan facultades jurídicas a los médicos que
a su vez se sustraen a la abogacía y los Tribunales especializados. Son los médicos según el
perverso sistema procesal de la LRT los que determinan el nexo causal entre el daño y las
tareas, función intelectual de indagación, prueba y raciocinio propio de la ciencia del Derecho.

Estos facultativos tienen una relación de empleo privada con la S.R.T. (Artículo 38,
apartado 3 L.R.T.), de modo que la carencia de la estabilidad del empleo público conspira
contra su independencia (cf. SCHICK, Horacio, III E.L.A.T., 3º Encuentro Latinoamericano
de Abogados Laboralistas, COMUNICACIÓN AL TEMA 3).

El determinar si una enfermedad o accidente debe ser considerado profesional hace a la

naturaleza especifica de la jurisdicción inherente al Poder Judicial del Estado, conforme se
desprende en forma repetida en los distintos tratados y pactos internacionales que con jerarquía
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constitucional han sido insertados en el cuerpo legal de nuestra Constitución por el artículo 75
inciso 22. (Se contravienen los artículos. 5, 14, 17, 18, 31, 75 inc. 12, 109 de la CN, art. 18 de
la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, arts. 8 y 25 de la Convención
Americana Sobre Derechos Humanos y art. 10 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos
Humanos y, en lo que se refiere a la Pcia. de Bs. As., los arts. 1, 15, 19, 166 de la Constitución
de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires), "...El conflicto no es esencialmente federal, pero termina
revisando todo la Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social que está manejando 20.000
expedientes jubilatorios por Sala lo que es patético como acceso oportuno a la jurisdicción (cf.
SCHICK, Horacio, ob. cit.).

Se altera también el principio de la igualdad ante la ley, ya que el trabajador -por su sola
condición de tal- debe ocurrir a una instancia administrativa con los vicios ya señalados, de la
cual el resto de los habitantes se encuentran eximidos, a fin de reclamar el resarcimiento de
daños ocasionados, en violación del principio alterum non laedere.

De esta manera también se contraviene la Convención Americana sobre Derechos

Humanos, (de jerarquía superior a las leyes Artículo 75, inciso 22 de la C.N.) que establece en
su artículo 25 canon 1ro que 'toda persona tiene derecho a un recurso sencillo y rápido o a
cualquier otro recurso efectivo ante los jueces o Tribunales competentes que lo ampare contra
actos que violen sus derechos fundamentales reconocidos por la Constitución las leyes o esta
convención'. La 'rapidez y sencillez' no refiere solamente al trámite sino a la posibilidad del
acceso efectivo a la jurisdicción, que involucra el de una razonable proximidad con el asiento
del Tribunal. Cuando existe esa posibilidad y se impone la carga de litigar ante sede distante,
se pretende claramente dificultar el acceso a la justicia (cf. SCHICK, Horacio, ob. cit.).

Ha dicho el Dr. Hitters, en su voto en la causa L75.708, "QUIROGA, JUAN EDUARDO

C/CICCONE CALCOGRÁFICA S.A S/ ENFERMEDAD", que: "si -como acabo de señalar
concluimos que esta problemática es de derecho local y común y por ende no federal,
obviamente que los juicios tampoco deben ventilarse ante los jueces que determina el Art. 46
de la ley 24.557;por estar comprendidos -como reiteradamente exprese-, en la zona de reserva
jurisdiccional de las provincias, fijada por el Art. 75 inc. 12 de la Constitución Nacional. De lo
expuesto en el apartado anterior surge sin ambages que el aludido dispositivo legal del Art. 46
de la ley 24.557 es inconstitucional, como acabo de afirmar, y ello implica que la causa aquí
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examinada debe tramitar ante el tribunal del trabajo competente de esta provincia sin pasar
previamente por ante los entes no jurisdiccionales que determina la normativa...no podríamos
admitir la actuación de las comisiones medicas locales ni de la comisión médica central, si el
posterior control judicial debe hacerse en el ámbito federal, pues a manera de cabeza de Jano
-en esta ley- ambos tramos son las dos caras de una misma moneda. En igual sentido, se
expidieron expresamente en su voto los Dres. Salas y Bogan.

Por las razones expuestas, como así por la jurisprudencia de la C.S.J.N. y C.S.J.B.A, sentada
en el referido caso Castillo, solicito a V.E. que asuma la competencia para conocer en el fondo
de la pretensión indemnizatoria aquí incoada.

IV.- EN SUBSIDIO
PLANTEA INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE DEC. 54/2017, LEY 26.122, LEY 27.348 -
COMPLEMENTARIA DEL RÉGIMEN DE RIESGOS DEL TRABAJO - ART 21 Y 22 LEY
24.557 y RES 298/17 S.R.T.- INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LA LEY 14.997, POR LA
QUE ADHIERE LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES A LA LEY 27.348.

IV.1).- INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL DECRETO DE NECESIDAD Y URGENCIA

Nº 54/2017:

Planteo la irritante inconstitucionalidad del aún vigente decreto nº 54/2017, por constituir
una manifiesta violación del espíritu republicano, del principio de división de poderes y de la
prohibición de ejercicio de facultades legislativas por parte del Ejecutivo, atentando contra el
orden constitucional al pretender suprimir en forma indirecta e! estado de derecho y e! sistema
representativo, republicano y federal establecido por e! artículo 1º de la Constitución Nacional.

Consecuentemente, sus disposiciones resultan manifiestamente nulas de nulidad absoluta e

inaplicable.

En el caso, mal puede imaginarse la existencia de algún tipo de necesidad y/o de urgencia
y/o de circunstancias excepcionales que justifiquen dicho dictado.

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Por ello, resulta flagrantemente violatorio del principio de supremacía de la Constitución,

establecido por el art. 31 de la Carta Magna.

El decreto atacado pretende cercenar los legítimos derechos de propiedad, trabajo, acceso a
la justicia, debido proceso y juez natural de los trabajadores afectados por una enfermedad o
accidente laboral, así como los derechos de propiedad y de trabajo de los profesionales
abogados.

Obligar al trabajador víctima de un infortunio laboral a someterse al arbitrio de una junta

médica para resolver un conflicto legal, importa una clara e indiscutible denegación de justicia.

Admitir la validez de las Comisiones Médicas implica dejar en manos de profesionales de

la salud la determinación del carácter laboral de un accidente y su relación causal con el factor
laboral, arrasando con la garantía constitucional del debido proceso, al atribuirle funciones de
claro contenido jurisdiccional prohibidas por el art. 109 de la Constitución Nacional, por
tratarse de una función exclusiva e indelegable del Poder Judicial, de conformidad con lo
dispuesto por los arts. 5°, 116° y 75 inc. 12 de la Carta Magna.

Así, el D.N.U. Nº 54/2017 resulta contrario a lo resuelto por la Corte Suprema de Justicia
de la Nación en sus precedentes Venialgo, Castillo y Marchetti, en el sentido que se puede
recurrir directamente al Juez Laboral competente, sin pasar por el procedimiento
administrativo de la ley especial.

También resulta flagrantemente inconstitucional lo dispuesto en el art. 15 del D.N.U. Nº

54/2017, dado que al pretender la aplicación del índice RIPTE solamente a los pagos únicos
adicionales y a los importes mínimos establecidos en el Decreto 1694/09, contradice lo
dispuesto por la ley 26.773, violando el principio de progresividad e impidiendo el
cumplimiento de la finalidad de mejorar de manera significativa las indemnizaciones, textual
y puntualmente expresada por dicha norma.

Sin perjuicio del cuestionamiento constitucional de todas y cada una de las disposiciones
del decreto nº 54/2017, destaco en forma puntual la flagrante violación de los ordenamientos
fundamentales, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial, pretendida por sus artículos 2º) y 13º)
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en cuanto disponen la competencia territorial de los órganos ubicados en la jurisdicción del

domicilio de la Comisión Médica Jurisdiccional que intervino (?????).

Semejante despropósito resulta contrario a los principios de debido proceso, de acceso

irrestricto a la justicia y de progresividad, expresamente consagrados por los artículos 15, 39 y
concordantes de la Constitución Provincial.

IV.2).- INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LA LEY Nº 26.122:

Solicito también se declare en las presentes la inconstitucionalidad de la ley nº 26.122, por

resultar manifiestamente contraria al mandato del art. 99, inciso 3º) de la Ley Fundamental, en
cuanto ordena que el Poder Ejecutivo no podrá en ningún caso bajo pena de nulidad absoluta
e insanable, emitir disposiciones de carácter legislativo.

Asimismo, por la totalidad de los fundamentos del precedente Consumidores Argentinos c/

Estado Nacional, Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, emanado el 19 de mayo de 2010 de la Corte
Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, a los que me remito en homenaje a la brevedad, la evaluación
de las circunstancias excepcionales.

Señaló allí el Alto Tribunal:

11) Que en lo que respecta a la existencia de un estado de necesidad y urgencia, es atribución

de este Tribunal evaluar, en este caso concreto, el presupuesto fáctico que justificaría la
adopción de decretos que reúnan tan excepcionales presupuestos.

En este aspecto, no puede dejar de advertirse que el constituyente de 1994 explicitó en el

art. 99, inc. 3º del texto constitucional estándares judicialmente verificables respecto de las
situaciones que deben concurrir para habilitar el dictado de disposiciones legislativas por parte
del Presidente de la Nación. El Poder Judicial deberá entonces evaluar si las circunstancias
invocadas son excepcionales, o si aparecen como manifiestamente inexistentes o irrazonables;
en estos casos, la facultad ejercida carecerá del sustento fáctico constitucional que lo legitima.

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12) Que, por lo demás, corresponde aclarar que la previsión en el texto constitucional de
pautas susceptibles de ser determinadas y precisadas en cada caso concreto autoriza al Poder
Judicial a verificar la compatibilidad entre los decretos dictados por el Poder Ejecutivo y la
Constitución Nacional, sin que ello signifique efectuar una valoración que reemplace a aquella
que corresponde al órgano que es el competente en la materia o invada facultades propias de
otras autoridades de la Nación.

En el precedente Verrocchi, esta Corte resolvió que para que el Presidente de la Nación
pueda ejercer legítimamente las excepcionales facultades legislativas que, en principio, le son
ajenas, es necesaria la concurrencia de alguna de estas dos circunstancias: 1) que sea imposible
dictar la ley mediante el trámite ordinario previsto por la Constitución, vale decir, que las
cámaras del Congreso no puedan reunirse por circunstancias de fuerza mayor que lo impidan,
como ocurriría en el caso de acciones bélicas o desastres naturales que impidiesen su reunión
o el traslado de los legisladores a la Capital Federal; o 2) que la situación que requiere solución
legislativa sea de una urgencia tal que deba ser solucionada inmediatamente, en un plazo
incompatible con el que demanda el trámite normal de las leyes (considerando 9)

En lo que ahora interesa, el Constituyente reformador prohibió enfáticamente al Poder

Ejecutivo que emita disposiciones de carácter legislativo (en ningún caso bajo pena de nulidad
absoluta e insanable), a fin de resguardar el principio de división de poderes. Solamente cuando
circunstancias excepcionales hicieran imposible seguir los trámites ordinarios para la sanción
de las leyes, y no se trate de normas que regulen materia penal, tributaria, electoral o el régimen
de los partidos políticos, aquél podrá dictar decretos por razones de necesidad y urgencia,
siguiendo el procedimiento que establece el art. 99, inc. 3º), de la Constitución Nacional.

Se trata, entonces, de una facultad excepcional del Poder Ejecutivo para incursionar en
materias reservadas al legislador, que únicamente puede ejercerla cuando concurran las
circunstancias que prevé el texto constitucional (Fallos: 322:1726, entre otros) y las
disposiciones que se dicten de ese modo deben tener, por finalidad proteger los intereses
generales de la sociedad y no de determinados individuos (Fallos: 323:1934).

También cabe recordar que corresponde al Poder Judicial el control de constitucionalidad

de las condiciones bajo las cuales se admite aquella facultad excepcional. Así, es atribución
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judicial evaluar el presupuesto fáctico que justificaría la adopción de decretos de necesidad y

urgencia y, en tal sentido, la Corte ha dicho que corresponde descartar criterios de mera
conveniencia ajenos a circunstancias extremas de necesidad, puesto que la Constitución no
habilita a elegir discrecionalmente entre la sanción de una ley o la imposición más rápida de
ciertos contenidos materiales por medio de un decreto (Fallos: 322:1726, cons. 9º, segundo
párrafo). Ello, sin perjuicio, claro está, de la intervención del cuerpo legislativo que prevé tanto
la Constitución Nacional como la ley 26.122.

7º) Que el principio que organiza el funcionamiento del estatuto del poder es la división de
funciones y el control recíproco, esquema que no ha sido modificado por la reforma
constitucional de 1994. Así, el Congreso Nacional tiene la función legislativa, el Poder
Ejecutivo dispone del reglamento y el Poder Judicial dicta sentencias, con la eminente
atribución de ejercer el control de constitucionalidad de las normas jurídicas. Desde esta
perspectiva, no puede sostenerse, en modo alguno, que el Poder Ejecutivo puede sustituir
libremente la actividad del Congreso o que no se halla sujeto al control judicial..

IV. 3).- INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 27.348 y RES. 298/17

Atento la irrazonabilidad del sistema legal planteado por la ley 27.348, y la resolución
298/17 de la S.R.T. y siguiendo expresas instrucciones impartidas por mi mandante vengo a
solicitar la inconstitucionalidad del ley 27.348, en los Arts. 1º, 2º 14º y 17º de la misma, y de
la resolución 298/17 de la S.R.T., en atención que esta normativa es violatoria de disposiciones
de la Constitución Nacional, texto reformado en 1994, así como de Tratados Internacionales
incorporados en la citada reforma a la Carta Magna Nacional y consecuentemente afecta en
forma directa sus derechos constitucionales, con el perjuicio que le ocasiona para sí.

Por cuanto una vez concedido este planteo de inconstitucionalidad conforme seguidamente
se funda, se solicita se declare la competencia de V.E., para entender en estas actuaciones.

Así la mentada ley 27.348, y los artículos en particular arriba tachados de inconstitucionales,
al igual que la resolución 298/17 de la S.R.T., causan agravio a mi poderdante en atención a
ser violatorio de la Constitución Nacional en sus artículos 5,14, 14 bis, 16, 17, 18, 20, 28, 31,
33, 75 inc 22, 23, 99 inc 3º y 9º, 113, 116 ,121 y concs.
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Así como también pugnan con disposiciones expresas en los Tratados Internacionales: Las
declaración Americana de los Derechos y deberes del Hombre, La Declaración Universal de
Derechos Humanos; Convención Americana Sobre Derechos Humanos (ratificado por ley
23.054), en especial en su Art 24; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y políticos y El
pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales arts. 2, 2º párrafo, 4 y 5.
Todos estos pactos de raigambre Constitucional, incorporados por la Asamblea general
constituyente de 1994, a la Ley Suprema, conforme surge del Art. 75 inc. 22 de la misma.

La ley en cuestión y los artículos señalados en particular conculcan los derechos de

propiedad, trabajo, acceso a la justicia, debido proceso y juez natural del actor, todos protegidos
por nuestro orden constitucional nacional y provincial.

La ley 27.348 produce una grave violación de la manda supra legal como lo es el principio
de razonabilidad que surge de los Art 28º y 33º de la Carta Magna. Afirma Marañello Patricio
que el profesor especialista en Derecho Constitucional Bidart Campos enseña que, el principio
de razonabilidad, importa, dentro de nuestro sistema constitucional la exclusión de toda
arbitrariedad o irrazonabilidad en el ejercicio de las prerrogativas de los poderes públicos -
BIDART CAMPOS, Germán, Derecho Constitucional, Ediar, t.II, ps. 118/119 -.

La Corte Suprema de la Nación, tiene como doctrina que las leyes son susceptibles de
cuestionamiento constitucional cuando resultan irrazonables, o sea cuando los medios que
arbitran no se adecuan a los fines cuya realización procuran o, cuando consagran una manifiesta
iniquidad. Y el principio de razonabilidad debe cuidar especialmente que las normas legales
mantengan coherencia con las reglas constitucionales durante el lapso que dure su vigencia en
el tiempo, de suerte que su aplicación concreta no resulte contradictoria con lo establecido en
la Ley Fundamental. - CSJN in re "Flores, María Leonor y otros vs. Argentina Televisora Color
L.S. 82 Canal 7 S.A.", del 01/01/1985.

En términos similares establece su doctrina la S.C.B.A, al decir: La razonabilidad constituye

un principio general de derecho (creación doctrinaria y jurisprudencial, con fundamento en los
arts. 28 y 33 de la Constitución nacional), aplicado específicamente como límite de la
discrecionalidad administrativa. Su control, implica verificar -además de los requisitos
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ineludibles de fin público, medio adecuado y ausencia de iniquidad manifiesta- la existencia

de circunstancias justificantes, es decir, que la restricción impuesta a los derechos ha de hallarse
fundada en los hechos que le dan origen, procurando que las normas aplicables mantengan
coherencia con las reglas constitucionales, de suerte que su aplicación no resulte contradictoria
con lo establecido por la ley fundamental. SCBA LP B 66850 S 03/10/2012 Juez HITTERS
(MA) - Carátula: Giménez, Edgardo E. c/Provincia de Buenos Aires (I.P.S.) s/Amparo -
Magistrados Votantes: Hitters-de Lázzari-Negri-Kogan-Domínguez-Celesia.

La ley 27.348, como se dijo, no solo vulnera inexorablemente el principio constitucional

de razonabilidad de las leyes, sino que igualmente conculca derechos inalienables de mi
mandante como ser el acceso a la justicia — (art. 18 CN, Bloque normativo constitucional,
(art. 75 inc 22 CN) — art. 8 y 10 declaración universal de derecho humanos, art. 2.3, pacto
internacional de derechos civiles y políticos, arts. XXVI y XXVII de la Declaración americana
de los derechos y deberes del hombre, art. 8.1 Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos),
el de Debido proceso, (Arts 14 y 18 CN; Art 72 inc 22: art. 8º Convención Americana de
Derecho Humanos, Art. 8º Pacto de San jose de Costa Rica), Juez natural, (art. 75 inc 22 CN,
art. 8.1 de la Convención Americana sobre los Derechos Humanos y el art. 26 2º párrafo de la
Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre); Derecho a la propiedad
privada, (art. 17 C.N.), derecho a la igualdad (art. 16 C.N.), La Garantía Protectoria, (art. 14
Bis C.N.), Derecho de defensa en juicio (art. 18 C.N.).

Todas ellas resultan razones de peso suficiente para que V.S., sin más trámite declare la
inconstitucionalidad del Ley 27.348 en sus Artículos 1º, 2º, 14º y 17º y de la resolución 298/17
de la S.R.T., en la forma pedida.

INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LOS Arts. 1º, 2º de la ley 27.348 y de la RESOLUCIÓN

298/17 de la S.R.T.:

V.E, no dudara que conforme la vasta doctrina expuesta en la materia y la que surge de la
propia C.S.J.N — Antecedentes "Castillo, Ángel S. c. Cerámica Alberdi SA", sent. de
07/09/2004 ", "Venialgo, Inocencio c/ Mapfre Aconcagua Aseguradora de Riesgo de Trabajo
s/ otros, entre otros — que los artículos aquí atacados conculcan irremediablemente contra el
orden Constitucional Argentino, y afectan los derechos del actor citados Ut Supra.
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El procedimiento médico-administrativo ante las Comisiones Médicas que regulan los arts.
21, 22 y 46 de la ley 24.557, como se citó, ya merecieron tacha de inconstitucionalidad por la
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, - casos "Castillo", "Venialgo", "Marchetti",
"Obregón" y otros — Y como tiene dicho la propia Corte, si bien los fallos de la corte —
declaración de inconstitucionalidad - son para el caso concreto, los juzgados de instancias
inferiores no pueden ignorar en sus dictados la doctrina establecida por la misma, debiendo en
casos idénticos o similares conformar sus sentencias a la doctrina legal emanada de la ella.
Sosteniendo el máximo tribunal que esa obligatoriedad se sustenta no sólo en su carácter de
intérprete supremo sino en razones de celeridad y economía procesal" que hacen conveniente
evitar todo dispendio de actividad jurisdiccional - (GONZÁLEZ HERMINIA CS, 329:4360) -
. La Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, se ha expresado en términos
similares. - SCBA LP L77555 S 06/08/2003, Juez HITTERS (OP) - Carátula: "Vega, José
Eugenio c/ Provincia de Buenos Aires s/ Accidente de trabajo" , entre otros-

En "Obregón" la Corte Suprema declaró la inconstitucionalidad de las comisiones médicas.

Aquí la corte incorpora a las razones expuestas en "Castillo" un argumento novedoso por el
cual dice que: imponer a la víctima el paso por una vía administrativa previa, significaba
retrasar injustificadamente el acceso a la jurisdicción civil. Se trata de una inconstitucionalidad
absoluta que resulta plenamente aplicable a todos los casos con una carácter general atento que,
dada su materia, no resulta posible sostener que las CCMM sean constitucionales a veces sí y
a veces no, según las singularidades de cada caso. Sin duda estamos en presencia de un vicio
de incompetencia ratione materiae que afecta además al orden público ya que no está disponible
para las partes apartarse consensualmente de las asignaciones jurisdiccionales de la
Constitución. (MACHADO, José Daniel, "El inasible concepto de sede y trámite
administrativo en la ley 26.773", Revista de Derecho Laboral, Actualidad, 2013-1, Rubinzal-
Culzoni, p. 204).

Las Comisiones Médicas de la LRT son órganos federales y administrativos con notoria e
inconfundible funciones jurisdiccionales. Tal como lo establecen los mencionados Art 21 y 22
de la ley 24.557., ahora el Art 1º de la Ley 27.348 ordena que ante las mismas tramiten las
controversias suscitadas entre el trabajador accidentado y una Aseguradora de Riesgos del
Trabajo que lo tiene por afiliado en un proceso contencioso que en la inmensa mayoría de las

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veces versa sobre cuestiones jurídicas, en particular la naturaleza laboral del accidente o
profesional de la enfermedad (LRT, art. 21). Como ya se ha dicho el sistema legal que manda
la ley de riesgos y que ahora sin modificación se reafirma por la norma aquí atacada, coloca a
médicos a determinar cuestiones que deben dilucidarse en el campo del derecho, y que
obviamente no son parte de su incumbencia profesional, sino que son materia exclusiva y
excluyente de los jueces tal lo establece el orden constitucional Argentino, y esta cuestión no
es salvada por el hecho que conforme la resolución 298/17, S.R.T., se instituyan los secretarios
jurídicos, en la medida que conforme la misma resolución - y como en mejor detalle se expresa
ut-infra -, estos no solo no participan del proceso, sino que, es a los médicos a lo que se les
otorga ilegítimamente facultades jurisdiccionales — (ver Art 7,8, 9 de la Res 298/17 S.R.T) -,
pudiendo los mismos aceptar la prueba que consideren conducente, desechando la que no, a
dictar medidas a mejor proveer, estudiar los alegatos de las partes y finalmente resolver.
Incluso, dictaminará conforme a los antecedentes que tuviere en su poder, si el trabajador
dificultare la revisación o la realización de estudios complementarios, - (Art 7 sexto párrafo
res 298/17 S.R.T) -. Esta cuestión que afecta sin ningún lugar a duda alguno al derecho de
defensa del actor, de jerarquía constitucional (art. 18 C.N.), coloca a la comisiones médicas
como órganos administrativos inconstitucionales en los términos de las determinaciones
establecidas por los Art 21 y 22 la ley 24.557 y que reafirman los Art 1º y 2º la Ley 27.348.

Nuevamente en una regresión que conculca contra el principio de progresividad se pretende

otorgar a un órgano integrado exclusivamente por médicos, funciones que son jurisdiccionales.
Conforme su profesión esto resultan competentes para brindar un informe técnico-científico,
pero no resultan competentes para dictar resoluciones sobre la naturaleza jurídica y laboral de
los accidentes o enfermedades del trabajo, estas como ya se señaló exceden notoriamente su
incumbencia profesional, y requieren indudablemente un conocimiento técnico-jurídico del
cual los médicos carecen.

Solo el trámite ante la justicia del fuero ofrece las garantías y certezas constitucionales al
trabajador- el aquí actor -, y a la propia A.R.T., para la determinación del carácter laboral de
las enfermedades y accidentes.

De lo hasta aquí dicho coincidirá V.E, que el trámite administrativo antes las CCMM,
violenta en el actor la garantía del acceso directo e irrestricto ante la justicia. - (Art. 18 CN,
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Bloque normativo constitucional, (art. 75 inc. 22 CN) — Art 8 y 10 declaración universal de

derecho humanos, art. 2.3, pacto internacional de derechos civiles y políticos, Arts. XXVI y
XXVII de la Declaración americana de los derechos y deberes del hombre, Art 8.1 Convención
Americana de Derechos Humanos).

Mientras que el trámite ante la CCMM, se trata de un verdadero proceso jurisdiccional, lo

cual se evidencia en forma notoria a través dictado de la resolución 298/17 de la S.R.T., que
reglamenta el proceso ante las mismas. Como se viene citando y conforme surge de nuestro
plexo normativo constitucional, solo el poder judicial posee facultades jurisdiccionales. Los
Art 7º, 8º y 9º, de la resolución en cuestión establece reglas propias de un proceso judicial -
que en nada tienen que ver con un organismo médico administrativo al que originariamente la
ley le otorga atribuciones para determinar la incapacidad del trabajador y su relación causal
con un accidente y/o enfermedad del trabajo -, facultando a los médicos a resolver cual si fueran
jueces de la Nación o de las Provincias, lo que muestra evidentemente una nueva violación
mediante la mencionada Res 298/17 S.R.T, del Art. 99 inc 2º de la C.N. en un exceso de las
facultades y atribuciones reglamentarias del P.E.

Los artículos señalados de la Res 298/17 S.R.T, muestran con claridad inobjetable que las
CCMM resultan organismos federales administrativos a los que se les da, en total violación del
orden constitucional, facultades jurisdiccionales que son propias del Poder Judicial, en este
caso particular de la Justicia del Trabajo. Esto tacha de inconstitucional la resolución en
cuestión y obviamente por carácter jerárquico a los art. 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348.

Así entre otras cuestiones el art. 7º de la resolución de la S.R.T. atacada, impone al

trabajador la obligación de ofrecer prueba y concede a las CCMM, facultad para rechazar la
prueba ofrecida por el trabajador que se considere manifiestamente improcedente, superflua o
meramente dilatoria. Igualmente le concede a las CCMM disponer de oficio la producción de
prueba respecto de los hechos invocados y que considere conducentes para resolver, así como
el mencionado artículo faculta a las CCMM para resolver el conflicto planteado, a solicitar la
asistencia de servicios profesionales o de organismos técnicos para que se expidan sobre áreas
ajenas a su competencia profesional. Es notorio como mediante este artículo de la Res
298/2017 S.R.T., se le arroga a un organismo médico administrativo federal facultades
jurisdiccionales propias y exclusivas del Poder Judicial, lo cual pone en evidencia la
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ilegitimidad de las CCMM y su violación de los derechos y garantías constitucionales del actor.

El art. 8º de la resolución en cuestión reglamenta la posibilidad que el trabajador brinde un

alegato de la prueba ofrecida o de aquellas "medidas para mejor proveer" producidas por
disposición de la CCMM — lo encomillado es textual del Art 8º de la Res 298/2017 S.R.T.

Es decir de la ley 27.348 en sus Art 1º y 2º resultan en forma inconfundible una restricción
inadmisible para el actor al libre acceso a la justicia con el goce de todas las garantías que se
señalaron precedentemente, ya que el trabajador debe someterse en forma obligatoria a un
proceso controvertido administrativo en el cual debe probar lo que reclama, en un marco de
notoria desigualdad y violación del principio de defensa en juicio atento que si bien la Res
298/17 S.R.T., permite al trabajador contar con peritos médicos de parte, para participar en la
audiencia. Los honorarios que éstos irroguen estarán a cargo del trabajador, incluso se permite
la presentación de estudios y diagnósticos que sugieran dichos profesionales, pero los gastos
que irroguen dichos estudios deben ser soportados por el trabajador. Esta facultad que se le da
al trabajador, igualmente se le otorga a la aseguradora de riesgos, y entonces no queda duda de
la disparidad de fuerzas entre el trabajador y la aseguradora de riesgos, frente a la evidente y
notable diferencia en el caudal económico de uno y otra, lo cual ataca gravemente no solo
contra el orden constitucional, sino que contra todo el bloque normativo que introducen los art.
31 y 75 inc. 22 de la carta magna, produciendo un agravio insalvable para el actor.

Coincidirá V.e., con esta parte y con fundamento con lo hasta aquí expuesto que al obligar
al actor a someterse ante el trámite administrativo que le ordena el art. 1º de la ley 27.348, se
están violando al mismo los siguientes derechos y garantías protegidos por la carta magna y
por el bloque constitucional de normas internacionales contemplado por la misma — (art. 31
y 75 inc. 22), a saber: Acceso directo e irrestricto a la justicia, defensa en juicio, debido proceso,
e igualdad esto último conforme los trabajadores no registrados no deben someterse a tal
proceso quedándole expedita la vía judicial (art. 1º tercer párrafo Ley 27.348).

No salva esta cuestión, la introducción efectuada por el ya mencionado Art 1º de la ley

27.348, respecto que ahora los trabajadores sean asistidos por letrados en el trámite ante las
comisiones médicas, ya que la verdadera intención del P.E., al incorporar a la asistencia letrada
al trámite ante las Comisiones Médicas, no tiene otro fin que pretender convalidar en forma
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engañosa — sin entrar en detalle sobre la posible revisión de los acuerdos administrativos por
parte de la justicia -, el trámite homologatorio posterior que introduce el art. 2º quinto párrafo
de la ley 27.348. Las garantías del debido proceso sólo se aseguran ante la justicia laboral, no
por la asistencia letrada en un procedimiento administrativo.

SCHICK coincide con esta posición al aseverar que, la obligación de contar con
asesoramiento legal en el trámite ante las Comisiones Médicas no significa modificar
sustancialmente la enorme diferencia en la correlación de fuerzas que existe, entre la víctima
del siniestro laboral y la aseguradora que concurre al campo de batalla legal con sus
profesionales y su enorme poderío económico. Sólo el juez laboral, por su natural formación,
está capacitado para equilibrar tamaña desigualdad. El aseguramiento del derecho de defensa
debe ser "no sólo formal, sino real": la presencia "de condiciones de desigualdad real obliga a
adoptar medidas de compensación que contribuyan a reducir o eliminar los obstáculos y
deficiencias que impidan o reduzcan la defensa eficaz de los propios intereses - Informe
Laboral Nº 55 El PEN reforma mediante el DNU 54/2017, las leyes 24557, 26773 18345 y la
LCT, sin que existan los requisitos de Necesidad y Urgencia que exige el artículo 99.3 de la
Constitución Nacional. Grave violación al principio constitucional de legalidad y división de
poderes esenciales al estado de Derecho, exacerbando el hiperpresidencialismo y el
autoritarismo. Horacio Schick - 23/01/2017- Ello solo ocurrirá garantizando las herramientas
constitucionales del Juez natural, el debido proceso y el principio protectorio, cuestiones estas
conculcadas tanto por los Art 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557, como por los Art 1º y 2º párrafos 1º y
2º de la Ley 27.348, aquí cuestionada.

La cuestión que, la asistencia letrada tiene un fin engañoso y contrario a derecho, y no en

protección del debido proceso, la debida asesoría profesional del trabajador accidentado y la
protección de sus derechos, queda evidenciada en lo dispuesto por el art. 37 de la Res. 298/17
de la S.R.T. Así este artículo entre otras particularidades expresa: Cuando el trabajador sea
asistido por un abogado de patrocinio gratuito proporcionado por la S.R.T. (art. 36 párrafo 2º
del Dec 298/17), sus honorarios no estarán ni a cargo de la aseguradora, ni del empleador.
Quien le paga a ese abogado entonces?, y luego establece que a los efectos de regular los
honorarios de los letrados particulares de los trabajadores, resultarán de aplicación los
porcentajes previstos en las disposiciones de las leyes de aranceles de cada jurisdicción. Ello,
únicamente en el caso de que su actuación profesional resultare oficiosa y se hubiera

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reconocido total o parcialmente la pretensión reclamada por el damnificado en el

procedimiento ante las Comisiones Médicas. Lo expuesto, deberá notificarse a las partes y a
los letrados intervinientes que tramiten los procedimientos regulados en la presente ...... -. En
pocas palabras si la pretensión del trabajador no llega a un acuerdo, ningún honorario le
corresponde al letrado patrocinante, esto que no solo conculca con el libre ejercicio de la
profesión independiente de los abogados, protegido por la Carta Magna (art. 14 C.N.), sino que
muestra como mediante el dictado de la ley 27.348 y la resolución de la S.R.T, que reglamenta
el procedimiento ante las CCMM, se vulnerar los derechos del actor violentando el principio
protectorio, (art. 14 Bis C.N.). Así como nuevamente se vulnera el principio de igualdad - (art.
16 C.N.) -, atento la discriminación que se produce con el trabajador no registrado que no está
obligado al trámite ante la inconstitucional CCMM.

Los arts. 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557, no han dejado de existir, los mismos no han sido
derogados o sustituidos, sin perjuicio de ello el art. 1º de la ley 27.348, tiene el mismo fin
legislativo que los ya conocidos art. 21 y 22 de la L.R.T., el hecho de haber introducido la frase
"de carácter obligatorio y excluyente de toda otra intervención para que el trabajador
afectado[...]", refiriéndose a la intervención de carácter previo y obligatorio de la Comisiones
Medicas, no cambia el concepto jurídico de los art. 21 y 22 de la L.R.T., atento la mencionada
ley de riesgos no da derecho a optar entre el paso obligado por las Comisiones Médicas y el
acceso directo a la justicia, sino que sin la necesidad de contener la palabras "obligatorias y
excluyentes", los art. 21 y 22 ley 24.557, ordenan lisa y llanamente que el trabajador previo a
todo trámite judicial debe transcurrir si, o si, por la comisiones médicas . Colofón de todo ello,
lo único que hace los art. 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, no es otra cosa que reafirmar la manda
jurídica de los art. 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557, sin introducir cuestiones novedosas en cuanto al
procedimiento ordenado por la L.R.T.

La agresión legal que sufre la norma constitucional, - a la que debería haber estado sujeta
tanto la L.R.T., como su complementaria 27.348 a través de los art. 1º y 2º - al someter un
conflicto entre dos sujetos del derecho privado al trámite obligatorio y excluyente de las
CCMM, se manifiesta en la medida que quita de los jueces naturales y los somete a comisiones
especiales el conflicto acaecido entre el actor y la A.R.T., que lo tiene por afiliado. La atacada
de la ley 27.348, en su exposición de motivos traza una línea respecto que, a partir del fallo
"Castillo", se establece un concepto generalizado que la relación obligacional en un infortunio

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laboral, se enmarca en una relación de derecho privado entre el trabajador y la aseguradora de

riesgos. No hay duda de que la exposición de motivos tergiversa los alcancen del mencionado
fallo de la C.S.J.N y otros similares. Se trata de una relación obligacional del derecho privado
por su naturaleza jurídica misma y no por efecto del fallo de supremo tribunal.

En pocas palabras cabe concluir que los art. 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, resultan reiterativos y
recurrentes con la ilegitimidad de los art. 21 y 22 de la L.R.T., en lo que hace al
desconocimiento y agravio de los principios, derechos y garantías que rigen en nuestro estado
de derecho y que protege la Carta magna Nacional, y que — como ya se citó -, así ya ha sido
declarado en forma vasta y unánime por la doctrina provincial y nacional.

Con todo lo expresado hasta aquí, ya no escapa que igualmente resulta violatorio del art.
109 de la C.N., al pretender otorgarle facultades jurisdiccionales a un organismo administrativo
sin control judicial.

Es en tal sentido atenta igualmente contra el derecho protegido al actor por el art. 18 de la
Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, de ocurrir a los tribunales (el
accidentado) para hacer valer sus derechos mediante un procedimiento sencillo y breve. Y en
la misma línea de idea, viola el art. 10º de la Declaración de Derechos Humanos que consagra
el derecho de toda persona a ser oídos públicamente en condiciones de igualdad por un tribunal
independiente que determine sus derechos y obligaciones.

La doctrina de los precedentes dictados por CSJN, en "Castillo", "Venialgo", "Marchetti",

"Obregón" y otros constituye un todo armónico que conlleva la descalificación constitucional
de los arts. 21, 22 de la L.R.T, y de las normas pertinentes del dec. 717/96 y demás normas
reglamentarias y complementarias, tales doctrinas resultan plenamente aplicables a los art. 1º
y 2º párrafos 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, atento como se dijo, estos últimos no introducen ninguna
cuestión novedosas en la materia, y tan solo se limitan a ratificar la vía administrativa que ya
los mentados art. 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557 establecían como obligatoria y excluyente aunque
no utilizaren en forma expresa tales términos.

La indemnización que debería percibir el trabajador, no puede quedar a merced de las

Comisiones Médicas en virtud de una norma inconstitucional.
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Y ello es así atento el infortunio laboral se produce por una situación originada en ocasión
o por consecuencia del trabajo, ello es factor determinante de la competencia de la justicia del
Trabajo, sin importar de la persona demandada o las normas jurídicas que se invoquen para
demandar.

En tal orden de ideas y como ya se dijo, el art. 1º de la ley 27.348, afecta irrazonable los
derechos y garantías constitucionales del actor, ante la discriminación que hace entre
trabajadores registrados y no registrados, excluyendo a los primeros respecto de los segundos
del derecho de acceso directo e irrestricto ante la justicia, violentando el principio de igualdad
consagrado por el art. 16 de nuestra Carta Magna. La C.S.J.N., tiene dicho que en materia de
igualdad, el control de razonabilidad exige determinar si a todas las personas o situaciones
incluidas en la categoría se les reconocen iguales derechos o se le aplican similares cargas; se
trata, en definitiva, de examinar los elementos de clasificación que le componen, y observar si
se excluye a alguien que debería integrarla y recibir igual atención jurídica.(C.S.J.N. Fallos:
338:1445)

El mentado artículo concede a unos la "acción expedita" con doble instancia y todas las
garantías procesales, mientras que a otros se los compele a seguir un procedimiento
administrativo el cual como se señaló precedentemente, ya ha sido declarado inconstitucional
por la C.S.J.N., desconociéndoles el derecho del acceso irrestricto a la justicia.

RESTRICCIÓN DEL ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA y ACCESO RESTRINGIDO A

INSTANCIA REVISORA

El art. 2º en su párrafo 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, violenta la garantía del debido proceso, el

juez natural y acceso a la justicia del actor, ya que lo compele a una única instancia judicial a
la que pueda acudir en procura de la defensa de sus derechos, atento convierte a los juzgados
de primera instancia en órgano de revisión de las decisiones de la comisión médica
jurisdiccional, - ente administrativo - y a los tribunales de alzadas o de instancia única donde
estos no existen en órganos de revisión de las decisiones de la comisión médica central, es
decir restringe al proceso judicial al que puede acceder el actor a una instancia de apelación, y
no de juicio, violando igualmente las garantías de la defensa en juicio, doble instancia judicial
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y controversia judicial entre las partes, que protegen la Constitución Nacional y los tratados
internacionales que conforman el llamado bloque normativo constitucional, que se citase Ut
Supra.

Con todo lo hasta aquí expresado no requiere de mayor argumento que el párrafo 7º del art.
2º de la Ley 27.348, resulta igualmente inconstitucional por violar todas las disposiciones antes
dichas y causar en consecuencia y conculcando las garantías del debido proceso, juez natural
y acceso a la justicia, una grave perjuicio al trabajador accidentado — el actor -. Así el mentado
párrafo dice: "Los decisorios que dicten las comisiones médicas jurisdiccionales o la Comisión
Médica Central que no fueren motivo de recurso alguno por las partes así como las resoluciones
homologatorias, pasarán en autoridad de cosa juzgada administrativa en los términos del
artículo 15 de la Ley N° 20.744 (t.o.1976)." Resulta contrario al orden jurídico que una
resolución emanada de un órgano médico cuya actuación obligatoria se reputa de
inconstitucional, pueda alcanzar estado de cosa juzgada. Mucho menos aún bajo la pretensión
de un consentimiento tácito, al decir "...que no fueren motivo de recurso alguno por las
partes...", esta observación que muestra la gravedad del atentado contra orden constitucional
que formula este artículo no implica que aquellas que fueran homologadas, no puedan también
tacharse de inconstitucionales en la inteligencia de la impugnación que en la instancia judicial
hiciera el trabajador de la actuación de las CCMM. El propio artículo establece una distinción
entre las resoluciones que simplemente no se la recurre, de aquellas que se homologan,
entendiéndose en este último caso que ha mediado acuerdo expreso de las partes, con asistencia
letrada.

LA CUESTIÓN DE LA PERICIA MÉDICA - (Art. 2º Ley 27.348 párrafo 5º).

La cuestión de la pericia judicial, contenida en art. 2º párrafo quinto, resulta igualmente

inconstitucional y violenta el debido proceso, además de producir una afección de la división
de poderes que protege la Constitución Nacional, en particular en sus arts. 109 y 113, por otro
lado violenta igualmente el art. 99 inc. 3º, atento que la disposición cuestionada modifica
ilegítimamente a ley 18.345 a nivel nacional y la ley 11.653 en el ámbito de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires, que disponen el nombramiento de peritos de oficio por parte del Juez.

Atenta los derechos del actor contra la garantía del debido proceso contenida en pactos
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internacionales que conforman el bloque normativo constitucional, -artículos 8 y 25 de la

Convención Americana-, ya que como es de público y notorio produce un indiscutible
aletargamiento de las causas judiciales en el marco de le ley especial 24.557 y ley 26.773.

En la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, los artículos 8 y 25 son los que
tradicionalmente se asocian con una doctrina en desarrollo sobre garantías y protección
judiciales de los derechos humanos. En sus propios términos, estos dos artículos se aplican a
toda situación en que se deba determinar el contenido y alcance de los derechos de una persona
sometida a la jurisdicción del Estado parte, ya sea que se trate de materias penales,
administrativas, fiscales, laborales, de familia, contractuales o de cualquier otra índole - CIDH
Cfr. Segundo Informe de progreso de la Relatoría sobre Trabajadores Migratorios y Miembros
de sus Familias en el Hemisferio, cit., párrafo 90.

El Cuerpo Médico Forense Nacional fue creado y atiende especialmente los requerimientos
de la justicia criminal nacional y federal. En el marco de la provincia de Buenos Aires, el
mismos está destinado principalmente a atender causas de la justicia criminal, y de familia —
(en este último fuero dándole mayor relevancia a los casos de salud mental) — la acordada
2681/13 de la S.C.B.A, da los lineamientos generales para la intervención de peritos, de la cual
se observa con claridad que tiende a organizar a la asesoría pericial hacia el fuero criminal y
de familia, lo mismo que hace la acordada 2389/2012, así como demás acordadas dictadas a
tal efecto. Asimismo, la propia ley 11.653 art. 37 determina la designación de peritos,
invadiendo la norma en cuestión, legislación de carácter provincial.

En caso de la C.S.J.N dictó la Acordada 47/09 del 15/12/2009. Él artículo segundo del
Reglamento de dicha acordada establece que salvo los magistrados del fuero criminal, los
jueces de los restantes fueros sólo "excepcionalmente podrán requerir la intervención pericial
del Cuerpo Médico Forense cuando medien notorias razones de urgencia, pobreza e interés
público debidamente acreditadas o cuando las circunstancias particulares del caso hicieran
necesario su asesoramiento" . Agregándose que en estos casos el magistrado elevará el pedido
a la Cámara de Apelaciones del Fuero respectivo mediante resolución fundada, y éstas
resolverán acerca de la procedencia de la excepcionalidad invocada, debiendo informar
mensualmente a la Corte Suprema sobre la "intervención excepcional del Cuerpo Médico
Forense y la decisión que se tomó al respecto"
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La disposición del párrafo quinto del artículo segundo de la ley 27.348, va en contra mano
con la citada acordada de la C.S.J.N, así como con las acordadas de la S.C.B.A, violentando
como se citó el art. 113 de la C.N.

La acordada de la corte nacional no resulta caprichosa, o falta de fundamento, la misma

apunta a no saturar el trabajo del cuerpo médico forense en la inteligencia de no impedir su
actuación, rápida, eficaz y certera en causa criminales y federales en las que su actuación es de
vital importancia para su resolución, distrayéndolo con actividades provenientes de otros
fueros, que bien pueden ser suplidas por perito auxiliares de la justicia, seleccionados conforme
reglamentos establecidos por los propios tribunales supremos y que resultan imparciales a las
partes y al proceso, no comprometiendo las garantías constitucionales de los contendientes.

En otras palabras la intervención obligatoria de los peritos de la asesoría pericial en todas

las causas que refieran a cuestiones regidas por las leyes 24.557 y 26.773, producirá una
demora innecesaria en la buena administración de justicia, ocasionando un cuello de botella
que hará, que las causas laborales puedan resultar cuasi interminables, por la sola falta de la
pericia médica, indispensable para resolver el litigio entre otras cosas porque la incapacidad
determinada resulta fundamental para calcular el monto indemnizatorio que le corresponde al
actor. (art. 14, 15 y ss Ley 24.557).

En este estado no se puede dejar de considerar la experiencia en la praxis judicial respecto

de las demoras en los pronunciamientos y las características de los dictámenes oficiales en los
juicios laborales, así como fueron históricamente —y salvo excepciones que debe
reconocerse— altamente restrictivos en el tratamiento de las incapacidades laborales y en el
análisis de la relación de causalidad entre tareas y daños.

No resulta menor la determinación de los honorarios de los peritos conforme la Ley 27.348,
ya que la SCBA lo ha previsto en forma diferente mediante la acordada 1774/06 entre otras,
así de esta forma una vez más de la ley 27.348, violenta la manda del art. 113 de la C.N.

La jurisprudencia del CIDH, tiene reiteradamente sostenido que debe mediar una relación
directa entre la idoneidad del mecanismo judicial y la integridad de los derechos económicos,
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sociales y culturales, la fijación de un plazo razonable de los procesos en materia social y la

efectiva igualdad de armas en el proceso entre otras cuestiones, representa un camino para la
exigibilidad de estos derechos. - Corte I.D.H., Casos Velásquez Rodríguez, Fairén Garbi y
Solís Corrales y Godínez Cruz, Excepciones Preliminares. Sentencias de 26 de junio de 1987,
párrafos 90, 90 y 92, respectivamente; Garantías Judiciales en Estados de Emergencia (arts.
27.2, 25 y 8 Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos), Opinión Consultiva OC-9/87
de 6 de octubre de 1987, párrafo 24.

La Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre establece que el estado
parte debe disponer de un procedimiento sencillo y breve por el cual la justicia lo ampare contra
actos de la autoridad que violen, en perjuicio suyo, alguno de los derechos fundamentales
consagrados constitucionalmente — art. 18, Derecho de Justicia — incorporado a la
Constitución Nacional — (art. 31 y 72 inc. 22 C.N.).

Vinculando normas con derecho judicial no pueden descartarse las opiniones consultivas
de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, pues ella ha dejado bien establecido que
la garantía del recurso sencillo y eficaz que todo Estado debe tener para la protección efectiva
de los derechos fundamentales, no basta con encontrarlo prescripto en una ley formal o en la
misma Constitución, sino que sea auténticamente posible.

El derecho a la protección judicial, que contemplan los tratados internaciones con jerarquía
constitucional y el art. 14 bis de nuestra C.N. exige que los tribunales dictaminen y decidan los
casos con celeridad, particularmente en casos urgentes. No queda ninguna duda que el deber
de conducir un procedimiento en forma ágil y rápida corresponde a los órganos encargados de
administrar justicia, y en consecuencia la determinación del art. 2º párrafo 5º de la ley 27.348,
importa una intromisión prohibida del poder ejecutivo en las facultades y prerrogativas que son
propias del poder judicial.

Es por todo lo expresado en este apartado que se solicita al V.E., declare la

inconstitucionalidad y su no aplicación al caso de autos de los art. 21 y 22 de la ley 24.557, y
los art. 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, así como la inconstitucionalidad de la Res 298/17 S.R.T.,
particularmente arts. 7, 8, 9, 10 y ss, por conculcar las garantías de rango constitucional al actor
y oponerse a las disposiciones constitucionales aquí expresadas así como lo determinado por
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los pactos y tratados internacionales de raigambre constitucional que se citasen en este punto.

INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LOS ARTS. 14 Y 17 DE LA LEY 27.348.

INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL ART. 14 LEY 27.348.

En cuanto a las disposiciones del art. 14 de la ley 27.348, el mismo afecta la garantía de mi
mandante del debido proceso, el juez natural, así como violenta la norma procesal (ley 18.345).

El citado artículo sustituye el inconstitucional art. 46 de la L.R.T., por otro no menos

inconstitucional, determinando la competencia judicial en contrario a las leyes procesales
laborales vigentes en las diferentes jurisdicciones - artículo 24 de la Ley Nacional 18.345, Ley
11.653, afectando el principio del juez natural, determinado por las leyes de forma, y
entrometiéndose en las prerrogativas de las Provincias no delegadas a la Nación, sin
justificación alguna.

Esto afecta en el actor el principio de igualdad — (art. 16 C.N.), ya que a partir del dictado
de este decreto existen dos tipos de trabajadores litigantes, los que tienen la competencia del
juez natural, y los que se someten al competencia caprichosa de la ley 27.348, produciendo una
discriminación que priva al trabajador accidentado del derecho de poder optar a demandar
judicialmente también a los obligados del sistema en sus domicilios legales, tal el régimen
vigente en las leyes procesales citadas.

Al igual que lo hace el art. 2º en su párrafo 1º y 2º, este artículo 14 aquí atacado, violenta la
garantía del actor del debido proceso, el juez natural, acceso a la justicia y doble instancia,
sometiéndolo a una única instancia judicial, ya que convierte a los juzgados de primera
instancia en un órgano de revisión de las decisiones de la comisión médica jurisdiccional, y a
los tribunales de alzadas o de instancia única donde estos no existen, en órganos de revisión de
las decisiones de la comisión médica central, es decir los convierte en una instancia de
apelación, y no de juicio, violando igualmente las garantías de la defensa en juicio y
controversia judicial entre las partes, que protegen la Constitución Nacional y los tratados
internacionales que conforman el llamado bloque normativo constitucional, tal como se
desarrollase Ut Supra.-
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Como se ha expresado en la critica a los art. 1º y 2º de la ley 27.348, también la disposición

del art. 14º de la citada norma produce una discriminación entre trabajadores registrados y no
registrados, otorgándoles a estos últimos el acceso directo e irrestricto a la justicia con la
posibilidad de poder elegir la competencia conforme el domicilio del demandado, mientras que
los primeros no solo se les niega el acceso a la justicia, que conlleva — como ya se citó — la
negación de todas las garantías constitucionales del debido proceso y la doble instancia, sino
que además se los priva en casos idénticos — accidentes o enfermedades del trabajo — optar
por la elección de la competencia respecto del domicilio del demandado, produciendo una
exclusión reñida con el principio de igualdad — (art. 16 C.N.), e insalvable por cualquier otra
vía que no sea la tacha de inconstitucionalidad del artículo cuestionado.-

Para no dejar dudas de esta violación del sistema republicano, la división de poderes, y
como se ha dicho, el acceso libre a la justicia, el artículo aquí atacado en sus párrafos, cuarto y
quinto dispone: "Los recursos interpuestos procederán en relación y con efecto suspensivo, a
excepción [.......]. El recurso interpuesto por el trabajador atraerá al que eventualmente
interponga la aseguradora de riesgos del trabajo ante la Comisión Médica Central y la sentencia
que se dicte en instancia laboral resultará vinculante para todas las partes[......]"

No hay ninguna duda que el art. 14 de le ley 27.348, implica un giro regresivo en contra del
trabajador, - el aquí actor - violentando el principio protectorio del art. 14 Bis de la C.N., nótese
que aun en el inconstitucional procedimiento administrativo que determinaba la ley 24.557,
todos los recursos tenían un efecto devolutivo, con lo cual el trabajador podía optar por cobrar
la suma que fijaba la A.R.T o la CCMM y continuar con su recurso. Hoy esta modificación no
solo afecta principios y garantías de rango constitucional, sino que significa una total y cabal
desprotección al trabajador accidentado que lo priva de todo cobro hasta la resolución final del
caso. Afecta sin duda al principio protectorio que protege al actor vulnerando la garantía que
la Constitución Nacional le concede al mismo (art. 14 bis).-

Por todo lo expuesto igualmente se solicita se declare la inconstitucionalidad del art. 14 de

la ley 27.348

INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL ART. 17 de la LEY 27.348:

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Este artículo dispone que todas las prestaciones dinerarias que se liquiden a favor del
trabajador — administrativas o judiciales -, sean depositadas en la cuenta sueldo del mismo, si
la tuviese.

El presente artículo contrapone al art. 277 de la L.C.T. que en la escala axiológica y por
tratarse de una ley de orden general resulta de mayor jerarquía legislativa que la Ley 27.348.
Así el mentado artículo de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo dispone: que todos los pagos que se
deban realizar en los juicios laborales se efectuarán mediante depósito bancario en el juicio
respectivo y a la orden del Tribunal, prescribiendo la nulidad de todo pago efectuado fuera de
esta prescripción.

Luego el tribunal libera el dinero a favor del trabajador, y este tiene derecho de efectuar con
el mismo lo que le plazca, retirarlo en efectivo, transferirlo a otra cuenta, esta última cuestión
no es menos importante, ya que resulta habitual que el trabajador desee tener su dinero en una
cuenta corriente desde la cual y por motivos de seguridad pueda emitir cheques para la
utilización de algo que le pertenece.

Esta absurda intromisión sin fundamento alguno en la propiedad del trabajador — dinero
indemnizatorio — conculca contra la protección que brinda al actor el art. 17 de la carta Magna.
Así como contra el derecho de igualdad que protege el art. 16 de la C.N., ya que cualquier otro
trabajador que su causa verse sobre cuestión distinta de una accidente de trabajo, puede
disponer de su dinero como mejor le parece, sin intromisión alguna del estado. Más aun, un
trabajador accidentado cuya relación no hubiera estado registrada podrá ejercer su derecho de
propiedad como mejor considere, contra el actor que lo tiene ilegítimamente restringido.

El concepto básico de la igualdad civil consiste en eliminar discriminaciones arbitrarias

entre las personas. La igualdad importa un grado suficiente de razonabilidad y de justicia en el
trato que se depara a los hombres. En principio, se traduce en el reconocimiento uniforme de
los derechos civiles a todos los habitantes (conforme los arts. 14, 16 y 20, Const. nacional).
SCBA LP I 70991 RSD-16-16 S 16/03/2016 Juez PETTIGIANI (SD) Carátula: "Sánchez,
Mónica Albina c/ Dirección General de Cultura y Educación de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
s/ Inconstitucionalidad art. 57 inciso e de Ley 10.579" Magistrados Votantes: Pettigiani-de
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Lázzari-Soria-Negri-Kogan

Incluso el mismo artículo dispone desigualdades entre trabajadores accidentados cuya

relación laboral hubiera estado debidamente registrada, ya que quien no posea cuenta sueldo
puede operar su dinero como mejor desease contra la limitación que se le impone a quien si la
posee, violentando en el actor una vez más, la garantía del art. 16 de la C.N.

Como se referencio Ut Supra, la Ley 27.348, en este art. 17, igualmente violenta el principio
de razonabilidad que protegen los art. s. 28 y 33 de la C.N., cruzando ilegítimamente el límite
entre aquello sobre lo que el estado puede legislar y a la cual las personas — en este caso los
trabajadores — deben someterse y sobre lo que no, por afectar el principio de razonabilidad
aquí mencionado.-

Por todo ello se solicita la declaración de inconstitucionalidad del art. 17 de la ley 27.348,
permitiéndole al trabajador la libre disposición de su propiedad, la cual constituye la suma
indemnizatoria que por derecho le corresponde.

Los motivos aquí desarrollados muestras razones de gravedad suficiente para que V.S.,
declare la inconstitucionalidad de la normativa aquí atacada, lo que así se solicita haga.

IV. 4).- PLANTEA INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 14.997

Que venimos a solicitar a V.E, se decrete la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 14.997 (que

adhiere a la Ley 27.348) por resultar violatoria de lo dispuesto por los arts. 1 , 5 , 75 inc. 12 ,
121 , 122 y 123 de la CN., y la consecuente inaplicabilidad al caso de los arts. 1 , 2 y 3 de la
Ley 27.348, que sustraen de la competencia judicial a las controversias por reclamos con
sustento en las consecuencias dañosas ocasionadas por accidentes y enfermedades del trabajo.

Por ello, llama poderosamente la atención, que los legisladores de la provincia de Buenos
Aires, no tuvieran en cuenta a la hora de la sanción la adhesión a la ley 27.348, que con dicha
ley, estaban cediendo jurisdicción propia, que forma parte de los poderes reservados y no
delegados, los que sólo pueden hacerse previa reforma constitucional.

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Un punto que inhibe totalmente la adhesión de la Ley 14.997 es que a través de ella se
produce una delegación de normas que no integran el denominado derecho común y que por
lo tanto están solo reservadas a las provincias; así, adherir al tránsito obligatorio por las
Comisiones Médicas (como instancia administrativa obligatoria) implica en la práctica un
reconocimiento inadmisible de facultades legislativas al Estado Federal Central, sobre materias
procesales que no integran el derecho común, y que por ende son de lógica reserva provincial.

La atribución de funciones jurisdiccionales a entes administrativos para dirimir

controversias de naturaleza patrimonial entre particulares implica un doble quebrantamiento
constitucional, ya que si, por una parte, produce la transgresión del principio que prohíbe al
Poder Ejecutivo el ejercicio de funciones judiciales, por la otra transgrede abiertamente la
garantía de la defensa en juicio a la persona y sus derechos.

El trámite administrativo es un escabroso terreno que no tiene capacidad para abarcar las
múltiples cuestiones tocantes a los reclamos por daños laborales, y la faz judicial es una mera
revisión encorsetada por la etapa anterior y que constriñe a las partes y a los jueces.

Es claramente inconstitucional una norma que pretende vedar el acceso a la justicia, a los
trabajadores accidentados e incapacitados por causas laborales, cuando por el contrario debería
facilitarles su acceso en aras a la efectivizarían de sus derechos vulnerados reforzando su
protección por mandato constitución del art. 75 inc. 23 de la CN.

Que en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, ya existen precedentes cuyos fundamentos

compartimos, como lo decido por el Tribunal del Trabajo de Olavarría; "Los arts. 1 a 4, Ley
27348, sustraen de la competencia judicial a las controversias por reclamos con sustento en las
consecuencias dañosas ocasionadas por accidentes y enfermedades del trabajo. El dictado y
vigencia de la Ley 14997 (B.O. 08/01/2018) en el ámbito de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y su
adhesión al sistema que propone la Ley 27348, hace operativo sus postulados en el territorio
provincial. La gravedad institucional que se deriva de la aplicación sin más del plexo normativo
aludido, impone el control de constitucionalidad y el de convencionalidad, dado el carácter
difuso del sistema de contralor admitiéndose la posibilidad de efectuarlo aún ex officio. Así,
luego del cotejo con las normas más elevadas, corresponde decretar la inconstitucionalidad de
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la Ley 14997, por resultar violatoria de lo dispuesto por los arts. 1, 5, 75, 121, 122 y 123,
Constitución Nacional y la consecuente inaplicabilidad al caso de los arts. 1, 2 y 3, Ley 27348;
entendiendo abstracto su tratamiento.

Bravo, Franco Damián vs. Provincia ART S.A. s. Accidente de trabajo - Acción especial ///
Tribunal de Trabajo, Olavarría, Buenos Aires; 12-abr-2018, 276/2018, Rubinzal Online, RC J
2789/18

A continuación efectuamos un análisis exhaustivo que fundamenta la inconstitucionalidad

de la norma aquí planteada:

VIOLACIÓN DE LA AUTONOMÍA PROVINCIAL:

Nuestra Sistema Federal de Gobierno, fue estructurada a partir de la incorporación de la

provincia de Buenos Aires a la Confederación, lo que se efectuó previo a la firma del Pacto de
San José de Flores (1859), en el cual la provincia de Buenos Aires, puso importantes
condicionamientos para su retorno a formar parte de la confederación. Lo que motivó la
reforma constitucional de 1860. En dicha reforma se fortalecen las autonomías provinciales,
llevándose a cabo justamente a instancia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, quien ahora
alegremente y sin mayores debates, delega todo en el Gobierno Nacional. Ello en tanto la Ley
14.997 al adherir expresamente a la normativa nacional, también implica, la delegación en
favor de la administración nacional, de la totalidad de las competencias necesarias de las cuales
están constitucionalmente investidas las provincias por ley suprema. Los principales artículos
de la Constitución Nacional que contienen disposiciones expresa sobre poderes reservados y
no delegados, son los actuales artículos 5, 75 inciso 12 y 121; todos fueron objeto de reformas
a instancia de Buenos Aires. En virtud de la reforma constitucional de 1860 impulsada por la
incorporación de Buenos Aires a la Confederación, al artículo 5 se le quitó la facultad de
revisión que tenía el Congreso Nacional de las Constituciones provinciales, al entonces artículo
67 inciso 11 se le incorporó las jurisdicciones locales que son las encargadas de aplicar el
derecho común, y al por entonces artículo 104 que ya contenía la reserva de los poderes no
delegados, pero se incorporaron los reservados por pactos especiales (como el de San José de
Flores).

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Por ello, llama poderosamente la atención, que los legisladores de la provincia de Buenos
Aires, no tuvieran en cuenta a la hora de la sanción la adhesión a la ley 27.348, que con dicha
ley, estaban cediendo jurisdicción propia, que forma parte de los poderes reservados y no
delegados, los que sólo pueden hacerse previa reforma constitucional. El artículo 1º de la
Constitución Provincial establece que La provincia de Buenos Aires, como parte integrante de
la República Argentina, constituida bajo la forma representativa republicana federal, tiene el
libre ejercicio de todos los poderes y derechos que por la Constitución Nacional no hayan sido
delegados al Gobierno de la Nación. En ese sentido, la Constitución de la Provincia de Buenos
Aires, establece en su artículo 45, que Los poderes públicos no podrán delegar las facultades
que les han sido conferidas por esta Constitución, ni atribuir al Poder Ejecutivo otras que las
que expresamente le están acordadas por ella. Del juego armónico de ambos preceptos, surge
evidente que la provincia si bien tiene el libre ejercicio de los poderes no delegados a la Nación,
al ser estos poderes públicos conferidos por la propia Constitución y el Sistema Federal de
Gobierno, no pueden ser cedidos ni delegados por los poderes públicos, máxime cuando están
expresamente acordado por norma constitucional.

Además el artículo 5 de la Constitución Nacional impone a las provincias, que deben

asegurar la administración de justicia (además del régimen municipal y la educación primaria),
como una de las funciones esenciales que hacen a su existencia misma como entes autónomos.
Estas son consideradas facultades reservadas a las provincias. Lo que no hay que confundir
con las facultades no delegadas previstas por el artículo 121 de la Constitución Nacional.
Reforzando el artículo 122 de la Constitución Nacional al decir que las provincias se dan sus
propias instituciones locales, por lo que se sobre entiende que si se dan las instituciones, éstas
nunca pueden ser delegadas a otro poder como ocurre en el caso. También el artículo 123 de
la Constitución Nacional establece que las provincias deben dictar sus propias constituciones
asegurando lo establecido en el artículo 5º (administración de justicia, régimen municipal y
educación primaria). En el mismo sentido se contemplaba en el artículo 75 inciso 12 de la
Constitución Nacional, que las provincias pueden Dictar los códigos civil, comercial, penal y
de minería, sin que tales códigos alteren las jurisdicciones locales, correspondiendo su
aplicación a los tribunales federales o provinciales, según que las cosas o las personas cayeren
bajo sus respectivas jurisdicciones; . (El subrayado es nuestro). Por el principio de prelación
normativa que establece el artículo 31 de la Constitución Nacional, las autoridades provinciales
se encuentran obligadas a respetar las normas federales, sin que sea admisible dictar leyes que
contradigan abiertamente la ley suprema de la Nación.
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EL PODER DE POLICÍA ES IRRENUNCIABLE E INDELEGABLE:

Al respecto, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación ha dicho que: El poder de policía de

las provincias es irrenunciable y su pretendida delegación es extraña a las atribuciones del
Poder Ejecutivo o de las legislaturas provinciales. Los poderes no delegados o reservados por
las provincias no pueden ser transferidos al gobierno de la nación, mientras no lo sean por la
voluntad de las provincias expresada en congreso general constituyente. (C.S.J.N. en autos
Giménez Vargas Hnos. Soc. Com. e Ind. c/Poder Ejecutivo de la Provincia de Mendoza, sent.
del 9/12/1957, Fallos, 239:343). Al decir en boca del Dr. Rolando Gialdino, quien sostuvo que:
Se trata, en realidad, de una invitación constitucionalmente inadmisible pues induce a que los
estados provinciales realicen actos claramente repudiados por los artículos 5, 75 inc. 12), 121
y 122 de la Constitución Nacional. Tiene juzgado la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación
en el célebre caso Jiménez [Giménez] Vargas que los poderes no delegados o reservados por
las provincias no pueden ser transferidos a la nación en tanto no lo sean por la voluntad de las
provincias expresada en Congreso General Constituyente. Además, esta inválida y grave
delegación también menoscabará el derecho constitucional de toda persona a su juez natural
(Cfr. Versión taquigráfica de la Reunión de la Comisión de Trabajo y Previsión Social de la
Cámara de Senadores de la Nación del 23/11/2016, publicada por la Dirección General de
Taquígrafos). Ver también a José Daniel Machado en Las provincias no pueden abdicar por
ley ordinaria de una facultad que les reservó la constitución nacional páginas 247 y ss. En
Revista de Derecho Laboral, Número extraordinario sobre Reforma a la Ley de Riesgos del
Trabajo, Rubinzal — Culzoni 2016). Esto quiere decir que el único medio por el cual se puede
efectuar una delegación del poder de policía en organismos federales, es mediante una reforma
constitucional, realizada a través de una Convención Constituyente.

Por si ello fuera poco, con la reforma constitucional del año 1994, la Provincia, no sólo no
habilitó la delegación del poder de policía, sino que lo fortaleció como poder local e
indelegable. Ello en tanto, incorporó al artículo 39 a la Constitución Provincial, que la
Provincia debe ...ejercer en forma indelegable el poder de policía laboral... y debe establecer
tribunales especializados para solucionar los conflictos de trabajo. De lo que
irremediablemente se concluye, que el Poder de Policía conforma uno de los poderes no
delegados al Estado Nacional, y no sólo es indelegable, sino que su vez la Provincia debe crear

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dentro de su ámbito local tribunales especializados para solucionar conflictos de trabajo, como
los que ocurre con los trabajadores accidentados y enfermos por causas relacionadas con el
trabajo.

La jurisprudencia de la SCBA es contundente al respecto, en la reserva a la intervención de

órganos locales para el entendimiento y aplicación del derecho común. Así ha dicho que:
Cuando un tribunal especializado local ejerce el poder deber de su jurisdicción lo debe hacer
en plenitud. Nuestra Carta Fundamental local asegura el acceso irrestricto a la justicia y la
intervención de tribunales especializados para la solución de conflictos de índole laboral en un
todo de acuerdo con los poderes reservados y los compromisos asumidos (arts. 1, 11, 15 y 39.1
de la Constitución provincial, y 5, 75 incs. 12 y 22, 121 y 123 de la nacional). (SCBA LP L
88246 S 21/12/2005 Juez RONCORONI (SD), Espósito, Mario Javier c/ Carrefour Argentina
S.A. s/ Daños y Perjuicios, Magistrados Votantes: Roncoroni - Soria - Pettigiani - Kogan -
Genoud - Hitters - de Lázzari Tribunal Origen: TT0400LP). En reciente fallo, la SCBA ha
reafirmado la interpretación constitucional, en cuanto a que el poder de policía corresponde a
las provincias como estado autónomo y preexistente: En el régimen institucional diseñado por
la Constitución nacional, las provincias conservan todo el poder no delegado al gobierno
federal (conf. sus arts. 5, 121, 122 y 123). (...) En efecto, como norma general dentro de nuestro
régimen federativo, el poder de policía corresponde a las provincias y la Nación lo ejerce dentro
del territorio de ellas sólo cuando expresamente le ha sido conferido o es una forzosa
consecuencia de otras facultades constitucionales; la policía de las provincias está, pues, a
cargo de los gobiernos locales (...),.- Así, se ha señalado que de acuerdo al régimen federal
instaurado por la Constitución nacional, las provincias conservan todo el poder no delegado en
dicho acto al gobierno federal (arts. 5, 121, 122 y 123) y poseen la plenitud normativa
correspondiente a su calidad de Estado autónomo, que incluye la atribución de darse sus
propias instituciones y de regirse por ellas (causa B. 65.253, sent. del 22-IV2015).- En la
arquitectura de la Constitución nacional, las provincias conservan todo el poder no delegado
en dicho acto al Estado federal y poseen la plenitud normativa correspondiente a su calidad de
estados autónomos y preexistentes a la Nación (arts. 5, 121, 122 y 126 C.N.; C.S.J.N., Fallos
311:100 y 2004; 314:312 y 1459; 317:1195 y 1671; 321:989).- Esta Suprema Corte ha afirmado
que por regla, dentro de nuestro régimen federativo, el poder de policía corresponde a las
provincias; e incumbe a la autoridad nacional sólo cuando le ha sido expresamente conferido
o sea una forzosa consecuencia de otras potestades constitucionales (doct. causas I. 1314,
Sanatorio Azul S.A., sent. de 16-VII-1991; I. 1631, Labinca, sent. de 17-XI-1998) (SCBA
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causa A. 73.939, Farmacity S.A. contra Fisco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y ot. Pretensión
anulatoria. Recurso extraordinario de inaplicabilidad de ley 22/06/2016).

Por lo que, la Provincia de Buenos Aires, no puede mediante legislación interna, sin
vulnerar la normativa constitucional deslindar la aplicación de la norma a organismos
federales, máxime cuando -como en el caso en tratamiento- tal adhesión no solo implica una
renuncia de carácter general a dictar las normas de procedimiento, sino consentir incluso que
sea la nación quien las sustituya en tal tarea a través de la actuación de un organismo
administrativo como es la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo. Por todo ello, la Ley
Provincial 14.997 en cuanto adhiere expresamente al régimen legal instituido por el Título I de
la Ley 27.348, delegando en el poder administrador nacional su facultad jurisdiccional y la
competencia que detenta en orden al dictado de la normativa procedimental aplicable, vulnera
las imposiciones de los artículos 5, 75 inciso 12, 121, 122 y 123 de la Carta Magna y, en suma,
las bases de nuestro sistema federal de gobierno, por lo que no cabe otro camino a seguir que
decretar su inconstitucionalidad.

LA MATERIA DELEGADA AL GOBIERNO NACIONAL NO INTEGRA EL

DERECHO COMÚN:

Otro punto que inhibe totalmente la Adhesión de la Ley 14.997, es que a través de ella, se
produce una delegación de normas que no integran el denominado Derecho Común (artículo
75 inc. 12 C.N.) y que por lo tanto están sólo reservadas a las provincias. Al adherir a los
términos de la Ley 27.348 que impuso un tránsito obligatorio por las Comisiones Médicas,
como instancia administrativa obligatoria y excluyente, implicando ello la delegación expresa
a la jurisdicción administrativa nacional de la totalidad de las competencias necesarias para dar
cumplimiento; implica en la práctica reconocerle facultades legislativas al Estado Nacional
sobre materia no delegada y que no forma parte del Derecho Común. Por ello, lo que ha
efectuado la Provincia es una delegación de materia procedimental, que por norma
constitucional no integra el derecho Común (artículo 75 inc. 12 C.N.), sino que se encuentra
reservado a las provincias. La SCBA ha resuelto recientemente en tal sentido que delegar
normas concernientes al poder de policía no integra el derecho Común: Ciertamente, dicha
materia no integra el derecho común que el Congreso nacional debe establecer a través de la
legislación de fondo, sino en cambio el poder de policía a cargo de las provincias. (SCBA causa
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A. 73.939, Farmacity S.A. contra Fisco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y ot. Pretensión
anulatoria. Recurso extraordinario de inaplicabilidad de ley 22/06/2016).

LAS COMISIONES MÉDICAS PRETENDEN EJERCER FUNCIONES RESERVADAS

A LAS PROVINCIAS PROPIAS DEL PODER DE POLICÍA Y PRETENDER CUMPLIR
FUNCIONES JURISDICCIONALES PROPIAS DEL PODER JUDICIAL:

La intervención previa, obligatoria y excluyente de las Comisiones Médicas, como

organismos administrativos federales, si se cumplen en el marco del poder de policía local, no
pueden ser delegados al Estado Nacional, por los argumentos desarrollados anteriormente.
Ahora bien, si las funciones que cumplen las comisiones médicas, son funciones
jurisdiccionales, se estaría invadiendo entonces competencias reservadas a otro poder, el Poder
Judicial. En ése sentido, la Ley 14.997 viola los artículos 166 y subsiguientes de la Constitución
Provincial, que establece las facultades reservadas a la Administración de Justicia, violando el
principio de división de poderes. En el plano nacional, los artículos 5, 109, y participativo, la
facultad para resolver disputas en forma final ha sido atribuida exclusiva y excluyente a los
tribunales integrantes del Poder Judicial, quedando expresamente prohibido a los Poderes
Ejecutivo y Legislativo el ejercicio de facultades jurisdiccionales (art. 109 de la Const. nac.).
(SCBA LP A 68437 S 21/12/2011 Juez KOGAN (OP) Carátula: V. ,N. A. c/C. d. M. d. l. P. d.
B. A. s/Impugnación de acto administrativo. Recursos extraordinarios de inconstitucionalidad
e inaplicabilidad de ley Magistrados Votantes: Negri - Hitters - Pettigiani - Kogan - Genoud;
SCBA LP A 68436 S 25/08/2010 Juez KOGAN (OP) Giannino, Domingo Pablo c/ Colegio de
Abogados de Buenos Aires s/ Pretensión anulatoria. Recursos extraordinarios de
inaplicabilidad de ley e inconstitucionalidad, Magistrados Votantes: Negri - Kogan - de Lázzari
- Soria - Pettigiani - Hitters - Genoud; SCBA LP A 68975 S 26/08/2009 Juez KOGAN (OP)
Sr. Verón Ismael c/Dr. S., C. D. s/ Denuncia. Recursos extraordinarios de inconstitucionalidad
y nulidad, Magistrados Votantes: Kogan - Genoud - de Lázzari - Negri - Pettigiani; SCBA LP
A 68442 S 12/08/2009 Juez KOGAN (OP) D. B. ,E. d. P. c/D. F. ,M. M. y B. ,A. s/ Denuncia
Magistrados Votantes: Pettigiani - Kogan - Genoud - de Lázzari - Soria - Negri. Con lo cual,
si se considera a las funciones ejercidas por las Comisiones Médicas, forman parte del poder
de policía, o son funciones jurisdiccionales, en ambos supuestos, es inconstitucional su
delegación a organismos administrativos federales, conforme las normas antes citadas de
nuestro texto constitucional provincial.

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VIOLA LA TUTELA JUDICIAL CONTINUA Y EFECTIVA:

La Constitución de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, es mucho más amplia que otros textos
constitucionales (incluido el Nacional), en lo que respecta al reconocimiento de la garantía
básica del Estado de Derecho, como la tutela judicial efectiva y continua, y lo reconoce en su
artículo 15 cuando establece que La Provincia asegura la tutela judicial continua y efectiva
Para el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, la tutela judicial efectiva y continúa
configura una garantía básica de efectivización de los derechos más elementales. La tutela
judicial efectiva y continúa, se entiende claramente si analizamos que frente al reconocimiento
de un derecho, como puede ser en el caso a la integridad física, psíquica y moral (artículo 12
Constitución Provincial), o de la Discapacidad (artículo 36 inciso 5 Constitución Provincial) o
a la Salud (artículo 36 inciso 8 Constitución Provincial), o a condiciones dignas de trabajo, al
bienestar (artículo 39 inciso 1 Constitución Provincial), por citar algunos derechos
expresamente reconocidos en nuestro texto constitucional bonaerense; si ante una amenaza, o
ante su desconocimiento, o ante su afección; debe existir un mecanismo para garantizar su
tutela efectiva. Cuando el Estado, no provee las herramientas, los procedimientos o los
mecanismos idóneos a los afectados, frente a la vulneración de un derecho, están incurriendo
en principio en inconstitucionalidad por contradecir en el caso el texto del artículo 15 Const.
Pcial., pero a su vez también en responsabilidad internacional, por haberse comprometido a
través de la aprobación de los Tratados de Derechos Humanos, a respetar y a garantizar los
derechos reconocidos en sus respectivas jurisdicciones. Ante cada derecho reconocido debe
existir una vía judicial de tutela, de modo que permita resguardar la vigencia de los derechos
reconocidos (ver página 73 Pablo R. Toledo en El proceso judicial según los estándares del
Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, prólogo de Néstor Sagues AD-HOC 2017). En
el plano nacional esta garantía se considera incluida en el artículo 18 y 75 inciso 22 de la
Constitución Nacional, y en el plano internacional, en varias disposiciones, siendo las
esenciales los artículos 8.1 y 25 de Convención Americana.

Ahora bien, ¿qué alcances tiene para la SCBA la tutela judicial efectiva y continua? Bueno
esto ha sido expresado en reiterados pronunciamientos. Por ejemplo: El art. 15 de la
Constitución de Buenos Aires asegura la tutela judicial continua y efectiva, que entre otras
cosas conlleva el libre e irrestricto acceso a la jurisdicción. Hay determinados grupos que

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ocupan una posición desfavorecida en cuanto a su status jurídico, económico o social. La XIV
Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana aprobó en 2008 las Reglas de Brasilia sobre Acceso a la
Justicia de las Personas en condición de vulnerabilidad, que son aquellas que por razón de su
edad, género, estado físico o mental, o por circunstancias sociales, económicas, étnicas y/o
culturales, encuentran especiales dificultades para ejercitar con plenitud ante el sistema de
justicia los derechos reconocidos por el ordenamiento jurídico. (SCBA LP A 70428 RSD-212-
16 S 07/09/2016 Juez DE LÁZZARI (OP) Gómez, Víctor y otra c/ Recreo Tamet y otra s/
Daños y perjuicios. Recurso de queja, Magistrados Votantes: de Lázzari - Hitters - Negri -
Genoud - Pettigiani - Soria - Kogan). Es pilar fundamental del sistema constitucional el derecho
de toda persona de acudir ante un órgano jurisdiccional en procura de justicia (arts. 18, 75 inc.
22, C.N.; 8, de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos; 18 de la Declaración
Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre; 14.1 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos
Civiles y Políticos; 8.1 y 25 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; art. 15,
Const. Pcial.), lo cual implica -entre otras manifestaciones prácticas- asegurar a quien invocare
algún interés afectado la facultad de solicitar y obtener judicialmente el reconocimiento o
restablecimiento de los bienes amparados por el orden jurídico (Entre muchos otros: SCBA LP
C 119871 S 19/04/2017). Ha de rechazarse toda hermenéutica que limite el acceso y cierre el
camino a la jurisdicción, por tratarse de una garantía que se erige en uno de los pilares básicos
del estado de derecho (Entre muchos otros: SCBA LP B 62469 RSD-357-16 S 31/10/2016).
Debe tenerse como guía la aplicación del principio in dubio pro accione o favor actionis,
enraizado en la más amplia regla de accesibilidad jurisdiccional que fluye del art. . 15 de la
Constitución de la Provincia (SCBA LP B 62469 RSD-357-16 S 31/10/2016). El acceso a la
justicia, en términos generales, de igual modo que el concepto de debido proceso legal, ha
desembocado en algo más abarcador, más intenso, el derecho fundamental a la tutela judicial
efectiva (SCBA LP Rc 119859 I 28/09/2016 ) El sistema judicial se debe configurar, y se está
configurando, como un instrumento para la defensa efectiva de los derechos de las personas en
condición de vulnerabilidad. Poca utilidad tiene que el Estado reconozca formalmente un
derecho si su titular no puede acceder de forma efectiva (SCBA LP A 70428 RSD-212-16 S
07/09/2016). El reclamo de los justiciables que cada vez con mayor intensidad requieren el
activismo judicial, debe ser interpretado como la necesidad de tener garantías de efectivo
acceso a la justicia y de contar con vías aptas que permitan arribar a decisiones jurisdiccionales
sobre el fondo de las cuestiones planteadas (SCBA LP L 100358 S 20/08/2014). El Tribunal
Europeo de Derechos Humanos, interpretando el art. 6.1 del Convenio Europeo sobre Derechos
Humanos, de similar redacción al art. 8.1 del Pacto de San José de Costa Rica, ha dicho que la
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garantía de ser juzgado equitativamente por un organismo judicial independiente, significa el

derecho de acceso a la justicia (SCBA LP A 68436 S 25/08/2010). La Convención Americana
sobre Derechos Humanos, también llamada 'Pacto de San José de Costa Rica', consagra en su
art. 8.1 como garantía de libertad individual, el derecho de toda persona a ser oída por un juez
o tribunal competente 'independiente e imparcial', protección judicial concreta que se reitera
en el art. 25, al asegurar a toda persona la sustanciación de un proceso judicial (SCBA LP A
68782 S 22/12/2008).

VIOLA LA GARANTÍA DEL ACCESO IRRESTRICTO A LA JUSTICIA:

El artículo 15 de la Constitución Provincial además de contemplar la tutela judicial efectiva

y continúa como contenido expreso de dicha garantía, también establece el acceso irrestricto a
la justicia. La interpretación que se le debe dar a la terminología irrestricto, es como lo
efectuaron claramente los jueces del Tribunal de Trabajo 1 de Quilmes en los autos causa Nº
38953, caratulada MARCHETTI JORGE GABRIEL C/ FISCALÍA DE ESTADO DE LA
PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES S/ ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO - ACCIÓN ESPECIAL,
en lo que se considera que fue la primer sentencia que dictó la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley
14.997, de fecha 5 de febrero de 2018; cuando establecieron que corresponde prestar una
especial atención al término irrestricto, el que de ninguna manera puede considerarse que ha
sido utilizado al azar por los constituyentes provinciales. El mismo significa -según la Real
Academia Española- ilimitado, que no tiene límites.- Así, vemos a través del simple análisis
terminológico de la garantía constitucional provincial, que la Constitución de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires asegura a todos los hombres que quieran habitar su suelo el acceso a la justicia
sin límite alguno. La norma es concluyente al no admitir condicionamientos ni restricciones de
ningún tipo o especie al acceso a la justicia. Y ello torna estéril cualquier posible discusión
sobre la hipotética conveniencia o utilidad del trámite administrativo previo que se intenta
imponer a los trabajadores siniestrados como condición previa a iniciar una acción judicial. En
el mismo sentido lo ha interpretado la SCBA al artículo 15 de la Constitución Provincial,
cuando resolvió que: ... de la enfática garantía del art. 15 de la Constitución de la Provincia en
cuanto asegura la tutela judicial continua y efectiva y el acceso irrestricto a la justicia no puede
desprenderse otra cosa que en cualquier ordenamiento procesal las reglas que fijan la
competencia tienden ante todo a facilitar el objetivo que la ley sustancial procura y a posibilitar
la actuación de las partes, no a complicarla o perturbarla... (S.C.B.A. en causa C. 94.669,

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Álvarez, Avelino y otra contra El Trincante S.A. y otros. Daños y perjuicios, sent. del
25/9/2013).

La SCBA ha replicado como doctrina legal en sus fallos, los más avanzados estándares de
interpretación con respecto a las garantías procesales, haciendo aplicación de preceptos que
contemplan a las garantías judiciales más elementales, que todo Estado de Derecho debe
asegurar y respetar. En ese sentido nuestra Carta Magna Provincial conforma un cuerpo
normativo de avanzada, al contemplar ampliamente a la tutela judicial efectiva, el acceso
irrestricto a la justicia; los que irremediablemente implican asegurar como garantías, el derecho
a ser oído (art. 8.1 de la Convención Americana), y el reconocimiento amplio del derecho de
defensa (artículo 18 de la Constitución Nacional). Invocamos el texto del artículo 8.1 de la
Convención Americana que establece: Toda persona tiene derecho a ser oída, con las debidas
garantías y dentro de un plazo razonable, por un juez o tribunal competente, independiente e
imparcial, establecido con anterioridad por la ley, en la sustanciación de cualquier acusación
penal formulada contra ella, o para la determinación de sus derechos y obligaciones de orden
civil, laboral, fiscal o de cualquier otro carácter. El artículo 25.1 de la Convención Americana
establece: Toda persona tiene derecho a un recurso sencillo y rápido o a cualquier otro recurso
efectivo ante los jueces o tribunales competentes, que la ampare contra actos que violen sus
derechos fundamentales reconocidos por la Constitución, la ley o la presente Convención, aun
cuando tal violación sea cometida por personas que actúen en ejercicio de sus funciones
oficiales. También configura una garantía reconocida por la Convención Americana, en el
artículo 25 inc. b, desarrollar las posibilidades de recurso judicial, que no implica otra cosa
que permitir el fácil acceso de los ciudadanos, a la justicia. La Ley 14.997, al adherir a la Ley
nacional 27.348, que impone previamente al acceso a la jurisdicción, el tránsito obligatorio por
la vía administrativa de las comisiones médicas, vulnera garantías básicas de todo Estado de
Derecho.

SE IMPIDE EL ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA A PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD:

Es claramente inconstitucional una norma que pretende vedar el acceso a la justicia, a los
trabajadores accidentados e incapacitados por causas laborales, cuando por el contrario debería
facilitarles su acceso en aras a la efectivización de sus derechos vulnerados reforzando su
protección por mandato constitución del artículo 75 inc. 23 de la Constitución Nacional. La
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SCBA sostuvo una clara interpretación, ampliando el acceso a la justicia a personas

discapacitadas, cuando estableció que: Conforme el imperativo mandato constitucional
emanado del art. 75 inc. 23 de la Constitución de la Nación en cuanto exige promover medidas
de acción positiva que garanticen el pleno goce y ejercicio de los derechos reconocidos por ella
y por los tratados internacionales vigentes sobre derechos humanos, en particular respecto de
las personas con discapacidad, exige retirar los ápices procesales frustratorios de sus derechos
(cfr. Preámbulo y arts. 1, 2, 3.a y e, 4.a, 5.3 y 4, 13, 28 y concs., CDPD; 1, 18, 31, 33, 75 incs.
22 y 23, Const. nacional; 15 y 36.5, Const. provincial; 355, 647 y concs., CPCC) (...) Cuando
una persona discapacitada requiere el acceso a la justicia en defensa de su derecho alimentario
procede la dispensa de todo valladar formal como mecanismo de promoción de la igualdad real
de oportunidades a través del ajuste razonable de los procedimientos legales dirigidos a paliar
la profunda desventaja social que aquélla padece y la efectiva tutela de sus derechos (arg.
Preámbulo y arts. 1, 2, 3.a y e, 4.a, 5.3 y 4, 13, 28 y concs., Convención sobre los Derechos de
las Personas con Discapacidad - CDPD- y Protocolo facultativo, aprobados mediante ley
26.378) (S.C.B.A. en causa C. 119.722 sentencia del 16/08/2017).

ES OBLIGACIÓN DEL ESTADO PROVINCIAL REMOVER LOS OBSTÁCULOS QUE

IMPIDAN EL EJERCICIO DE LOS DERECHOS Y GARANTÍAS CONSTITUCIONALES:

Como el acceso a la justicia, debe ser enfáticamente garantizado a personas con

discapacidad, y a su vez, que por manda constitucional, el Estado Provincial, se encuentra
obligado a promover la eliminación de los obstáculos económicos, sociales o de cualquier otra
naturaleza, que afecten o impidan el ejercicio de los derechos y garantías constitucionales
(artículo 36 Constitución Provincial); la adhesión establecida por Ley 14.997, configura
evidente un obstáculo para el ingreso a la jurisdicción, y con lo cual deberá ser removido. El
artículo 36 de la Constitución Provincial establece al respecto: La Provincia promoverá la
eliminación de los obstáculos económicos, sociales o de cualquier otra naturaleza, que afecten
o impidan el ejercicio de los derechos y garantías constitucionales. A tal fin reconoce los
siguientes derechos sociales: 1- De la Familia. La familia es el núcleo primario y fundamental
de la sociedad. La Provincia establecerá políticas que procuren su fortalecimiento y protección
moral y material. 2- De la Niñez. Todo niño tiene derecho a la protección y formación integral,
al cuidado preventivo y supletorio del Estado en situaciones de desamparo y a la asistencia
tutelar y jurídica en todos los casos. 3- De la Juventud. Los jóvenes tienen derecho al desarrollo

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de sus aptitudes y a la plena participación e inserción laboral, cultural y comunitaria. 4- De la

Mujer. Toda mujer tiene derecho a no ser discriminada por su sexo, a la igualdad de
oportunidades, a una protección especial durante los estados de embarazo y lactancia, y las
condiciones laborales deben permitir el cumplimiento de su esencial función familiar. La
Provincia promoverá políticas de asistencia a la madre sola sostén de hogar. 5- De la
Discapacidad. Toda persona discapacitada tiene derecho a la protección integral del Estado. La
Provincia garantizará la rehabilitación, educación y capacitación en establecimientos
especiales; tendiendo a la equiparación promoverá su inserción social, laboral y la toma de
conciencia respecto de los deberes de solidaridad sobre discapacitados... El artículo 75 inc. 23
de la Constitución Nacional, pone en cabeza del Estado, la obligación la de remover todos los
obstáculos, principalmente en personas que padecen incapacidades, lo que evidentemente la
Ley 14.997 estaría contradiciendo.

LA INSTANCIA ADMINISTRATIVA PREVIA, OBLIGATORIA Y EXCLUYENTE,

NO CUMPLE CON LAS GARANTÍAS CONSTITUCIONALES DE DEBIDO PROCESO Y
DERECHO DE DEFENSA:

Con la sanción de la Ley 14.997, adhiriendo al régimen nacional, se impone el tránsito

obligatorio del trabajador al previo al acceso a la justicia; lo que nos obliga a analizar si en
dicho procedimiento administrativo, se cumplen las garantías mínimas establecidas por la
Constitución Local, en lo que respecta a la tutela judicial efectiva, acceso irrestricto a la justicia,
debido proceso y derecho de defensa. Como se expresó supra, el texto del artículo 15 de la
Constitución Provincial, es más amplio que su símil nacional (artículo 18 de la Constitución
Nacional), principalmente y en el punto en que establece que las garantías de la tutela judicial
continua y efectiva, el acceso irrestricto a la justicia, (...) la inviolabilidad de la defensa de la
persona y de los derechos... opera y es aplicable a todo procedimiento administrativo o judicial.
Esto quiere decir que todas las garantías del debido proceso y de la defensa en juicio, que son
reconocidas por la Constitución Provincial, resultan plenamente observables y exigibles no
sólo a los procesos judiciales, sino también en los procesos administrativos. En éste punto la
SCBA ha interpretado ampliamente el artículo 15 de la Constitución Provincial, estableciendo
que rige plenamente en los procedimientos administrativos: Los principios constitucionales
incorporados con la reforma del año 1994 aseguran la tutela judicial continua y efectiva y la
inviolabilidad de la defensa de la persona y de los derechos en todo procedimiento

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administrativo o judicial, configurando una valla a las interpretaciones que asignen límites
formales e impidan el acceso a la justicia. (SCBA LP B 51435 S 14/06/1996 Juez NEGRI (MI)
Bymo S.C.A. c/ Provincia de Buenos Aires (O.S.B.A.) s/ Demanda Contencioso
Administrativa, Magistrados Votantes: Mercader - Negri - Laborde - San Martín - Hitters -
Pisano).

También se interpretó que: La plena observancia del debido proceso se sustenta en la regla
del art. 15 de la Constitución, que asegura la inviolabilidad de la defensa de la persona y sus
derechos en todo procedimiento, administrativo o judicial, y se nutre de las similares garantías
contenidas en los arts. 18 de la Constitución nacional y 8.1 de la Convención Americana sobre
Derechos Humanos (art. 75 inc. 22, Const. nac.). El ordenamiento consagra e impone, así, la
tutela administrativa efectiva, en función de la cual la protección de los bienes jurídicos
(derechos e intereses) requiere que las actuaciones, sobre todo las que pueden concluir en un
acto sancionatorio o de gravamen, sean conducidas y tramitadas regularmente, con plena
audiencia y que finalicen con el dictado oportuno de una decisión fundada con arreglo a la ley
y al derecho. (SCBA LP B 71018 RSD191-15 S 17/06/2015 Juez SORIA (OP) Carátula:
Cepeda, Ramón H. c/ Concejo Deliberante de Merlo s/ Conflicto art. 196 de la Constitución de
la Provincia Magistrados Votantes: Soria — Hitters — Genoud - de Lázzari — Kogan —
Pettigiani — Negri).

La SCBA ha equiparado el nivel de protección de las garantías de la tutela judicial efectiva

a procesos judiciales y administrativos. Las instancias administrativas deben respetar los
mismos principios legales que las instancias judiciales en cuanto a dotar al proceso de los pasos
procesales indispensables para ejercer entre otros el derecho de defensa. (...) Todo diferimiento
de una instancia de defensa, afecta directamente lo que se pretende proteger. Con ello la tutela
judicial efectiva de los derechos queda cercenada, pues dicha tutela judicial a destiempo
certifica la ausencia de la misma y produce un notorio debilitamiento del derecho a una defensa,
incompatible con las garantías constitucionales (art. 18 de la Const. nac. y 15 de la Const.
prov.). (SCBA LP C 100666 S 14/08/2013 Juez DE LAZZARI (MI) Fiscalía de Estado s/
Incidente de revisión en autos: Capra, Oscar Alfredo y otros s/ concurso preventivo,
Magistrados Votantes: de Lázzari — Negri — Hitters — Kogan — Pettigiani — Soria).
Debemos analizar entonces si el procedimiento administrativo al que adhiere la Ley 14.997,
establecido por Ley 27.348 y Resolución SRT 298/2017, cumplen mínimamente con las

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garantías constitucionales del debido proceso y la defensa en juicio. La jurisprudencia de la

SCBA, de la CSJN y del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, ha interpretado hasta
el hartazgo, cuáles son los requisitos y contenidos elementales que debe reunir todo
procedimiento, para considerar que cumple mínimamente con las garantías procesales
establecidas. Por ejemplo y contemplando los artículos 8.1 y 25 de la Convención Americana
(al cual ya nos referimos) resulta ser un derecho básico, el derecho a ser oído (art. 8.1
Convención Americana), este derecho creemos que en principio no se cumple debidamente en
el procedimiento administrativo establecido en las Comisiones Médicas, porque el trabajador,
si bien interviene en el acto médico de revisación, en el mismo no tiene oportunidad de expresar
su postura con respecto a los criterios de evaluación que exclusivamente establecen los médicos
de la SRT. El trabajador sólo puede expresarse, a través de un médico de parte que puede llevar,
pero el procedimiento normado por Resolución SRT 298/2017 (ver artículo 22), no garantiza
la gratuidad de la intervención de ése médico, con lo cual, se hace imposible contar con un
médico por cada trabajador, que lo debe solventar de su propio dinero, para poder intervenir
en la audiencia en la SRT, con lo cual se vulnera el derecho a ser oído. Pero más grave aún es
la falta de cumplimiento con las garantías básicas del derecho de defensa, que conforme
Opinión Consultiva 16/99 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH) y
artículos 8.1 y 25 de la Convención Americana, deben considerarse cumplidas si se dan los
siguientes requisitos procesales: Igualdad de armas, o paridad de las partes: esto claramente no
se cumple, si advertimos que mientras que el trabajador, se encuentra en evidente desventaja
comparativa en relación a la ART, que cuenta con todos los estudios realizados previamente,
un médico asignado en forma permanente ante el organismo administrativo y un amplio cuerpo
de asesores, lo que el trabajador no cuenta.

A su vez, esta desventaja procesal, no es equiparada por los organismos administrativos, en

tanto no se aplican en el procedimiento administrativo los principios procesales del fuero del
trabajo, que sí contemplan la relación desigual de ambas partes en el conflicto. Este principio
lo ha aplicado al fuero laboral la SCBA al decir que ambas partes deben contar con iguales
posibilidades de ataque y defensa (igualdad de armas), por ejemplo al decir que: A la sentencia
no puede llegarse sin la oposición de dos tesis contrapuestas (principio de contradicción). El
derecho a la defensa, -audiatur et altera pars- posee emplazamiento constitucional y legal. Ese
principio se complementa con el de igualdad en la actuación procesal. No es suficiente que
exista contradicción sino que, para que ésta sea efectiva, ambas partes han de contar con las
mismas posibilidades de ataque y defensa. Es el duelo con igualdad de armas, en donde todos
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los intervinientes cuentan con las mismas posibilidades y cargas de alegación, prueba e
impugnación. (SCBA LP L 61831 S 14/10/1997 Juez DE LAZZARI (OP) Suárez, Raúl Alberto
c/ Empresa Libertador San Martín S.A.T. s/ Accidente de Trabajo, Magistrados Votantes: Salas
- Pisano - Pettigiani - Laborde - Hitters - San Martín - Ghione - de Lázzari).

La "Resolución motivada" es otra gran falencia del trámite administrativo ante las
Comisiones Médicas. Decimos esto porque conforme la regulación del procedimiento que hace
la Resolución SRT 298/2017, allí en ningún momento se contempla como exigencia la
necesidad de que los dictámenes o actos de homologación, deban estar motivados, siendo éste
un requisito fundamental para ejercer el derecho de defensa en juicio. Véase que el artículo 13
de la SRT 298/2017 establece que ...el agente del servicio constatará la libre emisión del
consentimiento del trabajador o derechohabientes y su discernimiento sobre los alcances del
acuerdo (....) emitirá opinión acerca de la legalidad del procedimiento y la pertinencia del
dictado del acto homologatorio del acuerdo.. El artículo 26 de la SRT 298/2017 establece que
El agente del Servicio de Homologación de la Comisión Médica verificará que se encuentre
cumplido el procedimiento, validará el acuerdo y constatará la libre emisión del consentimiento
del trabajador o sus derechohabientes y su discernimiento sobre los alcances del acuerdo. Estos
artículos citados, que son la normativa procedimental ante las Comisiones Médicas que rigen
a partir de la adhesión dispuesta por la Ley 14.997, violan el artículo 171 de la Constitución
Provincial, que expresamente exige que: Las sentencias que pronuncien los jueces y tribunales
letrados, serán fundadas en el texto expreso de la ley; y a falta de éste, en los principios jurídicos
de la legislación vigente en la materia respectiva, y en defecto de éstos, en los principios
generales del derecho, teniendo en consideración las circunstancias del caso.

En el ámbito del proceso laboral regulado por la Ley 11.653 su artículo 47 exige la
claramente la motivación de la sentencia que se dicte.

Además estos actos (dictámenes y resoluciones) que se dictan en el procedimiento

administrativo ante las Comisiones Médicas, deciden sobre derechos subjetivos de trabajadores
accidentados o enfermos, y sobre la efectividad de sus derechos, con lo cual, si luego adquieren
autoridad de cosa juzgada administrativa, e impiden el acceso a la justicia, son verdaderas
sentencias dictadas sin cumplirse con el requisito de la motivación resolutoria. Por ello, deben
ser exigibles los recaudos de motivación del acto o de resolución motivada para no tornar
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ilusorio el derecho de defensa de los trabajadores que concurren a las mismas, el que nunca se
puede ejercer válidamente, si no conocemos los argumentos y fundamentos de la decisión
tomada. Quienes han transitado alguna vez por estas instancias, saben que es habitual recibir
dictámenes médicos, que resuelven sobre derechos subjetivos, cuyos únicos argumentos para
desestimar un reclamo, son meras palabras genéricas como enfermedad preexistente
enfermedad inculpable etiocronológicamente no puede vincularse causalmente con el trabajo,
sin siquiera citarse ninguna normativa ni constancias de la causa que avale sus conclusiones.

El plazo "Plazo razonable", es una garantía que tampoco se cumple en el procedimiento

administrativo, con decir que a pocos meses de ponerse en funcionamiento la reforma, varias
comisiones médicas e incluso las recientemente creadas como la de Lanús, fijaban fecha de
primer audiencia de revisación con una demora de 8 o 9 meses, con lo cual se estaba
incumpliendo con el plazo de 60 días que establece la ley durarían los trámites. Si bien es cierto
que la demora de los trámites es también imputable a los trámites judiciales, lo cierto es que al
regularse un necesario tránsito por la instancia administrativa, con todas las etapas y
procedimientos que debe seguir necesariamente un trabajador para poder ingresar a la justicia
laboral, lo único que se consigue es alargar sideralmente los plazos para la percepción de las
prestaciones dinerarias de la ley 24.557.

La Resolución SRT 298/2017 arrogándose facultades reglamentarias de las que carece

(conf. art. . 99 inc. 2 Constitución Nacional), reglamentó ésa prórroga en 30 días más, es decir
que ya tenemos 90 días hábiles que debería durar el trámite. Ahora bien, ¿éste plazo rige para
todos los trámites? No, porque la propia reglamentación establece en su artículo 29 que el plazo
en cuestión rige desde la primera presentación debidamente cumplimentada. Y ¿Cuál es la
presentación debidamente cumplimentada para la norma reglamentaria? Eso se establece en el
artículo 32 que establece una seria de requisitos a los cuáles remitimos, siendo el más
importante, contar con patrocinio letrado. Ahora bien, si un trabajador no concurre con
abogado al trámite de Comisiones Médicas, no puede invocar el vencimiento de los plazos
perentorios, esto según la reglamentación, con lo cual, como se sabe, la mayoría de los
trabajadores va sin patrocinio letrado, sobre todo porque la Superintendencia de Riesgos del
Trabajo, aún no puso en funcionamiento el Cuerpo de Abogados gratuitos que estableció la
Resolución 1475/2015 modificando el artículo 36 de la Resolución SRT 717/96. Con lo cual,
gran cantidad de trámites ante estos organismos administrativos, no podrían invocar el plazo

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perentorio de 60 días hábiles que establece la ley, lo que torna en una violación flagrante de la
garantía al plazo razonable de la resolución. En cuanto a la duración del procedimiento,
tomando en cuenta la estadística de causas iniciadas ante el fuero del trabajo de esa Corte para
el año 2016, vemos que el total en la provincia fue de 68.341 causas radicadas en 69 tribunales.
Si consideramos que el 50% de dichas causas responden a accidentes y enfermedades
(proporción altamente prudente atento los índices de litigiosidad denunciados por la UART),
tenemos un resultado de 495 causas promedio por tribunal, lo que es de todos sabido, tienen
un grave atraso en la tramitación de las mismas. Si se pretende que los daños laborales pasen
indefectiblemente por las nueve comisiones médicas, el promedio arroja la friolera de 3.796
causas anuales por cada CM, lo que deviene absolutamente inverosímil que se pueda cumplir
con el plazo de 90 días dispuestos para la totalidad del procedimiento administrativo.

Otro punto importante a resaltar y que ha sido fuertemente criticado de los trámites
administrativo ante Comisiones Médicas, es lo referente a que dichos organismos están
integrados por médicos, puestos a resolver cuestiones jurídicas. La justicia de la CSJN y de la
SCBA ha sido contundente en la descalificación de estos organismos integrados por médicos,
que son llamados para resolver controversias y encuadramientos jurídicos, ajenos a su
profesión. Si bien más adelante citaremos los fallos de la Justicia Nacional y de la Justicia
Provincial, por la cual históricamente se ha descalificado por inconstitucional, al procedimiento
establecido por los artículos 21, 22 y 46 de la ley 24.557, y por el Decreto 717/96, abordaremos
brevemente ahora lo referido a la idoneidad de los integrantes de las Comisiones Médicas. La
Ley 24.241 en su artículo 51 estableció que las Comisiones Médicas están integradas por
médicos. Si bien con la modificación dispuesta por Decreto 1278/2000 en el artículo 21 inc. 5
ley 24.557, se incorporó el dictamen jurídico y posteriormente se incorporó un Secretario
Técnico Letrado abogado a las Comisiones Médicas, lo cierto es que dicho dictamen no es
vinculante y las decisiones continuaron estando en cabeza de médicos. Ahora la SRT acaba de
dictar una nueva Resolución SRT 899-E/2017 por la cual integra dentro de éstos organismos
administrativos en misma condición de jerarquía, al Secretario Técnico Letrado, al Personal
Médico y al Servicio de Homologación. Estas reformas y aclaraciones normativas posteriores,
no logran revertir la inconstitucionalidad de éstos organismos, en tanto el papel preponderante
que juegan los médicos, determina que sólo sea una reforma figurada la de integrar en su seno
a letrados y autoridades del Servicio de Homologación. Lo cierto es que la regulación del
procedimiento administrativo, establece la posibilidad de producir prueba testimonial, pero no
hay regulación que establezca en qué forma se van a tomar las declaraciones testimoniales, ¿si
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se les va a tomar juramento de decir verdad?, ¿si se les va a preguntar por las generales de la
ley?; ¿si hay testigos excluidos? O quien los interrogaría, si un médico, o un empleado
administrativo de turno sin el debido conocimiento de las normas procesales. ¿Quién va a
analizar la procedencia y admisibilidad de una medida de prueba? ¿Quién va a determinar el
vencimiento de los plazos? O los encuadramientos jurídicos en cada incidencia o controversia
que se presente.

Es evidente que las Comisiones Médicas, en cuanto continúan estando integradas por
médicos puestos a resolver cuestiones jurídicas, siguen siendo pasibles de las tachas de
inconstitucionalidad que esta SCBA refiriera en numerosos pronunciamientos que más
adelante se detallarán. La independencia e imparcialidad del órgano: Esta es una garantía
básica, en tanto si no hay independencia ni imparcialidad de las partes, mal puede impartirse
justicia. Sobre este punto, se ha interpretado que son características del juez natural, su
independencia e imparcialidad. En el caso de las Comisiones Médicas, que son financiadas por
una de las partes en conflicto (las ART o los empleadores autoasegurados) con lo cual, carecen
evidentemente de imparcialidad, porque no tienen autonomía económica de una de las partes
en litigios. El artículo 37 de la ley 24.557 establece el régimen de financiamiento de la
Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo: Financiamiento. Los gastos de los entes de
supervisión y control serán financiados por las Aseguradoras de Riesgos del Trabajo, los
empleadores autoasegurados públicos provinciales y los empleadores autoasegurados,
conforme aquellos entes lo determinen.. Surge así claramente la falencia del sistema,
comparativamente con el Poder Judicial, mientras que las Comisiones Médicas como
organismos de control, son financiadas por las ART y empleadores autosegurados; los jueces
y personal judicial integrante del Poder Judicial, perciben sus haberes por presupuesto general
y detentan la garantía de intangibilidad de sus ingresos. Una característica fundamental como
instrumento para garantizar la imparcialidad (que es reconocido en el Sistema Interamericana
de Derechos Humanos), es analizar cómo se regulan los procesos de selección, el ingreso y la
garantía de permanencia en sus cargos, de los integrantes de los órganos jurisdiccionales. Así
mientras que los integrantes de la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo, no cumplen ni
siquiera con los requisitos legales de designación, ello en tanto el artículo 38 inciso 1 de la ley
24.557 establece que el PEN previo proceso de selección designará un Superintendente de
Riesgos del Trabajo, por Decreto 59/2015, se designó a Gustavo Morón sin realizarse ningún
procedimiento de selección. A su vez los médicos y asesores letrados integrantes de las
Comisiones Médicas, si bien son evaluados en procesos de selección, luego son contratados
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bajo el régimen de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo, careciendo de estabilidad en sus cargos.

Todos estos mecanismos, poco claros y sólo sometidos a la voluntad de los gobernantes de
turno, mellan la garantía de imparcialidad, por carecer sus integrantes de la estabilidad y
garantías de que serán mantenidos en sus cargos, sin importar cuáles fuesen sus decisiones.
Como contrapartida, la elección y duración de los miembros del Poder Judicial es regulada por
el artículo 175 de la Constitución Provincial, los jueces deben cumplir estrictos procedimientos
de selección, aprobación de concursos, e integración de ternas, para luego ser nombrados por
el Poder Ejecutivo con acuerdo del Senado sobre una terna confeccionada por el Consejo de la
Magistratura y sólo pueden ser removidos por mal desempeño, durando en sus cargos mientras
dure su buena conducta con estabilidad laboral. La CSJN en el célebre caso Llerena, Horacio
Luis dijo: la opinión dominante [...] establece que la imparcialidad objetiva se vincula con el
hecho de que el juzgador muestre garantías suficientes tendientes a evitar cualquier duda
razonable que pueda conducir a presumir su parcialidad frente al caso. Si de alguna manera
puede presumirse por razones legítimas que el juez genere dudas acerca de su imparcialidad
frente al tema a decidir, debe ser apartado de su tratamiento, para preservar la confianza de los
ciudadanos y del litigante, en la administración de justicia, que constituye un pilar del sistema
democrático). Es evidente que las Comisiones Médicas, no cumplen con la independencia e
imparcialidad necesaria que hagan operativas las garantías del debido proceso en el
procedimiento administrativo previo, obligatorio y excluyente que se impuso a partir de la
Adhesión Provincial. Creación por ley anterior del órgano jurisdiccional: Un requisito esencial,
que garantiza el derecho de defensa y el debido proceso, es la creación del órgano
jurisdiccional, sea por ley anterior al hecho del proceso, a fin de asegurar que será el órgano
legislativo el que decida la organización y jurisdicción de los tribunales en un Estado de
Derecho. Con esto se busca evitar la creación de tribunales Ad Hoc, y la elección de integrantes
que carezcan de los requisitos de imparcialidad e independencia. Como consecuencia de la
adhesión dispuesta por la Ley 14.997, es necesario el tránsito obligatorio ante las Comisiones
Médicas de la Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo.

Ley 14.997 al adherir a la Ley 27.348, cede totalmente su competencia, y habilita a la SRT
a que disponga sin ningún límite objetivo, la creación, integración, asignación de competencia
y demás requisitos para el funcionamiento de las Comisiones Médicas. Esto también viola el
artículo 18 de la Constitución Nacional y la jurisprudencia de la Corte IDH cuando estableció
que un Estado que crea salas y juzgados transitorios especializados en derecho público, designa
jueces que los integran, incurre en violación al derecho a ser oído por jueces o tribunales
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establecidos con anterioridad, consagrado por el artículo 8.1 Convención Americana (ver
Ivcher Bronstein vs. Perú sent. Del 6/2/2001).-

LIMITADÍSIMO ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA POR LA VÍA RECURSIVA. MANIFIESTA

INEXISTENCIA DE CONTROL JUDICIAL PLENO EN EL PROCEDIMIENTO
ADMINISTRATIVO:

Un punto que ha generado mucho debate en la doctrina del Derecho Administrativo y ahora
también a partir de esta reforma, con especialistas del Derecho del Trabajo, es si garantizando
un recurso judicial suficiente se respetan las garantías constitucionales que otorgan una tutela
judicial efectiva y continúa, y un acceso irrestricto a la justicia. Primero deberíamos aclarar,
que la histórica jurisprudencia de la CSJN Fernández Arias c/ Poggio (1960), actualmente ha
quedado totalmente superada. Primero con las reformas constitucionales del año 1994, y luego
a partir de sendos fallos de la CSJN principalmente teniendo en cuenta el precedente Angel
Estrada (2005). Según expresa Agustín Gordillo, a partir de este fallo, Lo esencial que surge
del fallo es: La administración activa no puede, constitucionalmente, ejercer jurisdicción
administrativa, ni siquiera sujeta a revisión judicial; pero sí se pueden establecer tribunales
administrativos, imparciales e independientes, cuya función sea ejercer jurisdicción
administrativa sujeta a revisión judicial plena. No se trata de reconocer jurisdicción a la
administración activa, sino a tribunales administrativos imparciales e independientes,
separados de la administración activa, en tanto tengan control judicial pleno (ver
www.gordillo.com/articulos/art.49). Como bien señala el Dr. Rolando Gialdino, en el
recordado voto del Dr. Boffi Bogero como integrante de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la
Nación, en el caso Fernández Arias c/ Poggio, claramente se resolvió que toda explicación
teórica que conduzca a sustraer de los jueces provinciales la apl del derecho común, no
conseguiría sino transgredir los principios contenidos en los arts. 67, inc. 11 [actual art. 75.12],
5°, 104 y 105 [actuales arts. 121 y 122] de la Constitución Nacional, los cuales reconocen una
profunda raíz histórica en defensa de las autonomías provinciales (CSJN, Fallos 247:646). Por
ello, invocar el precedente de la Corte de 1960, sin analizar las reformas constitucionales,
principalmente la de la Provincia de Buenos Aires que acogió ampliamente el acceso a la
justicia en su artículo 15, y la postura reciente de la jurisprudencia sobre este tema; es de un
total desconocimiento e improcedencia. Ello en cuanto, la CSJN en Angel Estrada (2005) dijo
expresamente que: [n]o cualquier controversia puede ser válidamente deferida al conocimiento

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de órganos administrativos, con la mera condición de que sus decisiones queden sujetas a un
ulterior control judicial suficiente (Fallos 328:651). Y continúa: la prohibición constitucional
de otorgar facultades jurisdiccionales a órganos de la administración (arts. 18 y 109, CN),
queda a salvo si, y solo si, a dicha condición se sumaran que el órgano: a. haya sido creado por
ley, b. su independencia e imparcialidad estén aseguradas. Asimismo: c. el objetivo económico
y político tenido en cuenta por el legislador para crearlos (y restringir así la jurisdicción que la
Constitución Nacional atribuye a la justicia ordinaria) haya sido razonable. Por caso también
tenemos la irrazonabilidad de exigir la instancia administrativa para las llamadas acciones
comunes, a las cuáles no se les exige ni siquiera el agotamiento de la vía administrativa, en los
reclamos por daños y perjuicios contra el Estado. Ahora bien, ya vimos en los puntos anteriores
que las Comisiones Médicas no son tribunales imparciales e independientes, y que en su
procedimiento, no se cumplen las garantías mínimas del derecho del derecho de defensa en
juicio. Resta analizar ahora si existe un control judicial pleno, que no lesione el amplio acceso
a la justicia y tutela judicial efectiva que reconoce el artículo 15 de la Constitución Provincial.
Y en este punto también deviene inconstitucional la Ley 14.997 en cuanto al adherir a la ley
27.348 lesiona gravemente la Constitución Provincial en el precepto citado, ello en tanto no
existe un control judicial suficiente, y condiciona gravemente el derecho del acceso a la justicia
y la tutela judicial efectiva y continua. En el mismo sentido se lesionan las garantías de los
artículos 18, 75 inc. 22 y 109 de la Constitución Nacional. La SCBA ha sido contundente
declarando inconstitucionales los procedimientos similares, que limitaban el acceso irrestricto
a la justicia, y la tutela judicial efectiva y continua, por ejemplo en los siguientes casos: El
mecanismo de revisión judicial de la actuación de los Colegios y Consejos Profesionales tal
como se encuentra regulado actualmente por las leyes 13.325 y 13.329 parece estar en pugna
con los principios constitucionales de acceso irrestricto al proceso judicial y de tutela judicial
efectiva. Del texto del art. 74 de la ley 12.008 con las modificaciones insertas por las leyes
citadas surge que el problema radica, no en el establecimiento de un remedio directo, sino en
las características especiales que tiene dicho recurso, en tanto califica virtualmente como
sentencias a las resoluciones administrativas dictadas por los órganos colegiales; y -de hecho-
los convierte en juzgados de primera instancia, vedando expresamente cualquier posibilidad
de sustanciación del recurso, el ofrecimiento y la producción de prueba, no admitiendo y
limitando los alcances de la revisión únicamente a los aspectos de legalidad de la resolución
administrativa emitida por los Colegios y Consejos Profesionales. Es decir, esa limitación -y
no el carácter directo del recurso- hace patente que el mecanismo instaurado soslaya y recorta
el sistema de revisión amplio que consagran la Constitución provincial y el Código
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Contencioso Administrativo, afectando la garantía del debido proceso y los principios

constitucionales de acceso irrestricto a la jurisdicción y tutela judicial efectiva (arts. 15 y 166
último párrafo de la Constitución provincial; 18 y 75 inc. 22, Const. nac.). (SCBA LP A 68437
S 21/12/2011 Juez KOGAN (OP) V. ,N. A. c/ C. d. M. d. l. P. d. B. A. s/ Impugnación de acto
administrativo. Recursos extraordinarios de inconstitucionalidad e inaplicabilidad de ley,
Magistrados Votantes: Negri - Hitters - Pettigiani - Kogan - Genoud; SCBA LP A 68442 S
12/08/2009 Juez KOGAN (OP) D. B. ,E. d. P. c/ D. F., M. M. y B.,A. s/ Denuncia, Magistrados
Votantes: Pettigiani - Kogan - Genoud - de Lázzari - Soria - Negri; SCBA LP A 68782 S
22/12/2008 Juez KOGAN (OP) C. d. B. d. l. P. d. B. A. c/doctor Mario H. Malamud s/ Acción
disciplinaria, Observaciones: Dictado por mayoría de fundamentos Dres. Hitters - Kogan -
Genoud - Negri en cuanto a la imposición de costas en el orden causado (art. 68, 2º párrafo,
C.P.C.C.), Magistrados Votantes: de Lázzari - Hitters - Pettigiani - Kogan - Genoud - Negri).

Esta jurisprudencia reiterada de la SCBA es enteramente aplicable a las Comisiones

Médicas, porque a los dictámenes médicos, ahora y a partir de las últimas reformas, se los
denomina resoluciones, convirtiéndose estos organismos administrativos en verdaderos
juzgados de primera instancia. Entonces deberíamos analizar, como es la vía recursiva, si es lo
suficientemente amplia, para garantizar el control judicial suficiente y acceso irrestricto a la
justicia. Conforme el artículo 2 de la ley 27.348 reduce el acceso a la justicia al término revisión
y luego habla de recurso. Un recurso no es una acción, y la revisión limita el análisis a lo ya
resuelto sin poderse incorporar nuevos elementos, incluso omitidos deliberadamente en el
procedimiento en cuestión. A su vez es muy limitado el campo de actuación del recurso, según
la regulación que hace la Resolución SRT 298/2017 en el artículo 16. Por otra parte, con la
mera adhesión que se dispuso por Ley 14.997, no se produjo la adecuación necesaria que
requirió la Ley 27.348 (en su artículo 4) con lo cual actualmente no existe regulación específica
como actuarán los Tribunales de Trabajo ante la recepción de los recursos que regula la ley en
cuestión. Decimos esto, porque en otras jurisdicciones (ver por ejemplo Córdoba) se reformó
y adecuó expresamente la normativa procesal a dichos fines. Con lo cual, no es operativo el
recurso establecido por la Ley 27.348 y limita gravemente el control judicial, lo que contradice
abiertamente los preceptos constitucionales (artículo 15 y 166 de la Constitución Provincial).

IRRECURRIBILIDAD DE LOS ACTOS DE HOMOLOGACIÓN. COSA JUZGADA

ADMINISTRATIVA: Otro ejemplo de limitación al control judicial suficiente, es la

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irrecurribilidad que se establece en el procedimiento ante Comisiones Médicas, del acto de

homologación, como así también de la cosa juzgada administrativa que se adquiere por el mero
vencimiento del plazo. Dichos institutos, son inconstitucionales, porque sustraen al
conocimiento de la justicia y el control suficiente de las actuaciones administrativas,
contradiciendo abiertamente el precepto establecido en el artículo 15 de la Constitución
Provincial.

Esto ha sido repugnado por la jurisprudencia de la SCBA, en cuanto se limita el poder de

custodia de los jueces sobre los derechos fundamentales, deviene inconstitucional la ausencia
de recurso y de intervención judicial. Por ejemplo la SCBA ha dicho que: Interpretar que la
Corte no podría conocer cuestiones que se dicen ajenas al derecho común por ausencia de
normas procesales que establezcan la vía del recurso extraordinario, viene a consagrar, por
mera autoridad jurisprudencial, una declinación de las atribuciones de este Alto Tribunal, las
que deben ser objeto de delicada preservación para que el ejercicio del ministerio de los jueces
no se vea inhibido por interpretaciones restrictivas que autolimiten su poder de reparación y
custodia de los derechos fundamentales de los habitantes. (SCBA LP Ac 90426 I 31/08/2007
Juez NEGRI (OP) Círculo Sardos Unidos Grazia Deledda. s/ Denuncia, Exp. 21209-32982/01,
Dirección Provincial de Personas Jurídicas. Delegación Mar del Plata, Magistrados Votantes:
Soria - Hitters - Negri - Genoud - Kogan - Pettigiani -de Lázzari - Roncoroni).

Por otra parte, con dichos institutos, se contradicen normativa expresa sobre cuestiones
administrativas, por ejemplo la establecida por la Ley 7647 artículo 86 que dice que Toda
decisión administrativa final, interlocutoria o de mero trámite que lesione un derecho o interés
legítimo de un administrado o importe una transgresión de normas legales o reglamentarias o
adolezca de vicios que la invalidan, es impugnable mediante los recursos establecidos en este
capítulo. Es decir, que la vía recursiva es amplia en el derecho administrativo, y no puede ser
limitada como lo hace la Resolución SRT 298/2017.

EL EFECTO SUSPENSIVO DE LOS RECURSOS. VIOLA LAS PRESTACIONES

INMEDIATAS DE SEGURIDAD SOCIAL: Uno de los puntos introducidos por la reforma, a
la cual adhiere la Ley 14.997, es el efecto suspensivo de los recursos, esto es si el trabajador o
la ART apela, hasta tanto no se resuelva el recurso interpuesto, no se le liquida la prestación
dineraria. Esto modificó sensiblemente el régimen anterior, en donde el trabajador podía
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cobrar, incluso a cuenta en los términos del artículo 260 de la LCT y luego reclama la
diferencia, siendo éste un principio del derecho laboral.

Ahora bien, esta reforma, conforme más adelante se detallará, en primer lugar viola el
principio de progresividad y de la seguridad social, contemplado en el artículo 39 de la
Constitución Provincial. Pero no sólo eso, sino que también vulnera la obligación de promoción
y de eliminación de los obstáculos que establece para personas afectadas o desaventajadas,
conforme lo establece el artículo 36 de la Constitución Provincial. El Derecho Administrativo
Provincial (Ley 7647/70) se rige por el principio de ejecutoriedad de los actos administrativos,
esto quiere decir que por regla general, los recursos administrativos no suspenden las
ejecuciones de los actos administrativos, salvo que esté en juego el interés público (ver artículo
98 Ley 7647/70). Esto quiere decir, que el trabajador siniestrado, se encuentra en peores
condiciones que cualquier otro sujeto en relación a la administración del Estado, en tanto por
interponer recursos, en el ámbito del Derecho Administrativo, la ejecución del actor
impugnado, no se suspende.

Este remedio procesal, seguramente será una gran herramienta para las ARTs y empleadores
Autoasegurados, que con el fin de producir dilación en los pagos de las prestaciones,
presentarán recursos aunque infundados, con el único objetivo de demorar el pago en el tiempo.

Esto sin lugar a dudas, viola principios de la seguridad social, que hacen a la inmediatez en
la percepción de las prestaciones dinerarias.

Por todo lo analizado en el presente punto, debemos concluir, que en el procedimiento

administrativo ante las Comisiones Médicas, al que adhiere la Ley 14.997, no se cumplen
mínimamente las garantías del debido proceso y del derecho de defensa en juicio que
ampliamente recepta la Constitución Provincial en los preceptos anteriormente citados, con lo
cual deviene inconstitucional la adhesión provincial dispuesta.-

Por lo que solicito a V.E declare la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 14.997, que adhiere a la
norma 27.348.-

V.- HECHOS
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Que mi mandante presto tareas para ..........................................................................., quien

aseguro ante potenciales contingencias laborales a la actora en
........................................................................... ART S.A.

Que ingreso a prestar tareas en óptimo estado de salud, sin pre existencia alguna, acreditada
mediante examen pre ocupacional realizado de acuerdo a la legislación en la especie, y así
surgirá de la prueba a producirse en los presentes. Es dable destacar que, en el propio dictamen
de la CMJ de fecha ........................................................................... se determina que no existe
pre existencia en el sistema de expedientes de SRT.

Que el ..........................................................................., el actor sufre un accidente de

trabajo, el que es denunciado y aceptado administrativamente en los siguientes términos; "EL
DAMNIFICADO RELATA QUE REALIZANDO SUS TAREAS HABITUAES, SUFRIÓ
...........................................................................".-

Que a causa del siniestro la demandada brindo al actor el siguiente tratamiento;

...........................................................................

Que de acuerdo a la radiografía realizada y el examen físico, se indica;

"...........................................................................".-

Que la incapacidad determinada por el ente administrativo no coincide con las reales
limitaciones funcionales en ............................................................................ Estimamos una
incapacidad en forma provisoria del orden de ...........................................................................
% en total, o sea ........................................................................... puntos por encima de lo
determinado por el ente administrativo.

La lesión que padece el actor, tiene un claro nexo causal con el siniestro reconocido y
aceptado por la ART, y así surgirá del peritaje médico a realizarse.

Como dije, el actor sufrió un hecho súbito y violento, aceptado por la aseguradora, al sufrir
un infortunio con fuerte traumatismo, con severos daños físicos inmediatos, lo que nos da la

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pauta, que este hecho tiene, como se dijo ut supra, la entidad suficiente para generar las secuelas
denunciadas.

VI.- RESPONSABILIDAD DE ...... ART S.A.

Que mi mandante ha sufrido las lesiones incapacitantes como consecuencia directa del
accidente denunciado oportunamente por la patronal, y aceptado por la aseguradora.

Que el actor ingreso a prestar sus tareas para la patronal, en óptimo estado de salud, y es
más, difícilmente hubiera podido desempeñar sus tareas habituales, con una incapacidad como
la que posee a raíz del siniestro en cuestión. No hay elementos probatorios preconstituidos que
desvirtúen dicha presunción, verbigracia, examen preocupacional, que, constituye la única
prueba que puede desvirtuar la presunción de que todo obrero comienza a laborar sano. Tal
documentación reviste carácter obligatorio para el empleador.

La presunción coincide con la realidad, por cuanto jamás experimento dolencia alguna
como la descripta hasta el momento de acaecer el traumatismo súbito y violento descripto, ni
ninguna clase de afectación psicológica.

El examen preocupacional es el único medio de probar que la lesión existía antes de iniciarse
la relación laboral y el mismo no fue efectuado.

Incluso en el caso de autos, resulta por demás evidente que goce de buena salud y que la
lesión incapacitante tuvo lugar en ocasión de las tareas, ya que de haber sido preexistente, el
actor jamás podría haber desempeñado sus tareas habituales.

En el caso de autos las causas directas de las dolencias sufridas por mi mandante encuentran
su origen en el accidente sufrido por el mismo, deviniendo por ello irrefutable la
responsabilidad de la demandada.

Y creo con ello haber delineado los presupuestos que hacen nacer la responsabilidad del
accionado por el accidente laboral sufrido por mi mandante.

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VII.- LIQUIDACIÓN
Que realizamos liquidación en base a los mínimos de ley, atento el actor no cuenta con la
totalidad de los recibos de haberes correspondientes, para determinar el IB, quedando sujeta la
determinación del mismo, para el momento que informe AFIP remuneraciones denunciadas, y
la patronal acompañe la documental en poder de terceros solicitada ut infra.

Asimismo, y una vez que sean aportados los elementos de prueba para determinar el IB,
solicito que el cotejo del IB art. . 12 LRT, se efectué al momento de determinar la incapacidad
invalidante, en base a lo resuelto por la Corte de Justicia de la Nación en la causa Calderón
Celia Marta c/ Asociar ART. SA. s/ Accidente -C.915-XIVI del 29-04-2014, en tanto se
determinara, que cuando se trata de las indemnizaciones laborales permanentes parciales -
art.14 LRT.- o totales -art.15 LRT:- la ley aplicable no es la vigente a la primera manifestación
invalidante sino la vigente al momento de determinarse la definitividad de la incapacidad
permanente.

Que una vez que sean acompañados por el empleador recibos de haberes originales y AFIP
informe las remuneraciones abonadas, solicito a V.E se liquide y abone en base a las mismas,
en el caso que arrojen montos superiores a los mínimos de ley. Asimismo, solicito se tenga en
cuenta el planteo efectuado ut infra, respecto a los rubros no remunerativos, que conforman la
remuneración del actor.

Que tomamos en cuenta para la presente, una incapacidad del

...........................................................................%, menos lo ya abonado de
...........................................................................%, quedando una incapacidad del
...........................................................................%.

Que al solo efecto de no incurrir en defecto legal, se estiman a determinar, las prestaciones
en especie (art. . 20 LRT), dado que se solicita en la pericial médica, si se sugiere tratamiento
alguno a realizar por la actora, periodo, y costo del mismo.

A fin de poder estimar el monto que alcanza la incapacidad permanente parcial definitiva
del actor, tenemos en cuenta que se le abono el
...........................................................................% en $
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..........................................................................., siendo el valor de cada punto de incapacidad:

$ ..........................................................................., lo que al multiplicarse por
........................................................................... (porcentaje que falta abonar) da un total de $
...........................................................................-

Prestaciones art. 20 LRT ----------------------- A determinar

TOTAL ----------------------- $ ...........................................................................

Esta demanda asciende a la suma total de PESOS

........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................), cifra está que deberá actualizarse con los
parámetros usuales en la materia al momento del fallo, más los intereses correspondientes;
ELLO SUPEDITADO A LO QUE EN MÁS O EN MENOS RESULTE DE LA PRUEBA A
PRODUCIRSE Y DE LA JUSTIPRECIACIÓN DE V.E.

Asimismo dejo solicitado a V.E se deduzcan la totalidad de las sumas abonadas por ILP a
la actora.

EFECTÚA PLANTEO SOBRE RUBROS NO REMUNERATIVOS QUE COMPONEN

EL SALARIO DEL ACTOR.- INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD ART. 12 LRT: Que respecto a
los pagos efectuados a la actora, de carácter no remunerativo y que integran la remuneración
del actor, quiero solicitar a V.E que los mismos sean considerados al momento de calcular el
ingreso base, art. . 12 LRT, ello en base a las siguientes consideraciones y precedentes; El art.
ículo 1º del Convenio Nº 95 de la OIT reza; "A los efectos del presente Convenio, el término
salario significa la remuneración o ganancia, sea cual fuere su denominación o método de
cálculo, siempre que pueda evaluarse en efectivo, fijada por acuerdo o por la legislación
nacional, y debida por un empleador a un trabajador en virtud de un contrato de trabajo, escrito
o verbal, por el trabajo que este último haya efectuado o deba efectuar o por servicios que haya
prestado o deba prestar".

La SCJN; "Pérez Aníbal Raúl V. Disco S.A", en donde en prieta síntesis se declara la
inconstitucionalidad del art. . 103 bis de la L.C.T. El fallo reza en una de sus partes relevantes;
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"La calificación establecida por el derogado inc. c, art. 103 bis, LCT, no solamente se encuentra
en pugna con lo previsto en el art. 1 del Convenio 95 de la OIT, sino que también viola los
principios constitucionales protectorios del salario. Ello así, en tanto se entiende que la base de
cálculo de la indemnización salarial debe guardar razonable proporción con los elementos que
componen la remuneración, es decir con la contraprestación que el trabajador percibe como
consecuencia del contrato de trabajo. La indebida exclusión de los vales alimentarios (en el
caso de autos adicionales no remunerativos) de la noción de salario que brindan tanto las
normas internacionales ratificadas por la República Argentina, como la propia legislación
nacional, afecta el principio constitucional de retribución justa, que se encuentra en correlación
con la base remuneratoria que compone el derecho, también constitucional, a la protección
contra el despido arbitrario. (Del voto de los Dres. Highton de Nolasco, Fayt y Argibay)...".

La Corte fijó este criterio al dictar una sentencia en el caso "Díaz, Paulo Vicente contra
Cervecería y Maltería Quilmes" del 2013: "Que, en tal sentido, hallándose ratificado por la
República Argentina el Convenio n' 95 de la OIT, resulta claro que el concepto en cuestión
reviste naturaleza salarial, a la luz de lo dispuesto en el art. l' de dicho convenio, en cuanto
establece que: el término salario significa la remuneración o ganancia, sea cual fuere su
denominación o método de cálculo, siempre que pueda evaluarse en efectivo, fijada por
acuerdo o por la legislación nacional, y debida por un empleador a un trabajador en virtud de
un contrato de trabajo, escrito o verbal, por el trabajo que este último haya efectuado o deba
efectuar o por servicios que haya prestado o deba prestar".

Que por los mismos motivos resulta inconstitucional el art. 12 Ley 24.557, dado que elimina
del cálculo los rubros de carácter no remunerativo, lo que afecta gravemente al dependiente.

"Resulta inconstitucionalidad el art 12, Ley 24557, en cuanto considera que el ingreso base
surge del promedio correspondiente a los doce meses anteriores a la primera manifestación
invalidante o al tiempo de prestación de servicio. A los fines de realizar la liquidación
correspondiente, deberá tomarse como base de cálculo la remuneración del actor al momento
del pago efectuado por la ART, incluyendo las sumas llamadas no remunerativas, ya que las
mismas integran el salario, conforme lo expuesto por la CSJN en fecha 04/06/2013 en autos
Díaz, Paulo Vicente vs. Cervecería y Maltería Quilmes S.A., Oroño, Graciela A. vs. Horizonte
Cía. Argentina de Seguros Integrales S.A. s. Sumario /// Cámara del Trabajo, San Carlos de
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Bariloche, Río Negro; 30-09-2013; Rubinzal Online; RC J 17728/13.

"Cabe declarar, en el caso, la inconstitucionalidad del art. 12, Ley 24557, por cuanto la
aplicación del ingreso base a los fines del cálculo de la indemnización por accidente al que
alude la norma en cuestión, resulta notoriamente inferior a la remuneración que el trabajador
accidentado percibía.", Lucero, Cristian Guillermo vs. Provincia ART S.A. y otros. Despido ///
Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones del Trabajo Sala V; 05-07-2006; Boletín de Jurisprudencia
de la CNTrab.; RC J 3946/07.

El art. 12, Ley 24557, (texto según art. 4, Decreto 1278/2000), establece que a los efectos
de determinar la cuantía de las prestaciones dinerarias, se considera ingreso base a la cantidad
que resulte de dividir la suma total de las remuneraciones sujetas a aportes y contribuciones.
Dicha disposición entra en contradicción con la Constitución Nacional, y con los principios
generales consagrados por la LCT. La naturaleza remuneratoria de un rubro depende de las
normas que así lo disponen, debiendo al tiempo de interpretar, tenerse en cuenta la escala
jerárquica. Así, el art. 103, LCT, define a la remuneración como la contraprestación que debe
percibir el trabajador como consecuencia del contrato de trabajo. La amplitud del concepto
queda develada en particular por dos normas: el propio art. 103 considera que la misma es
debida aun cuando no se presten servicios, si la fuerza de trabajo es puesta a disposición. Y en
ese orden de ideas, el art. 208 del mismo cuerpo legal, prevé que durante la licencia por
enfermedad su pago no debe ser disminuido por el hecho de no prestarse labores. Finalmente,
el art. 105 in fine, LCT, determina que las prestaciones complementarias, sean en dinero o en
especie integran la remuneración del trabajador., Alvarenga Álvarez, Ramón vs. Provincia
ART S.A. s. Accidente - Ley especial /// Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones del Trabajo Sala
III; 20-04-2011; Boletín de Jurisprudencia de la CNTrab.; RC J 8486/11

Que por todo lo expuesto, solicito a V.E, que al momento de dictar sentencia tenga en cuenta
la jurisprudencia citada, y declare como de tipo "remunerativo" la totalidad de los adicionales
devengado, teniéndolos en cuenta para el cálculo de la totalidad de la liquidación a practicarse
en su oportunidad.

VIII.- DERECHO
Que la pretensión resarcitoria deducida encuentra fundamento en lo normado por los arts.
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1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14 y concs. de la ley 24.557 reformada por la ley 26773, arts. 14, 14 bis,
16, 17, 18, 19, 28, 33, 43, 75, inc. 12 y 22, 76, 109, 116, 121 y concs de la Constitución
Nacional; arts. 14, 15, 31, 36, inc. 8, 39, 45, 56, 57 y concs. de la Constitución de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires; art. 2º y concs. de la ley 11.653, jurisprudencia y doctrina citadas.

IX.- PRUEBA
Que ofrezco la siguiente que hace a mi derecho:

A) DOCUMENTAL: 1) ...........................................................................

B) DOCUMENTACIÓN EN PODER DE TERCEROS Y DEMANDADA:

RESPECTO A LA PATRONAL ...........................................................................

Acompañe la siguiente documental.-

1. ...........................................................................

RESPECTO A ........................................................................... ART S.A.-

A) ...........................................................................

Todo ello, bajo apercibimiento de lo dispuesto en el art. 385, 386 y Sgtes. del CPCC.- A
TODO EVENTO MI MANDANTE DEJA PRESTADO DESDE YA EL JURAMENTO
PRESCRIPTO POR EL ART. 39 DEL RITO.-

C) INFORMATIVA: Se libre oficio:

...........................................................................

D) PERICIAL MÉDICA: Solicito se desinsacule de la lista oficial, médico legista de oficio,

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atento ambos pueden responder sobre los puntos de pericia aquí planteados, el que efectuando
los exámenes clínicos, neurológicos, radiológicos, funcionales y de laboratorio al actor que
sean necesarios, y examinando las constancias de autos, pericia acompañada, e informes
agregados al expediente, Tabla de evaluación de incapacidades Dec. 659/99, informe sobre los
siguientes puntos: 1.-Patología/s que presenta el actor, y explique el origen de las mismas, y
en su caso si las mismas fueron ocasionadas por el hecho denunciado ante la ART y aceptado
administrativamente; 2.- Respecto del punto anterior informará si existe tratamiento médico
alguno a fin de mejorar las patologías que presenta la actora. En su caso indicara en qué
consiste, costo del mismo, tiempo de tratamiento, e indique si hubiera correspondido
intervención quirúrgica. 3.- Si las patologías que presenta son permanentes o transitorias,
reversibles o irreversibles; 4.- Informe el grado de incapacidad que padece el actor para sus
tareas habituales, y de acuerdo al baremo 659/99, determinando la limitación funcional que
padece el actor según dicho Baremo.- 5.- Indicará si el actor necesitará como consecuencia de
las lesiones sufridas, tratamientos médicos futuros, como así también estudios, y/o todo otro
material o tratamiento futuro. En caso afirmativo, periodicidad de los mismos y su costo
aproximado; 6.- Si es posible que haya podido efectuar normalmente sus tareas con dolencias
como las descriptas en la denuncia acompañada, y/o las que el perito diagnostique luego de
efectuar la pericia; 7- Indicará también el perito si la actora podrá aprobar o no, como
consecuencia de las secuelas que presenta, un examen preocupacional, en caso de que este le
sea solicitado previo al ingreso a las órdenes de un hipotético empleador; 8.- Indique la
etiología de las lesiones detectadas, y si las mismas se corresponden con el siniestro denunciado
y aceptado por la ART.

X.- RESERVA DE CASO FEDERAL

Que la normativa cuestionada de la ley 24.557, lesiona -en el presente caso-, derechos y
garantías que derivan directamente de la Constitución Nacional. Verbigracia, vulnera: el
enunciado de promover el bienestar general y afianzar la Justicia (Preámbulo de la C.N.),
derecho a la indemnidad (art. 19), garantía de la igualdad ante la ley (art. 16), y orden público
laboral, derecho de propiedad (art. 17), principio de razonabilidad (art. 28), protección del
trabajo en sus diversas formas, principio protectorio y la tutela de la indemnidad psicofísica
(14 bis), la garantía de juez natural y defensa en juicio de la persona y los derechos y debido
proceso (art. 18 C.N.), prohibición de cualquier forma de discriminación y derecho a la
igualdad de trato (arts. 16, 43 y 75, inc. 23 C.N.), la jerarquía de los tratados internacionales

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sobre derechos humanos (art. 75, inc. 12 C.N.), la prohibición de delegación legislativa (art.
76 C.N.), la prohibición de que .el Poder ejecutivo ejerza funciones judiciales (art. 109 C.N.),
el ejercicio de poderes provinciales no delegados (art. 121 C.N.).

Asimismo ha sido cuestionada la constitucionalidad de la ley 24.283 y de los arts. 7 y 10 de

la ley 23.928 (modificados por el art. 4 de la ley 25.561), por cuanto dicha normativa lesiona
el derecho de propiedad de los créditos laborales reclamados y con ello también los
denominados "derechos sociales".

Por ello, cuestionándose la validez constitucional de leyes nacionales, y, hallándose

conculcados derechos y garantías que emergen directamente de la Constitución Nacional, esta
parte procede a efectuar la reserva del caso federal, conforme a lo prescripto por el art. 14 de
la ley 48.

XI.- AUTORIZACIONES
Se autoriza a los suscriptos y/o ........................................................................... y/o a
quienes ellos designen, a correr con el diligenciamiento de oficios, cédulas, mandamientos y
exhortos, desglose de documentación, retiro por préstamo de los presentes autos, y todo otro
tipo de trámite atinente al normal y necesario desarrollo de las presentes actuaciones.

XII.- PETITORIO
Que por lo expuesto, a V.E. solicito:

a) Se nos tenga por presentados, parte en el carácter indicado y por constituido el domicilio
procesal.

b) Se tenga presente la carta poder acompañada.

c) Tenga por entablada demanda de indemnización por accidente de trabajo.

d) Se haga lugar a los diversos planteos de inconstitucionalidad efectuados, asumiendo V.E.

la competencia para conocer en las presentes actuaciones.
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e) Se agregue la documentación acompañada y se tenga por ofrecida la restante prueba.

f) Se tengan presentes las autorizaciones conferidas.

g) Se tenga presente la reserva del caso federal.

h) Oportunamente se dicte sentencia, condenando a la demandada al íntegro pago de la suma

reclamada, a la que deberá adicionarse lo reclamado por prestaciones en especie y además, el
resultante de la actualización por reajuste monetario, y/o lo que en más o en menos resulte de
las circunstancias de hecho ocurridas, el derecho invocado, la prueba a rendirse en autos y la
correcta interpretación que de todos estos elementos efectúe V.E., con expresa imposición
costos y costas a la accionada.

Proveer de conformidad,

SERÁ JUSTICIA

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DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO POR DIFERENCIAS

INDEMNIZATORIAS

Señor/a Juez/a

I. PERSONERÍA
Que el Sr. ..........................................................................., domiciliado en calle
........................................................................... de Bahía Blanca, de nacionalidad argentino, de
estado civil soltero, empleado, de acuerdo a la carta poder que adjunto me han instituido en su
mandatario para que la represente en este proceso y me han facultado a promover formal
demanda por DIFERENCIA DE INDEMNIZACIÓN POR INCAPACIDAD PERMANENTE
PARCIAL, DIFERENCIA DE INCAPACIDAD LABORAL TEMPORARIA, DIFERENCIA
DE PORCENTAJE DE INCAPACIDAD, VACACIONES NO ABONADAS SOBRE
DIFERENCIAS DE ILT, AGUINALDO NO ABONADO SOBRE DIFERENCIA DE ILT,
INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD ART. 12 INC. 1 Y ART. 46 INC. 1 DE LA LEY 24.557,
INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL ART. 1, 2, 3 y 4 Ley 27.348 e
INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LA LEY 14.997, contra
........................................................................... ASEGURADORA DE RIESGOS DEL
TRABAJO S.A., con domicilio en la calle ........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., por la suma de PESOS
........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................) o lo que en más o en menos resulte de la
prueba a producirse.

II. HECHOS
Que mi poderdante sufre un accidente laboral in itinere -siniestro nº
...........................................................................- el día
..........................................................................., mientras iba hacia su trabajo como estibador
portuario para la empresa ........................................................................... en
........................................................................... y se lesiona
...........................................................................

Que la fecha de alta médica se dictamina el día

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..........................................................................., finalizando en dicha fecha la incapacidad

laboral temporaria.

La Comisión Médica Nº ........................................................................... de

........................................................................... de la SAFJP dictamina el
........................................................................... una incapacidad del
........................................................................... %, según lo expuesto en el expediente SRT N°
...........................................................................

Que la incapacidad determinada no es la que corresponde al actor puesto que tiene un

porcentaje de incapacidad del ...........................................................................% de la T.O. y/o
en lo que en más o en menos determine el perito médico a designarse.

Que tampoco se le realiza correctamente al actor el pago de la prestación dineraria por ILT,
por ILPP, por aguinaldo y vacaciones puesto que, en consideración a la modalidad de la
actividad de estibador en cuanto esta es eventual y diaria porque el contrato de trabajo
comienza y se extingue en el día o al finalizar el turno, el salario a computarse para el pago de
las prestaciones dinerarias es el del día del accidente con más el SAC y las actualizaciones
correspondientes.

Es evidente que no se han respetado las pautas establecidas por el art. 12 inc. 1) de la ley de
riesgos del trabajo 24557 ni de la Circular SRT 2/1998 que establece en forma obligatoria a
todas las ART que para el cálculo de la ILT y IPP se tendrán en cuenta las remuneraciones
sujetas a cotización devengadas y correspondiente a la primera manifestación invalidante en
caso de trabajadores eventuales, toda vez que se ha tomado solamente en cuenta para el cálculo
del ingreso base el jornal básico y no la remuneración total efectivamente percibida el día del
accidente, también determinado en los antecedentes jurisprudenciales firmes y consentidos
contra la demandada en el Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 1 de Bahía Blanca autos "Diaz, Ruben c/
Galeno ART SA s/ Diferencia de indemnización" Expte. Nº 26636, sentencia del , y en el
Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 2 de Bahía Blanca autos "Medici, Julio Cesar c/ Galeno ART SA s/
Diferencias salariales, Expte. Nº 26557, sentencia del 6/9/2016.

Al respecto, no podemos dejar de mencionar que la demandada siempre tuvo conocimiento

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de la actividad de jornalero del actor en cuanto esta nunca desconoce la misma en el Expte.
SRT nº ..........................................................................., donde se indica que la actividad es
........................................................................... (Acta audiencia médica
........................................................................... y Dictamen Médico
...........................................................................).

Que ........................................................................... ART procede a abonar al actor el

........................................................................... la suma de $
........................................................................... por la INCAPACIDAD PERMANENTE
PARCIAL de acuerdo al convenio de pago realizado
...........................................................................

Que dicho pago es realizado en forma improcedente y errónea, en violación a la normativa

dispuesta por la ley 24.557 y de la Circular SRT 2/1998 y a sabiendas de que estos estaban mal
liquidados en razón de que sabía que la tarea de estibador se desarrolla en forma diaria y
eventual.

Ello, porque el cálculo del Ingreso Base según ley 24557, es de $

........................................................................... ($
........................................................................... monto bruto percibido el día del accidente $
........................................................................... correspondiente al SAC =
...........................................................................).

Asimismo, dicho monto debe ser actualizado de acuerdo al art. 12 apartado 2 Ley 24.557 y
que termina resultando en la suma de $ ........................................................................... (Interés
tasa activa Banco Nación desde el ........................................................................... al
........................................................................... $
...........................................................................) y por ello el INGRESO BASE MENSUAL ES
DE ........................................................................... ( $
........................................................................... x 30 días=
...........................................................................) y no la suma de $
........................................................................... como se determinó el
........................................................................... por parte de la SRT.
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(Ley 24.557 art. 12 2°: Desde la fecha de la primera manifestación invalidante y hasta el
momento de la liquidación de la indemnización por determinación de la incapacidad laboral
definitiva, deceso del trabajador u homologación, el monto del ingreso base devengará un
interés equivalente al promedio de la tasa activa cartera general nominal anual vencida a treinta
(30) días del Banco de la Nación Argentina.).

Que la aseguradora ........................................................................... ART, a través de

..........................................................................., abona una indemnización insuficiente por
incapacidad laboral temporaria desde el día ........................................................................... y
hasta el ...........................................................................

Así, ..........................................................................., por cuenta y orden de

........................................................................... ART, abonó desde el
........................................................................... y hasta la fecha de alta la suma por Incapacidad
laboral temporaria de $ ........................................................................... cuando debía haber
abonado $ ........................................................................... ( $
........................................................................... x 115 días=
...........................................................................) , debiéndose tener en cuenta para el cálculo
los días corridos hasta la fecha de alta ya que el estibador en razón de su particular actividad
trabajaría también los días domingos y feriados según lo establece la modalidades de trabajo
del Convenio Colectivo 117/90 en sus artículos 14, 29, 30, 31 y 44.

Por tal motivo, deben computarse los domingos y feriados dentro de los días que
corresponde calcular la indemnización por la incapacidad laboral temporaria ya que el
estibador es contratado para trabajar cualquier día de la semana incluido el domingo y/o feriado
por su particular modalidad de trabajo establecida en el Convenio Colectivo de Trabajo Nº
117/90 ya que en caso contrario se estaría realizando una clara discriminación entre los
estibadores en actividad y los estibadores con licencia por accidente de trabajo, violándose las
garantías de la Constitución Nacional art. 14 bis y art. 16 por en cuanto no existirían los mismos
derechos, ante igualdad de circunstancias, para los trabajadores activos que para los
accidentados.

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Que la A.R.T. ha incumplido con sus obligaciones legales y ha omitido aplicar para el
cálculo de las indemnizaciones el salario del día del accidente, a sabiendas de ello y cuando se
ha resuelto en idéntico sentido y situaciones contra la misma en distintos antecedentes
jurisprudenciales dictados según sentencia del 14/7/2016 por el Tribunal del Trabajo N° 1 de
nuestra ciudad en autos "Diaz, Ruben c/ Galeno ART SA s/ Diferencia de indemnización"
Expte. Nº 26636, y por el Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 2 de Bahía Blanca autos "Medici, Julio Cesar
c/ Galeno ART SA s/ Diferencias salariales, Expte. Nº 26557, sentencia del 6/9/2016.

III. PLANTEO INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 27.348

El art. 2 de la ley 27.348, establece que "los decisorios" de las comisiones médicas y las
resoluciones homologatorias que allí se dicten, que no fueran objeto de recurso oportuno,
pasarán en autoridad de cosa juzgada en los términos del art. 15 de la LCT. Lejos de poder
asimilar esos "decisorios" y resoluciones de comisiones médicas, con las resoluciones
homologatorias que dictan las autoridades competentes del trabajo en conforme al art. 15 de la
LCT, nos encontramos en el marco de la LRT, un subsistema de reparación parcial de daños
laborales, en el que se le obliga al trabajador incapacitado, en estado de necesidad, a transitar
un trámite atemporal por ante la ART, que ésta manejará cuasi arbitrariamente para luego
recién poder ocurrir por ante la comisión médica, órgano administrativo de extraña jurisdicción
e incompetente en la materia, quien decidirá con pretensión de cosa juzgada administrativa,
sobre sus derechos irrenunciables.

El valor que puede atribuírsele a los "decisorios" y resoluciones de tales organismos en este
contexto es el de meros antecedentes probatorios.

En línea con tal argumentación, tanto la CSJN, en el fallo "Llosco" (330:2696), como la
SCBA en el fallo "Leal c/ Wernicke restaron toda eficacia en términos de "cosa juzgada
administrativa" a los dictámenes de las comisiones médicas, indicando que el sometimiento al
sistema de la LRT no implica la abdicación a formular un reclamo posterior... En los casos,
con fundamento en derecho común, pero expandible en sus efectos a los reclamos judiciales
basados en LRT (ver "BORO CLAUDIA ELISABET C/ PROVINCIA ART SA S/
ENFERMEDAD PROFESIONAL", Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 4 de La Plata, Expediente N°
23809; 30/05/2018. Voto del Dr. Martiarena (SD)).

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La Corte Suprema en el fallo "Angel Estrada" estableció como requisito para admitir
facultades jurisdiccionales a los órganos administrativos, que el objetivo económico y político
tenido en cuenta por el legislador para crearlos (y restringir así la jurisdicción que la
Constitución Nacional atribuye a la Justicia Ordinaria) haya sido razonable.

El sistema cuestionado no prevé el control judicial amplio y suficiente exigido por la Corte
Suprema, como se afirma, pues el procedimiento fue diseñado induciendo a que el damnificado
consienta las resoluciones de las Comisiones Médicas, al imponer que los recursos del
trabajador a las decisiones de estas y, por ende, el acceso a la Justicia sea extremadamente
restringido.

Para el damnificado solo existe como recurso a lo decidido por la Comisión Médica una
revisión ante la CMC, y recién después la apelación ante la alzada. O tiene el derecho a optar
por un recurso de apelación con efecto suspensivo y en relación ante la Justicia del Trabajo,
ciertamente regresivo respecto al decreto 717/96 (Art. 27 y 30) que lo concedía con efecto
devolutivo.

Esta definición legal coacciona al damnificado a consentir decisiones de las Comisiones

Médicas porque, atento al carácter suspensivo del recurso de apelación, no puede esperar el
largo proceso judicial para cobrar sus créditos alimentarios que necesita en forma inmediata.

El perjuicio en el caso particular del actor y de la "coacción" sufrida es evidente ya que

realizó, por necesidad económica, un acuerdo con la ART por $
........................................................................... cuando le tendrían que haber abonado la suma
de $ ..........................................................................., tomando el IBM de $
........................................................................... y la incapacidad determinada por la Comisión
Médica del ...........................................................................%.

De modo que, aun siendo injustas las soluciones propuestas por quienes evidentemente
hegemonizan el proceso administrativo -las ART-, el trabajador deberá aceptarlas porque es
un hecho notorio que no pueda esperar porque necesita el dinero hoy y no dentro de tres o cinco
años.

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Asimismo, no existe entonces una revisión judicial amplia ya que la ley es notoriamente
restrictiva en cuanto todo el proceso de conocimiento se desenvuelve ante las Comisiones
Médicas y sólo existe un recurso de apelación en relación y con efecto suspensivo, ante una
residual Justicia del Trabajo, al que muy pocos trabajadores recurrirán dado su estado de
necesidad acentuado por su condición de convaleciente de un infortunio laboral, que le impide
esperar la finalización de una doble instancia judicial para cobrar sus créditos.

En definitiva existe agravio constitucional originado en privación de justicia, pues ésta se

configura toda vez que un particular, no obstante hallarse protegido por la garantía del art. 18
de la Constitución Nacional, queda sin juez a quien reclamar la tutela de su derecho, sea que
ello ocurra porque declinen su intervención todos los jueces en conflicto, o en virtud de la
derogación de las normas que creaban los tribunales competentes para entender en las causas,
a raíz de preceptos legales que lisa y llanamente excluyen la debida intervención judicial o la
retacean de tal forma que se torna ilusoria. En efecto el recurso en relación y con efecto
suspensivo luego de tramitar todo el proceso de conocimiento ante las Comisiones Médicas
impide a los damnificados el derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva y el derecho al debido
proceso.

El control judicial de la decisión de los órganos administrativos para su legitimidad requiere

ser amplio y profundo, admitiendo un extenso debate causal con amplitud de pruebas. El
sistema recursivo establecido —en relación y con efecto suspensivo— no supera un mínimo
test de constitucionalidad porque se veda el acceso a la justicia y la incorporación de un
patrocinio letrado en absoluto está garantizando la bilateralidad y/o la defensa adecuada de los
trabajadores.

La jurisdicción administrativa sólo es válida si luego se permite un amplio control judicial,

con debate causal amplio con libertad probatoria, conforme surge del enlace armónico de los
artículos 18, 109 y 116 de la Constitución Nacional, situación que no se da en la actualidad de
acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley 27.348.

Sólo por la ausencia de revisión judicial amplia, atento el carácter de los recursos existentes,
el diseño procesal de los artículos 1º, 2º y 3º de la ley 27.348, adolece de una
inconstitucionalidad total, en virtud de que las leyes de ningún modo pueden disminuir las
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atribuciones constitucionales de los poderes, especialmente del Poder Judicial, que representa
la principal garantía de los derechos individuales (arts. 17, 18, 28, 75, inc. 12, 109 y 116,
Constitución Nacional).

De la simple lectura del procedimiento previsto por ley 27.348 y Res. SRT 298/17 resulta
que este es más extenso, gravoso y laberíntico que aquel establecido en el sistema de la ley
24.557 original y el decreto 717/96.

El carácter restitutivo de la indemnización opera como condición para reformular un

proyecto de vida menguado por una incapacidad actual, lo cual no admite dilaciones.

Carece de sentido y de toda razonabilidad que si las instancias sistémicas reconocieron un

porcentaje de incapacidad y un importe dinerario, no pueda percibirlo el trabajador de forma
inmediata en concepto de pago parcial y cuestionar lo que considere ante la justicia laboral.

La Corte en el fallo "Estrada" estableció "los límites constitucionales de la validez del

otorgamiento de facultades jurisdiccionales a órganos administrativos", y que se pueden
sintetizar en cuatro condiciones:

1) Que el objetivo económico y político tenido en cuenta por el legislador para crearlos haya
sido razonable;

2) No cualquier controversia puede ser legítimamente diferida a órganos administrativos;

3) Debe asegurarse la independencia, imparcialidad y razonabilidad de los órganos

asignados;

4) Las decisiones deben estar sujetas a "control judicial amplio y suficiente" (considerando
12).

Lejos de cumplir la ley 27.348 con los requisitos exigidos por la Corte Suprema, se puede
afirmar que las mismas han sido conculcadas y no se advierten los presupuestos exigidos por
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el fallo "Angel Estrada" para autorizar razonable y legítimamente el funcionamiento de las

Comisiones Médicas como órganos administrativos obligatorios con las amplias facultades
jurisdiccionales y menos aún la imposición de su carácter obligatorio y excluyente para
reclamar las prestaciones del régimen especial.

Ello, porque existe:

1. Carencia de razonabilidad.

No existe la razonabilidad exigida por la Corte para encorsetar obligatoriamente a los

reclamos por prestaciones de la LRT ante las Comisiones Médicas, cuando se trata de funciones
jurisdiccionales siempre desempeñadas por jueces y es discriminatorio respecto de los demás
dañados que acceden directamente ante la Justicia, sin atravesar complejas instancias
administrativas dirigidas por galenos, convertidos en jueces.

2. Carencia de imparcialidad

Las Comisiones Médicas carecen de las condiciones mínimas para ejercer dicha jurisdicción
porque están compuestas por profesionales del arte de curar y, sin embargo, administran
justicia y se expiden sobre áreas ajenas a su competencia profesional (carácter laboral o no de
los accidentes, enfermedades, etc.).

De acuerdo al caso "Ángel Estrada", "la jurisdicción administrativa así creada carecería de
sustento constitucional e importaría un avance indebido sobre las atribuciones que el art. 116
de la Constitución Nacional define como propias y exclusivas del Poder Judicial de la Nación".

La finalidad de la ley expresada en el Mensaje de Elevación del PEN 130/16, "de reducir la
proliferación de litigios individuales que pondría en riesgo la finalidad del sistema", sin
contemplar sus causas, ni la siniestralidad que la origina, no es un motivo razonable y
justificado para delegar funciones jurisdiccionales a entes médicos, sustrayendo a los
trabajadores de sus jueces naturales. Ello, es una verdadera desmesura, que no obstante se
utiliza para fundamentar la mutilación de derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores como es

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el acceso directo a la Justicia, que existía hasta la sanción de la ley.

3. Limitación a la atribución de facultades jurisdiccionales a órganos administrativos.

Las Comisiones Médicas resuelven conflictos intersubjetivos sobre materias de derecho

común. Se trata de una delegación inconstitucional, en virtud de que las leyes de ningún modo
pueden disminuir las atribuciones propias de los restantes poderes, especialmente del Poder
Judicial, y sustituirlas por órganos no idóneos, como son los médicos para ejercer la función
que representan la principal garantía de los derechos individuales (arts. 17, 18, 28, 75 inc. 12,
109 y 116 CN).

No puede discutirse la idoneidad técnica de los miembros de las comisiones médicas para
evaluar, desde sus conocimientos de la ciencia médica, la existencia de dolencias y las
incapacidades que éstas pudieran generar. Sin embargo, la determinación del carácter laboral
del accidente o profesional de la enfermedad y la relación causal con el factor laboral,
constituyen materias que exceden notoriamente la competencia brindada por los conocimientos
médicos y requieren indudablemente un conocimiento técnico-jurídico del cual los médicos,
más allá de su buena voluntad e incluso de sus inquietudes culturales, carecen.

En el marco de la garantía constitucional del debido proceso adjetivo está incluida,

innegablemente, la exigencia de idoneidad técnico-jurídica de los jueces o tribunales,
condición que no reúnen los integrantes de las comisiones médicas previstas en el sistema de
riesgos del trabajo. Por su parte, el ejercicio de valoración de la prueba y el juzgamiento son
funciones propias de los jueces que escapan a la materia específica de la administración y más
aun de los médicos.

El sistema vigente otorga a las Comisione Médicas -órganos compuestos por médicos no
idóneos- amplias funciones jurisdiccionales para suplir la función judicial, excediendo
notoriamente las limitadas tareas mencionadas por el fallo "Estrada" de la Corte Suprema de
Justicia de la Nación.

4. Insuficiencia de respeto de garantía constitucional del debido proceso y defensa por

intervención de patrocinio jurídico obligatorio.
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El patrocinio jurídico obligatorio -menos aun el gratuito designado por la SRT- no purga
este vicio esencial que altera la garantía constitucional del debido proceso, al depositar el
discernimiento del conflicto jurídico laboral ante galenos carentes de idoneidad para dirimir
cuestiones para las cuales no son versados.

La incorporación de un patrocinio letrado obligatorio al damnificado, en los Artículo 1º y

2° último párrafo de la ley, conspira contra su transparencia, ya que pareciera que en vez de
protegerlo está destinado a consolidar la pérdida de sus derechos, porque ahora los acuerdos
celebrados con respecto a las incapacidades permanentes definitivas, homologados
administrativamente ante las Comisiones médicas, adquieren carácter de cosa juzgada, con los
alcances del artículo 15 de la LCT e irrevisables en instancias judiciales ulteriores.

Es una obviedad que se trata más que nada de un maquillaje cosmético del sistema,
intentando una complicidad de los Profesionales del derecho ante un procedimiento lleno de
los vicios de constitucionalidad que se vienen señalando.

Se busca al abogado para legitimar los probables abusos, y acuerdos lesivos que se llevarán
a cabo con los trabajadores que estarán inducidos a aceptar las decisiones de las ART, por el
carácter suspensivo de los recursos a las decisiones de las CCMM.

Si el abogado del damnificado en la instancia administrativa legitima y consiente

liquidaciones o incapacidades insuficientes, desajustadas y desvalorizadas, puede configurarse
un perjuicio definitivo a su patrocinado, porque esas actuaciones administrativas, son
irrevisables en instancia judiciales ulteriores, por el carácter de cosa juzgada que adquiere la
decisión de la CCMM.

Por otra parte en el supuesto de una defensa genuina del letrado del trabajador que se le
aconseja no aceptar la propuesta de la ART o la decisión de la Comisión Médica, ofreciéndole
la alternativa de litigar en la Justicia sin cobrar nada a cuenta y esperar varios años hasta que
se termine el juicio.

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Es evidente que este consejo profesional caerá en "saco roto" y no será aceptado porque el
trabajador no puede esperar todo ese proceso en condiciones inermes sin cobrar parte de su
indemnización. El carácter "suspensivo" del recurso tiene ese efecto "disciplinador" que el
mejor abogado no podrá compensar, mientras el régimen instituido siga vigente.

Estamos frente a un camuflaje de mayor tutela que busca legitimar las actuaciones
inconstitucionales de las Comisiones Médicas, pretendiéndoles dar un viso de legalidad que no
es logrado.

IV. PLANTEO INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LEY 14.997

Los artículos 1,2 y 4 de la ley 27348 y el art. 1 de la ley 14997 son inconstitucionales porque
transfieren a entes administrativos nacionales potestades propias de las provincias, arts.5 y 75
inc.12 de la Constitución Nacional, art 15 de la Constitución Provincial y arts.1 y 2 de la
ley11653. Así se ha pronunciado: "... no es constitucionalmente aceptable que La Nación
pueda, al reglamentar materias que son en principio propias del Derecho Común, ejercer una
facultad distinta a la que específicamente le confiere el art. 67 inc.11 de la Constitución. Lo
contrario implicaría tanto como reconocer que las pautas limitativas que esta fija cuando se
trata de legislar sobre derecho común, referida a la no alteración de jurisdicciones locales y a
la aplicación de esas leyes por los tribunales de provincia si las cosas o personas cayeren bajo
sus respectivas jurisdicciones, pueden ser obviadas o alteradas por la sola voluntad del
legislador.... El juzgamiento en materia de Derecho Común por los jueces y tribunales de
provincias se incorpora al conjunto de facultades reservadas." (Ver "Berga, Elvezio D. c/ La
Rural Cía. de Seguros", CSJN, agosto 12 de 1968, en La Ley T131, págs. 994 y ss.). En el
mismo sentido, se ha expedido la CSJN en la causa "Giménez Vargas Hnos. Soc. Com. E Ind.
c/ Poder Ejecutivo de la Provincia de Mendoza".

Es decir que variar la situación de facultades no delegadas, la cesión de las provincias hacia
La Nación de parte de su administración de justicia no puede materializarse mediante leyes
ordinarias, sino que exige la actuación del poder constituyente. En tal sentido la CSJN, en el
fallo "Castillo c/ Cerámica" del 07/09/2004, ya referido, expresó: "...no es constitucionalmente
aceptable que la Nación pueda, al reglamentar materias que son como principio propias de
derecho común, ejercer una potestad distinta a la que específicamente le confiere el art. 75
inc.12. Lo contrario implicaría tanto como reconocer que las pautas limitativas que fija la
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Constitución Nacional cuando se trata de derecho común, referentes a la no alteración de las

jurisdicciones locales y a la aplicación de esas leyes por los tribunales de provincias si las cosas
o las personas cayeran bajo sus respectivas jurisdicciones, pueden ser obviadas por la sola
voluntad del legislador".

En tal vicio incurren tanto la invitación del art. 4 de la ley 27348 como la ley provincial de
adhesión 14.997, haciendo caso omiso a la adecuación a que se refiere el art. 4 de la ley 27348,
cuando lisa y llanamente se limita a una adhesión absoluta e incondicional, no sólo a la ley
nacional sino a su reglamentación, que en materia procesal será esencial, y está a cargo de la
Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (SRT), la que ha dictado la resolución 298/17, a la
que los jueces provinciales supuestamente debieran sujetarse, en el marco de un recurso de
apelación limitado que eventualmente se concederá en relación y efecto suspensivo (art. 2 de
la ley 27348), situación arbitraria y violatoria del derecho de defensa resguardado en la
Constitución Nacional, según fue determinado en los autos "BORO CLAUDIA ELISABET C/
PROVINCIA ART SA S/ ENFERMEDAD PROFESIONAL", Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 4 de
La Plata, Expediente N°23809.

Por otra parte, los arts. 1, 2 y 4 de la ley 27348 y la ley provincial 14.997 violan los arts. 4,
14 bis, 17, 18 y 109 de la Constitución Nacional, arts. 15 y 39 de la Const. Prov., art. 18 de la
Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, arts. 8 y 25 de la Convención
Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (llamado Pacto de San José de Costa Rica) y art. 10 de
la Declaración Universal de derechos Humanos, en cuanto restringen y dificultan el acceso a
la justicia vedando el debido proceso a los trabajadores enfermos y accidentados puesto que no
permiten una revisión judicial amplia y con las garantías de imparcialidad que deben ser
otorgadas a las personas que requieren el servicio de justicia en defensa de sus derechos.

La provincia de Buenos Aires, mediante la sanción de la ley 14.997, al adherir a una ley
procesal dictada por el Estado Nacional, no solo tomó para la provincia un sistema procesal
ajeno a su legislación para gestionar los reclamos por accidentes y enfermedades causadas por
el trabajo sino que además dejó en manos de las comisiones médicas jurisdiccionales, órganos
de innegable carácter público nacional, dicho procesamiento inicial.

Y es ahí, donde la legislatura provincial procede a vulnerar la Constitución Nacional y a

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cometer el error que ya se había materializado con la original ley 24.557, luego descalificada
por la CSJN y la SCBA.

El vicio consiste en abdicar a manos de organismos administrativos nacionales, el ejercicio

de facultades locales como era la regulación del procedimiento a través de organismos
administrativos y judiciales provinciales.

Así, si la provincia se hubiera adherido a un régimen procesal dictado por la legislatura

nacional pero manteniendo la aplicación de ese derecho común en manos de órganos
administrativos y judiciales provinciales, se podría admitir eventualmente la validez de la
adhesión (fallo "SALVATORE, Carlos Mariano c/ FISCO DE LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS
AIRES s/ Accidente de Trabajo - Acción Especial", Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 5 de La Plata,
Expediente N° 22.615; Sent. del 12/04/2018. Voto del Dr. Barreiro.) pero es evidente que ello
no ha ocurrido con la ley 14997 y por lo tanto dicha adhesión deviene inconstitucional por no
respetar el art. 116 de la Constitución Nacional.

Así, se ha declarado de oficio la inconstitucionalidad de la ley 14.997 en los autos

"AVALOS DIEGO C/ OMINT ASEGURADORA DE RIESGOS DEL TRABAJO S.A. S/
ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO" Tribunal de Trabajo nº 1 de San Isidro ( Exp. Nº SI-6024-2018)
en donde se determina que la ley de adhesión n° 14.997 transfirió a la Nación poderes no
delegados o reservados por las provincias, renunciando —analizando luego en qué medida- a
las atribuciones reservadas en la Constitución Nacional (arts. 5°, 121 y 124) y que si bien es
cierto que producto del federalismo coparticipado o de concertación puede admitirse
injerencias federales en materia jurisdiccional local a través de órganos administrativos
nacionales con funciones jurisdiccionales (CSJN, "Fernández Arias" — 1960 y "Ángel
Estrada" — 2005), no menos lo es que la ley 14.997 -en los términos de su vigencia- obliga a
la Provincia de Buenos Aires a ceder la totalidad de sus competencias no delegadas en esta
materia en el gobierno Federal, cediendo su autonomía de manera absolutamente
desproporcionada, desequilibrada e inequitativa.

Por otra parte también es inconstitucional puesto que el art. 2º de la ley 27.348, por imperio
del texto de la ley 14.997, limita la participación de los Tribunales del Trabajo a una suerte de
control de legalidad del acto administrativo, al cual los trabajadores solamente pueden acceder
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a través de un recurso con efecto suspensivos y concedido en relación, lo que evidencia, una
vez más, la esencia de la delegación absoluta de competencias jurisdiccionales en la Nación,
en violación al art. 116 de la Constitución Nacional y art. 166 de la Constitución de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires.

V. SOLICITO SE INCLUYA SAC. SE RESPETEN GARANTÍAS ART. 14 BIS Y 16 DE

LA CONSTITUCIÓN NACIONAL
Que en atención a que el contrato del actor como estibador comienza y se extingue en el
mismo día es aplicable al mismo el art. 123 de la LCT al salario del día del accidente, que
determina la procedencia del abonar el SAC cuando se opere la extinción del contrato por
cualquier causa, y en cuanto dicho rubro integra el patrimonio del trabajador y constituye un
ingreso de carácter remuneratorio que como tal forma parte del sueldo para los efectos legales
pertinentes. (criterio de la SCBA en la causa L. 59.235, Cerrutti, Hugo N. contra Telefónica de
Argentina S.A. Indemnización por despido, etc. que ha dicho: "...Respecto del sueldo anual
complementario, es sabido que por tratarse de un salario diferido y más allá de su modalidad,
constituye un ingreso de carácter remuneratorio que como tal forma parte del sueldo para los
efectos legales pertinentes (conf. causas L. 43.541, sent. del 17-IV-90, Acuerdos y Sentencias:
1990-I, pág. 812; L. 54.646, sent. del 14-III-95, entre muchas).".

Además, en caso de la no inclusión del SAC al salario diario del actor del día del accidente,
implicaría un acto discriminatorio e irrazonable por el solo hecho de ser el actor un trabajador
diario o jornalero puesto que habría una diferenciación arbitraria con los trabajadores
mensuales cuando, según el art. 12 inc. 1 de la ley 24557, a estos últimos si se les computaría
el SAC para el cálculo del ingreso base puesto que se le tomarían todas la remuneraciones de
los últimos doce meses sujetas a cotización. ("ARTÍCULO 12. — Ingreso base. 1. A los efectos
de determinar la cuantía de las prestaciones dinerarias se considera ingreso base la cantidad
que resulte de dividir la suma total de las remuneraciones sujetas a cotización correspondientes
a los doce meses anteriores a la primera manifestación invalidante...).

Existiría, en caso de no computarse el SAC, una violación expresa de la garantía de igualdad

del art. 14 bis y el art. 16 de la Constitución Nacional en cuanto no existirían los mismos
derechos, ante igualdad de circunstancias, para los trabajadores jornaleros que para los
mensuales. Así, la Corte Suprema de la Nación ha dicho: "La garantía de igualdad radica en
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consagrar un trato legal igualitario a quienes se hallan en una razonable igualdad de

circunstancias (Voto de los Dres. Enrique Santiago Petracchi y Jorge Antonio Bacqué). CSJN
F. 249. XXI.; "Fernández, Estrella c/ Sanatorio Güemes S.A." - 23/08/1988 - T. 311, P. 1602.).

El art. 14 bis de nuestra carta Magna viene a reforzar la aludida protección constitucional
laboral inespecífica, prescribiendo expresamente que el trabajo en sus diversas formas gozará
de la protección de las leyes, las que asegurarán al trabajador, entre otros derechos, condiciones
dignas y equitativas de labor. Por otra parte, en materia de derechos sociales, los arts. 2.2 del
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, 3 del "Protocolo de San
Salvador" 1,2 y 3 del Convenio 111 de la OIT sobre Discriminación (empleo y ocupación) de
1958 y la Declaración de la OIT relativa a los Principios y Derechos Fundamentales en el
Trabajo y su Seguimiento, consagran una tutela antidiscriminatoria específica. Es decir, que el
trabajador tiene el derecho a no ser discriminado arbitrariamente desde una doble dimensión:
una tutela constitucional similar a los restantes habitantes y una tutela constitucional específica.

En consecuencia, solicito se proceda a adicionar al salario diario del día del accidente el
SAC correspondiente y como fuera resuelto en autos "MEDICI JULIO CESAR C/ GALENO
A.R.T. S.A. S/DIFERENCIAS SALARIALES, Expte. Nº 26557, Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 2 de
Bahía Blanca, sentencia del 6/9/2016, la cual dice: "...Tal como se viera el vínculo eventual
habido entre Medici y United Seas S.R.L. en sus funciones de estibador se inició el 19 de
setiembre de 2012, jornada en la que se produjo el accidente, por lo cual debe considerarse la
remuneración total correspondiente a ese día, incluyendo el básico y los adicionales así como
la parte proporcional del sueldo anual complementario, habida cuenta que por la naturaleza de
la relación, éste se inicia y concluye en cada jornada para lo cual el dependiente es contratado
y sin que exista expectativa de continuidad.".

VI. LIQUIDACIÓN
Que dicho monto debe ser actualizado según el art. 12 apartado 2 Ley 24557 y que asciende
a la suma de $ ........................................................................... y por ello el INGRESO BASE
MENSUAL ES DE $ ........................................................................... ( $
........................................................................... x 30 días
...........................................................................) .

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Así la liquidación es la siguiente:

1) Diferencia Indemnización por incapacidad permanente parcial

$ ........................................................................... (base diaria) x 30 = $

........................................................................... (ingreso base mensual)

Liquidación art. 14 inc. 2 LRT:

53 x ........................................................................... x (65 % 25) x

........................................................................... % = $
...........................................................................

Monto abonado por ........................................................................... ART $

...........................................................................

$ ........................................................................... - $
........................................................................... $
...........................................................................

2) Diferencia Indemnización por incapacidad laboral temporaria

$ ........................................................................... x 115 días= $

...........................................................................

Monto abonado por ........................................................................... ART $

...........................................................................

$ ........................................................................... - $
........................................................................... $
...........................................................................

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3) Vac. s/ ILT no abonada 1er. y 2do. semestre 2018

Monto de ILT no abonada $ ...........................................................................

$ ........................................................................... x
........................................................................... % ...................... $
...........................................................................

4) SAC s/ ILT no abonada

Monto de ILT no abonada $ ...........................................................................

$ ........................................................................... x
........................................................................... % ...................... $
...........................................................................

TOTAL ...................... $ ...........................................................................

VII. JURAMENTO
Mi mandante, mediante mi intervención, presta juramento acerca de los datos contenidos
en el presente, de acuerdo a lo establecido en el art. 39 de la Ley 11.653.

VIII. DERECHO
Fundo el derecho que asiste a mi parte en lo dispuesto en los arts. 55, 57, 63, 156 y conc.
de la Ley 20.744, art. 1 y conc. Ley de Riesgos de Trabajo 24.557, art. 1 y conc. ley 26.773,
art. 1 y conc. Decreto 1278/2000, Circular SRT 2/1998, art. 39 y conc. de la Ley 11.653 y
demás disposiciones legales, jurisprudencia y doctrina aplicables en la materia.

IX. PRUEBA
Que vengo a ofrecer como prueba que hace al derecho de mi parte la siguiente:

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1) DOCUMENTAL:

...........................................................................

2) INFORMATIVA:

a) ...........................................................................

3) PERICIAL MÉDICA: Se designe perito médico del listado oficial en la especialidad de

medicina del trabajo y en subsidio, para el caso de que no haya ningún inscripto en dicha
especialidad, se designe perito legista o especialista en traumatología a fin de que, a través de
los correspondientes exámenes a efectuarle al actor y teniendo en cuenta el accidente del
........................................................................... y los antecedentes obrantes en el expediente,
se expida sobre los siguientes puntos de pericia: a) Especifique las lesiones que el actor padece
en su rodilla izquierda y tratamientos recibidos; b) Determine las secuelas invalidantes y los
factores de ponderación; c) Determine las limitaciones funcionales y/o orgánicas del actor; d)
Determine el grado de incapacidad laborativa según baremo decreto nº 659/96 y nº 49/2014
reglamentarios de la ley 24.557.

XII. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto anteriormente a V.S. solicito:

PRIMERO: Se me tenga por presentado, parte y constituido domicilio.

SEGUNDO: Se tenga por planteada la inconstitucionalidad del art. 1, 2, 3 y 4 Ley 27.348 y

la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 14997 y se haga lugar a dicho planteo.

TERCERO: Se tenga por ofrecida la prueba y se provea su producción.

CUARTO: Se realice el traslado de la presente por el término y bajo apercibimiento de ley.

QUINTO: Se adicione el SAC a la remuneración del día del accidente, de acuerdo a lo

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solicitado en el punto V, y se computen los días domingos y feriados para el cálculo de la ILT
de acuerdo a lo solicitado en el punto II.

SEXTO: Oportunamente se haga lugar en un todo a la demanda, con expresa imposición a

la parte demandada del pago del capital reclamado, o lo que en más o en menos resulte de las
probanzas de autos, con sus intereses, costos y costas.

PROVEER DE CONFORMIDAD

SERÁ JUSTICIA

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DEMANDA ACCIDENTE DE TRABAJO. ACCIÓN CIVIL

I.- PERSONERÍA
Que conforme lo acredito con la carta poder que acompaño, prestando juramento acerca de
su vigencia, el señor ..........................................................................., DNI
..........................................................................., argentino, nacido el
..........................................................................., con domicilio en calle
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., me ha otorgado mandato con facultades
suficientes para representarlo en las presentes actuaciones.

II.- OBJETO
En tal carácter y cumpliendo expresas instrucciones, vengo a promover formal demanda
contra ........................................................................... con domicilio en calle
........................................................................... de esta ciudad, por cobro de indemnización por
accidente laboral por la suma de PESOS ........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) o lo que en más o en menos V.E. considera,
ello con más sus intereses a tasa activa BaProBA, desvalorización monetaria si fuera
legalmente procedente a la fecha del pago, gastos y expresa condenación en costas. Todo ello
en base a las consideraciones de hecho y de derecho que a continuación se exponen.

III.- PLANTEO DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LA LEY DE RIESGOS DEL

TRABAJO
Esta parte plantea la inconstitucionalidad de las normas de la Ley 24.557. Todo ello por ser
contraria a los derechos del trabajador, encontrándose en pugna con el principio de
indemnización integral, derecho a la propiedad y a la salud del actor.

III.1. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 46 de la LRT

El art. 46 de la LRT al establecer la atribución de competencia a la justicia Federal, entra

en violación con las normas de la Constitución Nacional.

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En efecto, la jurisdicción Federal es limitada y excepcional, surge de los art. 116 y 117 de
la C.N., y se atribuye en razón de la materia, del lugar o de las personas. La ley 24.557 es una
ley laboral que se refiere a normas de derecho común y no federal, así como también resulta
claro que las personas o sujetos involucrados no son los referidos por la Constitución Nacional
a los efectos de establecer como fuero federal.

La competencia Federal es limitada y de excepción, de manera que no se advierte razón

jurídica que habilite la federalización en temas de accidentes de trabajo, máxime cuando
conforme lo dispuesto por el art. 121 de la Constitución Nacional, se trata de una facultad
reservada a las provincias.

En igual sentido opina la jurisprudencia: Además, los principios y garantías de la C.N. no

pueden ser alterados por las leyes que reglamenten su ejercicio, y hallamos, por todo lo
expuesto, que el sistema pergeñado por la ley 24.557 restringe de modo tan grave el acceso del
trabajador a la justicia que no puede sino concluirse la inconstitucionalidad de la norma en este
aspecto (Cam. 2da. del Trab. Campos M. c/Perez M. y otro s/accidente in itinere, expte. nº
2592-98).

Al respecto la C.S.J.N. tiene dicho que La intervención del fuero federal en las provincias
es de excepción, ya que se encuentra circunscripto a las causas que expresamente le atribuyen
las leyes que fijan su competencia, las cuales son de interpretación restrictiva (CSJN, 7-5-1996
Alvarez Raúl Ubaldino c/Intendencia de La Plata -Concejo Deliberante. Policía de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires- s/acción de inconstitucionalidad. Publicaciones ED 171, 544-47788).

III.2. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 39 de la LRT

El presente juicio pretende formalmente que se condene a la empleadora en base a las reglas
de la responsabilidad civil, al pago de la reparación integral por encima de la tarifa de la LRT.
De modo tal que planteamos la inconstitucionalidad del art. 39 incisos 1 y 2, normas
concordantes de la LRT, a fin de hacer valer el derecho del trabajador a una indemnización
integral y justa.

Siguiendo el planteamiento de la ley aquí cuestionada, frente al daño causado por un tercero
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en su salud, un trabajador dependiente se encuentra en diferente situación que otro habitante,

dado que no se le permite obtener una reparación integral. Así las cosas, nos encontramos frente
a una expresa violación al art. 16 de la Constitución Nacional.

El art. 39 inc. 1 de la Ley 24.557 es inconstitucional, en cuanto a que sin fundamento

objetivo justificado, excluye a una parte de los trabajadores dependientes de las reglas
generales de responsabilidad civil, cuanto exime de responsabilidad civil al empleador sin
justificación alguna, y más aún al imponer un resarcimiento tarifado y visiblemente mermado,
insuficiente y mezquino para paliar siquiera el daño provocado.

A simple vista se puede ver que, siguiendo los lineamientos de la LRT, no se cumplirá con
la reparación integral al no considerarse en la indemnización el daño moral o afección a sus
sentimientos y espíritu, como si el actor no mereciera tal derecho por el hecho de ser trabajador.
Iguales suerte corren el resto de los rubros indemnizables.

Tales reglas resultan contrarias a las garantías constitucionales conferidas por la Carta
Magna a todos los habitantes como las de recibir un trato igual por parte de la ley (art. 16 CN),
no ser dañado impunemente (art. 19 CN), obtener el restablecimiento pleno de todo daño
causado por tercero con culpa o dolo y el de ser mantenido indemne patrimonialmente frente a
los perjuicios causados en el marco de la comunidad nacional y, en particular, en el desempeño
del contrato de trabajo (arts. 14 bis y 17 CN).

Asimismo, el artículo en pugna, choca contra las disposiciones fundamentales de la

Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José de Costa Rica) y con la
Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en materia de igualdad de trato por el Estado
y la ley.

Por otro lado, también resulta evidente que quien obtiene una utilidad de una persona o de
una cosa, justo es que asuma los riesgos originados por el empleo o el uso, de esa persona o
cosa.

El empleador es responsable frente al riesgo creado, en función del principio que es justo
que quien se beneficia con la actividad del dependiente soporte las consecuencias dañosas que
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a él le ocasionan esas tareas. En el mismo sentido, resulta inconstitucional el baremo nacional

de incapacidades por no establecer una reparación integral y prueba su insuficiencia cuando
faculta al ejecutivo a mejorar las prestaciones dinerarias establecidas en la presente ley, cuando
las económicas financieras del sistema así lo permitan en clara violación a los arts. 14 bis y 75
inc. 23 de la CN.

La Dra. Highton de Nolasco en su voto del fallo Aquino, postuló: La exclusión de la vía
reparatoria del Código civil consagrada en el art. 39 inc. 1 de la ley 24.557 (Adla, LV-E, 5865)
resulta constitucionalmente censurable en la medida en que traduce el abandono de los
preceptos constitucionales de protección al trabajador, quien se ve privado, por su sola
condición de tal, de acceder a la justicia en procura del amparo de sus derechos, los cuales tiene
expreso reconocimiento en la Ley Fundamental.

Como ha indicado la C.S.J.N. en el fallo Aquino, no sólo cabe justipreciar el aspecto laboral
sino también las consecuencias que afecten a la víctima, tanto desde el punto de vista individual
como desde el social, lo que le confiere un marco de valoración más amplio, y que en el ámbito
del trabajo, incluso corresponde indemnizar la pérdida de chance, cuando el accidente ha
privado a la víctima de la posibilidad futura de ascender en su carrera.

Como antecedente jurisprudencial la corte cita en el considerando 4º) del fallo antedicho, la
causa Provincia de Santa Fe c/ Nicchi, donde el cimero tribunal juzgó que resultaba
inconstitucional una indemnización que no fuera justa, puesto que indemnizar es eximir de
todo daño y perjuicio mediante un cabal resarcimiento, lo cual no se logra si el daño o el
perjuicio subsisten en cualquier medida (Fallos 268:112, 114, considerandos 4º y 5º).

Asimismo -indica la Corte- contrariamente a lo que ocurre con el código civil, el sistema de
la LRT se aparta de la concepción reparadora integral, pues no admite indemnización por
ningún otro daño que no sea la pérdida de la capacidad de ganancias del trabajador, la cual, a
su vez, resulta conmensurable de manera restringida. Cita, como ejemplo, que el ingreso base
sólo toma en cuenta los ingresos del damnificado derivados del trabajo en relación de
dependencia e incluso en el caso de pluriempleo, lo hace con el limitado alcance del decreto
491/97; y aun así, no comprende todo beneficio que aquél haya recibido con motivo de la
aludida relación, sino sólo los de carácter remunerativo, y, además sujetos a cotización, lo cual,
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a su vez, supone un límite derivado del módulo previsional. Finalmente, la prestación, sin
excepciones, está sometida a un quantum máximo, dado que no podrá derivar de un capital
superior a los establecidos por el art. 15, inc. 2 L.R.T.

En el fallo Aquino la C.S.J.N. es contundente al afirmar Que, por ende, no se requiere un

mayor esfuerzo de reflexión para advertir que la LRT, al excluir, sin reemplazarla con análogos
alcances, la tutela de los arts. 1109 y 1113 del Código civil, no se adecua a los lineamientos
constitucionales antes expuestos, a pesar de haber proclamado que tiene entre sus objetivos, en
lo que interesa, reparar los daños derivados de accidentes de trabajo y de enfermedades
profesionales (art. 1, inc. 2.b.). Ha negado, a la hora de proteger la integridad psíquica, física
y moral del trabajador, frente a supuestos regidos por el principio alterum non laedere, la
consideración plena de la persona humana y los imperativos de justicia de la reparación,
seguidos por nuestra Constitución Nacional y, de consiguiente, por esta Corte, que no deben
cubrirse sólo en apariencia (Fallos 299:125, 126, considerando 1º y sus citas, entre muchos
otros). Para el presente caso, es de reiterar lo expresado en el considerando 1º, que llega firme
a esta instancia: por un lado, la falta imputable al empleador por no haber adoptado las medidas
de seguridad necesarias, y, por el otro, la insuficiencia de la reparación prevista en la LRT. En
este orden de ideas, el Tribunal no advierte la existencia de motivo alguno que pudiera justificar
no ya el abandono sino la simple atenuación de la doctrina constitucional de la que se ha hecho
mérito; antes bien, las razones que serán expuestas en el presente considerando, así como en
los siguientes, imponen un celoso seguimiento de aquélla..

III.3. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 49 disposición 1º de la Ley 24.557

La normativa atacada en su parte pertinente es violatoria del principio alterum non laedere,
del principio de igualdad, y por sobre todo el hecho de que debido a una violación con culpa
del empleador de su deber de seguridad, el trabajador debe someterse a un régimen violatorio
de sus derechos.

En estos términos el empleador se encuentra obligado por ley art. 75 de la Ley 20.744 a
adoptar las medidas que según el tipo de trabajo, la experiencia y la técnica sean necesarios
para tutelar la integridad psicofísica del trabajador, y su implementación encuentra fundamento
en el art. 62 de la L.C.T.
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Este mismo principio se encuentra en el derecho civil en el antiguo art. 1198 que establece
el principio de buena fe y el obrar cuidadoso y previsible de las partes.

En tal sentido las facultades de dirección y organización empresaria debe ser llevada a cabo
por el principal sin que provoque daño material o moral a los trabajadores (art. 65 L.C.T.)

Esta obligación del empleador de preservar la salud e integridad del trabajador por sobre
los intereses propios de su misma actividad y organización empresarial, se encuentra
reafirmada por la obligación genérica de proceder con un elevado criterio de colaboración y
solidaridad (art. 62 Ley 20744) estando prohibido causar perjuicio material o moral al
trabajador (art. 66 Ley 20744), encontrándose obligado el empleador a respetar la dignidad del
trabajador y sus derechos patrimoniales, estándole expresamente prohibido toda forma de
abuso del derecho (Art. 68 Ley 20744), estando obligado el empleador a reintegrarle los gastos
y resarcirlo de los daños a sus bienes, debiéndole proteger la vida en todo momento por las
obligaciones emergentes de la ley que rige el contrato de trabajo, todo ello en virtud del art. 8
de la Ley 19587, el que expresamente ordena todo empleador debe adoptar y poner en práctica
las medidas adecuadas de higiene y seguridad para proteger la vida y la integridad de los
trabajadores. Todo ello por cuanto la ley máxima no ampara el ejercicio abusivo de los
derechos. Tornándose abiertamente inconstitucional lo establecido en el art. 49 disposición
primera inc. 2 de la Ley 24.557.

El Dr. Jorge Rodríguez Mancini en su artículo Alcances del deber de seguridad del
empleador (Revista de derecho laboral 2001-2), establece que, pese a la modificación
introducida, subsiste el contenido de la obligación de seguridad expresada en el texto anterior
del artículo 75 de la LCT, por las siguientes razones: En primer lugar, la referida limitación del
alcance de la obligación de seguridad no se compadece con los objetivos de la ley 24557 de
reducir la siniestralidad laboral a través de la prevención de los riesgos derivados del trabajo,
y de promover la negociación colectiva laboral para la mejora de las medidas de prevención.
En segundo término, la LRT no derogó ni modificó toda la normativa de la LCT que tiende a
asegurar la indemnidad del trabajador a través de la tutela de su vida, su salud y su integridad.

En este contexto la plena vigencia de los deberes de buena fe, diligencia e iniciativa a cargo
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del empleador, en el marco de un contrato que tiene como principal objeto la actividad
productiva y creadora del hombre en sí, permite concluir que el contenido de la obligación de
seguridad a cargo del empleador debe ser amplio, pese a la reforma del artículo 75 de la LCT
dispuesta por la LRT.

Incluso, aunque no existan expresas disposiciones legales ni estipulación de las partes, en

todo contrato en que una de ellas comprometa su vida y su integridad en el desarrollo de la
relación, se supone implícita la obligación del otro contratante de adoptar todas las medidas
tendientes a tutelar la indemnidad de aquél y de omitir las acciones que pudieran perjudicarlo.

Por todo lo expuesto se solicita a V.E. decrete la inconstitucionalidad de las normas

denunciadas por violar los justos reclamos del actor en autos.

III.4. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 14 y decretos reglamentarios

Igualmente inconstitucional resulta este artículo de la Ley 24.557, que habla de las
prestaciones con la cual la norma cuestionada pretende reparar el perjuicio que el trabajador
experimenta.

En efecto, se habla de la retribución del incapacitado provisionalmente, consistente en una

suma reducida en consideración a sus ingresos normales en actividad; con el agravante de que
el porcentaje que acuerda el primer párrafo del artículo en cuestión, lo es solamente sobre el
ingreso base, y no sobre lo que efectivamente percibía el trabajador, afectándose el derecho de
propiedad que le asistía sobre la integridad de la remuneración normal y habitual, defendida
por el artículo 17 de la Constitución Nacional.

Esta disposición, resulta violatoria del derecho constitucional de propiedad (Artículo 17 de

la Constitución Nacional). Esto es así dado que el medio reparador, de ser inadecuado o
insuficiente, puede añadir a la frustración producida por la incapacidad, una nueva. Tal es el
caso del régimen en estudio dado que, circunscripto legalmente el objeto de la indemnización
dineraria a la sola pérdida de la capacidad de ganancia, ni siquiera posibilita, como le era
debido, que ésta sea evaluada satisfactoriamente por imponerle un tope a su cuantía. No cabe
olvidar, además, que dicha pérdida atañe nada menos que a un elemento central de la
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subsistencia digna del grueso de la población: el salario, esto es, el medio por el cual el
trabajador se gana la vida.

Como tiene dicho la CSJN en el fallo ASCUA Luis Ricardo c/Somisa s/cobro de pesos del
10/08/2010: "De lo que se trata, cabe reiterarlo, es de declarar no la invalidez de esa última
limitación (tipo de daño), tema ajeno a la litis, sino la del tope que opera sobre la cuantía de
ésta anteriormente objetado, por ser ello incompatible con el corpus iuris del que se ha hecho
mérito, plenamente aplicable a las modalidades tarifarias en la materia." (Del voto de la
mayoría). "En consecuencia, cabe decidir que el tope legal de la reparación aquí impugnado
(art. 8, inc. a, segundo párrafo, de la ley 9688, según ley 23.643) resulta inconstitucional y, por
ende, inaplicable para resolver la presente contienda." (Del voto de la mayoría).

En tal sentido dejo planteada también la inconstitucionalidad de los topes indemnizatorios

fijados en la LRT.

III.5. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 21 inc. b)

El mencionado inciso del artículo es inconstitucional, pues subvirtiendo la regulación

constitucional, asigna a las comisiones médicas dependientes del P.E.N., la determinación del
carácter y grado de incapacidad, detrayendo dicha actividad del "juez natural", violando
consecuentemente el art 18 de la CN.

Dado el funcionamiento y facultades que el mencionado art 21 de la LRT le asigna a las

comisiones médicas, resulta claro que están ejerciendo funciones jurisdiccionales propias de
los tribunales ordinarios de provincia (art 121 CN); y siendo dichas comisiones parte del
P.E.N., la violación del art 109 de la CN que veda al P.E.N. el ejercicio de facultades
jurisdiccionales resulta palmaria.

Además el dispositivo viola la Constitución Nacional en tanto avanza sobre facultades

reservadas a las provincias (no delegadas a la Nación), violando los arts. 121 y 75 inc. 12 de la
CN, en tanto dichos preceptos atribuyen el juzgamiento de las cuestiones de derecho común a
las provincias, y limitan la función legislativa de la Nación a los Códigos de Fondo, que deben
cuidar de no alterar las jurisdicciones locales.
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Concordemente, se viola los arts. 15, 57, 103 incs.13, 166, 168 y 171 de la Constitución de
la pcia. de Bs. As.

En orden a lo expuesto y como ha dicho la CSJN en el precedente "AQUINO ISACIO C/

CARGO SERVICIOS INDUSTRIALES" -CSJN: 21/09/2004, considerando nro.3-" los
porcentajes de incapacidad estimados por los peritos médicos -aunque elementos importantes
que se deben considerar- no conforman pautas estrictas que el juzgador deba seguir
inevitablemente toda vez que no solo cabe justipreciar el aspecto laboral sino también las
consecuencias que afecten a la víctima, tanto desde el punto de vista individual, como desde el
social, lo que confiere marco de evaluación más amplio"

Va de suyo, en consecuencia, que la determinación del grado de incapacidad debe efectuarse

necesariamente por el Poder Judicial, considerando las pautas dada por la C.SJ.N., y no por los
peritos médicos, como resulta de la norma cuya inconstitucionalidad se pide.

En definitiva, en el caso de autos, V.E. resulta competente para establecer el grado de

incapacidad sufrido por mi mandante, sea por mandato constitucional y por así disponerlo el
art 2 de la ley 11.653 que dispone la competencia de V.E. para resolver este tipo de litigios, y
por cuanto de no ser así mi principal quedaría con un daño subsistente que no ha sido valorado
por la instancia administrativa señalada.

Por lo dicho se solicita se declare oportunamente la inconstitucionalidad de la norma

referida.

III.6. Inconstitucionalidad del art. 6 inc 2 LRT; art. 9 Ley 26.773; Decreto reglamentario
1278/00, decreto 658/96, art. 21 inc. b y 46 inc. 1 LRT

Comparada el sistema de la reparación previsto en la ley aplicable por fecha del accidente
(ley 26.773) y el sistema de reparación integral del derecho de fondo, la primera es totalmente
insuficiente.

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El artículo 4 en su segundo párrafo determina que las víctimas de accidentes o enfermedades

pueden optar de modo excluyente entre las indemnizaciones previstas en el sistema (calculadas
conforme a las pautas de la LRT) o las que pudieren corresponder con fundamento en otros
sistemas de responsabilidad:

"Los damnificados podrán optar de modo excluyente entre las indemnizaciones previstas
en este régimen de reparación o las que les pudieran corresponder con fundamento en otros
sistemas de responsabilidad. Los distintos sistemas de responsabilidad no serán acumulables.
El principio de cobro de sumas de dinero o la iniciación de una acción judicial en uno u otro
sistema implicará que se ha ejercido la opción con plenos efectos sobre el evento dañoso. Las
acciones judiciales con fundamento en otros sistemas de responsabilidad sólo podrán iniciarse
una vez recibida la notificación fehaciente prevista en este artículo."

La disposición legal de optar por uno u otro sistema viola el derecho de acceso la justicia,
el derecho a la reparación integral y el derecho a la salud, careciendo de razonabilidad. Por lo
tanto, viola también el principio de acceso a la justicia a contra el empleador en virtud del
derecho civil.

Se impugna de inconstitucional el inciso 2 del art. 6º de la LRT en cuanto dispone que las
enfermedades no incluidas en el listado como sus consecuencias, en ningún caso serán
consideradas resarcibles y art. 9 de la ley 26.773 en cuanto dispone que: "los tribunales
competentes deberán ajustar sus informes, dictámenes y pronunciamientos al Listado de
Enfermedades Profesionales previsto como Anexo I del Decreto 658/96 y a la Tabla de
Evaluación de Incapacidades prevista como Anexo I del Decreto 659/96 y sus modificatorios,
o los que los sustituyan en el futuro".

La regla que establece el precepto en su inciso 2 circunscribe y establece los límites a la

naturaleza laboral de las enfermedades profesionales ocurridas en el trabajo a una
reglamentación dictada por el PEN, la cual se materializa a través de un listado de
enfermedades profesionales.

Este listado cierra el sistema de la ley de riesgos de trabajo y dejando fuera de dicho régimen
un sinnúmero de situaciones dañosas para el trabajador que por el solo hecho no estar en dicha
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nómina, no será considerada enfermedad profesional aun cuando se acredite que la misma tuvo
causa en el trabajo.

Tal límite legal y reglamentario obedece a una mera decisión política-economicista de crear
un sistema taxativo de enfermedades profesionales, dejando sin protección a los trabajadores
ante determinados daños que no cuadran en dicha política, aun cuando, reitero, se acredite que
dicha enfermedad fue provocada por las labores realizadas para el empleador.

En tal sentido, y apartándose del texto de la ley, resulta razonable pensar que las causas de
las enfermedades de trabajo deben buscarse en el conjunto de las condiciones laborales, y no
en posturas dogmáticas ni reglamentarias pues de lo contrario se generarán las situaciones
injustas mencionadas en los párrafos anteriores.

En tales términos el sistema que crea el art. 6 de la ley 24.557, produce una verdadera
autorización a los empleadores para dañar, en abierta conculcación con el artículo 19 de la C.
N. que sienta el conocido principio "alterum non laedere", interpretación que a todas luces
resulta inconcebible.

Entre sus amplios fundamentos, en el fallo se destaca que la norma declarada

inconstitucional pone en evidencia la ruptura del sistema en relación a la Constitución
Nacional, sobre todo luego de la reforma de 1994, inspirada en claras prescripciones tuitivas
de la justicia social, así como profundizadora de la protección que merece el trabajador como
sujeto preferente de tutela.

Asimismo la norma viola los arts. 16 y 18, CN, que consagran el principio de igualdad
jurídica — que todos los habitantes reciban igual trato en circunstancias y condiciones idénticas
— y el de igualdad ante la justicia, y los principios (similares) consagrados en las disposiciones
de los tratados internacionales incorporados con jerarquía constitucional por el art. 75, inc.
22,CN, pues el trabajador ( como sujeto de tutela preferente constitucional) se verá
desprotegido ante un daño puntual y concreto en el cual cualquier otro ciudadano podrá obtener
el resarcimiento adecuado. La mera condición de trabajador no puede generar estas distinciones
arbitrarias.

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En el caso de marras prohibir el acceso a la justicia con un sistema de reparación integral,

en contraposición a los montos previstos en la ley 26.773 y sus decretos, éstos últimos son
sumamente insuficientes.

Si el actor se hubiese accidentado en un accidente de tránsito la formula sería la polinómica

con reparación de otros daños y rubros no previsto en la ley de accidente de trabajo

Que en lo referente al resarcimiento de aquellas enfermedades profesionales que solo se

encuentren incluidas en el listado del decreto 658/96, se deja planteada su inconstitucionalidad
para el eventual supuesto que el perito médico diagnostique como resultado de las prácticas
médicas de rigor que alguna patología consecuencia del accidente denunciado no se encuentre
listada.

En este sentido corresponde decir que el listado legislado para determinar las enfermedades
resarcibles está excluyendo del mundo jurídico a una enorme porción de daños sufridos por los
trabajadores, lo que significa una discriminación arbitraria que deviene del distinto tratamiento
de iguales en igualdad de condiciones.

Estas normas adolecen del vicio de inconstitucionalidad por haber limitado arbitrariamente
la protección psicofísica del trabajador a solo un aspecto, el accidente traumático y a las
"enfermedades profesionales" así calificadas, dejando sin protección a una amplia gama de
dolencia originadas en consecuencias del trabajo.

Es decir, la ley no protege entonces a quienes sufran una dolencia originada en el trabajo no
consignada en el listado de enfermedades profesionales aprobado por el Ministerio de Trabajo
y Seguridad Social, dejando sujetos incapacitados como consecuencia del trabajo sin
reparación. Esto es extensible a otros rubros o consecuencias dañosas objeto de reclamo en la
presente. Ello constituye una discriminación hostil que es arbitraria y resulta inadmisible. Deja
rubros sin reparar y consecuencias dañosas derivadas del siniestro e enfermedad profesional.

"En este sentido, es dable destacar la indebida agresión del patrimonio del trabajador -
sustancial y predominantemente integrado por su capacidad de trabajo- porque ya no nos
encontramos en presencia de una eventual insuficiencia reparatoria, sino de absoluta
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desprotección y desconocimiento del deber consagrado por el art. 19 de la Carta Magna. La

inconstitucionalidad de una norma como la examinada deriva entonces, principalmente, de
provocar una restricción irrazonable de las garantías y derechos consagrados por la
Constitución nacional, provocando un resultado peyorativo que se materializa, en el caso,
mediante la consagración del más absoluto desamparo y el desprecio de una realidad
imperativa colocada como especial objeto de tutela, al privar al trabajador, víctima de dolencias
incapacitantes que se comprueban como derivadas de sus tareas, del resarcimiento que le es
debido, en flagrante apartamiento de principios fundamentales; inobservancia que, por otra
parte, reconoce -enfatizando la iniquidad que encierra- un argumento meramente voluntarista
y de neto y exclusivo corte economicista. Esta postura encuentra sustento, además, en el
compromiso internacionalmente asumido por el Estado de propender al desarrollo social
mediante acciones eficaces, positivas o negativas, cuando sea necesario remover los obstáculos
que impiden la efectiva concreción del mismo (arts. 1 y 2, Pacto de San José de Costa Rica).
Frente al detrimento indebido -verificado en autos- a la capacidad laborativa del trabajador -
configurativa de su patrimonio- una exclusión como la contenida en el art. 6.2. de la ley 24557,
colisiona con el principio de no dañar a otro, contenido en el art. 19 de la CN., lo que deriva
entonces en la inconstitucionalidad del referido precepto legal, al provocar una restricción
irrazonable de los derechos y garantías consagrados en la Carta Magna nacional y en Pactos
Internacionales." (Conf. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, autos
Greco, Esteban c/ Hilandería Villa Ocampo S.A. y otra. s/ daños y perjuicios, sentencia de
fecha 21-12-2011. En igual sentido dictaminó la referida Corte Bonaerense en la causa L.
91.163, autos B.C.A. contra Du Pont Argentina S.A.". Daños y perjuicios de fecha 17-12-2008)

Por su parte, se peticiona asimismo la inconstitucionalidad del art. 9 in fine de la ley 26.773
en cuanto obliga a V.S. y en consecuencia al perito médico legista que se designe en autos, a
conformar la sentencia, dictamen o informe según "la Tabla de Evaluación de Incapacidades
prevista como Anexo I del Decreto 659/96" que ha dictado el poder ejecutivo.

En este sentido es dable recordar que es privativo del poder jurisdiccional del estado decidir,
en un caso como el de autos, sobre qué baremo corresponde aplicar para mensurar la
incapacidad del trabajador, pues son los jueces quienes deben resolver las controversias en los
casos concretos sometidos a su decisión de si el baremo cumple con los objetivos propuestos
por la ley de riesgos de trabajo, y no puede el Poder Administrador, ni cuerpos extraños a los

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Magistrados asumir funciones jurisdiccionales y decidir lo que es en derecho y en justicia, ya

que no se encuentran autorizados constitucionalmente para ello; de lo contrario se desconocería
la teoría tripartita de los poderes del estado.

Desconoce asimismo el art. 116 de la C.N. en cuanto concede al Poder Judicial del Estado,
el conocimiento y decisión de todas las causas que versen sobre puntos regidos por la
Constitución y por las leyes de la Nación. En consecuencia, lo normado en el art. 9 in fine de
la ley 26.773 es inconstitucional por ser violatorio a las normas constitucionales de los arts. 14
bis. 16, 31, 75 Inc. 12, 22 y 23; Pactos y Tratados Internacionales con jerarquía constitucional
mencionados en los puntos anteriores.

Por tanto, se ha establecido un procedimiento judicial en el ámbito administrativo

dependiente del Poder Ejecutivo, violando el derecho constitucional argentino que consagra el
principio de unidad de jurisdicción que radica en la administración de justicia. Y
exclusivamente en los órganos del Poder Judicial, y el principio de igualdad de todos los
individuos ante la jurisdicción, que torna justiciables a todos por los mismos jueces, eliminando
los jueces especiales a título de privilegio o de castigo. Se trata del juez natural que también
debe conectarse con el art. 109 de la C.N. que establece que en ningún caso el Presidente de la
Nación puede establecer funciones judiciales, arrogarse el conocimiento de causas pendientes
o restablecer las fenecidas, prohibición que alcanza quienes de él dependen.

Por lo expuesto pido se declare la inconstitucionalidad del art. 6. inc. 2 de la ley 24.557 así
como su decreto reglamentario 1278/00; art 9 ley 26.773, y decreto 658/96.

Siguiendo con esa línea de pensamientos también se solicita la inconstitucionalidad del

primer párrafo del art. 4 por cuanto manifiesta la espera y la imposibilidad de acceder a la
justicia en forma inmediata

El primer párrafo del artículo 4° de la ley 26773 establece que los obligados al pago de las
prestaciones dinerarias de la ley 24557 y sus modificatorias, deberán dentro de los quince días
de notificados de la muerte del trabajador, o de la homologación o determinación de la
incapacidad laboral de la víctima de un infortunio del trabajo notificar fehacientemente a los
damnificados o a sus derechohabientes los importes que les corresponda percibir por aplicación
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de este régimen, precisando cada concepto en forma separada e indicando que se encuentran a
su disposición para el cobro. Se impone al damnificado una espera -inexistente en el régimen
legal y pretoriano vigente bajo el amparo de los fallos "Aquino" y "Llosco"- determinando que
sólo podrá promover una acción judicial una vez notificado, por los órganos administrativos
del sistema o por la aseguradora, de la propuesta indemnizatoria del régimen especial. Esta
restricción temporal induce al damnificado a cobrar el ofrecimiento de la aseguradora sin un
conocimiento pleno de que esa percepción le genera la pérdida del derecho a un resarcimiento
integral y violentando asimismo su derecho de acceso inmediato a la justicia. Se fija un plazo
para comunicar la resolución de la incapacidad reconocida y el pago correspondiente; sin
embargo, no hay plazo alguno para que se produzca la situación que da derecho al comienzo
del plazo estipulado, porque tanto la homologación y la determinación de la incapacidad
laboral de la víctima dependen de otras situaciones que resultan bastante inciertas en cuanto al
momento en que se producirán y se vinculan con la forma más expeditiva con que se trabaje.
Esta imposibilidad de conocer a ciencia cierta cuál es la opción más conveniente se ve agravada
porque el trabajador debe transitar por el trámite administrativo sin asistencia letrada, el cual
concluirá definitivamente con la aceptación de la tarifa y la pérdida del derecho a un
resarcimiento integral, vulnerándose el derecho de defensa garantizado en el art. 18 de la
Constitución Nacional. Es ilusorio el plazo de 15 días estipulado por la norma. En la inmensa
mayoría de los casos, existen cuestionamientos y debates, sobre la estimación del grado de
incapacidad, la ponderación del nexo de causalidad, el valor del ingreso base, la existencia del
infortunio y otros avatares de carácter contencioso, que determinan un largo proceso
administrativo y judicial ante las CCMM y la Cámara Federal de la Seguridad Social. Una de
las garantías constitucionales esenciales es, precisamente, el acceso directo a un tribunal
competente, mediante un recurso efectivo y rápido y el derecho a ser prontamente oído por
dicho tribunal, independiente e imparcial (artículos 8º y 25 de la Convención Americana de
Derecho Humanos). La ley no se ha establecido ningún mecanismo de control u homologación
del ejercicio de la opción, en un sentido similar al del art. 15 de la LCT lo que sin perjuicio del
cuestionamiento al régimen de fondo, constituiría un requisito mínimo imprescindible para
asegurar un debido conocimiento del trabajador del alcance del acto de renuncia a mayores
derechos de los que implica cobrar la indemnización ofrecida por la aseguradora. El hecho de
comunicarle cada uno de los rubros indemnizatorios no alcanza a satisfacer el requisito de
tutela y protección frente al estado de hiposuficiencia de los damnificados que irán rápidamente
a cobrar lo que se les ofrece sin mayor reflexión.

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Como puede observarse, el artículo 4º en su primer párrafo ratifica el procedimiento

administrativo especial de la Ley 24557 previo a promover la acción especial o la fundada en
el derecho civil, por lo que se deberá esperar la notificación de la Aseguradora, la
homologación o la determinación de la incapacidad laboral de la víctima de un accidente de
trabajo o enfermedad profesional, de los importes que les corresponde percibir por aplicación
de este régimen. El paso por las CCMM contraviene las reglas constitucionales, sino también
como ya se indicó más arriba la espera de los quince días, (cuyo inicio es de fecha
indeterminada superando procedimientos burocráticos internos de las ART), cuando el
trabajador desee accionar por el derecho común.

El legislador no ha considerado las sentencias dictadas por la Corte Suprema en los casos
"Castillo", 6 "Venialgo" y "Marchetti", y más recientemente el fallo "Obregón" que constituyen
un conjunto armónico de fallos que determinaron la inconstitucionalidad de los artículos 21,
22 y 46 inciso 1° de la LRT y de las normas correspondientes del decreto PEN 717/96, que
invalidaron por inconstitucional el procedimiento especial diseñado por la Ley 24557, y
consecuentemente tornan inconstitucional también el artículo 4° párrafo 1° que ratifica dicho
procedimiento como presupuesto inicial para que el trabajador pueda accionar por el reclamo
de sus indemnizaciones. La ley 26773 pretende retroceder en esta materia al diseño original de
la ley. Sin embargo interpretamos que los criterios fijados por la Corte Suprema en los fallos
referidos siguen teniendo plena vigencia y operatividad, de modo que el acceso a la justicia
laboral para reclamar las prestaciones de la ley o acceder a la vía civil no puede ser retaceada
ni demorada, por los arbitrarios designios del primer párrafo del artículo 4° de la ley 26773,
que asimismo no se compadece con el derecho de toda persona a ser oída y tener acceso a un
juez en forma inmediata (Art. 8° y 25 Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos.

En el fallo "Rizzo" la CSJN no sólo permitió la sobrevivencia de la independencia del Poder

Judicial, ratificó expresamente las facultades de los Jueces del necesario control de
constitucionalidad de los actos del poder legislativo como auténticos intérpretes de la
Constitución Nacional, sino que al mismo tiempo ratificó el derecho constitucional a la
reparación integral del daño al mencionar expresamente el cimero fallo "Aquino" En síntesis,
los argumentos desarrollados fundamentan la inconstitucionalidad del régimen de opción con
renuncia del artículo 4°, del artículo 17 incisos 2 y 3º respecto del régimen procesal y los
derechos alimentarios a los honorarios profesionales, los que pueden sintetizarse en los

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siguientes puntos:

1. La opción excluyente con renuncia al establecer un óbice a la justicia, equidad,

indemnidad, resulta irrazonable y la ausencia de fundamentación jurídica por parte del
legislador torna a la norma susceptible invalidez constitucionalidad.

2. Los artículos 4° y 17 inciso 2° de la ley 26 773 agravian los artículos 14 bis y 17 de la

Constitución Nacional, ya que el nuevo cuerpo normativo perjudica abiertamente al sujeto que
la Ley Suprema manda proteger, buscando la reparación plena de los daños en la salud que
sufra y que la misma asegura, conforme lo ha interpretado la Corte Suprema en infinidad de
fallos. Se produce una irrazonable reglamentación de los derechos de jerarquía constitucional
(Artículo 28 C.N.).

3. La ley 26.773 en lugar de preconizar la indemnidad psicofísica del trabajador, sujeto de

preferente tutela constitucional ("Vizzotti)" garantiza la inmunidad patrimonial del empleador,
incurriendo en una preferencia contraria a lo dispuesto por el artículo 14 bis de la CN.

4. El artículo 4° de la Ley 26773 violenta la profusa doctrina de la Corte Suprema que

pacíficamente ha establecido que resulta inconstitucional una indemnización que no sea justa,
de modo tal que la ley no puede propiciar que el daño subsista en medida alguna y ello es lo
que hace la norma al estimular a que el trabajador renuncie a la reparación plena del daño, y se
limite a percibir la reparación tarifada del régimen especial.

5. La nueva ley contiene una contradicción insalvable al violentar el artículo 4° el principio

de irrenunciabilidad no solo reforzado por el nuevo artículo 12 de la LCT sino por lo dispuesto
por el propio artículo 11 inciso 1° de la ley 24557, plenamente vigente.

6. Se vulnera el principio de progresividad, es decir la obligación de proveer al progresar al

progreso económico con justicia social (Artículo 75 incisos 19 y 23 CN), al desestimarse el
derecho al cúmulo que ya admitía el régimen pretoriano anterior a la ley 26.773.

7. Igualmente se manifiesta la regresión al imponer al damnificado una espera que implica

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que pueda accionar una vez que reciba una notificación o determinación de incapacidad de
parte de las CCMM exigencia que no contemplaba ni la ley 24.557 ni siquiera la ley 9688.

8. La imposición de primer párrafo del artículo 4° también implica una regresión

insostenible constitucionalmente al ratificar e imponer un procedimiento que ha sido declarado
inconstitucional por reiterados pronunciamientos de la C.S.J.N.

9. Asimismo, viola el acceso inmediato a la justicia, y el derecho a ser oído por un Juez
conforme los artículos 8 y 25 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos y arts. 18 y
14 CN. En especial viola el derecho de acceso al Juez natural del trabajo, imponiéndole al
trabajador la justicia civil y el procedimiento y principios de esa rama no especializada en las
acciones fundadas en el derecho común, en un camino abiertamente regresivo respecto al
escenario vigente con anterioridad a la sanción de la nueva ley.

10. Afecta asimismo el derecho de propiedad del trabajador (Artículo 17 CN) al privarlo en
los hechos de una indemnización plena de raigambre constitucional conforme el artículo 19 de
la Constitución Nacional, consecuentemente liberando al dañante de toda obligación, en una
clara renuncia a título gratuito, como ya fuera dicho, preservando indebidamente el patrimonio
de los obligados del sistema.

11. Viola el principio de igualdad y no discriminación (Artículo 16 CN) al privar en los

hechos al trabajador de los derechos a la reparación íntegra del daño que gozan los restantes
habitantes. Incluso esa desigualdad se manifiesta en el caso de que el donante del trabajador
sea un tercero, del que puede obtener una reparación plena sin renuncias, ni quitas, mientras
que el trabajador damnificado por daños en el empleo, debe soportar parte del daño si quiere
acceder a las prestaciones sistémicas.

12. Más precisamente, la remisión a la justicia civil, de las acciones reclamando contra el
empleador reclamando la reparación integral, con sus principios y normas procesales es
inconstitucional en la medida que: 12.1 Viola el principio protectorio 12.2 Desconoce las
disposiciones procesales vigentes como derecho mínimo de acceso irrestricto a la justicia
laboral especializada; 12.3 Quebranta el principio de progresividad reconocido con jerarquía
constitucional por la Corte Suprema, al retrogradarse respecto de acciones que se atribuyeron
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en virtud de la ley 18.345 a la Justicia Laboral (Artículo 20) 12.4 La modificación de la

competencia, es una decisión dogmática que carece de todo fundamento razonable y es solo se
manifiesta como una política judicial destinada a entorpecer las acciones de los trabajadores
evitando una tutela judicial efectiva, contraviniendo los fundamentos y normativo que dieron
motivo a la creación del específico fuero del trabajo, nacido precisamente para igualar —en el
proceso-la desigualdad material que también afecta a los trabajadores durante la tramitación
del pleito.

IV. HECHOS
Mi mandante ingresó a trabajar a órdenes del demandado
........................................................................... por finales de
...........................................................................

Desde el comienzo, la relación laboral entre las partes fue de manera irregular ya que las
tareas e ........................................................................... nunca fueron registradas, es decir, mi
poderdante siempre trabajó en negro.

El Sr. ........................................................................... es propietario de

...........................................................................

Los trabajos de mi mandante consistían en tareas de peón y casero del lugar nombrado.

El horario laboral de mi mandante era en turnos rotativos estando en la propiedad 20 días y

regresando 11 días a su hogar, aunque esto nunca se cumplía y siempre debía quedarse
trabajando más días que los acordados.

........................................................................... debía cuidar el lugar, la casa y también

realizar trabajos de retiro de materiales y cooperación con el resto de los obreros que allí se
encontraban. Es por eso que decimos que sus tareas eran tanto de peón como de casero.

Como dijimos, una de las tareas de era ayudar al resto de los obreros a desarmar las
instalaciones que allí se encontraban con el fin de posteriormente construir los locales que

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existen hoy en día.

Inmediatamente con el impacto al golpear contra el suelo pierde total conocimiento.

Así las cosas es trasladado en ambulancia a la

........................................................................... donde es atendido por el Dr.
..........................................................................., quien inmediatamente observa la gravedad de
las lesiones y lo deriva al Hospital ........................................................................... de la
localidad de ...........................................................................

Una vez en el nosocomio nombrado, ........................................................................... es

diagnosticado con ...........................................................................

Como consecuencia de las lesiones, en el hospital debo ser intervenido e inmovilizado por
varios meses.

Luego del alta, e inclusive al día de la fecha, debo utilizar continuamente una faja de
contención para mantener la columna en su posición correcta.

Es así que me pongo en contacto con el demandado para consultar acerca de la ART que
me corresponde. En ese momento me anoticio que no cuento con ART alguna que cubra el
siniestro. El Sr. ........................................................................... me informa que solo estaba
asegurado personalmente con un seguro personal y que él será quien se encargue de hacer todos
los trámites de cobro pertinente.

Sin embargo, pasaron los días y nada de lo prometido ocurrió.

La realidad es que, atento la existencia de una relación entre las partes, era obligación del
demandado contar con un seguro de ART que cubriera las contingencias sufridas por esta parte.

Es por ello, que ante la inexistencia de la cobertura nombrada, deberá ser el Sr.
........................................................................... quien abone las prestaciones e
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indemnizaciones que por ley me corresponden.

A causa del accidente, actualmente ...........................................................................

Conforme las pericias realizadas por los médicos tratantes, se me diagnosticó una
incapacidad del orden del ...........................................................................% de la total obrera.

Es decir, a causa del accidente, sufro una incapacidad del

...........................................................................% o más y, sin embargo, ninguna
indemnización recibí de mi empleador.

Fue así que envié al Sr. ........................................................................... el telegrama laboral

n° CD ........................................................................... del siguiente tenor:
...........................................................................

Ante dicha misiva, solamente recibí una respuesta en donde el demandado manifestaba, de
manera falaz, la inexistencia del vínculo laboral. Se transcribirá la misma para su mejor
comprensión:

............................................................................

Es decir, del texto de la misiva enviada por el demandado, podemos extraer que el mismo
reconoce la existencia del accidente, que el mismo se produjo en una vivienda de su propiedad,
y que era realizando trabajos por el pedido. La diferencia surge en que el demandado manifiesta
que esos trabajos eran eventuales sin conformarse una relación laboral.

Sin embargo, también informa el Sr. ........................................................................... en su

misiva que había contratado un seguro a favor de mi mandante.

Habiendo averiguado por su cuenta mi poderdante respecto de dicho seguro, el mismo fue
tomado en la empresa ..........................................................................., colocándose el propio
........................................................................... como beneficiario del seguro. Asimismo, en
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dicha póliza se estableció que las tareas del actor eran tareas de casero.

Es decir, si el demandado manifiesta que tenía solamente un contrato verbal de locación de

servicios con mi mandante y que, en base a ese contrato, tomó un seguro de accidentes
personales, ello no se condice con que las tareas denunciadas en el seguro fuesen de casero,
algo ajeno a cualquier locación de servicio de obra.

De esta forma, actualmente el Sr. ........................................................................... se

encuentra con una incapacidad superior al ...........................................................................%,
convive con dolores, malestares y angustias, y por aquellos trastornos sufridos en su trabajo,
no recibió restitución alguna.

Es así que mi mandante se ve obligado a iniciar las presentes actuaciones contra el Sr.
..........................................................................., único responsable del estado actual del actor
por no contar con las previsiones ni cumplir con sus obligaciones como empleador.

V. LA RESPONSABILIDAD DEL DEMANDADO

Como surge del relato de los hechos, durante todo el tiempo en que mi poderdante trabajó
para el demandado, este último no contaba con aseguradora de riesgos de trabajo, por lo cual
debe afrontar en forma personal y total las prestaciones derivadas del sistema de riesgos de
trabajo.

Señala el art. 28 de la ley 24.557 en cuanto a la responsabilidad por omisión:

1. Si el empleador no incluido en el régimen de autoseguro omitiera afiliarse a una ART,

responderá directamente ante los beneficiarios por las prestaciones previstas en esta ley...

No cabe duda entonces que la responsabilidad en el pago de la indemnización por los daños
y perjuicios y la incapacidad sufrida por mi mandante corresponde sea abonada por el
empleador aquí demandado.

Y esto por la sencilla razón que jamás se le abonó indemnización alguna ni se puso a
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disposición del actor ni comunicó suma alguna para que se ejerza la opción prevista en el art 4
y ccs de la ley 26.773.

Debo destacar que la empleadora ante su omisión de contratación de ART, jamás notifico a
mi mandante los importes que por ley le correspondía percibir de acuerdo con la incapacidad
dictaminada.

Por otro lado, atento el carácter del accidente, esta parte opta por iniciar la presente acción
en base a la acción civil y la normativa dispuesta en el Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.

Conforme quedó expresado en el capítulo referente a las inconstitucionalidades, la

normativa elegida no es óbice para impedir que los presentes autos sean desarrollados dentro
de la competencia laboral.

El accidente sufrido por el trabajador ha ocurrido en ámbitos donde lo ha enviado la

demandada, por el hecho y en ocasión de realizar tareas para ella en su carácter de empleador
que lo contrato, con y por las cosas de su propiedad y de las cuales se sirve, o por las que están
bajo su guarda o cuidado, y que en el uso a que estaba obligado se tornaron viciosas, riesgosas
y peligrosas.

Asimismo, el trabajo que mandaba al actor era de por si peligroso

...........................................................................

Sabido es que el término "cosa" en su actual y amplia acepción doctrinaria y jurisprudencial

abarca todos aquellos objetos, bienes e incluso servicios que, por la forma en que se utilizan o
son manejados, resultan generadores o provocadores de daños en la integridad psicofísica de
un trabajador.

Al respecto la jurisprudencia tiene dicho:

"Dirige su acción contra la provincia en su condición de propietaria del aeropuerto y dueña

de las cosas que provocaron los daños, y contra el ente administrador denominado Aeropuerto
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Internacional de Rosario en su carácter de custodio o guardián de los bienes y cosas afectadas

a la operación del aeropuerto, en los términos de los artículos 1757 y 1758 del Código Civil y
Comercial de la Nación." (Ameriflight SA c/Provincia de Santa Fe s/Daños y Perjuicios.)

"El riesgo de la cosa a que se refiere el art. 1113 del Cód. Civ. ha sido interpretada
dinámicamente extendiendo su aplicación al riesgo de la actividad, que hoy se encuentra
consagrada en el art.1757 del Cód. Civ. y Com., estableciendo que toda persona responde por
el riesgo o vicio de las cosas o de las actividades que sean riesgosas o peligrosas por su
naturaleza, por los medios empleados o por las circunstancias de su realización." A., M. I.
c/ALPESCA SA y Otro s/Accidente - Acción Civil.

Siguiendo con esta línea de razonamiento al empleador le cabe una responsabilidad de tipo
objetiva donde solamente tendrá como eximentes la culpa de la víctima o la interrupción del
nexo causal por un hecho extraño.

La responsabilidad objetiva en cabeza del demandado tiene fundamento en el riesgo creado

establecido por el art. 1757 del Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación, entendido este como
la formación de un ambiente laboral generador de un peligro para los trabajadores que allí se
desempeñan.

Nuestro ordenamiento legal es claro al considerar a las actividades riesgosas por su

naturaleza así como por los medios empleados o por las circunstancias de su realización.

En el caso de autos, ...........................................................................

La teoría de la responsabilidad establece que para que un hecho sea resarcido deben existir
ciertos hitos como son el daño, un factor de atribución de tipo objetivo o subjetivo, una
conducta antijurídica y una relación causal entre el resultado y dicho actuar.

El concepto de daño está previsto en el art. 1737 del Código Civil y Comercial al disponer
que es la lesión a un derecho o interés de una persona.

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A su vez, el art. 1740 establece la obligación del dañador de restituir al damnificado en la

situación anterior al hecho dañoso. Tal restitución podrá ser en dinero.

Incluso el código prevé todo el que ejecuta un hecho, que por su culpa o negligencia
ocasiona un daño a otro, está obligado a la reparación del perjuicio. Esta obligación es regida
por las mismas disposiciones relativas a los delitos del derecho civil. Este es el criterio de
responsabilidad subjetiva. En el caso de marras sin perjuicio de que con la prueba ofrecida se
acreditará la culpa o negligencia en el hecho, esta parte está exenta de la misma por el criterio
residual y la falta de eximentes de responsabilidad previstas en el art. 1721, 1722 y 1723 del
Código Civil y Comercial.

Por lo tanto, se esgrime en principio la responsabilidad objetiva del demandado por resultar
el dueño y guardián (por ser el empleador que explota la mano de obra del empleado en tareas
que causaron el daño al actor). Ello en concordancia con lo estipulado ut supra respecto a que,
por las características del trabajo, nos encontramos ante una actividad riesgosa de las
nombradas en el art. 1757.

Así el art. 1758 establece que deberá responder por los daños de una actividad riesgosa
aquel que se sirve u obtiene provecho de ella. Es decir, el empleador es el único que obtendrá
el provecho de quitar un molino de su terreno para poder llevar adelante la construcción de los
locales pretendidos.

Por su parte, el nombrado art. 1757 en su segundo párrafo manifiesta que aquí nos
encontramos ante un tipo de responsabilidad objetiva.

Resulta revelador la carta documento enviada por el propio demandado quien establece el
reconocimiento del contrato para la construcción de una vivienda de su propiedad y que el
accidente se produjo (tal como lo describimos) en dicha ocasión.

Como quedó manifiesto en párrafos anteriores, esto es un reconocimiento total y llano de

los hechos comentados, del cumplimiento de una orden y trabajo pedida por el Sr.
..........................................................................., de la ocurrencia del hecho, de la propiedad del
lugar donde se produjo el accidente, de quien se beneficiaba con el trabajo y del carácter
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riesgoso de la actividad (caso contrario no se comprende porqué contrataría un seguro).

Conforme se extrae de nuestro ordenamiento legal, en la responsabilidad objetiva no se

juzga la conducta del sujeto, sino que juegan factores objetivos que prescinden de esa idea.
Aparece entonces la teoría del riesgo creado: la creación de riesgos introduce en la comunidad
un elemento que acentúa la expectativa de perjuicios y conlleva la ineludible carga de adoptar
las precauciones para evitar que los daños no ocurran, siendo carga intensa por serlo la
probabilidad de que ellos ocurran.

En este tipo de responsabilidad el deber de responder no surge de una conducta reprochable,

sino porque originado el factor material del cual, como condición sine qua non, provino el daño
bastando con la transgresión objetiva que importa la lesión de un derecho ajeno y sin que sea
necesaria la configuración de un acto ilícito a través de la sucesión de sus elementos
tradicionales".

Ahora bien, tenemos acreditado la existencia del daño por medio de los estudios médicos,
en igual sentido la ocurrencia del hecho dañoso reconocido por el propio empleador.

También fue reconocido por el demandado que el accidente se produjo en su propiedad

mientras trabajaba para él, es decir la relación de causalidad entre las tareas que debía realizar
el actor con la ocurrencia del hecho.

Por lo tanto, acreditada la existencia del daño, la existencia de una actividad riesgosa y la
relación de causalidad entendida esta como la indefectible circunstancia de las tareas de trabajo
habituales, sin protección alguna, corresponde el deber de reparación.

Esto siempre que no exista un corte del nexo causal como la culpa de la víctima o de un
tercero. Y en el caso de estudio estamos en presencia de una orfandad absoluta de eximentes
de responsabilidad.

Si hubiese existido un elemento de seguridad (arnés, soga, etc.) no se habría producido el

siniestro.

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Encontrándonos ante una responsabilidad de tipo objetivo, el demandado no podrá buscar

su exoneración a través de una ausencia de culpa. No es la culpa el concepto sobre el que gira
la cuestión.

Por otro lado, respecto del actor, debe limitarse a probar la existencia del daño y la
intervención con la que se produjo, presumiéndose que aquél se ha generado por el tipo de
actividad desplegada.

De este modo, el demandado, solo se eximirá total o parcialmente de responsabilidad

acreditando la culpa de la víctima o de un tercero por quien no deba responder.

Era obligación del empleador proteger a su dependiente o a la persona que se sube al molino
para su desarme.

El vicio en el accionar del demandado lo vemos en la falta de elementos de protección que

de existir sería imposible el trabajador cayera al piso.

En los autos caratulados Ascagorta Ruben c/ Los Grobos Agropecuaria. Expte. 21544. Trib.
Trabajo Nro. 2 se ha resuelto: El actor funda su demanda en lo dispuesto por el art. 1113 del
Código Civil, por lo cual es menester demostrar: 1°) la existencia del daño; 2º) el carácter
riesgoso de la cosa, lo que supone su concreta individualización y objetivación de su riesgo o
vicio; 3º) la incidencia de estos últimos en el daño causado, o sea, que el daño obedece al riesgo
o vicio de la cosa; y 4º) que contra quien se acciona es el responsable en virtud de revestir el
carácter de dueño o guardián de aquella (SCJ.Bs.As. L.33.292 del 19/6/84 y L. 32.113 del
17/5/85).--En este sentido debe tenerse presente que para establecer si el daño se produjo con
la cosa o por ella, no interesará tanto cómo es la cosa, sino más bien cómo se produjo el daño,
qué fue lo que lo causó y determinar de ese modo el papel que en ello le cupo a la cosa; por
cuanto la circunstancia que en el art. 1.113 del Código Civil no se hable de cosa riesgosa - es
decir, cosa peligrosa- sino del riesgo de la cosa- o sea el peligro que puede engendrar una cosa,
el que puede resultar de su conexión con diversos factores- no autoriza a concluir en que exista
un riesgo específico y un riesgo genérico, que haría que las cosas que poseen esta última
característica sean normalmente riesgosas, sino que por el contrario, en cada oportunidad el
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juez debe preguntarse si la cosa, por cualquier circunstancia del caso. genera un riesgo en el
que pueda ser comprendido el daño sufrido por la víctima. Y ello por cuanto en oportunidades
el riesgo no proviene de la misma cosa causante del daño, sino en la actividad desarrollada en
la cual la cosa juega un papel principalísimo ya que una cosa en sí no peligrosa, merced a la
actividad del hombre, puede convertirse en tal o potenciar el grado de peligrosidad que esta
cosa lleva en sí misma (S.C.J. LT. XXX A, p. 246; DT, 1985; p. 80; Ramón D. Pizarro,
Responsabilidad civil por el riesgo o vicio de la cosa, Ed. Universidad, Bs.As., 1983, p. 345)

Es dable aquí agregar que también en el caso de marras podemos considerar a los trabajos
ordenados como cosa riesgosa....El carácter riesgoso de la cosa ha sido ampliado, siguiendo la
doctrina legal emergente del Superior Tribunal Provincia in re Ferreyra c/Benito Roggio,
Ac.80.406, cuando extiende el concepto de cosa riesgosa a las actividades riesgosas
...trascendiendo el puro concepto físico del término cosa, no cabe omitir la ponderación
razonada de la incidencia que posee la tarea desempeñada por el trabajador, pudiendo la propia
actividad laboral constituirse en factor de causación porque en el ámbito del art. 1113 del CC
no cabe una interpretación estrecha de dicho concepto. Lo cual me permite arribar a la
conclusión que indudablemente existe una relación de causalidad entre la forma en que las
tareas fueron prestadas y el accidente acontecido al actor.-En definitiva la responsabilidad del
empleador por el accidente no se encuadra sólo en el incumplimiento de una obligación creada
por el contrato, sino también en la violación del deber jurídico de no dañar a otro estatuido por
la propia ley civil -arts. 1109 y 1113 del Cód. Civil- generador de responsabilidad
extracontractual. Destaco que la procedencia de la responsabilidad objetiva se encuentra
supeditada a la efectiva acreditación de los requisitos exigidos por dicha norma legal, es decir
no sólo debe comprobarse el infortunio y el carácter riesgoso o vicioso de la cosa de la que el
demandado es su dueño o guardián, sino además la relación de causalidad entre tales factores
de atribución y el daño proferido, porque no podría reconocerse íntegramente la
responsabilidad en cuestión, si el perjuicio acaeció total o parcialmente por culpa de la víctima,
desde que en tal hipótesis se habría roto, en todo o en parte el nexo causal que presupone la
actuación preponderante del hecho de la cosa que infirió el daño, circunstancia que invocara
como defensa la accionada.-----Para el análisis de este eximente, habrá que adaptar el
significado de la conducta prevista en el supuesto legal a las elásticas directivas del art. 512 del
C.Civil, a saber la naturaleza de la obligación y a las circunstancias de las personas, del tiempo
y del lugar. La referencia legal a la naturaleza obligacional impone tener presente la
singularidad del contrato de trabajo, vale decir, sus características de ejecución continuada y
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de ajenidad, la sujeción de órdenes como su nota ordinaria, la índole personalísima de la

prestación de trabajo y particularmente, los riesgos ínsitos en muchas actividades pues la culpa
se configura en ellas solamente cuando se facilita la operatividad de los riesgos normales.-
Generalmente, el antecedente primero, el presupuesto esencial para que no solo pueda
verificarse el siniestro, sino para que pueda explicarse una conducta imprudente o negligente
del prestador del trabajo, consiste en la transgresión de parte del dador, obligado a la toma de
medidas de control y de vigilancia de la actividad laborativa. Solamente cuando exista la
certeza del comportamiento estricto del débito de seguridad, se puede comenzar a indagar en
la conducta de la víctima como causa exclusiva de su infortunio, y tal comportamiento podrá
configurarse, entonces cuando haya escogido y actuado a su propio arbitrio, en una operación
técnica en forma diversa a las instrucciones recibidas, tornando anormal la modalidad de su
ejecución por la evidente peligrosidad impuesta a dicha operación. Tal como surge de la
Cuestión Segunda, no hubo negligencia de la víctima, sino cumplimiento estricto de las órdenes
recibidas.-----Conjugando las pautas esbozadas se puede afirmar que la conducta del trabajador
-en el segundo supuesto del párrafo 2do del art. 1113 del C. Civil-, deberá rayar en el orden de
lo elemental para poder exonerar al principal de toda responsabilidad, particularmente cuando
el infortunio se produce con una cosa -sinfín- perteneciente a la empresa demandada, en
movimiento que tiene manifiestamente las características previstas normativamente. En otros
términos, cuando más notorio sea el riesgo o vicio de la cosa, más grosera deberá ser la omisión
del trabajador para que se configure su culpa como eximente de la responsabilidad patronal por
daños, y considerando que la empleadora no comunicó la prohibición de llevar un sinfín
agarrado desde el enganche -el que fuera trasladado por el trabajador, y conjuntamente
empujado con otros compañeros de labor-, por lo que juzgo que la conducta observada por
Ascagorta en tal circunstancia, haya tenido la necesaria eficacia causal como para excluir
totalmente su deber de responder por el daño, cabe agregar como se indicó en veredicto , que
no existió actitud de la accionada destinada a modificar la forma en que el trabajador estaba
realizando sus labores, era la demandada quien estaba obligada a impedir que el dependiente
desempeñara sus tareas de una manera en la cual podía llegar a resultar dañado en caso de que
se voleara el sinfín, deber que mal podría trasladarse a Ascagorta, sino que deriva del
incumplimiento del deber legal de seguridad para resguardar la integridad física del trabajador.-
----Uno de los presupuestos esenciales exigidos por el art. 1113 para generar responsabilidad
al dueño o guardián de la cosa, es que medie relación causal adecuada entre el hecho y el daño
producido. En tales términos ocasionado el daño a la víctima por el estado vicioso o riesgoso
de la cosa, su propietario o guardián es responsable de manera objetiva conforme la segunda
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parte in fine del precepto citado y aún la conducta imprudente en que pudo incurrir el actor en
el manejo del sinfín, carece de entidad para desplazar siquiera parcialmente el nexo de
causalidad adecuada entre el riesgo generado por la máquina y el daño provocado, ni por lo
tanto el deber de resarcir de su dueño o guardián.-------------

Será la empleadora la que deba responder por los daños sufridos, ya que este es un típico
caso de responsabilidad objetiva que pesa sobre el demandado al resultar el empleador
(guardián y dueño de la cosa) con la cual se produjo el daño físico, psíquico, moral y
psicológico reclamado en autos. A esta parte le basta con probar el daño, la intervención de la
cosa y la relación de causalidad entre dicha intervención para originar el daño objeto de la
presente acción.

Por lo tanto, existe un nexo entre la relación de causalidad entre la actividad y el daño
producido, y la inexistencia de eximentes de responsabilidad.

En este orden de ideas, y conforme surge el texto de fallido transcripto, sobre el demandado
no solo cae una responsabilidad de tipo objetiva. Su actuar también es pasible de
responsabilidad subjetiva con base a sus conductas reprochables.

Es que, desde el punto de vista de la LCT, el artículo 75 de la Ley 20.744 (Ley de Contrato
de Trabajo), establece el "Deber de Seguridad del Empleador", ordenando que: "El empleador
está obligado a observar las normas legales sobre higiene y seguridad en el trabajo y a hacer
observar las pausas y limitaciones a la duración del trabajo establecidas en el ordenamiento
legal".

El deber de seguridad estará siempre a cargo de quien tenga la facultad de organizar y/o
dirigir el trabajo.

El deber de seguridad es una de las obligaciones principales del empleador, y cualquier

violación del mismo ingresa en el área de la responsabilidad. El deber de seguridad se encuentra
plenamente violado y transgredido por la falta de arnés o soga o protección alguna que impida
una caída como la sucedida.

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A su vez el artículo 8 de la Ley 19.587 "Ley de Seguridad e higiene en el trabajo" establece

que "Art. 8º — Todo empleador debe adoptar y poner en práctica las medidas adecuadas de
higiene y seguridad para proteger la vida y la integridad de los trabajadores, especialmente en
lo relativo: a) a la construcción, adaptación, instalación y equipamiento de los edificios y
lugares de trabajo en condiciones ambientales y sanitarias adecuadas; b) a la colocación y
mantenimiento de resguardos y protectores de maquinarias y de todo género de instalaciones,
con los dispositivos de higiene y seguridad que la mejor técnica aconseje; c) al suministro y
mantenimiento de los equipos de protección personal; d) a las operaciones y procesos de
trabajo.

Art. 9º - Sin perjuicio de lo que determinen especialmente los reglamentos, son también
obligaciones del empleador; a) disponer el examen pre-ocupacional y revisación periódica del
personal, registrando sus resultados en el respectivo legajo de salud; b) mantener en buen
estado de conservación, utilización y funcionamiento, las maquinarias, instalaciones y útiles
de trabajo.... k) promover la capacitación del personal en materia de higiene y seguridad en el
trabajo, particularmente en lo relativo a la prevención de los riesgos específicos de las tareas
asignadas; l) denunciar accidentes y enfermedades del trabajo.

Ambas leyes con sus artículos señalados están destinadas a que el trabajador pueda
desenvolverse en su actividad de manera normal sin riesgos que puedan incapacitarlo parcial
o permanentemente de por vida, entonces es ilógico pensar que si el trabajador, realizando las
tareas para las cuales fue contratado, sufre un accidente de trabajo y no existe ART alguna que
lo ampare deba quedar sin respuesta alguna y desprotección absoluta de sus derechos.

La víctima del accidente tenía y tiene una garantía de rango constitucional de no ser dañado
por el empleador con su conducta culposa, y aquella garantía conlleva como contrapartida el
derecho a una reparación digna.

En conclusión, estamos frente a una responsabilidad absoluta en cabeza del empleador, y

no existiendo entidad aseguradora alguna, deberá ser éste quien indemnice a mi mandante por
los daños sufridos con causa en el accidente ocasionado en su lugar de trabajo, bajo las órdenes
del empleador, realizando actividad por demás riesgosa y sin protección alguna.
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VI. RUBROS INDEMNIZATORIOS

El Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación, adoptando una definición amplia y lo más clara
posible, define al daño en el art. 1737. Ese artículo dispone: "Hay daño cuando se lesiona un
derecho o un interés no reprobado por el ordenamiento jurídico, que tenga por objeto la
persona, el patrimonio, o un derecho de incidencia colectiva".

Por su parte el art. 1740 del Código dispone: Reparación plena. La reparación del daño debe
ser plena. Consiste en la restitución de la situación del damnificado al estado anterior al hecho
dañoso, sea por el pago en dinero o en especie. La víctima puede optar por el reintegro
específico, excepto que sea parcial o totalmente imposible, excesivamente oneroso o abusivo,
en cuyo caso se debe fijar en dinero. En el caso de daños derivados de la lesión al honor, la
intimidad o la identidad personal, el juez puede, a pedido de parte, ordenar la publicación de
la sentencia, o de sus partes pertinentes, a costa del responsable".

En los Fundamentos del Proyecto remitido por el Poder Ejecutivo se advierte que frente a
la variedad de supuestos fácticos que pueden tener lugar, y teniendo en cuenta la tradición
argentina en la materia, se decidió consagrar, como principio general, la reparación plena.
"Como todo principio, debe lograrse su satisfacción en la mayor medida posible, lo que no es
incompatible con que, en situaciones delimitadas, pueda armonizarse con otros principios y
establecerse una limitación por medio de leyes especiales".

Ahora bien, definido el daño y la obligación de reparar plenamente por parte del dañador,
restará determinar los tipos de daños. Al respecto el Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación
hace una disquisición entre daño patrimonial y no patrimonial.

En el primer campo encontramos a las consecuencias de la violación de los derechos

personalísimos de la víctima, de su integridad personal, su salud psicofísica, sus afecciones
espirituales legítimas y las que resultan de la interferencia en su proyecto de vida así como los
daños materiales sufrido a su patrimonio.

Por el otro lado, las afecciones espirituales legítimas, tienen relación a lo que se conoció
hasta ahora como el Daño Moral que con el nuevo código pasan a denominarse "consecuencias
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no patrimoniales".

VI.1 Daño Físico

El daño físico se refiere a cualquier situación que modifique el modelo normal de persona
existente para la medicina.

Es posible diferenciar dos tipos de consecuencias físicas que constituyen en sí mismas una
incapacidad sobreviniente: en un sentido, los daños físicos pueden afectar la aptitud laboral,
mientras que (de forma simultánea o autónoma) también pueden afectar al individuo como
persona humana.

El actor sufrió una fractura expuesta de tibia y peroné que según hace saber el perito médico
en su dictamen, sus fracturas se han consolidado como consecuencia del tratamiento exitoso,
no obstante ello la curación se ha producido con secuelas que consisten en artrosis incipiente
en articulaciones tibia-astragalina, la cual es causa de limitación de movilidad e imposibilidad
de colocarse en cuclillas, con trastornos en marcha. Ahora bien, el perjuicio es físico, pero no
representa indirectamente un perjuicio patrimonial, pues no quedó acreditado que el actor no
se haya reincorporado al trabajo, ni haya dejado de percibir su salario. Alfredo Di Nardo tenía
31 años de edad, era soltero, en consecuencia no se puede desconocer las dificultades de las
mentadas secuelas atendiendo a circunstancias personales sociales y culturales, por lo cual se
propone la suma de $ 25.000 de indemnización (CNCiv., Sala I, sent. 21/4/2005, Di Nardo,
Alfredo c/Polonky, José y otros s/daños y perjuicios, Exp. 9592/02).

Es así que la sola ocurrencia del daño físico ya es causal suficiente para otorgar la reparación
indicada por nuestro ordenamiento, ello sin importar la situación laboral del damnificado ni su
incidencia en su trabajo.

Para el cálculo de la indemnización, los tribunales del país recurrieron a ciertas fórmulas
actuariales o matemáticas, con el objeto de establecer el valor dinerario del daño ocasionado
por el ilícito.

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Así el Código Civil y Comercial establece concretamente una metodología de cálculo. Lo

hace en su art. 1746 al disponer que: "En caso de lesiones o incapacidad permanente, física o
psíquica, total o parcial, la indemnización debe ser evaluada mediante la determinación de un
capital, de tal modo que sus rentas cubran la disminución de la aptitud del damnificado para
realizar actividades productivas o económicamente valorables, y que se agote al término del
plazo en que razonablemente pudo continuar realizando tales actividades".

"Se presumen los gastos médicos, farmacéuticos y por transporte que resultan razonables
en función de la índole de las lesiones o la incapacidad. En el supuesto de incapacidad
permanente se debe indemnizar el daño aunque el damnificado continúe ejerciendo una tarea
remunerada. Esta indemnización procede aun cuando otra persona deba prestar alimentos al
damnificado".

Constituye un importante avance en esta materia, pues en razón de la validez nacional que
caracteriza a las normas del CCyC, todos los tribunales del país están obligados a su aplicación,
por lo que deberán dejar de lado cualquier otro método de cálculo. Se logra así una valiosa y
ponderable uniformidad en los criterios de valuación de los daños.

Conforme se expresó en el capítulo referente a los hechos y en concordancia con los

certificados médicos acompañados, a causa del accidente
...........................................................................

...........................................................................

...........................................................................

Por dichas lesiones, el actor es considerado discapacitado, viendo realizado los trámites para
obtener el certificado correspondiente donde los médicos de la junta evaluadora consideraron
que actualmente contaba con un ...........................................................................% de
incapacidad, siendo la misma aún parcial ya que seguramente iba a aumentar el porcentaje con
el paso del tiempo.

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Así, a los efectos del cálculo del presente rubro, utilizaré la fórmula polinómica doctrinaria
y jurisprudencialmente aceptada para este tipo de situaciones.

Como variables necesarias especificaré que la edad al momento del accidente era de
........................................................................... años, teniendo un porcentual de sobrevida de
........................................................................... (conforme tabla de mortandad).

Asimismo, los ingresos de ........................................................................... eran de peón y

casero del demandado cobrando $ ........................................................................... por semana,
es decir $ ........................................................................... al mes.

Como interés utilizaré una tasa pura del 4 % anual -Tradicionalmente la jurisprudencia local
ha fijado una tasa de interés compuesto del 6% anual, lo cual resulta ciertamente insuficiente
para el grado de depreciación monetaria que sufre nuestra sociedad. Lo expuesto ha sido
receptado por la Excma. Cámara de Apelaciones departamental de Bahía Blanca en los autos
caratulados Jacob, Juan Jorge c/ Cooperativa Eléctrica Ltda de Saldungaray s/ Daños y
Perjuicios ha dicho ...y tomando en cuenta una tasa de interés pura del cuatro (4) por ciento
anual -ciertamente más ajustada a la realidad financiera internacional y nacional al suponerse
un capital no depreciado por la inflación (v. Expte. 127876 del 18/04/07, Anrique Sergio
Adrián y Otros c/ Santamarina Martín y Otro)-, corresponde entonces acudir a la conocida
fórmula polinómica que nos permite determinar anticipadamente un capital generador de la
renta futura esperada)

Esta parte formula expresa reserva al mayor grado de incapacidad que determinen las
pericias a producirse en autos para el caso de resultar mayor a la estimada en la presente
demanda.

La indemnización por la incapacidad sobreviniente asciende a la suma de pesos

........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-)

VI.2. Gastos farmacéuticos, traslados y kinesiología del Sr.

...........................................................................
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Como se dijo ut supra, el propio Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación establece en su art.
1746 que: ...Se presumen los gastos médicos, farmacéuticos y por transporte que resultan
razonables en función de la índole de las lesiones o la incapacidad...

De este modo, luego de la intervención quirúrgica,

........................................................................... debió realizar rehabilitación kinesiológica,
fisiológica, así como ingerir gran cantidad de medicamentos de tipo calmantes y
desinflamatorios.

Por otro lado, su lesión le impide manejar cualquier tipo de vehículo, con lo cual debió y
debe recurrir a transporte privado para poder ir al centro de rehabilitación y moverse por la
ciudad.

Al solo efecto estimativo, y sin perjuicio de lo que V.E. considere, reclamaremos por este
rubro la suma de $ ...........................................................................

VI.3 Pérdida de Chance

Se entiende la pérdida de chance como las posibilidades de crecer desde el punto de vista
económico y personal. Una persona de ........................................................................... años se
encuentra en condiciones óptimas de continuar laborando y seguir creciendo a nivel personal
y profesional.

Bien fundamenta la doctrina el reclamo: la pérdida de una probabilidad o "chance", como

daño cierto es también resarcible: se repara la probabilidad de éxito frustrada. Lo resarcible es
la pérdida de dicha chance (Alterini, Atilio A., Curso de obligaciones, t. I, p. 270).

Incluso nuestro Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación establece la posibilidad del reclamo
de la pérdida de chance en su artículo 1738.

El actor era un empleado ejemplar y es de público conocimiento que el mismo ya no podrá

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afrontar y aprobar un examen pre ocupacional. Es más, con el certificado de discapacidad total
y el porcentual del ...........................................................................% la incapacidad es total
porque no pueda mantenerse firme en ninguna posición y no puede realizar ningún tipo de
fuerza.

En este aspecto es donde radica la probabilidad que constituye el daño reclamado por
perdida de chance.

Deberá tenerse en cuenta que el mercado laboral es cada día más exigente y que la
competencia va en aumento progresivo, el actor quedará sin posibilidad alguna de conseguir
algún nuevo trabajo. Tampoco podrá acceder a una jubilación por cuanto aún no cumplió la
edad jubilatoria e incluso ningún aporte tiene dado que el demandado siempre tuvo la relación
laboral sin registrar.

Tanto la doctrina como la jurisprudencia determinan durante una relación laboral y su vida
una persona mejora en sus condiciones económicas y en su puesto de trabajo logra promociones
y ascensos.

En el mismo precedente de Ascagorta nombrado más arriba se dijo: ...Asimismo

corresponde hacer lugar a la reparación de la pérdida de chance, a la luz de los principios de la
reparación integral, así el infortunio de trabajo sufrido por Ascagorta interfirió en el curso
normal de los acontecimientos, lo que si bien ha impedido conocer si el actor habría o no
obtenido ciertas ventajas o evitado ciertas pérdidas en caso de no haberle ocurrido la dolencia,
no empece concluir en dicho contexto, que existieron a su respecto probabilidad tanto a favor
como en contra.-----En tal sentido, lo que se indemniza en el caso de la pérdida de chance, es
el beneficio esperado como probabilidad perdida, no se trata de la pérdida de futuros ingresos,
sino el cercenamiento de la razonable posibilidad de contar con ellos en el futuro, si nos
atenemos a la edad del accionante al tiempo del infortunio (25 años) y a categoría convencional
en el área de dependencia, todo hace inferir que habría ascendido en la escala jerárquica dentro
del marco del régimen de trabajador rural, lo que se traduciría en mayores ingresos, y siendo
que la edad para acceder a los beneficios previsionales para el varón es de 65 años de edad
(leyes 24.241 y 26.425), todo ello me lleva con criterio prudencial y en función de las
particularidades del caso y la escasa edad de Ascagorta al momento de sufrir el infortunio,
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establecer como justo y equitativo resarcir por este rubro -pérdida de chance- con la cantidad
de $ 50.000.------En tal sentido cabe resaltar la necesidad de que sea computado el universo
total de la víctima y específicamente valorado como integrando el concepto de chance la
pérdida de la oportunidad de progresar y consiguientemente de obtener beneficios económicos
dentro de la especialidad constatada .(cfr. entre muchas otras causas L. 38.445, sent. del 29-
IX-87; L. 43.649, sent. del 6-3-90).

Es así que, a efectos de evitar un defecto legal, estimamos este rubro en un 30% del monto
por incapacidad física, es decir la suma de $ ...........................................................................-

VI.4. Daños Psicológicos

El daño psíquico tiene hoy reconocimiento expreso (art. 1738 CCCN) y como categoría
diferente al daño moral, puesto que mientras el daño psicológico se configura por una
alteración patológica de la personalidad, el daño moral es una lesión a los sentimientos que no
configura una patología.

Es definido por Milmaniene como la alteración o modificación patológica del aparato

psíquico en una persona cuando ésta presenta un deterioro, disfunción o trastorno en el
desarrollo psico-orgánico que afectando sus esferas afectiva, volitiva o intelectual, limita su
capacidad de goce individual, familiar, laboral o social.

Nuestra Excma. Cámara lo ha diferenciado: Sorprende que en este punto se reconozca

implícitamente lo que se cuestionaba en el anterior, pero está claro que el tratamiento
psicológico tiene por objetivo remover el estado patológico descripto por la profesional, el que
se encontró presente desde el momento del siniestro y luego del mismo; entonces por las
mismas razones dadas a su respecto (v. 9.3.-), se advierte la existencia del daño moral
reconocido en sentencia. Y no se trata de la superposición de reparaciones de un mismo daño,
como dije en el tratamiento se reconoce el costo de la terapia necesaria para revertir una
patología, mientras en este rubro se le reconoció al actor una suma de dinero que se considera
suficiente para adquirir bienes o servicios que otorguen al damnificado una cuota de
satisfacción a modo de compensación imperfecta (pero única posible) por la afectación
padecida en sus bienes más importantes e íntimos (paz, seguridad, tranquilidad de espíritu,
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libertad individual, el honor y los más sagrados afectos), recordemos aquí lo traumático que
debió resultarle el siniestro por sus características, entre las que se encuentra el fallecimiento
de una persona, y la causa penal a la que por ello —sin ser el responsable- se vio sometido,
razones suficientes para demostrar la existencia del daño cuya reparación en la suma de solo
$30.000, apenas el valor de un televisor de alta tecnología, pero no precisamente el más caro,
por dar un ejemplo del destino probable de la suma, o que tampoco le alcanzaría para mejorar
mucho en el modelo del rodado de su propiedad, resulta una compensación que en modo alguno
puede ser menor, con lo que se torna abstracta la pretensión de nulificar dicha cuantificación
pues entiendo beneficia a los apelantes (la prohibición de la reformatio in peius está cimentada
en el principio dispositivo, y significa, en definitiva una limitación a los poderes ad quem que
no puede alterar el decisorio sometido a su consideración en contra del propio impugnante), y
pese a la queja, han podido los apelantes ejercer debidamente su derecho de defensa. (C. Civil
y Com. de B. Bca. Sala 1, Expediente Nro. 146298, Herrera, Aurelio Andres c/ Arnol, Ruben
Oscar s/ Daños y Perjuicios, 09/08/2016, Libro de Sentencias Nro. 1)

En el caso concreto, a causa del accidente, el Sr.

........................................................................... notó un cambio brusco en su personalidad
diaria. Comenzó a sufrir ataques de pánico, se siente inferior respecto al resto de las personas
ya que no se considera hábil para su trabajo y para aquello que era su fuente de vida, le cuesta
relacionarse con el resto de la gente y pasa la mayor parte de sus días recluido en su vivienda.

........................................................................... era una persona vivaz, que pasaba tiempo

con su familia, amigos y trabajando de lo que a él le gustaba.

Sin embargo, luego del ........................................................................... no puede estar

mucho tiempo en público ya que sus dolores comienzan a molestarlo.

Asimismo, sufrir continuamente molestias y dolores sin encontrar una posición de su cuerpo
cómoda, hace que conviva con una irritabilidad crónica que le impide relacionarse
correctamente con el resto de las personas.

Asimismo, al no poder realizar su trabajo como antes, se siente deprimido e incapaz de

cumplir con su rol en su grupo familiar.
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Tales traumas fueron exclusivamente ocasionados por el siniestro sufrido, y para sobrellevar
los mismos, ..........................................................................., deberá iniciar un tratamiento
psicológico adecuado.

Conforme el criterio generalizado, un tratamiento de estas características ronda entre los 6

meses y un año con una frecuencia de una sesión a la semana.

En concordancia a la reparación integral ordenada por el Código Civil y Comercial de la

Nación, estimamos el presente daño en base al costo del tratamiento nombrado.

Así las cosas, si consideramos que el costo promedio de una consulta psicológica a la fecha
de la presente es de $ 1.000 por sesión, calculando una sesión semanal durante 12 meses, por
el tratamiento psicológico solicitamos la suma de $
............................................................................ Ello sin perjuicio, y haciendo reserva de
derechos, respecto a lo que se denomina saldo traumático irrecuperable al finalizar el
tratamiento.

VI.5. Daños No Patrimoniales (Daño Moral)

El nuevo artículo 1738 del Código Civil y Comercial considera al daño moral como
consecuencias no patrimoniales.

Asimismo el Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación proporciona una directiva precisa

respeto a cómo el Juez deberá cuantificar económicamente este tipo de daño. Lo hace en la
última parte del art. 1741, al establecer que: "...El monto de la indemnización debe fijarse
ponderando las satisfacciones sustitutivas y compensatorias que pueden procurar las sumas
reconocidas".

Es decir, el código establece que el dinero que se entregue al damnificado, debe permitirle
adquirir sensaciones placenteras tendientes a eliminar o atenuar aquellas que fueron
ocasionadas por haber tropezado con la fuerza dañadora que el ilícito ha liberado y causado.

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Ello sin perder de vista el principio de la reparación plena consagrado por el art. 1716 y 1740.

Por otro lado, es criterio unificado el carácter presuntivo del daño moral en casos como el
presente.

Menor atención merece aún la aparente queja atinente a la determinación de una suma en
concepto de reparación del daño moral, en tanto argumenta que no se acreditó en autos que
hubiera sufrido dolores, incertidumbres, prácticas médicas, etc. que justifiquen la
indemnización, limitándose la lesión a una "supuesta fractura de muñeca de una mano ya
injuriada por un accidente anterior". Habida cuenta de la calidad de daño in re ipsa que asigna
invariablemente la casación provincial al derivado de un ilícito como el ventilado en autos, no
era necesario que el actor desplegara actividad probatoria alguna para obtener su reparación,
sino que por el contrario era a la accionada a quien correspondía alegar y probar alguna
situación de excepción que evidenciara la inexistencia del daño o la improcedencia de su
reparación (C. Civil y Com. de B. Bca. Sala 2, Expediente Nro. 144585, Wertz Jorge c/
Colavicenzo Felix y Otros s/ Daños y PERJ.POR Uso AUTOMOT.(C/LES.O Muerte)(sin
RESP.EST.), 10/07/2015, Libro de Sentencias Nro. 2)

Al tratar la reparación del daño moral debemos concluir que la misma debe brindar la
posibilidad de acceder a aquellas cosas que tienden a menguar o posiblemente atemperar los
padecimientos sufridos por mi mandante, más allá que la cuantía quedará librada al prudente
arbitrio de V.E., debido a que no guarda relación con la reparación patrimonial.

El perjuicio espiritual surge de la entidad de la lesión sufrida por mi principal, que hoy día
le impide lisa y llanamente realizar cualquier tipo de tarea que implique mantenerse mucho
tiempo parado o caminar.

El accidente detallado ut supra afectó considerablemente los sentimientos de

...........................................................................

........................................................................... vivió un cambio profundo en su vida diaria

ya que no puede seguir trabajando de aquello que lo hacía feliz y tampoco puede tener una vida
normal como la que tenía previo al accidente.
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Todas estas situaciones le generaron a ........................................................................... un

dolor espiritual profundo, el cual si bien no tiene punto de medición ni de estimación, a efectos
de no caer en un defecto legal, esta parte considera que la suma de $
..........................................................................., coincidentes con el valor medio de un viaje al
exterior, podrán llevarle un poco de paz y tranquilidad a su ser y, aún sin alcanzar el estado de
plenitud que tenía previo a ser accidentado, al menos podrá encontrar un equilibrio en su vida.

Por ello se estima prudente en función de la lesiones padecidas y demás factores señaladas
la suma de pesos ........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) para resarcir el perjuicio espiritual sufrido
por el actor.

VII. LIQUIDACIÓN
El importe total reclamado asciende a la suma de PESOS
........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) importe que se reclama con más sus intereses
hasta el día del efectivo pago a la tasa activa del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
respaldándose seguidamente el derecho a que sea dicha tasa la que se condene a pagar,
actualización monetaria si correspondiere legalmente a la fecha de la sentencia, y las costas del
juicio (art. 68 C.P.C.).

VIII. PRUEBA
Ofrezco la siguiente:

VIII.1 Documental: Acompaño la siguiente:

...........................................................................

VIII.2. Informativa: Pido se oficie:

...........................................................................
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VIII.3. Pericial Médica: Se designe perito Médico oficial, a fin de que revisando al actor,
elementos aportados a la causa, dictámenes médicos, etc y efectuando los estudios que
entendiere corresponder, proceda a contestar:

VIII.3.1. Lesiones que padece el actor.

VIII.3.2. Si el actor como consecuencia de las dolencias sufridas y relatadas en la presente

demanda posee limitaciones de movimientos y en su caso si pudiera naturalmente, desde todos
los ángulos, formas posibles, y sin dolores retomar o volver a realizar las tareas habituales y
descriptas en la presente demanda.

VIII.3.3. Informe cuales son las limitaciones funcionales que padece el actor como
consecuencia del accidente sufrido y relatado en demanda.

VIII.3.4. Establezca grado de incapacidad concreto del actor en función de las tareas
profesionales que realizaba. Asimismo informe si esa incapacidad resulta permanente.-

VIII.3.5. Para el caso de no poder determinar lo solicitado en el punto anterior determine

incapacidad total obrera del actor.

VIII.3.6. Indique si es posible que el actor efectúe tratamientos que mejoren su condición
física, costos de los mismos y regularidad de los mismos a la que debería ser sometido.-

VIII.3.7. Informe si resulta necesario al actor aplicar medicamentos, indicando cuales, costo
y regularidad de los mismos.

VIII.3.8. Diga si el actor podría ser intervenido quirúrgicamente para recuperar su estado
físico anterior al siniestro y en caso positivo si aun así quedarían consecuencias irreversibles.

VIII.3.9. Diga si el actor perdió movilidad en su andar.

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VIII.3.10. Diga si el actor presenta molestias y dolores al momento de la entrevista.

VIII.3.11. Diga si el Sr. ........................................................................... tiene alguna cicatriz

producto del accidente, medidas de la misma, si es visible y cómo influye en el daño estético.

VIII.3.12. Todo otro dato de interés.

VIII.4. Testimonial: Se citará a prestar declaración a las siguientes personas:

...........................................................................

Esta parte se compromete a traer a los testigos para el día de la audiencia.

IX. INTIMACIÓN
Pido se intime a la demandada para que dentro del término que se le fije exhiba
acompañándolos a estos obrados el legajo del siniestro sufrido por el actor, bajo
apercibimiento de lo dispuesto en el art. 39 de la ley 11.653.

X. PIDO SE CONDENE A LA DEMANDADA A ABONAR INTERESES A LA TASA

ACTIVA
En línea con el voto del señor Juez doctor Hitters en la causa "Ginossi, Juan Carlos contra
Asociación Mutual U.T.A. Despido" (L. 94.446 del 21-10-2009), pido se mande abonar a la
demandada intereses sobre el capital definido en la sentencia de condena, desde la fecha de la
exigibilidad y hasta el del día del efectivo pago, a la tasa que percibe el Banco de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires en operaciones de descuento a treinta (30) días, según su vigencia en cada
período de devengamiento.

Destaco los siguientes pasajes que ilustran el pensamiento del mencionado Magistrado, que
marcan la razonabilidad y justicia de que se condene a pagar intereses a tasa activa a la
demandada:

"...el núcleo de la discusión traída a esta sede radica en la fijación del tipo de tasa de interés
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a aplicar en los términos del art. 622 del Código Civil, a efectos de la liquidación de las deudas
derivadas de obligaciones como las reclamadas en el sub lite, cuando ni las partes ni la
legislación especial prevén una alícuota determinada. 1) Si bien hasta el momento he seguido
la posición de este Tribunal que sentara como doctrina legal, la vigencia de la tasa pasiva en
dichos supuestos (conf. Ac. 43.448, "Cuadern", sent. del 21-V-1991; Ac. 59.059, "Giani", sent.
del 25-III-1997); una nueva meditación en torno a la problemática me persuade de que se trata
de un punto que -como ocurre en general con las restantes cuestiones fácticas atinentes a los
rubros indemnizatorios- resultan ajenas -por regla- a la competencia recursiva extraordinaria
de la Corte, y para cuya delimitación los tribunales de grado cuentan con un margen razonable
de apreciación, siempre -por supuesto- que no se configure un caso excepcional de absurdo. 2)
Como es sabido, el art. 622 del Código Civil dispone en materia de intereses moratorios que:
"el deudor moroso debe los intereses que estuviesen convenidos en la obligación, desde el
vencimiento de ella. Si no hay intereses convenidos, debe los intereses legales que las leyes
especiales hubiesen determinado. Si no se hubiere fijado el interés legal, los jueces
determinarán el interés que debe abonar" . Marca el citado dispositivo un orden de prelación
en la selección de la tasa a fijar. En primer lugar, el interés moratorio convenido. En segundo
término, a falta de pacto expreso, cabe analizar si las leyes especiales previeron el caso y
determinaron la tasa respectiva (por ej., para ciertas obligaciones mercantiles, el art. 565 del
Código de Comercio que fija la tasa activa del Banco Nación). Y finalmente, para el caso de
que la legislación específica nada diga (supuesto de autos), procede su estimación judicial..."

"... a) Esta Corte, a partir de la causa Ac. 43.448 (sent. del 21-V-1991), sentó posición en el
sentido de que la tasa correspondiente a partir del 1º de abril de 1991, es la que 'paga' el Banco
Provincia en sus operaciones a 30 días, criterio que ha sido seguido hasta la actualidad,
revirtiendo así el ya recordado postulado tradicional según el cual la determinación de la
alícuota respectiva era ajena a su competencia casatoria..."

"...b) Más adelante, durante la emergencia económica declarada por ley 25.561, este
Tribunal -en ejercicio de su competencia originaria- hizo referencia a la doctrina sentada en las
causas Ac. 43.448 y Ac. 49.439 (citadas precedentemente). En efecto, en la causa B. 60.749,
"Lenzi" (sent. del 13-III-2002), se desestimó el reclamo del accionante de que se le liquide su
crédito de conformidad con la tasa activa. Se consideró allí que no había sido probada la
alegación del actor según la cual había tenido que endeudarse con el sistema financiero para

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cubrir el bache económico que le había ocasionado la falta de pago oportuno del crédito
reclamado.

A su vez, en la causa "Alba" (Ac. 86.304, sent. del 27-X-2004) consideré aplicable la tasa
pasiva por los fundamentos vertidos en la causa B. 49.193 bis ("Fabbiano", sent. del 2-X-2002).

"...c) En resumen, luego de un extenso período en el que esta Corte había dejado al razonable
arbitrio de los jueces de grado la definición de la tasa de interés aplicable, se mantiene
aproximadamente desde la vigencia de la ley de convertibilidad hasta la actualidad un amplio
lapso de tiempo en el que se ha pasado a imponer como doctrina legal (por ende, imperativa)
la fijación de la tasa pasiva para el resarcimiento por la privación del capital que no tenga una
alícuota fijada legalmente (art. 622, Cód. Civ.).

"... en el caso "Banco Sudameris" (Fallos, 317:507, sent. del 17-V-1994) el cimero cuerpo
jurisdiccional modificó su postura (la minoría de la causa "López" se impuso como doctrina a
seguir), considerando que los Tribunales inferiores cuentan con "razonable discreción" en
torno a la determinación de la tasa de interés aplicable en los términos del art. 622 del Código
Civil (modif. por ley 23.928). Se considera a partir de allí y hasta la actualidad que la
determinación del tipo de accesorio a aplicar al capital adeudado no involucra -en principio-
una cuestión federal que autorice la apertura de la vía recursiva del art. 14 de la ley 48. Por lo
que, en definitiva, la fijación por los jueces de la tasa activa no conspiraría contra la finalidad
"desindexatoria" de la citada disposición (es de resaltar que la postura fue mantenida con
posterioridad: v. C.S.N., in re "Piana", sent. del 17-VIII-2000, Fallos, 323:2122). La regla,
claro está, admite excepciones (v. por ej., Fallos, 329:6076).

"...e) Por lo que, en definitiva, de los precedentes del máximo Tribunal puede colegirse que:
a) la magistratura local cuenta con razonable discrecionalidad para fijar la tasa de interés, en
los términos del art. 622 y concs. del Código Civil, regla que admite excepciones; b) en el
ámbito de su competencia originaria y ordinaria de apelación, esa Corte ha resuelto -en su
nueva integración- adoptar como regla la tasa pasiva, fundamentalmente respecto de los
períodos posteriores al 1º de abril de 1991 y anteriores al 1º de enero de 2000 (o al 1º de enero
de 2002, en su caso, dependiendo de la fecha de Corte de las leyes de consolidación
respectivas); c) a partir de dicha fecha, ha dejado abierta la fijación de la tasa respectiva, "de
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conformidad con la legislación que resulte aplicable" principalmente cuando se encuentra en

juego la responsabilidad del Estado (en virtud de los regímenes de consolidación).

"...Como dije, un nuevo análisis de la cuestión me lleva a concluir que no es posible

determinar un criterio fijo y general que se adecue a cada caso particular y a las importantes
fluctuaciones en la economía del país. Considero más prudente dejar un razonable marco de
libertad a los judicantes de grado para que este rubro sea calculado en base a las condiciones
especiales de cada pleito y de conformidad con las variables de nuestra economía, volviendo
así a la línea tradicional sostenida por esta Corte en los citados precedentes "Dirección General
de Escuelas", sent. del 11-III-1952, en "D.J.B.A.", Año XI, t. XXXVI, nº 2529, p. 341;
"Provincia de Buenos Aires c. Castex", sent. del 11-III-1952, en "Jurisprudencia Argentina",
1952-II-303; "Provincia de Buenos Aires c. Aramburu", sent. del 3-VI-1952, en "La Ley",
1952-169; Ac. 23.084, "Dirección de Vialidad de la Provincia de Buenos Aires", sent. del 28-
VI-1977, "Acuerdos y Sentencias", 1977-II-294; Ac. 23.981, "Curiggiano", sent. del 26-XII-
1978; "Acuerdos y Sentencias", 1978-III-846; Ac. 26.515, "Filemar S.R.L.", sent. del 22-V-
1979, "Acuerdos y Sentencias", 1979-I-1107; Ac. 34.674, "Fernández", sent. del 24-IX-1985,
"Acuerdos y Sentencias", 1985-II-767). Se trata, por otra parte, de manejar un criterio similar
al que la Corte Suprema de la Nación adoptara en Fallos, 317:507 (que ratificara en Fallos,
323:2122), respecto de las atribuciones reconocidas a sus tribunales inferiores, obviamente no
olvidando las diferencias funcionales de cada uno de estos cuerpos jurisdiccionales. Parece
claro que en definitiva estamos frente a la cuantificación de un rubro indemnizatorio (el
perjuicio por la ausencia de disponibilidad tempestiva del monto de la condena). En este
sentido, es casi ocioso recordar lo reiterado de la doctrina de este cuerpo según la cual la
valuación de los perjuicios constituye una "cuestión de hecho" ajena a la competencia casatoria,
regla que sólo puede excepcionarse cuando la prerrogativa de los jueces de la instancia
ordinaria no ha sido ejercida con la necesaria prudencia y razonabilidad que debe imperar en
todo pronunciamiento judicial, es decir, cuando ha mediado absurdo (Ac. 74.365, sent. del 20-
IX-2000; Ac. 82.947, sent. del 2-IV-2003, Ac 95.628, sent. "Valdez", del 23-V-2007; C.
102.346, "García", sent. del 13-V-2009, entre otras).

"9) Como pauta final, cabe puntualizar que lo aquí decidido en modo alguno implica alterar
el sistema nominalista contemplado en la ley 23.928 y ratificado en la ley 25.561, ya que la
fijación judicial de la tasa de interés aplicable como resarcimiento por la indisponibilidad del

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capital adeudado es un aspecto diverso y que no corresponde confundir con el de la prohibición

de actualizar, indexar o repotenciar las deudas dinerarias (rectifico en este punto mi opinión
sustentada en alguna oportunidad, v. causa B. 47.871, res. del 27-XI-1996; Ac. 77.434, sent.
del 19-IV-2006)...".

XI. JURAMENTO
Conforme lo exige el artículo 39 de la ley 11.653, vengo prestando, en nombre de mi
mandante, legal juramento sobre la veracidad de los hechos y reclamaciones efectuadas.

XII. AUTORIZACIONES
Queda facultado para retirar copia de escritos, notificarse en consecuencia, cédulas y
oficios, y cuanto gestión demandase la tramitación del presente reclamo y fuere suficiente esta
autorización el ...........................................................................

XIII. DERECHO
Fundo el derecho que me asiste en las disposiciones de la Ley de Riesgos de Trabajo, art.
1113 y cctes. del Código Civil, Constitución Nacional y de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Ley de
Contrato de Trabajo y concordantes, ley 11.653, Ley 24.013, ley 25.323 y modif., y cctes,
como así también doctrina y jurisprudencia aplicable al caso de marras.

XIV. RESERVA DEL CASO FEDERAL

Las consideraciones desarrolladas demuestran que el rechazo de la demanda sólo podría
disponerse desconociendo la letra misma de las normas legales vigentes y los principios
generales de derecho que gobiernan la materia; como resultado de esas transgresiones se
violarían derechos y garantías constitucionales al conculcarse los derechos de propiedad (art.
17 CN), de defensa en juicio y debido proceso (art. 18 CN), de legalidad (art. 19 CN), de
igualdad (art. 16 CN) y razonabilidad (art. 28 CN); por lo que y para el hipotético caso de V.E.
no hacer lugar a las pretensiones de esta parte, lesionando claramente derechos
constitucionales, hago expresa reserva para ocurrir ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la
Nación conforme el art. 14 de la ley 48.

XV. PETITORIO
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Por todo lo expuesto a V.E. pido:

Primero: Me tenga por presentado, parte y por constituido el domicilio procesal.

Segundo: Por presentada la demanda y ofrecida la prueba, corriéndosele traslado a la

demandada por el plazo y bajo apercibimiento de ley.

Tercero: Tenga presente la reserva del caso federal efectuada.

Cuarto: Por planteada la inconstitucionalidad de los 21 inc.b, 40, 46, 39 y 49 disp. 1º de la

LRT.

Quinto: Al sentenciar, se condene a la demandada a pagar el importe reclamado, con más

los intereses pedidos y actualización monetaria si fuere legalmente admisible, con costas.

Proveer de conformidad,

SERÁ JUSTICIA

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DEMANDA DESPIDO. SERVICIO DOMÉSTICO

Señor/a Juez/a

I. PERSONERÍA
Que conforme lo acredito con la carta poder que acompaño, prestando juramento acerca de
su vigencia, la ..........................................................................., DNI
..........................................................................., argentina, nacida
........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., de estado civil
..........................................................................., actualmente desocupada, con domicilio en
calle ..........................................................................., me ha otorgado mandato con facultades
suficientes para promover esta demanda y representarlo en las instancias procesales que se
sucedan.

II. OBJETO
En tal carácter y cumpliendo expresas instrucciones, vengo a promover demanda contra la
Sra. ..........................................................................., con domicilio en
........................................................................... de esta ciudad, por cobro de la suma de pesos
........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) o lo que en más o en menos resulte acreditado
en autos en concepto de indemnización por preaviso, indemnización por antigüedad, diferencia
de haberes, horas extras, adicionales remunerativos y no remunerativos por el período no
prescripto, vacaciones y SAC debidos, vacaciones y SAC proporcionales, etc. Todo ello
conforme la Ley 26.844 aplicable a la actividad. y cobro de las multas previstas en los arts. 1
y 2 Ley 25.323, art. 8 Ley 24.013 y art. 80 de la LCT, con más sus intereses a tasa activa del
BaProBA, desvalorización monetaria si fuera legalmente procedente a la fecha del pago, gastos
y costas del juicio.

También se acciona para que se la condene a entregar el certificado de trabajo y las

constancias de aportes con destino a los organismos de la seguridad social, en el que conste su

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desempeño como empleada en la categoría de niñera de la Ley 26.844 de Servicio Doméstico

desde el día ........................................................................... hasta el
........................................................................... y desde el
........................................................................... al
........................................................................... y el importe de las remuneraciones que
devengó mes a mes conforme al reclamo contenido en la presente, bajo apercibimiento de
aplicársele astreintes (art. 80 LCT, arts. 60 ley 11.653 y 37 del C.P.C.C.).

III. HECHOS
La Sra. ........................................................................... ingresó a trabajar a órdenes de la
demandada, en un primer momento, el día ...........................................................................
hasta el día ........................................................................... fecha donde fue despedida
verbalmente sin recibir ninguna indemnización a cambio. Como la relación laboral era de
forma irregular, y ante el desconocimiento de mi mandante,
........................................................................... no reclamó nada.

Al año siguiente, más precisamente el día ........................................................................... la

actora es contratada nuevamente por la demandada.

En ambos períodos de tiempo las tareas de la actora y el horario fueron iguales.

Sus trabajos siempre consistieron en tareas de niñera,

........................................................................... era la encargada de cuidar los hijos de la
demandada en su hogar sito en calle ........................................................................... de esta
ciudad. De este modo, sus tareas se encuadraban en la categoría 4 de Servicio Doméstico.

La labor de la actora se desarrollaba de Lunes a Sábados de 8 a 13:30hs y de 16 a 21:30hs

cobrando el último tiempo la suma de $ ........................................................................... por
mes.

Como expresamos párrafos arriba, la relación laboral siempre estuvo sin registrarse.

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A pesar de ello y de los abusos laborales que cometía la demandada, durante todo el tiempo
que duró la relación laboral, mi mandante se desempeñó con diligencia y esmero, no
mereciendo sanción ni observación alguna al respecto por parte de sus empleadores.

Aun sabiendo las injusticias, los insultos, menosprecios y consistente violencia verbal
sufrida, mi poderdante debía continuar con el empleo por sus necesidades económicas. Ello
fue lo que la llevó a que, luego de finalizada la relación laboral en el año
..........................................................................., al año siguiente retomase la actividad.

Así transcurrió la relación laboral hasta que el

........................................................................... de
........................................................................... de
..........................................................................., la demandada informa a mi mandante que no
se vuelva a presentar hasta nuevo aviso. Los días comenzaron a correr y ninguna novedad tenía
acerca de si debía volver a su trabajo o si, como en aquel
........................................................................... nuevamente estaba desempleado y sin
indemnización alguno.

Fue por ello, que, con fecha ........................................................................... envía a la

demandada, el TCL cuyo número es CD ........................................................................... del
siguiente tenor: ...........................................................................

Dicha misiva, a pesar de haber sido dirigida al domicilio de la demandada y al lugar donde
ejecutaba mis tareas, la misma no fue recibida ni retirada del correo. Ante esta situación, mi
poderdante envió con fecha ........................................................................... una nueva misiva
bajo el número CD ........................................................................... de igual tenor a la
transcripta.

Nuevamente el telegrama llegó a destino pero nadie la recibió ni fue a retirar al correo.

En este sentido, es que la Sra. ........................................................................... envió un

tercer y último telegrama numerado CD8 ........................................................................... del
siguiente tenor: ............................................................................
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Como V.E. podrá imaginar, lo mismo que sucedió con las anteriores misivas ocurrió con
ésta, nunca fue retirada del correo por la demandada.

IV. LIQUIDACIÓN
IV.1.Indemnización por despido; Preaviso; Indemnización por vacaciones, SAC
s/Vacaciones

A los efectos de practicar liquidación en este punto, cabe tomar como base de cálculo la
mejor remuneración mensual, normal y habitual devengada durante el último año (...) de
prestación de servicios (art. 245 de la L.C.T.).

Además se debe integrar el SAC a la base remuneratoria, conforme los criterios doctrinarios
prevalecientes y la jurisprudencia de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia (ver en tal
sentido, SCBA, L 100701 s 6-10-2010, Catalano Mauro Jesus c/ Sealy Argentina srl y ot. s/Ind.
por despido, etc. TT0002BB).

Es decir, cuando la Corte habla de mejor es la mejor, sin ningún otro tipo de interpretación.

Por otro lado, atento la cualidad de la relación laboral de la actora, realizaré dos
liquidaciones diferentes atento los dos períodos trabajados y no cobrados.

Primero procederé a realizar la liquidación del período que corre desde

........................................................................... a
..........................................................................., ello atento que mi mandante no cobró ningún
rubro por liquidación final y que los plazos reclamados se encuentran en el período de 2 años
que establece la ley previo a su prescripción.

Así las cosas, a efectos de calcular la liquidación final tomamos el mejor salario establecido
legalmente para el mes de ..........................................................................., consistente en la
suma de $ ........................................................................... sumándole la incidencia de SAC ($
...........................................................................), con lo cual el salario base es de $
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...........................................................................

Con dicho salario base la liquidación final adeudada al actor es la siguiente:

...........................................................................

Por otro lado, pasaré a desarrollar la liquidación del período último trabajado que corre
desde ........................................................................... a
...........................................................................

En esta liquidación tomaré como mejor salario aquel establecido por la legislación actual
para el mes de ........................................................................... consistente en $
........................................................................... con más la incidencia de SAC ($
...........................................................................), con lo cual el salario base es de $
...........................................................................

Con dicho salario base la liquidación final adeudada al actor es la siguiente (en el mismo se
incluyen las vacaciones y el sac atento a que nunca le fue abonada a la actora):

...........................................................................

IV.2 Diferencias salariales

Conforme quedó expresado en el capítulo referente a los hechos, mi mandante ejercía tareas
de niñera cuya actividad está reglamentada por la ley de servicio doméstico en la categoría de
cuidado de personas.

Sin embargo, y a pesar de que la actividad de mi mandante estaba regulada, la demandada

siempre le abonó solamente una suma fija de $ ...........................................................................
por mes. De esta manera, mes a mes, durante el período no prescripto, se generó una diferencia
salarial en base a las escalas del CCT nombrado.

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La liquidación a estos efectos es la siguiente:

...........................................................................

IV.3. Horas extras reclamadas

Conforme se expresó en el capítulo de los hechos, la actora trabajaba de lunes a sábados de

8 a 13:30hs y de 16 a 21:30hs. En otras palabras tenía una jornada semanal del actor trabajaba
de lunes a sábados de 8 a 20 horas. En el período que va del 2 de enero de 2014 a la fecha del
distracto, el accionante desplegó una jornada semanal de 66 horas (11 x 6), es decir 18 horas
por encima de la jornada máxima legal (48 horas). Lo que hace un total mensual de horas extras
de 72 horas, las que teniendo en cuenta el trabajo de Nilda los días sábados después de las 13
horas, lleva a que el importe de las mismas deba ser calculado con los siguientes adicionales:
24 horas (6 x 4) al 100% y 48 horas (12 x 4) al 50%.

A continuación realizo un detalle en donde consta, mes a mes, el valor hora que
correspondía y los importes que debió percibir el actor por horas extras tanto con el adicional
del 50% como del 100%

...........................................................................

TOTAL ADEUDADO $ ...........................................................................

IV.4. Incremento indemnizatorio previsto en el art. 1 y 2 de la ley 25.323

La demandada no abonó las indemnizaciones previstas en la LCT y, no obstante haber sido

fehacientemente intimada por telegrama, obligó a la actor a iniciar acciones judiciales para
percibirlas, haciendo viable la multa establecida en el art. 2 de la ley 25.323 sobre el total de
los montos indemnizatorios conforme doctrina legal de la Suprema Corte de la Provincia:

"Declarada por el Tribunal del Trabajo la procedencia de la indemnización prevista en el

art. 2 de la ley 25.323 -en virtud que el empleador abonó de manera insuficiente las
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indemnizaciones establecidas en los arts. 232, 233 y 245 de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo,
obligando al trabajador a accionar judicialmente para percibir las diferencias indemnizatorias
correspondientes- el agravamiento allí previsto debe ser cuantificado tomando como base el
importe total de las indemnizaciones derivadas del despido, y no -como erróneamente se
resolvió en la sentencia de grado- la porción de éstas que no fue temporáneamente pagada"
(SCBA, L 101564 S 27-6-2012, Quintana Ana Maria c/ Disco S.A. s/Despido B56235).

La accionada se mueve con una temeridad y malicia que no reconoce ningún tipo de amparo,
desconociendo asimismo la relación laboral, no recibiendo las misivas y omitiendo abonar las
indemnizaciones de ley, obligando a mi mandante a iniciar acciones judiciales para obtener la
percepción de indemnizaciones legítimamente reclamadas, precisamente el supuesto fáctico
que habilita la aplicación del incremento previsto en el art. 2 de la ley 25.323 sobre el total de
los rubros indemnizatorios devengados.

En sostén del reclamo indemnizatorio previsto en el art. 2 de la ley 25.323 cabe citar el
siguiente fallo de la Cámara Nacional del Trabajo - Sala III: "...la demandada no abonó lo que
correspondía por el despido y dio motivo con ello al inicio del presente reclamo, por lo que
teniendo en cuenta tal proceder y que el actor intimó conforme lo exige la norma citada (fs.
215 y 218), corresponde el progreso de dicha pretensión, pero sólo sobre las diferencias
indemnizatorias existentes, tal como lo hizo el juzgador". (en sentido análogo, SD Nro. 87803
del 31.5.2006 "Baldassarre, Pedro Salvador c/Deheza S.A.", del registro de esta Sala)." (S.
91216 Causa 9.522/2007 - "Oreste Eduardo Jorge c/YPF S.A. s/despido" - CNTRAB - Sala III
- 31/07/2009).

Por otro lado, la jurisprudencia es unánime en considerar que en este tipo de reclamo
también debe aplicarse el plenario Vazquez nombrado en el punto anterior.

Asimismo, no encontrándose registrada la relación laboral, también es aplicable al caso de

autos la multa establecida en el art. 1 de la Ley 25.323.

De este modo, por los rubros nombrados, los montos son los siguientes:

Multa prevista en el art. 1 Ley 25.323 $ ...........................................................................

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Multa prevista en el art. 2 Ley 25.323 $ ...........................................................................

Subtotal $ ...........................................................................

IV.5. Sanción prevista en el DNU 34/2019

Conforme el DNU nombrado, en todos aquellos despidos sin causa generados a partir del
19 de Diciembre de 2019 deberán computarse al doble los rubros indemnizatorios. Con lo cual
por este punto se reclama la suma de $ ...........................................................................-

IV.6. Sanción previstas en el art. 8 de la ley 24.013

La actora ajustó siempre su conducta al deber genérico de buena fe que debe imperar al
celebrar, durante y al extinguirse el vínculo laboral, realizando las intimaciones
correspondientes y ejercitando los derechos que la ley laboral le imponen.

No ocurrió lo mismo con los demandados que al momento de despedir observaron una
conducta contraria a derecho y poco digna de un buen empleador, faltando al principio de
buena fe laboral que impone la LCT (arts. 62 y 63). Pido se tenga en consideración por el
Tribunal esta conducta temeraria y maliciosa de la demandada, a los efectos de la aplicación
de la multa establecida por el art. 275 de la ley 20.744.

Sin perjuicio de ello, cabe también la aplicación de la sanción establecida por el art. 8 de la
ley 24.013, ya que en el caso de autos nos encontramos frente a una relación laboral que nunca
fue registrada.

De acuerdo a la Ley 24.013, para el cálculo de este rubro deberán tomarse todos los salarios
devengados y sobre ellos calcular un cuarto de su valor.

Esto nos da la suma de $ ...........................................................................

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IV.7. Multa prevista en el art. 80 de la LCT (t.o. Ley 25.345)

Al momento de considerarse despedida, la actora intimó la entrega de los certificados

previstos en el art. 80 de la LCT. Pese a ello, estos no fueron entregados.

Una vez concluido el contrato, por cualquier motivo, la empresa debe proporcionar una
constancia sobre el tiempo de prestación de servicios y su naturaleza, donde figuren los sueldos
percibidos y los aportes y contribuciones efectuados a los organismos de seguridad social.

Dichos documentos sirven para que el empleado pueda acreditar la experiencia adquirida
en un determinado empleo, ante un nuevo empleador y para demostrar a la hora de jubilarse,
los años de aportes al sistema previsional.

Es decir que el art. 80 de la LCT establece la obligación de entregar tres certificados

distintos:

(a) certificado de trabajo, sirve para buscar otro empleo. Contiene los datos de la relación
laboral, la fecha de ingreso, la de egreso, la categoría laboral, la capacitación adquirida y la
remuneración.

(b) certificación de servicios y remuneraciones: es un formulario de la ANSES (PS6.2), en

el que se vuelva la remuneración mensual sujeta a pagos previsionales, de como máximo, los
últimos diez (10) años de trabajo. Sirve para gestionar una prestación previsional ante el
organismo.

(c) constancia documentada de pagos previsionales: es una constancia que se refiere a las
boletas de pago de cargas sociales, donde conste los aportes y contribuciones realizadas.

Para el caso de entender que no se encuentran reunidos los recaudos de la intimación por
parte del trabajador (cfr. decreto 146/2001), supletoriamente se deja pedida la intimación a
través de la presente demanda, en los términos del art. 80 de la LCT con la modificación del
art. 45 de la ley 25.345, a fin de que la demandada proceda dentro del plazo previsto en dicha
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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 260

 Colección Modelos – Volumen VI: Laboral

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norma a entregar la referida documentación laboral, bajo apercibimiento de la multa que

contempla el artículo citado (conf. "Larrea Silvia Nidia y otros c/ Fundación Colegio Hispano
Argentino de Bahía Blanca y ot. s/Indemnización por despido" Exp. 20.311, sentencia del 4-9-
2013, Tribunal del Trabajo 2 de Bahía Blanca).

La demandada no cumplió con la dación de tales documentos, por lo que resulta plenamente
procedente que se la condene a entregar los certificados descriptos y, encontrándose reunidos
los requisitos legales para que sea procedente, la aplicación de la multa del art. 80 de la LCT,
que en este punto se calcula en la suma de $ ...........................................................................

El TOTAL RECLAMADO asciende en definitiva a la suma de pesos

........................................................................... ($
...........................................................................-) o lo que en más o en menos resulte acreditado
en autos, importe que se reclama con más sus intereses hasta el día del efectivo pago,
actualización monetaria si correspondiere a criterio del Tribunal y/o por ley a la fecha de la
sentencia, y las costas del juicio (art. 68 C.P.C.).

V. INTERESES A TASA ACTIVA

En línea con el voto del señor Juez doctor Hitters en la causa "Ginossi, Juan Carlos contra
Asociación Mutual U.T.A. Despido" (L. 94.446 del 21-10-2009), pido se mande abonar a los
demandados intereses sobre el capital definido en la sentencia de condena, desde la fecha de la
exigibilidad y hasta el del día del efectivo pago, a la tasa que percibe el Banco de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires en operaciones de descuento a treinta (30) días, según su vigencia en cada
período de devengamiento.

Destaco los siguientes pasajes que ilustran el pensamiento del mencionado Magistrado, que
marcan la razonabilidad y justicia de que se condene a pagar intereses a tasa activa a la
demandada:

"...el núcleo de la discusión traída a esta sede radica en la fijación del tipo de tasa de interés
a aplicar en los términos del art. 622 del Código Civil, a efectos de la liquidación de las deudas
derivadas de obligaciones como las reclamadas en el sub lite, cuando ni las partes ni la
legislación especial prevén una alícuota determinada. 1) Si bien hasta el momento he seguido
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