From fe8b51e847b4d8d0edaa1b867e11662e92edfe01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Fri, 23 Dec 2016 00:45:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0001/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BC=96=E8=AF=91=E6=95=B0=E6=8D=AE?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- build/compile.js | 52 +++++++++---------- build/crawler.js | 131 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- command/scp.md | 6 +-- dist/data.json | 2 +- 4 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) diff --git a/build/compile.js b/build/compile.js index 4fbb618dd51..fbcffe38ca4 100644 --- a/build/compile.js +++ b/build/compile.js @@ -114,36 +114,36 @@ function copy(src, dst) { } -// 监听实时编译 -watch.watchTree(path.join(path.dirname(__dirname),'/'), function (f, curr, prev) { - if (typeof f == "object" && prev === null && curr === null) { - console.log(success(" → :watching ") + '/template/'); - // Finished walking the tree - } else if (prev === null) { - - // f is a new file - } else if (curr.nlink === 0) { - // f was removed - } else { +// // 监听实时编译 +// watch.watchTree(path.join(path.dirname(__dirname),'/'), function (f, curr, prev) { +// if (typeof f == "object" && prev === null && curr === null) { +// console.log(success(" → :watching ") + '/template/'); +// // Finished walking the tree +// } else if (prev === null) { + +// // f is a new file +// } else if (curr.nlink === 0) { +// // f was removed +// } else { - if(/\.styl$/.test(f)){ - CreateStyl('/template/styl/index.styl','/.deploy/css/index.css') - }else if(/\.js$/.test(f)){ +// if(/\.styl$/.test(f)){ +// CreateStyl('/template/styl/index.styl','/.deploy/css/index.css') +// }else if(/\.js$/.test(f)){ - CreateJS('/template/js/index.js','/.deploy/js/index.js') +// CreateJS('/template/js/index.js','/.deploy/js/index.js') - }else if(/\.ejs$/.test(f)){ - // 首页生成 - ReadTmpToHTML('/template/index.ejs','/.deploy/index.html'); - ReadTmpToHTML('/template/list.ejs','/.deploy/list.html'); +// }else if(/\.ejs$/.test(f)){ +// // 首页生成 +// ReadTmpToHTML('/template/index.ejs','/.deploy/index.html'); +// ReadTmpToHTML('/template/list.ejs','/.deploy/list.html'); - }else if(/\.md$/.test(f)){ - var mdp = f.replace(path_root,''); - var dep = path.join('/.deploy/',mdp); - ReadTmpToHTML('/template/details.ejs',dep.replace('.md','.html'),mdp); - } - } -}) +// }else if(/\.md$/.test(f)){ +// var mdp = f.replace(path_root,''); +// var dep = path.join('/.deploy/',mdp); +// ReadTmpToHTML('/template/details.ejs',dep.replace('.md','.html'),mdp); +// } +// } +// }) function CreateJS(from_path,to_path){ diff --git a/build/crawler.js b/build/crawler.js index 72082a0c758..5d0622a3e33 100644 --- a/build/crawler.js +++ b/build/crawler.js @@ -2,18 +2,124 @@ var request = require('superagent'); var cheerio = require('cheerio'); var toMarkdown = require('to-markdown'); var path = require('path'); +var process = require('process'); var fs = require('fs'); - +var color = require('colors-cli/safe'); +var error = color.red.bold; +var warn = color.yellow; +var notice = color.blue; +var success = color.green; var param = process.argv.slice(2); -var from_path = param[0]; -var to_path = param[1]; -if(!from_path) return console.error("请输入请求参数!"); -if(!to_path) return console.error("请输入写入目标目录!"); +// 需要爬的命令 +// var arr = ["find"]; +// var arr = []; +var arr = []; +// var arr = ["arch","axel","chsh","comm","compress","csplit","cut","dd","dig","dmesg","domainname","du","enable","fdisk","file","ftp","htpasswd","id","insmod","losetup","ls","lynx","mail","mkinitrd","netstat","nslookup","od","passwd","pgrep","ping","quota","restorecon","rmmod","screen","sed","semanage","smbclient","split","startx","sudo","tee","tftp","wall","wget","which","accept","apt-get","apt-key","apt-sortpkgs","aptitude","awk","clockdiff","cupsenable","dnf","dpkg-reconfigure","dpkg","expr","gcc","gdb","ldconfig","ldd","lpadmin","make","ngrep","nm","ntpdate","objdump","perl","php","protoize","pssh","pstack","readelf","reject","rsync","speedtest-cli","tempfile","test","vdfuse","xargs"]; + +// 还没有爬到的命令:--> ["bye","uucico","uucp","uupick","uuto","git","gitview","mattrib","mc","mcopy","mdel","mdir","mmove","mread","mren","mshowfat","mtoolstest","rhmask","tmpwatch","lndir","mcd","mdeltree","mdu","mlabel","mmd","mmount","mrd","mzip","rmt","cfdisk","ext2ed","fsck.ext2","fsck.minix","fsconf","mbadblocks","mformat","mkdosfs","mkfs.ext2","mkfs.minix","mkfs.msdos","mpartition","sfdisk","symlinks","apmd","aumix","eval","fbset","kbdconfig","liloconfig","minfo","mkkickstart","modinfo","mouseconfig","rdate","setconsole","setenv","setup","sndconfig","SVGAText Mode","timeconfig","adduser","fwhois","gitps","newgrp","procinfo","rwho","sliplogin","suspend","swatch","userconf","vlock","whois","mtype","rgrep","dip","getty","mingetty","ppp-off","smbd(samba daemon)","uulog","uustat","uux","dnsconf","efax","httpd","minicom","netconf","netconfig","pppstats","samba","setserial","shapecfg(shaper configuration)","smbd(samba daemon)","statserial(status ofserial port)","testparm(test parameter)","tty(teletypewriter)","uuname","wall(write all)","ytalk","smbclient(samba client)","pppsetup","dumpkeys","loadkeys","MAKEDEV","rdev","setleds","archive","ctlinnd","getlist","inncheck","mailconf","messages","metamail","mutt","nntpget","pine","slrn","X WINDOWS SYSTEM","reconfig","startx(start X Window)","Xconfigurator","XF86Setup" ,"nc/netcat","locate/slocate","get_module"] +// 已经存在的命令:----> [] +// 名字不对的命令:----> ["ar","locate","slocate","clock","resize","cu","nc"] +// 网站中没有的命令 +var empty_command = []; +// 已经爬过/存在的命令 +var exists_command = []; +// 名字不对的命令 +var name_command = []; +var arr_len = 0; + +arr[arr_len]&&CreatMarkdownQuery(arr[arr_len]); + + +function CreatMarkdownQuery(query){ + var url = 'http://man.linuxde.net/'+query; + var new_to_path = path.join(path.dirname(__dirname),'command/'+query+'.md') + + + if(!arr[arr_len]){ + console.log('还没有爬到的命令:-->', JSON.stringify(empty_command) ) + console.log('已经存在的命令:---->', JSON.stringify(exists_command) ) + console.log('名字不对的命令:---->', JSON.stringify(name_command) ) + return; + }; + + ++arr_len; + + // 文件已经存在 + if(exists( new_to_path )) { + exists_command.push(query) + CreatMarkdownQuery(arr[arr_len]); + return console.log(" → error:文件存在 ",new_to_path) + } + + request.get(url).end(function(err, res){ + + if(arr[arr_len]){ + CreatMarkdownQuery(arr[arr_len]); + } + // console.log("res.text:::--->",res.text) + + if(/命令还没有被录入!/.test(res.text)){ + empty_command.push(query) + return console.log(" → error: 没有爬到数据,命令" + query +'不存在!') + } + var $ = cheerio.load(res.text); + var description = $('title').text(); + description = description.replace(/(.*)命令用法详解:/,'') + + var title = $('.main h1.l'); + title = title.text(); + title = title.replace(/命令$/,''); + + + if(query!==title){ + name_command.push(query) + return console.log(" → error: 名字不对的命令 ",query) + } + + if(!title){ + empty_command.push(query); + return console.log(error(" → error: 命令" + query +'不存在!标题为空')) + } + var content = $('#content-index').remove() + content = $('.main .post_bd').html(); + var md_str = toMarkdown(content); + + md_str = md_str.replace(/linuxde.net/g,'jsdig.com'); + md_str = md_str.replace(/linuxde/g,'jsdigname'); + md_str = md_str.replace(/\*\*(.*?)\*\*/g,' **$1** '); + md_str = md_str.replace(/^\s\*\*(.*?)\*\*/g,'**$1**'); + md_str = title + '\n===\n'+description+'\n\n## 补充说明\n\n' + md_str; + md_str = md_str.replace(/
/gi,'```\n') + md_str = md_str.replace(/<\/pre>/gi,'\n```') + md_str = md_str.replace(//gi,'') + md_str = md_str.replace(/<\/span>/gi,'') + md_str = md_str.replace(/\[[^\]]*\]\(.*?\)/g,function(str){ + str.replace(/\[(.*?)\]/,''); + return RegExp.$1; + }) + // console.log("md_str--->",md_str) + md_str += '\n\n\n' + + fs.writeFileSync(new_to_path, md_str ,'utf-8'); + console.log(success(" → OK!"),new_to_path) + }); +} + + + +/** + * 指定URL爬 + */ + -CreatMarkdown(from_path,to_path) +// var from_path = param[0]; +// var to_path = param[1]; +// if(!from_path) return console.error("请输入请求参数!"); +// if(!to_path) return console.error("请输入写入目标目录!"); +// CreatMarkdown(from_path,to_path) function CreatMarkdown(from_path,to_path){ @@ -25,18 +131,7 @@ function CreatMarkdown(from_path,to_path){ request.get(from_path).end(function(err, res){ // console.log("to_path::",to_path) - var md_str = res.text - - md_str = md_str.replace(/ /gi,'```\n') - md_str = md_str.replace(/<\/pre>/gi,'\n```') - md_str = md_str.replace(//gi,'') - md_str = md_str.replace(/<\/span>/gi,'') - md_str = md_str.replace(/\[[^\]]*\]\(.*?\)/g,function(str){ - str.replace(/\[(.*?)\]/,''); - return RegExp.$1; - }) - - fs.writeFileSync(to_path, toMarkdown(md_str).toString() ,'utf-8'); + fs.writeFileSync(to_path, toMarkdown(res.text).toString() ,'utf-8'); console.log(" → ",to_path) }); diff --git a/command/scp.md b/command/scp.md index dafa16c8448..532874d0d73 100644 --- a/command/scp.md +++ b/command/scp.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ scp === - + 加密的方式在本地主机和远程主机之间复制文件 ## 补充说明 @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ scp(选项)(参数) ### 参数 -* 源文件:指定要复制的源文件。 -* 目标文件:目标文件。格式为`user@host:filename`(文件名为目标文件的名称)。 +* 源文件:指定要复制的源文件。 +* 目标文件:目标文件。格式为`user@host:filename`(文件名为目标文件的名称)。 ### 实例 diff --git a/dist/data.json b/dist/data.json index 1d2c3bdd99f..010d5379916 100644 --- a/dist/data.json +++ b/dist/data.json @@ -1 +1 @@ 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Linux中创建并管理一个转向列表"},"lsb_release":{"n":"lsb_release","p":"/lsb_release","d":"显示发行版本信息"},"firewall-cmd":{"n":"firewall-cmd","p":"/firewall-cmd","d":"Linux上新用的防火墙软件,跟iptables差不多的工具。"},"bzip2recover":{"n":"bzip2recover","p":"/bzip2recover","d":"恢复被破坏的.bz2压缩包中的文件"},"dpkg-trigger":{"n":"dpkg-trigger","p":"/dpkg-trigger","d":"Debian Linux下的软件包触发器"},"apt-sortpkgs":{"n":"apt-sortpkgs","p":"/apt-sortpkgs","d":"Debian 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Linux中覆盖文件的所有权和模式"},"dpkg-preconfigure":{"n":"dpkg-preconfigure","p":"/dpkg-preconfigure","d":"Debian Linux中软件包安装之前询问问题"},"ip6tables-restore":{"n":"ip6tables-restore","p":"/ip6tables-restore","d":"还原ip6tables表"}} \ No newline at end of file From d163830168134357f9d291aacfc6e8c4555a922a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Fri, 23 Dec 2016 00:47:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0002/1332] update README.md --- README.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0939ad4d101..8a51fc696c5 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ Linux Command 516 个 Linux 命令大全,内容包含 Linux 命令手册、详解、学习,值得收藏的 Linux 命令速查手册。请原谅我写了个爬虫,爬了他们家的数据[linuxde.net](http://man.linuxde.net),同时进行了编辑,增加了一些数据。对他们的辛勤劳动表示敬意,个人希望能本地离线搜索,不喜欢广告,希望得到干净漂亮的预览界面,业余和工作时间需要使用大量的命令,所以干了一件看似比较愚蠢的事情,在回头有空的时候估计能做一个App?,或者是命令行帮助工具?但目前还没有计划... +预览搜索:https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ + [](https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/) ## 目录 From 912a44c7aa20d7d16b4199fd45405cda6826734a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 28 Dec 2016 01:41:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0003/1332] Add pv command. --- command/pv.md | 102 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ dist/data.json | 2 +- 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 command/pv.md diff --git a/command/pv.md b/command/pv.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fab7f5b11a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/command/pv.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +pv +=== + +显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息,管道查看器。 + +## 补充说明 + +**pv命令** Pipe Viewer 的简称,由Andrew Wood 开发。意思是通过管道显示数据处理进度的信息。这些信息包括已经耗费的时间,完成的百分比(通过进度条显示),当前的速度,全部传输的数据,以及估计剩余的时间。 + +## 下载安装 + +```bash +# Debian 系的操作系统,如 Ubuntu +sudo apt-get install pv + +# RedHat系的则这样: +yum install pv +``` + +### 语法 + +```bash +pv(选项)(参数) +pv [OPTION] [FILE]... +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-p, --progress show progress bar +-t, --timer show elapsed time +-e, --eta show estimated time of arrival (completion) +-I, --fineta show absolute estimated time of arrival + (completion) +-r, --rate show data transfer rate counter +-a, --average-rate show data transfer average rate counter +-b, --bytes show number of bytes transferred +-T, --buffer-percent show percentage of transfer buffer in use +-A, --last-written NUM show NUM bytes last written +-F, --format FORMAT set output format to FORMAT +-n, --numeric 输出百分比 +-q, --quiet do not output any transfer information at all + +-W, --wait display nothing until first byte transferred +-D, --delay-start SEC display nothing until SEC seconds have passed +-s, --size SIZE set estimated data size to SIZE bytes +-l, --line-mode count lines instead of bytes +-0, --null lines are null-terminated +-i, --interval SEC update every SEC seconds +-w, --width WIDTH assume terminal is WIDTH characters wide +-H, --height HEIGHT assume terminal is HEIGHT rows high +-N, --name NAME prefix visual information with NAME +-f, --force output even if standard error is not a terminal +-c, --cursor use cursor positioning escape sequences + +-L, --rate-limit RATE limit transfer to RATE bytes per second +-B, --buffer-size BYTES use a buffer size of BYTES +-C, --no-splice never use splice(), always use read/write +-E, --skip-errors skip read errors in input +-S, --stop-at-size stop after --size bytes have been transferred +-R, --remote PID update settings of process PID + +-P, --pidfile FILE save process ID in FILE + +-d, --watchfd PID[:FD] watch file FD opened by process PID + +-h, --help 显示帮助 +-V, --version 显示版本信息 +``` + + +### 实例 + +我们(在 linux 上使用命令行的用户)的大多数使用场景都会用到的命令是从一个 USB 驱动器拷贝电影文件到你的电脑。如果你使用 cp 来完成上面的任务,你会什么情况都不清楚,直到整个复制过程结束或者出错。 + +```bash +# 复制文件会有进度 +linux [master●] % pv ~/Downloads/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso > ~/Desktop/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso +# 下面输入信息 +552MiB 0:00:02 [ 212MiB/s] [==================> ] 91% ETA 0:00:00 + +# -L 可以让你修改 pv 命令的传输速率。 +# 使用 -L 选项来限制传输速率为2MB/s。 +pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv +``` + + +```bash +# 字符一个个匀速在命令行中显示出来 +echo "Tecmint[dot]com is a community of Linux Nerds and Geeks" | pv -qL 10 + +# 压缩文件展示进度信息 +pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz + + +# 用 dd 命令将 iso 写入磁盘,pv来实现进度条的显示 +sudo pv -cN source < /Users/kacperwang/Downloads/CentOS-7-x86_64-Everything-1511.iso | sudo dd of=/dev/disk2 bs=4m +## 显示下面进度 +source: 5.2GiB 5:11:41 [ 503KiB/s] [=====================> ] 71% ETA 2:01:56 +``` + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dist/data.json b/dist/data.json index 010d5379916..7a19eef67e7 100644 --- a/dist/data.json +++ b/dist/data.json @@ -1 +1 @@ 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of file From d1341c37dc2cfd207aedd9412704533de6bdb94d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jan 2017 16:15:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0004/1332] add example --- command/tar.md | 260 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 143 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/tar.md b/command/tar.md index 0833a5fab5e..659648a7588 100644 --- a/command/tar.md +++ b/command/tar.md @@ -1,117 +1,143 @@ -tar -=== - -Linux下的归档使用工具,用来打包和备份。 - -## 补充说明 - -**tar命令** 可以为linux的文件和目录创建档案。利用tar,可以为某一特定文件创建档案(备份文件),也可以在档案中改变文件,或者向档案中加入新的文件。tar最初被用来在磁带上创建档案,现在,用户可以在任何设备上创建档案。利用tar命令,可以把一大堆的文件和目录全部打包成一个文件,这对于备份文件或将几个文件组合成为一个文件以便于网络传输是非常有用的。 - -首先要弄清两个概念:打包和压缩。打包是指将一大堆文件或目录变成一个总的文件;压缩则是将一个大的文件通过一些压缩算法变成一个小文件。 - -为什么要区分这两个概念呢?这源于Linux中很多压缩程序只能针对一个文件进行压缩,这样当你想要压缩一大堆文件时,你得先将这一大堆文件先打成一个包(tar命令),然后再用压缩程序进行压缩(gzip bzip2命令)。 - -### 语法 - -``` -tar(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --A或--catenate:新增文件到以存在的备份文件; --B:设置区块大小; --c或--create:建立新的备份文件; --C <目录>:这个选项用在解压缩,若要在特定目录解压缩,可以使用这个选项。 --d:记录文件的差别; --x或--extract或--get:从备份文件中还原文件; --t或--list:列出备份文件的内容; --z或--gzip或--ungzip:通过gzip指令处理备份文件; --Z或--compress或--uncompress:通过compress指令处理备份文件; --f<备份文件>或--file=<备份文件>:指定备份文件; --v或--verbose:显示指令执行过程; --r:添加文件到已经压缩的文件; --u:添加改变了和现有的文件到已经存在的压缩文件; --j:支持bzip2解压文件; --v:显示操作过程; --l:文件系统边界设置; --k:保留原有文件不覆盖; --m:保留文件不被覆盖; --w:确认压缩文件的正确性; --p或--same-permissions:用原来的文件权限还原文件; --P或--absolute-names:文件名使用绝对名称,不移除文件名称前的“/”号; --N <日期格式> 或 --newer=<日期时间>:只将较指定日期更新的文件保存到备份文件里; ---exclude=<范本样式>:排除符合范本样式的文件。 -``` - -### 参数 - -文件或目录:指定要打包的文件或目录列表。 - -### 实例 - - **将文件全部打包成tar包** : - -``` -tar -cvf log.tar log2012.log 仅打包,不压缩! -tar -zcvf log.tar.gz log2012.log 打包后,以 gzip 压缩 -tar -jcvf log.tar.bz2 log2012.log 打包后,以 bzip2 压缩 -``` - -在选项`f`之后的文件档名是自己取的,我们习惯上都用 .tar 来作为辨识。 如果加`z`选项,则以.tar.gz或.tgz来代表gzip压缩过的tar包;如果加`j`选项,则以.tar.bz2来作为tar包名。 - - **查阅上述tar包内有哪些文件** : - -``` -tar -ztvf log.tar.gz -``` - -由于我们使用 gzip 压缩的log.tar.gz,所以要查阅log.tar.gz包内的文件时,就得要加上`z`这个选项了。 - - **将tar包解压缩** : - -``` -tar -zxvf /opt/soft/test/log.tar.gz -``` - -在预设的情况下,我们可以将压缩档在任何地方解开的 - - **只将tar内的部分文件解压出来** : - -``` -tar -zxvf /opt/soft/test/log30.tar.gz log2013.log -``` - -我可以透过`tar -ztvf`来查阅 tar 包内的文件名称,如果单只要一个文件,就可以透过这个方式来解压部分文件! - - **文件备份下来,并且保存其权限** : - -``` -tar -zcvpf log31.tar.gz log2014.log log2015.log log2016.log -``` - -这个`-p`的属性是很重要的,尤其是当您要保留原本文件的属性时。 - - **在文件夹当中,比某个日期新的文件才备份** : - -``` -tar -N "2012/11/13" -zcvf log17.tar.gz test -``` - - **备份文件夹内容是排除部分文件:** - -``` -tar --exclude scf/service -zcvf scf.tar.gz scf/* -``` - - **其实最简单的使用 tar 就只要记忆底下的方式即可:** - -``` -压 缩:tar -jcv -f filename.tar.bz2 要被压缩的文件或目录名称 -查 询:tar -jtv -f filename.tar.bz2 -解压缩:tar -jxv -f filename.tar.bz2 -C 欲解压缩的目录 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +tar +=== + +Linux下的归档使用工具,用来打包和备份。 + +## 补充说明 + +**tar命令** 可以为linux的文件和目录创建档案。利用tar,可以为某一特定文件创建档案(备份文件),也可以在档案中改变文件,或者向档案中加入新的文件。tar最初被用来在磁带上创建档案,现在,用户可以在任何设备上创建档案。利用tar命令,可以把一大堆的文件和目录全部打包成一个文件,这对于备份文件或将几个文件组合成为一个文件以便于网络传输是非常有用的。 + +首先要弄清两个概念:打包和压缩。打包是指将一大堆文件或目录变成一个总的文件;压缩则是将一个大的文件通过一些压缩算法变成一个小文件。 + +为什么要区分这两个概念呢?这源于Linux中很多压缩程序只能针对一个文件进行压缩,这样当你想要压缩一大堆文件时,你得先将这一大堆文件先打成一个包(tar命令),然后再用压缩程序进行压缩(gzip bzip2命令)。 + +### 语法 + +``` +tar(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-A或--catenate:新增文件到以存在的备份文件; +-B:设置区块大小; +-c或--create:建立新的备份文件; +-C <目录>:这个选项用在解压缩,若要在特定目录解压缩,可以使用这个选项。 +-d:记录文件的差别; +-x或--extract或--get:从备份文件中还原文件; +-t或--list:列出备份文件的内容; +-z或--gzip或--ungzip:通过gzip指令处理备份文件; +-Z或--compress或--uncompress:通过compress指令处理备份文件; +-f<备份文件>或--file=<备份文件>:指定备份文件; +-v或--verbose:显示指令执行过程; +-r:添加文件到已经压缩的文件; +-u:添加改变了和现有的文件到已经存在的压缩文件; +-j:支持bzip2解压文件; +-v:显示操作过程; +-l:文件系统边界设置; +-k:保留原有文件不覆盖; +-m:保留文件不被覆盖; +-w:确认压缩文件的正确性; +-p或--same-permissions:用原来的文件权限还原文件; +-P或--absolute-names:文件名使用绝对名称,不移除文件名称前的“/”号; +-N <日期格式> 或 --newer=<日期时间>:只将较指定日期更新的文件保存到备份文件里; +--exclude=<范本样式>:排除符合范本样式的文件。 +``` + +### 参数 + +文件或目录:指定要打包的文件或目录列表。 + +### 实例 + +```bash +- z:有gzip属性的 +- j:有bz2属性的 +- Z:有compress属性的 +- v:显示所有过程 +- O:将文件解开到标准输出 +``` + +下面的参数-f是必须的 + +-f: 使用档案名字,切记,这个参数是最后一个参数,后面只能接档案名。 + +```bash +tar -cf all.tar *.jpg +# 这条命令是将所有.jpg的文件打成一个名为all.tar的包。-c是表示产生新的包,-f指定包的文件名。 + +tar -rf all.tar *.gif +# 这条命令是将所有.gif的文件增加到all.tar的包里面去。-r是表示增加文件的意思。 + +tar -uf all.tar logo.gif +# 这条命令是更新原来tar包all.tar中logo.gif文件,-u是表示更新文件的意思。 + +tar -tf all.tar +# 这条命令是列出all.tar包中所有文件,-t是列出文件的意思 +``` + + **将文件全部打包成tar包** : + +``` +tar -cvf log.tar log2012.log 仅打包,不压缩! +tar -zcvf log.tar.gz log2012.log 打包后,以 gzip 压缩 +tar -jcvf log.tar.bz2 log2012.log 打包后,以 bzip2 压缩 +``` + +在选项`f`之后的文件档名是自己取的,我们习惯上都用 .tar 来作为辨识。 如果加`z`选项,则以.tar.gz或.tgz来代表gzip压缩过的tar包;如果加`j`选项,则以.tar.bz2来作为tar包名。 + + **查阅上述tar包内有哪些文件** : + +``` +tar -ztvf log.tar.gz +``` + +由于我们使用 gzip 压缩的log.tar.gz,所以要查阅log.tar.gz包内的文件时,就得要加上`z`这个选项了。 + + **将tar包解压缩** : + +``` +tar -zxvf /opt/soft/test/log.tar.gz +``` + +在预设的情况下,我们可以将压缩档在任何地方解开的 + + **只将tar内的部分文件解压出来** : + +``` +tar -zxvf /opt/soft/test/log30.tar.gz log2013.log +``` + +我可以透过`tar -ztvf`来查阅 tar 包内的文件名称,如果单只要一个文件,就可以透过这个方式来解压部分文件! + + **文件备份下来,并且保存其权限** : + +``` +tar -zcvpf log31.tar.gz log2014.log log2015.log log2016.log +``` + +这个`-p`的属性是很重要的,尤其是当您要保留原本文件的属性时。 + + **在文件夹当中,比某个日期新的文件才备份** : + +``` +tar -N "2012/11/13" -zcvf log17.tar.gz test +``` + + **备份文件夹内容是排除部分文件:** + +``` +tar --exclude scf/service -zcvf scf.tar.gz scf/* +``` + + **其实最简单的使用 tar 就只要记忆底下的方式即可:** + +``` +压 缩:tar -jcv -f filename.tar.bz2 要被压缩的文件或目录名称 +查 询:tar -jtv -f filename.tar.bz2 +解压缩:tar -jxv -f filename.tar.bz2 -C 欲解压缩的目录 +``` + + + From 29ff471837e615e33aebe8491847d4587ec25f83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jan 2017 19:37:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0005/1332] Update find.md, add example. --- command/find.md | 677 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 341 insertions(+), 336 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/find.md b/command/find.md index e9d4f068da3..d10eb2ffa84 100644 --- a/command/find.md +++ b/command/find.md @@ -1,336 +1,341 @@ -find -=== - -在指定目录下查找文件 - -## 补充说明 - -**find命令** 用来在指定目录下查找文件。任何位于参数之前的字符串都将被视为欲查找的目录名。如果使用该命令时,不设置任何参数,则find命令将在当前目录下查找子目录与文件。并且将查找到的子目录和文件全部进行显示。 - -### 语法 - -``` -find(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --amin<分钟>:查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以分钟计算; --anewer<参考文件或目录>:查找其存取时间较指定文件或目录的存取时间更接近现在的文件或目录; --atime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; --cmin<分钟>:查找在指定时间之时被更改过的文件或目录; --cnewer<参考文件或目录>查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录; --ctime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间之时被更改的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; --daystart:从本日开始计算时间; --depth:从指定目录下最深层的子目录开始查找; --expty:寻找文件大小为0 Byte的文件,或目录下没有任何子目录或文件的空目录; --exec<执行指令>:假设find指令的回传值为True,就执行该指令; --false:将find指令的回传值皆设为False; --fls<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-ls”参数类似,但会把结果保存为指定的列表文件; --follow:排除符号连接; --fprint<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-print”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; --fprint0<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-print0”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; --fprintf<列表文件><输出格式>:此参数的效果和指定“-printf”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; --fstype<文件系统类型>:只寻找该文件系统类型下的文件或目录; --gid<群组识别码>:查找符合指定之群组识别码的文件或目录; --group<群组名称>:查找符合指定之群组名称的文件或目录; --help或——help:在线帮助; --ilname<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-lname”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; --iname<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-name”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; --inum :查找符合指定的inode编号的文件或目录; --ipath<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-path”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; --iregex<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-regexe”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; --links<连接数目>:查找符合指定的硬连接数目的文件或目录; --iname<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找符号连接的范本样式; --ls:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出; --maxdepth<目录层级>:设置最大目录层级; --mindepth<目录层级>:设置最小目录层级; --mmin<分钟>:查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录,单位以分钟计算; --mount:此参数的效果和指定“-xdev”相同; --mtime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; --name<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; --newer<参考文件或目录>:查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录; --nogroup:找出不属于本地主机群组识别码的文件或目录; --noleaf:不去考虑目录至少需拥有两个硬连接存在; --nouser:找出不属于本地主机用户识别码的文件或目录; --ok<执行指令>:此参数的效果和指定“-exec”类似,但在执行指令之前会先询问用户,若回答“y”或“Y”,则放弃执行命令; --path<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找目录的范本样式; --perm<权限数值>:查找符合指定的权限数值的文件或目录; --print:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为每列一个名称,每个名称前皆有“./”字符串; --print0:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为全部的名称皆在同一行; --printf<输出格式>:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式可以自行指定; --prune:不寻找字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; --regex<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; --size<文件大小>:查找符合指定的文件大小的文件; --true:将find指令的回传值皆设为True; --typ<文件类型>:只寻找符合指定的文件类型的文件; --uid<用户识别码>:查找符合指定的用户识别码的文件或目录; --used<日数>:查找文件或目录被更改之后在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以日计算; --user<拥有者名称>:查找符和指定的拥有者名称的文件或目录; --version或——version:显示版本信息; --xdev:将范围局限在先行的文件系统中; --xtype<文件类型>:此参数的效果和指定“-type”参数类似,差别在于它针对符号连接检查。 -``` - -### 参数 - -起始目录:查找文件的起始目录。 - -### 实例 - -#### 根据文件或者正则表达式进行匹配 - -列出当前目录及子目录下所有文件和文件夹 - -``` -find . -``` - -在`/home`目录下查找以.txt结尾的文件名 - -``` -find /home -name "*.txt" -``` - -同上,但忽略大小写 - -``` -find /home -iname "*.txt" -``` - -当前目录及子目录下查找所有以.txt和.pdf结尾的文件 - -``` -find . \( -name "*.txt" -o -name "*.pdf" \) - -或 - -find . -name "*.txt" -o -name "*.pdf" -``` - -匹配文件路径或者文件 - -``` -find /usr/ -path "*local*" -``` - -基于正则表达式匹配文件路径 - -``` -find . -regex ".*\(\.txt\|\.pdf\)$" -``` - -同上,但忽略大小写 - -``` -find . -iregex ".*\(\.txt\|\.pdf\)$" -``` - -#### 否定参数 - -找出/home下不是以.txt结尾的文件 - -``` -find /home ! -name "*.txt" -``` - -#### 根据文件类型进行搜索 - -``` -find . -type 类型参数 -``` - -类型参数列表: - -* **f** 普通文件 -* **l** 符号连接 -* **d** 目录 -* **c** 字符设备 -* **b** 块设备 -* **s** 套接字 -* **p** Fifo - -#### 基于目录深度搜索 - -向下最大深度限制为3 - -``` -find . -maxdepth 3 -type f -``` - -搜索出深度距离当前目录至少2个子目录的所有文件 - -``` -find . -mindepth 2 -type f -``` - -#### 根据文件时间戳进行搜索 - -``` -find . -type f 时间戳 -``` - -UNIX/Linux文件系统每个文件都有三种时间戳: - -* **访问时间** (-atime/天,-amin/分钟):用户最近一次访问时间。 -* **修改时间** (-mtime/天,-mmin/分钟):文件最后一次修改时间。 -* **变化时间** (-ctime/天,-cmin/分钟):文件数据元(例如权限等)最后一次修改时间。 - -搜索最近七天内被访问过的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -atime -7 -``` - -搜索恰好在七天前被访问过的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -atime 7 -``` - -搜索超过七天内被访问过的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -atime +7 -``` - -搜索访问时间超过10分钟的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -amin +10 -``` - -找出比file.log修改时间更长的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -newer file.log -``` - -#### 根据文件大小进行匹配 - -``` -find . -type f -size 文件大小单元 -``` - -文件大小单元: - -* **b** —— 块(512字节) -* **c** —— 字节 -* **w** —— 字(2字节) -* **k** —— 千字节 -* **M** —— 兆字节 -* **G** —— 吉字节 - -搜索大于10KB的文件 - -``` -find . -type f -size +10k -``` - -搜索小于10KB的文件 - -``` -find . -type f -size -10k -``` - -搜索等于10KB的文件 - -``` -find . -type f -size 10k -``` - -#### 删除匹配文件 - -删除当前目录下所有.txt文件 - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.txt" -delete -``` - -#### 根据文件权限/所有权进行匹配 - -当前目录下搜索出权限为777的文件 - -``` -find . -type f -perm 777 -``` - -找出当前目录下权限不是644的php文件 - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.php" ! -perm 644 -``` - -找出当前目录用户tom拥有的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -user tom -``` - -找出当前目录用户组sunk拥有的所有文件 - -``` -find . -type f -group sunk -``` - -#### 借助`-exec`选项与其他命令结合使用 - -找出当前目录下所有root的文件,并把所有权更改为用户tom - -``` -find .-type f -user root -exec chown tom {} \; -``` - -上例中, **{}** 用于与 **-exec** 选项结合使用来匹配所有文件,然后会被替换为相应的文件名。 - -找出自己家目录下所有的.txt文件并删除 - -``` -find $HOME/. -name "*.txt" -ok rm {} \; -``` - -上例中, **-ok** 和 **-exec** 行为一样,不过它会给出提示,是否执行相应的操作。 - -查找当前目录下所有.txt文件并把他们拼接起来写入到all.txt文件中 - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec cat {} \;> all.txt -``` - -将30天前的.log文件移动到old目录中 - -``` -find . -type f -mtime +30 -name "*.log" -exec cp {} old \; -``` - -找出当前目录下所有.txt文件并以“File:文件名”的形式打印出来 - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec printf "File: %s\n" {} \; -``` - -因为单行命令中-exec参数中无法使用多个命令,以下方法可以实现在-exec之后接受多条命令 - -``` --exec ./text.sh {} \; -``` - -#### 搜索但跳出指定的目录 - -查找当前目录或者子目录下所有.txt文件,但是跳过子目录sk - -``` -find . -path "./sk" -prune -o -name "*.txt" -print -``` - -#### find其他技巧收集 - -要列出所有长度为零的文件 - -``` -find . -empty -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +find +=== + +在指定目录下查找文件 + +## 补充说明 + +**find命令** 用来在指定目录下查找文件。任何位于参数之前的字符串都将被视为欲查找的目录名。如果使用该命令时,不设置任何参数,则find命令将在当前目录下查找子目录与文件。并且将查找到的子目录和文件全部进行显示。 + +### 语法 + +``` +find(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-amin<分钟>:查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以分钟计算; +-anewer<参考文件或目录>:查找其存取时间较指定文件或目录的存取时间更接近现在的文件或目录; +-atime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; +-cmin<分钟>:查找在指定时间之时被更改过的文件或目录; +-cnewer<参考文件或目录>查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录; +-ctime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间之时被更改的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; +-daystart:从本日开始计算时间; +-depth:从指定目录下最深层的子目录开始查找; +-expty:寻找文件大小为0 Byte的文件,或目录下没有任何子目录或文件的空目录; +-exec<执行指令>:假设find指令的回传值为True,就执行该指令; +-false:将find指令的回传值皆设为False; +-fls<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-ls”参数类似,但会把结果保存为指定的列表文件; +-follow:排除符号连接; +-fprint<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-print”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; +-fprint0<列表文件>:此参数的效果和指定“-print0”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; +-fprintf<列表文件><输出格式>:此参数的效果和指定“-printf”参数类似,但会把结果保存成指定的列表文件; +-fstype<文件系统类型>:只寻找该文件系统类型下的文件或目录; +-gid<群组识别码>:查找符合指定之群组识别码的文件或目录; +-group<群组名称>:查找符合指定之群组名称的文件或目录; +-help或——help:在线帮助; +-ilname<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-lname”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; +-iname<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-name”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; +-inum :查找符合指定的inode编号的文件或目录; +-ipath<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-path”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; +-iregex<范本样式>:此参数的效果和指定“-regexe”参数类似,但忽略字符大小写的差别; +-links<连接数目>:查找符合指定的硬连接数目的文件或目录; +-iname<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找符号连接的范本样式; +-ls:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出; +-maxdepth<目录层级>:设置最大目录层级; +-mindepth<目录层级>:设置最小目录层级; +-mmin<分钟>:查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录,单位以分钟计算; +-mount:此参数的效果和指定“-xdev”相同; +-mtime<24小时数>:查找在指定时间曾被更改过的文件或目录,单位以24小时计算; +-name<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; +-newer<参考文件或目录>:查找其更改时间较指定文件或目录的更改时间更接近现在的文件或目录; +-nogroup:找出不属于本地主机群组识别码的文件或目录; +-noleaf:不去考虑目录至少需拥有两个硬连接存在; +-nouser:找出不属于本地主机用户识别码的文件或目录; +-ok<执行指令>:此参数的效果和指定“-exec”类似,但在执行指令之前会先询问用户,若回答“y”或“Y”,则放弃执行命令; +-path<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找目录的范本样式; +-perm<权限数值>:查找符合指定的权限数值的文件或目录; +-print:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为每列一个名称,每个名称前皆有“./”字符串; +-print0:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式为全部的名称皆在同一行; +-printf<输出格式>:假设find指令的回传值为Ture,就将文件或目录名称列出到标准输出。格式可以自行指定; +-prune:不寻找字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; +-regex<范本样式>:指定字符串作为寻找文件或目录的范本样式; +-size<文件大小>:查找符合指定的文件大小的文件; +-true:将find指令的回传值皆设为True; +-typ<文件类型>:只寻找符合指定的文件类型的文件; +-uid<用户识别码>:查找符合指定的用户识别码的文件或目录; +-used<日数>:查找文件或目录被更改之后在指定时间曾被存取过的文件或目录,单位以日计算; +-user<拥有者名称>:查找符和指定的拥有者名称的文件或目录; +-version或——version:显示版本信息; +-xdev:将范围局限在先行的文件系统中; +-xtype<文件类型>:此参数的效果和指定“-type”参数类似,差别在于它针对符号连接检查。 +``` + +### 参数 + +起始目录:查找文件的起始目录。 + +### 实例 + +```bash +# 当前目录搜索所有文件,文件内容 包含 “140.206.111.111” 的内容 +find . -type f -name "*" | xargs grep "140.206.111.111" +``` + +#### 根据文件或者正则表达式进行匹配 + +列出当前目录及子目录下所有文件和文件夹 + +``` +find . +``` + +在`/home`目录下查找以.txt结尾的文件名 + +``` +find /home -name "*.txt" +``` + +同上,但忽略大小写 + +``` +find /home -iname "*.txt" +``` + +当前目录及子目录下查找所有以.txt和.pdf结尾的文件 + +``` +find . \( -name "*.txt" -o -name "*.pdf" \) + +或 + +find . -name "*.txt" -o -name "*.pdf" +``` + +匹配文件路径或者文件 + +``` +find /usr/ -path "*local*" +``` + +基于正则表达式匹配文件路径 + +``` +find . -regex ".*\(\.txt\|\.pdf\)$" +``` + +同上,但忽略大小写 + +``` +find . -iregex ".*\(\.txt\|\.pdf\)$" +``` + +#### 否定参数 + +找出/home下不是以.txt结尾的文件 + +``` +find /home ! -name "*.txt" +``` + +#### 根据文件类型进行搜索 + +``` +find . -type 类型参数 +``` + +类型参数列表: + +* **f** 普通文件 +* **l** 符号连接 +* **d** 目录 +* **c** 字符设备 +* **b** 块设备 +* **s** 套接字 +* **p** Fifo + +#### 基于目录深度搜索 + +向下最大深度限制为3 + +``` +find . -maxdepth 3 -type f +``` + +搜索出深度距离当前目录至少2个子目录的所有文件 + +``` +find . -mindepth 2 -type f +``` + +#### 根据文件时间戳进行搜索 + +``` +find . -type f 时间戳 +``` + +UNIX/Linux文件系统每个文件都有三种时间戳: + +* **访问时间** (-atime/天,-amin/分钟):用户最近一次访问时间。 +* **修改时间** (-mtime/天,-mmin/分钟):文件最后一次修改时间。 +* **变化时间** (-ctime/天,-cmin/分钟):文件数据元(例如权限等)最后一次修改时间。 + +搜索最近七天内被访问过的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -atime -7 +``` + +搜索恰好在七天前被访问过的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -atime 7 +``` + +搜索超过七天内被访问过的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -atime +7 +``` + +搜索访问时间超过10分钟的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -amin +10 +``` + +找出比file.log修改时间更长的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -newer file.log +``` + +#### 根据文件大小进行匹配 + +``` +find . -type f -size 文件大小单元 +``` + +文件大小单元: + +* **b** —— 块(512字节) +* **c** —— 字节 +* **w** —— 字(2字节) +* **k** —— 千字节 +* **M** —— 兆字节 +* **G** —— 吉字节 + +搜索大于10KB的文件 + +``` +find . -type f -size +10k +``` + +搜索小于10KB的文件 + +``` +find . -type f -size -10k +``` + +搜索等于10KB的文件 + +``` +find . -type f -size 10k +``` + +#### 删除匹配文件 + +删除当前目录下所有.txt文件 + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.txt" -delete +``` + +#### 根据文件权限/所有权进行匹配 + +当前目录下搜索出权限为777的文件 + +``` +find . -type f -perm 777 +``` + +找出当前目录下权限不是644的php文件 + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.php" ! -perm 644 +``` + +找出当前目录用户tom拥有的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -user tom +``` + +找出当前目录用户组sunk拥有的所有文件 + +``` +find . -type f -group sunk +``` + +#### 借助`-exec`选项与其他命令结合使用 + +找出当前目录下所有root的文件,并把所有权更改为用户tom + +``` +find .-type f -user root -exec chown tom {} \; +``` + +上例中, **{}** 用于与 **-exec** 选项结合使用来匹配所有文件,然后会被替换为相应的文件名。 + +找出自己家目录下所有的.txt文件并删除 + +``` +find $HOME/. -name "*.txt" -ok rm {} \; +``` + +上例中, **-ok** 和 **-exec** 行为一样,不过它会给出提示,是否执行相应的操作。 + +查找当前目录下所有.txt文件并把他们拼接起来写入到all.txt文件中 + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec cat {} \;> all.txt +``` + +将30天前的.log文件移动到old目录中 + +``` +find . -type f -mtime +30 -name "*.log" -exec cp {} old \; +``` + +找出当前目录下所有.txt文件并以“File:文件名”的形式打印出来 + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.txt" -exec printf "File: %s\n" {} \; +``` + +因为单行命令中-exec参数中无法使用多个命令,以下方法可以实现在-exec之后接受多条命令 + +``` +-exec ./text.sh {} \; +``` + +#### 搜索但跳出指定的目录 + +查找当前目录或者子目录下所有.txt文件,但是跳过子目录sk + +``` +find . -path "./sk" -prune -o -name "*.txt" -print +``` + +#### find其他技巧收集 + +要列出所有长度为零的文件 + +``` +find . -empty +``` + + + From 6a539b614793e793de5b9132b026c4142b8aab30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jan 2017 20:18:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0006/1332] Update tar.md --- command/tar.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) diff --git a/command/tar.md b/command/tar.md index 659648a7588..1bb0d02602f 100644 --- a/command/tar.md +++ b/command/tar.md @@ -77,6 +77,92 @@ tar -tf all.tar # 这条命令是列出all.tar包中所有文件,-t是列出文件的意思 ``` + +#### zip格式 + +压缩: zip -r [目标文件名].zip [原文件/目录名] +解压: unzip [原文件名].zip +注:-r参数代表递归 + +#### tar格式(该格式仅仅打包,不压缩) + +打包:tar -cvf [目标文件名].tar [原文件名/目录名] +解包:tar -xvf [原文件名].tar +注:c参数代表create(创建),x参数代表extract(解包),v参数代表verbose(详细信息),f参数代表filename(文件名),所以f后必须接文件名。 + +#### tar.gz格式 + +方式一:利用前面已经打包好的tar文件,直接用压缩命令。 + +压缩:gzip [原文件名].tar +解压:gunzip [原文件名].tar.gz + +方式二:一次性打包并压缩、解压并解包 + +打包并压缩: tar -zcvf [目标文件名].tar.gz [原文件名/目录名] +解压并解包: tar -zxvf [原文件名].tar.gz +注:z代表用gzip算法来压缩/解压。 + +#### tar.bz2格式 + +方式一:利用已经打包好的tar文件,直接执行压缩命令: + +压缩:bzip2 [原文件名].tar +解压:bunzip2 [原文件名].tar.bz2 +方式二:一次性打包并压缩、解压并解包 + +打包并压缩: tar -jcvf [目标文件名].tar.bz2 [原文件名/目录名] +解压并解包: tar -jxvf [原文件名].tar.bz2 +注:小写j代表用bzip2算法来压缩/解压。 + +#### tar.xz格式 + +方式一:利用已经打包好的tar文件,直接用压缩命令: + +压缩:xz [原文件名].tar +解压:unxz [原文件名].tar.xz +方式二:一次性打包并压缩、解压并解包 + +打包并压缩: tar -Jcvf [目标文件名].tar.xz [原文件名/目录名] +解压并解包: tar -Jxvf [原文件名].tar.xz +注:大写J代表用xz算法来压缩/解压。 + +#### tar.Z格式(已过时) + +方式一:利用已经打包好的tar文件,直接用压缩命令: + +压缩:compress [原文件名].tar +解压:uncompress [原文件名].tar.Z +方式二:一次性打包并压缩、解压并解包 + +打包并压缩: tar -Zcvf [目标文件名].tar.Z [原文件名/目录名] +解压并解包: tar -Zxvf [原文件名].tar.Z +注:大写Z代表用ncompress算法来压缩/解压。另,ncompress是早期Unix系统的压缩格式,但由于ncompress的压缩率太低,现已过时。 + +#### jar格式 + +压缩:jar -cvf [目标文件名].jar [原文件名/目录名] +解压:jar -xvf [原文件名].jar +注:如果是打包的是Java类库,并且该类库中存在主类,那么需要写一个META-INF/MANIFEST.MF配置文件,内容如下: + +Manifest-Version: 1.0 +Created-By: 1.6.0_27 (Sun Microsystems Inc.) +Main-class: the_name_of_the_main_class_should_be_put_here +然后用如下命令打包: + +jar -cvfm [目标文件名].jar META-INF/MANIFEST.MF [原文件名/目录名] +这样以后就能用“java -jar [文件名].jar”命令直接运行主类中的public static void main方法了。 + +#### 7z格式 + +压缩:7z a [目标文件名].7z [原文件名/目录名] +解压:7z x [原文件名].7z +注:这个7z解压命令支持rar格式,即: + +7z x [原文件名].rar + +#### 其它例子 + **将文件全部打包成tar包** : ``` From a9a0eda21b366323d94f1ab10341dfb54d45807c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jan 2017 20:19:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0007/1332] update data.json --- dist/data.json | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/dist/data.json b/dist/data.json index 7a19eef67e7..1f9b99c8999 100644 --- a/dist/data.json +++ b/dist/data.json @@ -1 +1 @@ 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of file From e7c2a37030f5ecb1b2d31690208a1312e7b722b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sat, 14 Jan 2017 07:35:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0008/1332] Update gzip.md --- command/gzip.md | 172 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/gzip.md b/command/gzip.md index cb677590f61..7d4c58cbda2 100644 --- a/command/gzip.md +++ b/command/gzip.md @@ -1,86 +1,86 @@ -gzip -=== - -用来压缩文件 - -## 补充说明 - -**gzip命令** 用来压缩文件。gzip是个使用广泛的压缩程序,文件经它压缩过后,其名称后面会多处“.gz”扩展名。 - -gzip是在Linux系统中经常使用的一个对文件进行压缩和解压缩的命令,既方便又好用。gzip不仅可以用来压缩大的、较少使用的文件以节省磁盘空间,还可以和tar命令一起构成Linux操作系统中比较流行的压缩文件格式。据统计,gzip命令对文本文件有60%~70%的压缩率。减少文件大小有两个明显的好处,一是可以减少存储空间,二是通过网络传输文件时,可以减少传输的时间。 - -### 语法 - -``` -gzip(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --a或——ascii:使用ASCII文字模式; --d或--decompress或----uncompress:解开压缩文件; --f或——force:强行压缩文件。不理会文件名称或硬连接是否存在以及该文件是否为符号连接; --h或——help:在线帮助; --l或——list:列出压缩文件的相关信息; --L或——license:显示版本与版权信息; --n或--no-name:压缩文件时,不保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记; --N或——name:压缩文件时,保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记; --q或——quiet:不显示警告信息; --r或——recursive:递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理; --S或<压缩字尾字符串>或----suffix<压缩字尾字符串>:更改压缩字尾字符串; --t或——test:测试压缩文件是否正确无误; --v或——verbose:显示指令执行过程; --V或——version:显示版本信息; --<压缩效率>:压缩效率是一个介于1~9的数值,预设值为“6”,指定愈大的数值,压缩效率就会愈高; ---best:此参数的效果和指定“-9”参数相同; ---fast:此参数的效果和指定“-1”参数相同。 - -``` - -### 参数 - -文件列表:指定要压缩的文件列表。 - -### 实例 - -把test6目录下的每个文件压缩成.gz文件 - -``` -gzip * -``` - -把上例中每个压缩的文件解压,并列出详细的信息 - -``` -gzip -dv * -``` - -详细显示例1中每个压缩的文件的信息,并不解压 - -``` -gzip -l * -``` - -压缩一个tar备份文件,此时压缩文件的扩展名为.tar.gz - -``` -gzip -r log.tar -``` - -递归的压缩目录 - -``` -gzip -rv test6 -``` - -这样,所有test下面的文件都变成了*.gz,目录依然存在只是目录里面的文件相应变成了*.gz.这就是压缩,和打包不同。因为是对目录操作,所以需要加上-r选项,这样也可以对子目录进行递归了。 - -递归地解压目录 - -``` -gzip -dr test6 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +gzip +=== + +用来压缩文件 + +## 补充说明 + +**gzip命令** 用来压缩文件。gzip是个使用广泛的压缩程序,文件经它压缩过后,其名称后面会多处“.gz”扩展名。 + +gzip是在Linux系统中经常使用的一个对文件进行压缩和解压缩的命令,既方便又好用。gzip不仅可以用来压缩大的、较少使用的文件以节省磁盘空间,还可以和tar命令一起构成Linux操作系统中比较流行的压缩文件格式。据统计,gzip命令对文本文件有60%~70%的压缩率。减少文件大小有两个明显的好处,一是可以减少存储空间,二是通过网络传输文件时,可以减少传输的时间。 + +### 语法 + +``` +gzip(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-a或——ascii:使用ASCII文字模式; +-d或--decompress或----uncompress:解开压缩文件; +-f或——force:强行压缩文件。不理会文件名称或硬连接是否存在以及该文件是否为符号连接; +-h或——help:在线帮助; +-l或——list:列出压缩文件的相关信息; +-L或——license:显示版本与版权信息; +-n或--no-name:压缩文件时,不保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记; +-N或——name:压缩文件时,保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记; +-q或——quiet:不显示警告信息; +-r或——recursive:递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理; +-S或<压缩字尾字符串>或----suffix<压缩字尾字符串>:更改压缩字尾字符串; +-t或——test:测试压缩文件是否正确无误; +-v或——verbose:显示指令执行过程; +-V或——version:显示版本信息; +-<压缩效率>:压缩效率是一个介于1~9的数值,预设值为“6”,指定愈大的数值,压缩效率就会愈高; +--best:此参数的效果和指定“-9”参数相同; +--fast:此参数的效果和指定“-1”参数相同。 +-num 用指定的数字num调整压缩的速度,-1或--fast表示最快压缩方法(低压缩比),-9或--best表示最慢压缩方法(高压缩比)。系统缺省值为6。 +``` + +### 参数 + +文件列表:指定要压缩的文件列表。 + +### 实例 + +把test6目录下的每个文件压缩成.gz文件 + +``` +gzip * +``` + +把上例中每个压缩的文件解压,并列出详细的信息 + +``` +gzip -dv * +``` + +详细显示例1中每个压缩的文件的信息,并不解压 + +``` +gzip -l * +``` + +压缩一个tar备份文件,此时压缩文件的扩展名为.tar.gz + +``` +gzip -r log.tar +``` + +递归的压缩目录 + +``` +gzip -rv test6 +``` + +这样,所有test下面的文件都变成了*.gz,目录依然存在只是目录里面的文件相应变成了*.gz.这就是压缩,和打包不同。因为是对目录操作,所以需要加上-r选项,这样也可以对子目录进行递归了。 + +递归地解压目录 + +``` +gzip -dr test6 +``` + + + From 4b41f7b48c4dad1ec76a6d37cf7b75c388381ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Jan 2017 19:40:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0009/1332] update data.json --- dist/data.json | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/dist/data.json b/dist/data.json index 1f9b99c8999..a6305956cff 100644 --- a/dist/data.json +++ b/dist/data.json @@ -1 +1 @@ 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of file From 8ac4078134df2831aba376e52b8b88f972ac9efe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Wed, 18 Jan 2017 22:08:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0010/1332] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20ftp.md=20=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8E=92=E7=89=88?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/ftp.md | 162 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/ftp.md b/command/ftp.md index 4d0f5788408..5dbe3f8144d 100644 --- a/command/ftp.md +++ b/command/ftp.md @@ -1,70 +1,92 @@ -ftp -=== - -用来设置文件系统相关功能 - -## 补充说明 - -**ftp命令** 用来设置文件系统相关功能。ftp服务器在网上较为常见,Linux ftp命令的功能是用命令的方式来控制在本地机和远程机之间传送文件,这里详细介绍Linux ftp命令的一些经常使用的命令,相信掌握了这些使用Linux进行ftp操作将会非常容易。 - -### 语法 - -``` -ftp(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --d:详细显示指令执行过程,便于排错或分析程序执行的情况; --i:关闭互动模式,不询问任何问题; --g:关闭本地主机文件名称支持特殊字符的扩充特性; --n:不使用自动登录; --v:显示指令执行过程。 -``` - -### 参数 - -主机:指定要连接的FTP服务器的主机名或ip地址。 - -### 实例 - -``` -FTP>ascii: 设定以ASCII方式传送文件(缺省值) -FTP>bell: 每完成一次文件传送,报警提示. -FTP>binary: 设定以二进制方式传送文件. -FTP>bye: 终止主机FTP进程,并退出FTP管理方式. -FTP>case: 当为ON时,用MGET命令拷贝的文件名到本地机器中,全部转换为小写字母. -FTP>cd: 同UNIX的CD命令. -FTP>cdup: 返回上一级目录. -FTP>chmod: 改变远端主机的文件权限. -FTP>close: 终止远端的FTP进程,返回到FTP命令状态, 所有的宏定义都被删除. -FTP>delete: 删除远端主机中的文件. -FTP>dir [remote-directory] local-[file] 列出当前远端主机目录中的文件.如果有本地文件,就将结果写至本地文件. -FTP>get [remote-file] [local-file] 从远端主机中传送至本地主机中. -FTP>help [command] 输出命令的解释. -FTP>lcd: 改变当前本地主机的工作目录,如果缺省,就转到当前用户的HOME目录. -FTP>ls [remote-directory] [local-file] 同DIR. -FTP>macdef: 定义宏命令. -FTP>mdelete [remote-files] 删除一批文件. -FTP>mget [remote-files] 从远端主机接收一批文件至本地主机. -FTP>mkdir directory-name 在远端主机中建立目录. -FTP>mput local-files 将本地主机中一批文件传送至远端主机. -FTP>open host [port] 重新建立一个新的连接. -FTP>prompt: 交互提示模式. -FTP>put local-file [remote-file] 将本地一个文件传送至远端主机中. -FTP>pwd: 列出当前远端主机目录. -FTP>quit: 同BYE. -FTP>recv remote-file [local-file] 同GET. -FTP>rename [from] [to] 改变远端主机中的文件名. -FTP>rmdir directory-name 删除远端主机中的目录. -FTP>send local-file [remote-file] 同PUT. -FTP>status: 显示当前FTP的状态. -FTP>system: 显示远端主机系统类型. -FTP>user user-name [password] [account] 重新以别的用户名登录远端主机. -FTP>? [command]: 同HELP. [command]指定需要帮助的命令名称。如果没有指定 command,ftp 将显示全部命令的列表。 -FTP>! 从 ftp 子系统退出到外壳。 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +ftp +=== + +用来设置文件系统相关功能 + +## 补充说明 + +**ftp命令** 用来设置文件系统相关功能。ftp服务器在网上较为常见,Linux ftp命令的功能是用命令的方式来控制在本地机和远程机之间传送文件,这里详细介绍Linux ftp命令的一些经常使用的命令,相信掌握了这些使用Linux进行ftp操作将会非常容易。 + +### 语法 + +``` +ftp(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-d:详细显示指令执行过程,便于排错或分析程序执行的情况; +-i:关闭互动模式,不询问任何问题; +-g:关闭本地主机文件名称支持特殊字符的扩充特性; +-n:不使用自动登录; +-v:显示指令执行过程。 +``` + +### 参数 + +主机:指定要连接的FTP服务器的主机名或ip地址。 + +### 实例 + +```shell +ftp> ascii # 设定以ASCII方式传送文件(缺省值) +ftp> bell # 每完成一次文件传送,报警提示. +ftp> binary # 设定以二进制方式传送文件. +ftp> bye # 终止主机FTP进程,并退出FTP管理方式. +ftp> case # 当为ON时,用MGET命令拷贝的文件名到本地机器中,全部转换为小写字母. +ftp> cd # 同UNIX的CD命令. +ftp> cdup # 返回上一级目录. +ftp> chmod # 改变远端主机的文件权限. +ftp> close # 终止远端的FTP进程,返回到FTP命令状态, 所有的宏定义都被删除. +ftp> delete # 删除远端主机中的文件. +ftp> dir [remote-directory] [local-file] # 列出当前远端主机目录中的文件.如果有本地文件,就将结果写至本地文件. +ftp> get [remote-file] [local-file] # 从远端主机中传送至本地主机中. +ftp> help [command] # 输出命令的解释. +ftp> lcd # 改变当前本地主机的工作目录,如果缺省,就转到当前用户的HOME目录. +ftp> ls [remote-directory] [local-file] # 同DIR. +ftp> macdef # 定义宏命令. +ftp> mdelete [remote-files] # 删除一批文件. +ftp> mget [remote-files] # 从远端主机接收一批文件至本地主机. +ftp> mkdir directory-name # 在远端主机中建立目录. +ftp> mput local-files # 将本地主机中一批文件传送至远端主机. +ftp> open host [port] # 重新建立一个新的连接. +ftp> prompt # 交互提示模式. +ftp> put local-file [remote-file] # 将本地一个文件传送至远端主机中. +ftp> pwd # 列出当前远端主机目录. +ftp> quit # 同BYE. +ftp> recv remote-file [local-file] # 同GET. +ftp> rename [from] [to] # 改变远端主机中的文件名. +ftp> rmdir directory-name # 删除远端主机中的目录. +ftp> send local-file [remote-file] # 同PUT. +ftp> status # 显示当前FTP的状态. +ftp> system # 显示远端主机系统类型. +ftp> user user-name [password] [account] # 重新以别的用户名登录远端主机. +ftp> ? [command] # 同HELP. [command]指定需要帮助的命令名称。如果没有指定 command,ftp 将显示全部命令的列表。 +ftp> ! # 从 ftp 子系统退出到外壳。 +``` + +关闭FTP连接 + +```shel +bye +exit +quit +``` + +下载文件 + +```shell +ftp> get readme.txt # 下载 readme.txt 文件 +ftp> mget *.txt # 下载 +``` + +上传文件 + +```shell +ftp> put /path/readme.txt # 上传 readme.txt 文件 +ftp> mput *.txt # 可以上传多个文件 +``` + + + From d4609c3a5ffb36b13bce82f1a26cc146f7e58f76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jan 2017 13:00:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0011/1332] Update tree.md --- command/tree.md | 140 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/tree.md b/command/tree.md index ab7023c2cde..314540c8f30 100644 --- a/command/tree.md +++ b/command/tree.md @@ -1,46 +1,94 @@ -tree -=== - -树状图列出目录的内容 - -## 补充说明 - -**tree命令** 以树状图列出目录的内容。 - -### 语法 - -``` -tree(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --a:显示所有文件和目录; --A:使用ASNI绘图字符显示树状图而非以ASCII字符组合; --C:在文件和目录清单加上色彩,便于区分各种类型; --d:先是目录名称而非内容; --D:列出文件或目录的更改时间; --f:在每个文件或目录之前,显示完整的相对路径名称; --F:在执行文件,目录,Socket,符号连接,管道名称名称,各自加上"*","/","@","|"号; --g:列出文件或目录的所属群组名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示群组识别码; --i:不以阶梯状列出文件和目录名称; --l:<范本样式> 不显示符号范本样式的文件或目录名称; --l:如遇到性质为符号连接的目录,直接列出该连接所指向的原始目录; --n:不在文件和目录清单加上色彩; --N:直接列出文件和目录名称,包括控制字符; --p:列出权限标示; --P:<范本样式> 只显示符合范本样式的文件和目录名称; --q:用“?”号取代控制字符,列出文件和目录名称; --s:列出文件和目录大小; --t:用文件和目录的更改时间排序; --u:列出文件或目录的拥有者名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示用户识别码; --x:将范围局限在现行的文件系统中,若指定目录下的某些子目录,其存放于另一个文件系统上,则将该目录予以排除在寻找范围外。 -``` - -### 参数 - -目录:执行tree指令,它会列出指定目录下的所有文件,包括子目录里的文件。 - - - \ No newline at end of file +tree +=== + +树状图列出目录的内容 + +## 补充说明 + +**tree命令** 以树状图列出目录的内容。 + +### 语法 + +``` +tree(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +------- 列表选项 ------- +-a 显示所有文件和目录。 +-d 先是目录名称而非文件。 +-l 如遇到性质为符号连接的目录,直接列出该连接所指向的原始目录。 +-f 在每个文件或目录之前,显示完整的相对路径名称。 +-x 将范围局限在现行的文件系统中,若指定目录下的某些子目录,其存放于另一个文件系统上,则将该目录予以排除在寻找范围外。 +-L level 限制目录显示层级。 +-R Rerun tree when max dir level reached. +-P pattern <范本样式> 只显示符合范本样式的文件和目录名称。 +-I pattern Do not list files that match the given pattern. +--ignore-case Ignore case when pattern matching. +--matchdirs Include directory names in -P pattern matching. +--noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing. +--charset X Use charset X for terminal/HTML and indentation line output. +--filelimit # Do not descend dirs with more than # files in them. +--timefmt Print and format time according to the format . +-o filename Output to file instead of stdout. +-------- 文件选项 --------- +-q 用“?”号取代控制字符,列出文件和目录名称。 +-N 直接列出文件和目录名称,包括控制字符。 +-Q Quote filenames with double quotes. +-p 列出权限标示。 +-u 列出文件或目录的拥有者名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示用户识别码。 +-g 列出文件或目录的所属群组名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示群组识别码。 +-s 列出文件和目录大小。 +-h Print the size in a more human readable way. +--si Like -h, but use in SI units (powers of 1000). +-D 列出文件或目录的更改时间。 +-F 在执行文件,目录,Socket,符号连接,管道名称名称,各自加上"*","/","@","|"号。 +--inodes Print inode number of each file. +--device Print device ID number to which each file belongs. +------- 排序选项 ------- +-v Sort files alphanumerically by version. +-t 用文件和目录的更改时间排序。 +-c Sort files by last status change time. +-U Leave files unsorted. +-r Reverse the order of the sort. +--dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables). +--sort X Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime. +------- 图形选项 ------ +-i 不以阶梯状列出文件和目录名称。 +-A 使用ASNI绘图字符显示树状图而非以ASCII字符组合。 +-S Print with CP437 (console) graphics indentation lines. +-n Turn colorization off always (-C overrides). +-C 在文件和目录清单加上色彩,便于区分各种类型。 +------- XML / HTML / JSON选项 ------- +-X Prints out an XML representation of the tree. +-J Prints out an JSON representation of the tree. +-H baseHREF Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory. +-T string Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string. +--nolinks Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output. +---- Miscellaneous options ---- +--version 输入版本信息。 +--help 打印使用帮助信息。 +-- Options processing terminator. +``` + +### 参数 + +目录:执行tree指令,它会列出指定目录下的所有文件,包括子目录里的文件。 + + +### 实例 + +列出目录`/private/` 第一级文件名 + +```bash +tree /private/ -L 1 +/private/ +├── etc +├── tftpboot +├── tmp +└── var +``` + + From 537c1094712885741bb053592b58ded52d6d7645 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jan 2017 13:01:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0012/1332] Update tree.md --- command/tree.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/command/tree.md b/command/tree.md index 314540c8f30..68f42938ca7 100644 --- a/command/tree.md +++ b/command/tree.md @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ tree(选项)(参数) -H baseHREF Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory. -T string Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string. --nolinks Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output. ----- Miscellaneous options ---- +---- 杂项选项 ---- --version 输入版本信息。 --help 打印使用帮助信息。 -- Options processing terminator. From eb891edc5c073e5b06ee8d2e80d35d835173157c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jan 2017 11:32:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0013/1332] Update wc.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 1. 添加例子 2. 修改描述 3. 选项描述更新 --- command/wc.md | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/wc.md b/command/wc.md index 22652c5a90a..cf4f9e8437a 100644 --- a/command/wc.md +++ b/command/wc.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ wc ## 补充说明 -**wc命令** 用来计算数字。利用wc指令我们可以计算文件的Byte数、字数或是列数,若不指定文件名称,或是所给予的文件名为“-”,则wc指令会从标准输入设备读取数据。 +**wc命令** 统计指定文件中的字节数、字数、行数,并将统计结果显示输出。利用wc指令我们可以计算文件的Byte数、字数或是列数,若不指定文件名称,或是所给予的文件名为“-”,则wc指令会从标准输入设备读取数据。wc同时也给出所指定文件的总统计数。 ### 语法 @@ -16,9 +16,13 @@ wc(选项)(参数) ### 选项 ``` --c或--bytes或——chars:只显示Bytes数; --l或——lines:只显示列数; --w或——words:只显示字数。 +-c 统计字节数,或--bytes或——chars:只显示Bytes数;。 +-l 统计行数,或——lines:只显示列数;。 +-m 统计字符数。这个标志不能与 -c 标志一起使用。 +-w 统计字数,或——words:只显示字数。一个字被定义为由空白、跳格或换行字符分隔的字符串。 +-L 打印最长行的长度。 +-help 显示帮助信息 +--version 显示版本信息 ``` ### 参数 @@ -27,10 +31,36 @@ wc(选项)(参数) ## 例子 -``` +```bash wc -l * # 统计当前目录下的所有文件行数 wc -l *.js # 统计当前目录下的所有 .js 后缀的文件行数 -find . * | xargs wc -l # 当前目录以及子目录的所有文件行数 +find . * | xargs wc -l # 当前目录以及子目录的所有文件行数 +wc test.txt # 查看文件的字节数、字数、行数 +``` + +查看文件的字节数、字数、行数 + +```bash +wc test.txt +# 输出结果 +7 8 70 test.txt +行数 单词数 字节数 文件名 +``` + +用wc命令怎么做到只打印统计数字不打印文件名 + +```bash +wc -l test.txt +# 输出结果 +7 test.txt +``` + +用来统计当前目录下的文件数 + +```bash +ls -l | wc -l +# 输出结果 +8 ``` From 7c908a475c085b96678fb8d4d04abc78ccdf0913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jan 2017 11:33:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0014/1332] Update wc.md --- command/wc.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/wc.md b/command/wc.md index cf4f9e8437a..cc452b0b9f8 100644 --- a/command/wc.md +++ b/command/wc.md @@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ wc(选项)(参数) ### 选项 -``` --c 统计字节数,或--bytes或——chars:只显示Bytes数;。 --l 统计行数,或——lines:只显示列数;。 --m 统计字符数。这个标志不能与 -c 标志一起使用。 --w 统计字数,或——words:只显示字数。一个字被定义为由空白、跳格或换行字符分隔的字符串。 --L 打印最长行的长度。 --help 显示帮助信息 ---version 显示版本信息 +```bash +-c # 统计字节数,或--bytes或——chars:只显示Bytes数;。 +-l # 统计行数,或——lines:只显示列数;。 +-m # 统计字符数。这个标志不能与 -c 标志一起使用。 +-w # 统计字数,或——words:只显示字数。一个字被定义为由空白、跳格或换行字符分隔的字符串。 +-L # 打印最长行的长度。 +-help # 显示帮助信息 +--version # 显示版本信息 ``` ### 参数 From 718d3f707a03dda7106200cb00b1c5443e782aa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jan 2017 13:23:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0015/1332] Update grep.md --- command/grep.md | 493 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 258 insertions(+), 235 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/grep.md b/command/grep.md index 2d562bb941e..2f70a026b4f 100644 --- a/command/grep.md +++ b/command/grep.md @@ -1,235 +1,258 @@ -grep -=== - -强大的文本搜索工具 - -## 补充说明 - -**grep** (global search regular expression(RE) and print out the line,全面搜索正则表达式并把行打印出来)是一种强大的文本搜索工具,它能使用正则表达式搜索文本,并把匹配的行打印出来。 - -### 选项 - -``` - **-a** 不要忽略二进制数据。 - **-A** <显示列数> 除了显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之后的内容。 - **-b** 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 - **-c** 计算符合范本样式的列数。 - **-C<显示列数>或-<显示列数>** 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外,并显示该列之前后的内容。 - **-d<进行动作>** 当指定要查找的是目录而非文件时,必须使用这项参数,否则grep命令将回报信息并停止动作。 - **-e<范本样式>** 指定字符串作为查找文件内容的范本样式。 - **-E** 将范本样式为延伸的普通表示法来使用,意味着使用能使用扩展正则表达式。 - **-f<范本文件>** 指定范本文件,其内容有一个或多个范本样式,让grep查找符合范本条件的文件内容,格式为每一列的范本样式。 - **-F** 将范本样式视为固定字符串的列表。 - **-G** 将范本样式视为普通的表示法来使用。 - **-h** 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,不标示该列所属的文件名称。 - **-H** 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,标示该列的文件名称。 - **-i** 胡列字符大小写的差别。 - **-l** 列出文件内容符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。 - **-L** 列出文件内容不符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。 - **-n** 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,标示出该列的编号。 - **-q** 不显示任何信息。 - **-R/-r** 此参数的效果和指定“-d recurse”参数相同。 - **-s** 不显示错误信息。 - **-v** 反转查找。 - **-w** 只显示全字符合的列。 - **-x** 只显示全列符合的列。 - **-y** 此参数效果跟“-i”相同。 - **-o** 只输出文件中匹配到的部分。 -``` - -## grep命令常见用法 - -在文件中搜索一个单词,命令会返回一个包含 **“match_pattern”** 的文本行: - -``` -grep match_pattern file_name -grep "match_pattern" file_name - -``` - -在多个文件中查找: - -``` -grep "match_pattern" file_1 file_2 file_3 ... - -``` - -输出除之外的所有行 **-v** 选项: - -``` -grep -v "match_pattern" file_name - -``` - -标记匹配颜色 **--color=auto** 选项: - -``` -grep "match_pattern" file_name --color=auto - -``` - -使用正则表达式 **-E** 选项: - -``` -grep -E "[1-9]+" -或 -egrep "[1-9]+" - -``` - -只输出文件中匹配到的部分 **-o** 选项: - -``` -echo this is a test line. | grep -o -E "[a-z]+\." -line. - -echo this is a test line. | egrep -o "[a-z]+\." -line. - -``` - -统计文件或者文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 **-c** 选项: - -``` -grep -c "text" file_name - -``` - -输出包含匹配字符串的行数 **-n** 选项: - -``` -grep "text" -n file_name -或 -cat file_name | grep "text" -n - -#多个文件 -grep "text" -n file_1 file_2 - -``` - -打印样式匹配所位于的字符或字节偏移: - -``` -echo gun is not unix | grep -b -o "not" -7:not - -#一行中字符串的字符便宜是从该行的第一个字符开始计算,起始值为0。选项 **-b -o** 一般总是配合使用。 - -``` - -搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中: - -``` -grep -l "text" file1 file2 file3... - -``` - -### grep递归搜索文件 - -在多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索: - -``` -grep "text" . -r -n -# .表示当前目录。 - -``` - -忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写: - -``` -echo "hello world" | grep -i "HELLO" -hello - -``` - -选项 **-e** 制动多个匹配样式: - -``` -echo this is a text line | grep -e "is" -e "line" -o -is -line - -#也可以使用 **-f** 选项来匹配多个样式,在样式文件中逐行写出需要匹配的字符。 -cat patfile -aaa -bbb - -echo aaa bbb ccc ddd eee | grep -f patfile -o - -``` - -在grep搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件: - -``` -#只在目录中所有的.php和.html文件中递归搜索字符"main()" -grep "main()" . -r --include *.{php,html} - -#在搜索结果中排除所有README文件 -grep "main()" . -r --exclude "README" - -#在搜索结果中排除filelist文件列表里的文件 -grep "main()" . -r --exclude-from filelist - -``` - -使用0值字节后缀的grep与xargs: - -``` -#测试文件: -echo "aaa" > file1 -echo "bbb" > file2 -echo "aaa" > file3 - -grep "aaa" file* -lZ | xargs -0 rm - -#执行后会删除file1和file3,grep输出用-Z选项来指定以0值字节作为终结符文件名(\0),xargs -0 读取输入并用0值字节终结符分隔文件名,然后删除匹配文件,-Z通常和-l结合使用。 - -``` - -grep静默输出: - -``` -grep -q "test" filename - -#不会输出任何信息,如果命令运行成功返回0,失败则返回非0值。一般用于条件测试。 - -``` - -打印出匹配文本之前或者之后的行: - -``` -#显示匹配某个结果之后的3行,使用 -A 选项: -seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3 -5 -6 -7 -8 - -#显示匹配某个结果之前的3行,使用 -B 选项: -seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3 -2 -3 -4 -5 - -#显示匹配某个结果的前三行和后三行,使用 -C 选项: -seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 - -#如果匹配结果有多个,会用“--”作为各匹配结果之间的分隔符: -echo -e "a\nb\nc\na\nb\nc" | grep a -A 1 -a -b --- -a -b -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +grep +=== + +强大的文本搜索工具 + +## 补充说明 + +**grep** (global search regular expression(RE) and print out the line,全面搜索正则表达式并把行打印出来)是一种强大的文本搜索工具,它能使用正则表达式搜索文本,并把匹配的行打印出来。用于过滤/搜索的特定字符。可使用正则表达式能多种命令配合使用,使用上十分灵活。 + +### 选项 + +``` +-a --text # 不要忽略二进制数据。 +-A <显示行数> --after-context=<显示行数> # 除了显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之后的内容。 +-b --byte-offset # 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 +-B<显示行数> --before-context=<显示行数> # 除了显示符合样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 +-c --count # 计算符合范本样式的列数。 +-C<显示行数> --context=<显示行数>或-<显示行数># 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外,并显示该列之前后的内容。 +-d<进行动作> --directories=<动作> # 当指定要查找的是目录而非文件时,必须使用这项参数,否则grep命令将回报信息并停止动作。 +-e<范本样式> --regexp=<范本样式> # 指定字符串作为查找文件内容的范本样式。 +-E --extended-regexp # 将范本样式为延伸的普通表示法来使用,意味着使用能使用扩展正则表达式。 +-f<范本文件> --file=<规则文件> # 指定范本文件,其内容有一个或多个范本样式,让grep查找符合范本条件的文件内容,格式为每一列的范本样式。 +-F --fixed-regexp # 将范本样式视为固定字符串的列表。 +-G --basic-regexp # 将范本样式视为普通的表示法来使用。 +-h --no-filename # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,不标示该列所属的文件名称。 +-H --with-filename # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,标示该列的文件名称。 +-i --ignore-case # 胡列字符大小写的差别。 +-l --file-with-matches # 列出文件内容符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。 +-L --files-without-match # 列出文件内容不符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。 +-n --line-number # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前,标示出该列的编号。 +-q --quiet或--silent # 不显示任何信息。 +-R/-r --recursive # 此参数的效果和指定“-d recurse”参数相同。 +-s --no-messages # 不显示错误信息。 +-v --revert-match # 反转查找。 +-V --version #显示版本信息。 +-w --word-regexp # 只显示全字符合的列。 +-x --line-regexp # 只显示全列符合的列。 +-y # 此参数效果跟“-i”相同。 +-o # 只输出文件中匹配到的部分。 +``` + +### 规则表达式 + +```bash +^ # 锚定行的开始 如:'^grep'匹配所有以grep开头的行。 +$ # 锚定行的结束 如:'grep$'匹配所有以grep结尾的行。 +. # 匹配一个非换行符的字符 如:'gr.p'匹配gr后接一个任意字符,然后是p。 +* # 匹配零个或多个先前字符 如:'*grep'匹配所有一个或多个空格后紧跟grep的行。 +.* # 一起用代表任意字符。 +[] # 匹配一个指定范围内的字符,如'[Gg]rep'匹配Grep和grep。 +[^] # 匹配一个不在指定范围内的字符,如:'[^A-FH-Z]rep'匹配不包含A-R和T-Z的一个字母开头,紧跟rep的行。 +\(..\) # 标记匹配字符,如'\(love\)',love被标记为1。 +\< # 锚定单词的开始,如:'\ # 锚定单词的结束,如'grep\>'匹配包含以grep结尾的单词的行。 +x\{m\} # 重复字符x,m次,如:'0\{5\}'匹配包含5个o的行。 +x\{m,\} # 重复字符x,至少m次,如:'o\{5,\}'匹配至少有5个o的行。 +x\{m,n\} # 重复字符x,至少m次,不多于n次,如:'o\{5,10\}'匹配5--10个o的行。 +\w # 匹配文字和数字字符,也就是[A-Za-z0-9],如:'G\w*p'匹配以G后跟零个或多个文字或数字字符,然后是p。 +\W # \w的反置形式,匹配一个或多个非单词字符,如点号句号等。 +\b # 单词锁定符,如: '\bgrep\b'只匹配grep。 +``` + +## grep命令常见用法 + +在文件中搜索一个单词,命令会返回一个包含 **“match_pattern”** 的文本行: + +``` +grep match_pattern file_name +grep "match_pattern" file_name + +``` + +在多个文件中查找: + +``` +grep "match_pattern" file_1 file_2 file_3 ... + +``` + +输出除之外的所有行 **-v** 选项: + +``` +grep -v "match_pattern" file_name + +``` + +标记匹配颜色 **--color=auto** 选项: + +``` +grep "match_pattern" file_name --color=auto + +``` + +使用正则表达式 **-E** 选项: + +``` +grep -E "[1-9]+" +或 +egrep "[1-9]+" + +``` + +只输出文件中匹配到的部分 **-o** 选项: + +``` +echo this is a test line. | grep -o -E "[a-z]+\." +line. + +echo this is a test line. | egrep -o "[a-z]+\." +line. + +``` + +统计文件或者文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 **-c** 选项: + +``` +grep -c "text" file_name + +``` + +输出包含匹配字符串的行数 **-n** 选项: + +``` +grep "text" -n file_name +或 +cat file_name | grep "text" -n + +#多个文件 +grep "text" -n file_1 file_2 + +``` + +打印样式匹配所位于的字符或字节偏移: + +``` +echo gun is not unix | grep -b -o "not" +7:not + +#一行中字符串的字符便宜是从该行的第一个字符开始计算,起始值为0。选项 **-b -o** 一般总是配合使用。 + +``` + +搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中: + +``` +grep -l "text" file1 file2 file3... + +``` + +### grep递归搜索文件 + +在多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索: + +``` +grep "text" . -r -n +# .表示当前目录。 + +``` + +忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写: + +``` +echo "hello world" | grep -i "HELLO" +hello + +``` + +选项 **-e** 制动多个匹配样式: + +``` +echo this is a text line | grep -e "is" -e "line" -o +is +line + +#也可以使用 **-f** 选项来匹配多个样式,在样式文件中逐行写出需要匹配的字符。 +cat patfile +aaa +bbb + +echo aaa bbb ccc ddd eee | grep -f patfile -o + +``` + +在grep搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件: + +``` +#只在目录中所有的.php和.html文件中递归搜索字符"main()" +grep "main()" . -r --include *.{php,html} + +#在搜索结果中排除所有README文件 +grep "main()" . -r --exclude "README" + +#在搜索结果中排除filelist文件列表里的文件 +grep "main()" . -r --exclude-from filelist + +``` + +使用0值字节后缀的grep与xargs: + +``` +#测试文件: +echo "aaa" > file1 +echo "bbb" > file2 +echo "aaa" > file3 + +grep "aaa" file* -lZ | xargs -0 rm + +#执行后会删除file1和file3,grep输出用-Z选项来指定以0值字节作为终结符文件名(\0),xargs -0 读取输入并用0值字节终结符分隔文件名,然后删除匹配文件,-Z通常和-l结合使用。 + +``` + +grep静默输出: + +``` +grep -q "test" filename + +#不会输出任何信息,如果命令运行成功返回0,失败则返回非0值。一般用于条件测试。 + +``` + +打印出匹配文本之前或者之后的行: + +``` +#显示匹配某个结果之后的3行,使用 -A 选项: +seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3 +5 +6 +7 +8 + +#显示匹配某个结果之前的3行,使用 -B 选项: +seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3 +2 +3 +4 +5 + +#显示匹配某个结果的前三行和后三行,使用 -C 选项: +seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 + +#如果匹配结果有多个,会用“--”作为各匹配结果之间的分隔符: +echo -e "a\nb\nc\na\nb\nc" | grep a -A 1 +a +b +-- +a +b +``` + + + From 8c6723ad56e66cc0529dbd6b30d8b9b30ba2c9df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sun, 22 Jan 2017 00:05:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0016/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E5=A4=8D=E6=8E=92=E7=89=88?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/ftp.md | 8 ++-- command/grep.md | 28 +++++++------- command/tree.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 3 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/ftp.md b/command/ftp.md index 5dbe3f8144d..e0efcc9cdea 100644 --- a/command/ftp.md +++ b/command/ftp.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ ftp(选项)(参数) ### 实例 -```shell +```bash ftp> ascii # 设定以ASCII方式传送文件(缺省值) ftp> bell # 每完成一次文件传送,报警提示. ftp> binary # 设定以二进制方式传送文件. @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ ftp> ! # 从 ftp 子系统退出到外壳。 关闭FTP连接 -```shel +```bash bye exit quit @@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ quit 下载文件 -```shell +```bash ftp> get readme.txt # 下载 readme.txt 文件 ftp> mget *.txt # 下载 ``` 上传文件 -```shell +```bash ftp> put /path/readme.txt # 上传 readme.txt 文件 ftp> mput *.txt # 可以上传多个文件 ``` diff --git a/command/grep.md b/command/grep.md index 2f70a026b4f..ba7102366e3 100644 --- a/command/grep.md +++ b/command/grep.md @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ grep ### 选项 -``` +```bash -a --text # 不要忽略二进制数据。 -A <显示行数> --after-context=<显示行数> # 除了显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之后的内容。 --b --byte-offset # 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 +-b --byte-offset # 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 -B<显示行数> --before-context=<显示行数> # 除了显示符合样式的那一行之外,并显示该行之前的内容。 -c --count # 计算符合范本样式的列数。 --C<显示行数> --context=<显示行数>或-<显示行数># 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外,并显示该列之前后的内容。 +-C<显示行数> --context=<显示行数>或-<显示行数> # 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外,并显示该列之前后的内容。 -d<进行动作> --directories=<动作> # 当指定要查找的是目录而非文件时,必须使用这项参数,否则grep命令将回报信息并停止动作。 -e<范本样式> --regexp=<范本样式> # 指定字符串作为查找文件内容的范本样式。 -E --extended-regexp # 将范本样式为延伸的普通表示法来使用,意味着使用能使用扩展正则表达式。 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ grep -R/-r --recursive # 此参数的效果和指定“-d recurse”参数相同。 -s --no-messages # 不显示错误信息。 -v --revert-match # 反转查找。 --V --version #显示版本信息。 +-V --version # 显示版本信息。 -w --word-regexp # 只显示全字符合的列。 -x --line-regexp # 只显示全列符合的列。 -y # 此参数效果跟“-i”相同。 @@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ grep "main()" . -r --exclude-from filelist 使用0值字节后缀的grep与xargs: -``` -#测试文件: +```bash +# 测试文件: echo "aaa" > file1 echo "bbb" > file2 echo "aaa" > file3 @@ -211,31 +211,29 @@ grep "aaa" file* -lZ | xargs -0 rm grep静默输出: -``` +```bash grep -q "test" filename - -#不会输出任何信息,如果命令运行成功返回0,失败则返回非0值。一般用于条件测试。 - +# 不会输出任何信息,如果命令运行成功返回0,失败则返回非0值。一般用于条件测试。 ``` 打印出匹配文本之前或者之后的行: -``` -#显示匹配某个结果之后的3行,使用 -A 选项: +```bash +# 显示匹配某个结果之后的3行,使用 -A 选项: seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3 5 6 7 8 -#显示匹配某个结果之前的3行,使用 -B 选项: +# 显示匹配某个结果之前的3行,使用 -B 选项: seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3 2 3 4 5 -#显示匹配某个结果的前三行和后三行,使用 -C 选项: +# 显示匹配某个结果的前三行和后三行,使用 -C 选项: seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 2 3 @@ -245,7 +243,7 @@ seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 7 8 -#如果匹配结果有多个,会用“--”作为各匹配结果之间的分隔符: +# 如果匹配结果有多个,会用“--”作为各匹配结果之间的分隔符: echo -e "a\nb\nc\na\nb\nc" | grep a -A 1 a b diff --git a/command/tree.md b/command/tree.md index 68f42938ca7..f5ab183076a 100644 --- a/command/tree.md +++ b/command/tree.md @@ -15,62 +15,62 @@ tree(选项)(参数) ### 选项 -``` +```bash ------- 列表选项 ------- --a 显示所有文件和目录。 --d 先是目录名称而非文件。 --l 如遇到性质为符号连接的目录,直接列出该连接所指向的原始目录。 --f 在每个文件或目录之前,显示完整的相对路径名称。 --x 将范围局限在现行的文件系统中,若指定目录下的某些子目录,其存放于另一个文件系统上,则将该目录予以排除在寻找范围外。 --L level 限制目录显示层级。 --R Rerun tree when max dir level reached. --P pattern <范本样式> 只显示符合范本样式的文件和目录名称。 --I pattern Do not list files that match the given pattern. ---ignore-case Ignore case when pattern matching. ---matchdirs Include directory names in -P pattern matching. ---noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing. ---charset X Use charset X for terminal/HTML and indentation line output. ---filelimit # Do not descend dirs with more than # files in them. ---timefmt Print and format time according to the format . --o filename Output to file instead of stdout. +-a # 显示所有文件和目录。 +-d # 先是目录名称而非文件。 +-l # 如遇到性质为符号连接的目录,直接列出该连接所指向的原始目录。 +-f # 在每个文件或目录之前,显示完整的相对路径名称。 +-x # 将范围局限在现行的文件系统中,若指定目录下的某些子目录,其存放于另一个文件系统上,则将该目录予以排除在寻找范围外。 +-L level # 限制目录显示层级。 +-R # Rerun tree when max dir level reached. +-P pattern # <范本样式> 只显示符合范本样式的文件和目录名称。 +-I pattern # Do not list files that match the given pattern. +--ignore-case # Ignore case when pattern matching. +--matchdirs # Include directory names in -P pattern matching. +--noreport # Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing. +--charset X # Use charset X for terminal/HTML and indentation line output. +--filelimit # # Do not descend dirs with more than # files in them. +--timefmt # Print and format time according to the format . +-o filename # Output to file instead of stdout. -------- 文件选项 --------- --q 用“?”号取代控制字符,列出文件和目录名称。 --N 直接列出文件和目录名称,包括控制字符。 --Q Quote filenames with double quotes. --p 列出权限标示。 --u 列出文件或目录的拥有者名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示用户识别码。 --g 列出文件或目录的所属群组名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示群组识别码。 --s 列出文件和目录大小。 --h Print the size in a more human readable way. ---si Like -h, but use in SI units (powers of 1000). --D 列出文件或目录的更改时间。 --F 在执行文件,目录,Socket,符号连接,管道名称名称,各自加上"*","/","@","|"号。 ---inodes Print inode number of each file. ---device Print device ID number to which each file belongs. +-q # 用“?”号取代控制字符,列出文件和目录名称。 +-N # 直接列出文件和目录名称,包括控制字符。 +-Q # Quote filenames with double quotes. +-p # 列出权限标示。 +-u # 列出文件或目录的拥有者名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示用户识别码。 +-g # 列出文件或目录的所属群组名称,没有对应的名称时,则显示群组识别码。 +-s # 列出文件和目录大小。 +-h # Print the size in a more human readable way. +--si # Like -h, but use in SI units (powers of 1000). +-D # 列出文件或目录的更改时间。 +-F # 在执行文件,目录,Socket,符号连接,管道名称名称,各自加上"*","/","@","|"号。 +--inodes # Print inode number of each file. +--device # Print device ID number to which each file belongs. ------- 排序选项 ------- --v Sort files alphanumerically by version. --t 用文件和目录的更改时间排序。 --c Sort files by last status change time. --U Leave files unsorted. --r Reverse the order of the sort. ---dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables). ---sort X Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime. +-v # Sort files alphanumerically by version. +-t # 用文件和目录的更改时间排序。 +-c # Sort files by last status change time. +-U # Leave files unsorted. +-r # Reverse the order of the sort. +--dirsfirst # List directories before files (-U disables). +--sort X # Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime. ------- 图形选项 ------ --i 不以阶梯状列出文件和目录名称。 --A 使用ASNI绘图字符显示树状图而非以ASCII字符组合。 --S Print with CP437 (console) graphics indentation lines. --n Turn colorization off always (-C overrides). --C 在文件和目录清单加上色彩,便于区分各种类型。 +-i # 不以阶梯状列出文件和目录名称。 +-A # 使用ASNI绘图字符显示树状图而非以ASCII字符组合。 +-S # Print with CP437 (console) graphics indentation lines. +-n # Turn colorization off always (-C overrides). +-C # 在文件和目录清单加上色彩,便于区分各种类型。 ------- XML / HTML / JSON选项 ------- --X Prints out an XML representation of the tree. --J Prints out an JSON representation of the tree. --H baseHREF Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory. --T string Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string. ---nolinks Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output. +-X # Prints out an XML representation of the tree. +-J # Prints out an JSON representation of the tree. +-H baseHREF # Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory. +-T string # Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string. +--nolinks # Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output. ---- 杂项选项 ---- ---version 输入版本信息。 ---help 打印使用帮助信息。 --- Options processing terminator. +--version # 输入版本信息。 +--help # 打印使用帮助信息。 +-- # Options processing terminator. ``` ### 参数 From 4ce40d4f652c973ad5d08df758f8b5c661dbafb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sun, 22 Jan 2017 10:21:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0017/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0chmod.md=E6=B7=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8A=A0=E9=80=89=E9=A1=B9=E5=8F=82=E6=95=B0=E5=A2=9E=E6=B7=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=B4=E6=98=8E?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/chmod.md | 166 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/chmod.md b/command/chmod.md index a326f149915..adc40fdff5d 100644 --- a/command/chmod.md +++ b/command/chmod.md @@ -1,75 +1,91 @@ -chmod -=== - -用来变更文件或目录的权限 - -## 补充说明 - -**chmod命令** 用来变更文件或目录的权限。在UNIX系统家族里,文件或目录权限的控制分别以读取、写入、执行3种一般权限来区分,另有3种特殊权限可供运用。用户可以使用chmod指令去变更文件与目录的权限,设置方式采用文字或数字代号皆可。符号连接的权限无法变更,如果用户对符号连接修改权限,其改变会作用在被连接的原始文件。 - -权限范围的表示法如下: - -`u` User,即文件或目录的拥有者; -`g` Group,即文件或目录的所属群组; -`o` Other,除了文件或目录拥有者或所属群组之外,其他用户皆属于这个范围; -`a` All,即全部的用户,包含拥有者,所属群组以及其他用户; -`r` 读取权限,数字代号为“4”; -`w` 写入权限,数字代号为“2”; -`x` 执行或切换权限,数字代号为“1”; -`-` 不具任何权限,数字代号为“0”; -`s` 特殊功能说明:变更文件或目录的权限。 - -### 语法 - -``` -chmod(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --c或——changes:效果类似“-v”参数,但仅回报更改的部分; --f或--quiet或——silent:不显示错误信息; --R或——recursive:递归处理,将指令目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理; --v或——verbose:显示指令执行过程; ---reference=<参考文件或目录>:把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同; -<权限范围>+<权限设置>:开启权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; -<权限范围>-<权限设置>:关闭权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; -<权限范围>=<权限设置>:指定权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; -``` - -### 参数 - -权限模式:指定文件的权限模式; -文件:要改变权限的文件。 - -### 知识扩展和实例 - -Linux用 户分为:拥有者、组群(Group)、其他(other),Linux系统中,预设的情況下,系统中所有的帐号与一般身份使用者,以及root的相关信 息, 都是记录在`/etc/passwd`文件中。每个人的密码则是记录在`/etc/shadow`文件下。 此外,所有的组群名称记录在`/etc/group`內! - -linux文件的用户权限的分析图 - -!linux文件的用户权限的分析图 - -例:rwx rw- r-- - -r=读取属性 //值=4 -w=写入属性 //值=2 -x=执行属性 //值=1 - -``` -chmod u+x,g+w f01 //为文件f01设置自己可以执行,组员可以写入的权限 -chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r f01 -chmod 764 f01 -chmod a+x f01 //对文件f01的u,g,o都设置可执行属性 -``` - -文件的属主和属组属性设置 - -``` -chown user:market f01 //把文件f01给uesr,添加到market组 -ll -d f1 查看目录f1的属性 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +chmod +=== + +用来变更文件或目录的权限 + +## 补充说明 + +**chmod命令** 用来变更文件或目录的权限。在UNIX系统家族里,文件或目录权限的控制分别以读取、写入、执行3种一般权限来区分,另有3种特殊权限可供运用。用户可以使用chmod指令去变更文件与目录的权限,设置方式采用文字或数字代号皆可。符号连接的权限无法变更,如果用户对符号连接修改权限,其改变会作用在被连接的原始文件。 + +权限范围的表示法如下: + +`u` User,即文件或目录的拥有者; +`g` Group,即文件或目录的所属群组; +`o` Other,除了文件或目录拥有者或所属群组之外,其他用户皆属于这个范围; +`a` All,即全部的用户,包含拥有者,所属群组以及其他用户; +`r` 读取权限,数字代号为“4”; +`w` 写入权限,数字代号为“2”; +`x` 执行或切换权限,数字代号为“1”; +`-` 不具任何权限,数字代号为“0”; +`s` 特殊功能说明:变更文件或目录的权限。 + +### 语法 + +``` +chmod(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +```bash +u # 操作对象简称,用户user,文件或目录的所有者。 +g # 操作对象简称,同组用户group,文件或目录所属群组 +o # 操作对象简称,其它用户others +a # 操作对象简称,所有用户all,系统默认使用此项 ++ # 权限操作符,添加某些权限 +- # 权限操作符,取消某些权限 += # 权限操作符,设置文件的权限为给定的权限 +r # 权限设定(英文),表示可读权限 +w # 权限设定(英文),表示可写权限 +x # 权限设定(英文),表示可执行权限 +- # 权限设定(英文字符),表示没有权限 +X # 权限设定,如果目标文件是可执行文件或目录,可给其设置可执行权限 +s # 权限设定,设置权限suid和sgid,使用权限组合“u+s”设定文件的用户的ID位,“g+s”设置组ID位 +t # 权限设定,只有目录或文件的所有者才可以删除目录下的文件 +-c或——changes # 效果类似“-v”参数,但仅回报更改的部分,如果文件权限已经改变,显示其操作信息; +-f或--quiet或——silent # 操作过程中不显示任何错误信息; +-R或——recursive # 递归处理,将指令目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理; +-v或——verbose # 显示命令运行时的详细执行过程; +--reference=<参考文件或目录>:把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同; +<权限范围>+<权限设置>:开启权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +<权限范围>-<权限设置>:关闭权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +<权限范围>=<权限设置>:指定权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +--help # 显示帮助信息 +--version # 显示版本信息 +``` + +### 参数 + +权限模式:指定文件的权限模式; +文件:要改变权限的文件。 + +### 知识扩展和实例 + +Linux用 户分为:拥有者、组群(Group)、其他(other),Linux系统中,预设的情況下,系统中所有的帐号与一般身份使用者,以及root的相关信 息, 都是记录在`/etc/passwd`文件中。每个人的密码则是记录在`/etc/shadow`文件下。 此外,所有的组群名称记录在`/etc/group`內! + +linux文件的用户权限的分析图 + +!linux文件的用户权限的分析图 + +例:rwx rw- r-- + +r=读取属性 //值=4 +w=写入属性 //值=2 +x=执行属性 //值=1 + +``` +chmod u+x,g+w f01 //为文件f01设置自己可以执行,组员可以写入的权限 +chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r f01 +chmod 764 f01 +chmod a+x f01 //对文件f01的u,g,o都设置可执行属性 +``` + +文件的属主和属组属性设置 + +``` +chown user:market f01 //把文件f01给uesr,添加到market组 +ll -d f1 查看目录f1的属性 +``` + + + From da39e290b32251af996662453cc708fbaf272d2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Sun, 22 Jan 2017 10:23:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0018/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0chmod.md=E5=86=85?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=B9=E6=8E=92=E7=89=88?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/chmod.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/chmod.md b/command/chmod.md index adc40fdff5d..516847bbf7f 100644 --- a/command/chmod.md +++ b/command/chmod.md @@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ t # 权限设定,只有目录或文件的所有者才可以删除目录下的 -f或--quiet或——silent # 操作过程中不显示任何错误信息; -R或——recursive # 递归处理,将指令目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理; -v或——verbose # 显示命令运行时的详细执行过程; ---reference=<参考文件或目录>:把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同; -<权限范围>+<权限设置>:开启权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; -<权限范围>-<权限设置>:关闭权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; -<权限范围>=<权限设置>:指定权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +--reference=<参考文件或目录> # 把指定文件或目录的所属群组全部设成和参考文件或目录的所属群组相同; +<权限范围>+<权限设置> # 开启权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +<权限范围>-<权限设置> # 关闭权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; +<权限范围>=<权限设置> # 指定权限范围的文件或目录的该选项权限设置; --help # 显示帮助信息 --version # 显示版本信息 ``` @@ -73,17 +73,17 @@ r=读取属性 //值=4 w=写入属性 //值=2 x=执行属性 //值=1 -``` -chmod u+x,g+w f01 //为文件f01设置自己可以执行,组员可以写入的权限 +```bash +chmod u+x,g+w f01 # 为文件f01设置自己可以执行,组员可以写入的权限 chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r f01 chmod 764 f01 -chmod a+x f01 //对文件f01的u,g,o都设置可执行属性 +chmod a+x f01 # 对文件f01的u,g,o都设置可执行属性 ``` 文件的属主和属组属性设置 -``` -chown user:market f01 //把文件f01给uesr,添加到market组 +```bash +chown user:market f01 # 把文件f01给uesr,添加到market组 ll -d f1 查看目录f1的属性 ``` From e57ff89c2874ef167eaf13371ad33e511aeedd18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 09:24:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0019/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3xargs.md=E6=8E=92?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=89=88=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/xargs.md | 343 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 172 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/xargs.md b/command/xargs.md index 210a92b5031..3c5061b4c88 100644 --- a/command/xargs.md +++ b/command/xargs.md @@ -1,171 +1,172 @@ -xargs -=== - -给其他命令传递参数的一个过滤器 - -## 补充说明 - -**xargs命令** 是给其他命令传递参数的一个过滤器,也是组合多个命令的一个工具。它擅长将标准输入数据转换成命令行参数,xargs能够处理管道或者stdin并将其转换成特定命令的命令参数。xargs也可以将单行或多行文本输入转换为其他格式,例如多行变单行,单行变多行。xargs的默认命令是echo,空格是默认定界符。这意味着通过管道传递给xargs的输入将会包含换行和空白,不过通过xargs的处理,换行和空白将被空格取代。xargs是构建单行命令的重要组件之一。 - -### xargs命令用法 - -xargs用作替换工具,读取输入数据重新格式化后输出。 - -定义一个测试文件,内有多行文本数据: - -``` -cat test.txt - -a b c d e f g -h i j k l m n -o p q -r s t -u v w x y z - -``` - -多行输入单行输出: - -``` -cat test.txt | xargs - -a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z -``` - - **-n选项** 多行输出: - -``` -cat test.txt | xargs -n3 - -a b c -d e f -g h i -j k l -m n o -p q r -s t u -v w x -y z -``` - - **-d选项** 可以自定义一个定界符: - -``` -echo "nameXnameXnameXname" | xargs -dX - -name name name name -``` - -结合 **-n选项** 使用: - -``` -echo "nameXnameXnameXname" | xargs -dX -n2 - -name name -name name -``` - - **读取stdin,将格式化后的参数传递给命令** - -假设一个命令为 sk.sh 和一个保存参数的文件arg.txt: - -``` -#!/bin/bash -#sk.sh命令内容,打印出所有参数。 - -echo $* - -``` - -arg.txt文件内容: - -``` -cat arg.txt - -aaa -bbb -ccc - -``` - -xargs的一个 **选项-I** ,使用-I指定一个替换字符串{},这个字符串在xargs扩展时会被替换掉,当-I与xargs结合使用,每一个参数命令都会被执行一次: - -``` -cat arg.txt | xargs -I {} ./sk.sh -p {} -l - --p aaa -l --p bbb -l --p ccc -l - -``` - -复制所有图片文件到 /data/images 目录下: - -``` -ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -I cp {} /data/images -``` - - **xargs结合find使用** - -用rm 删除太多的文件时候,可能得到一个错误信息:/bin/rm Argument list too long. 用xargs去避免这个问题: - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.log" -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f -``` - -xargs -0将\0作为定界符。 - -统计一个源代码目录中所有php文件的行数: - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 wc -l -``` - -查找所有的jpg 文件,并且压缩它们: - -``` -find . -type f -name "*.jpg" -print | xargs tar -czvf images.tar.gz - -``` - - **xargs其他应用** - -假如你有一个文件包含了很多你希望下载的URL,你能够使用xargs下载所有链接: - -``` -cat url-list.txt | xargs wget -c - -``` - -### 子Shell(Subshells) - -运行一个shell脚本时会启动另一个命令解释器.,就好像你的命令是在命令行提示下被解释的一样,类似于批处理文件里的一系列命令。每个shell脚本有效地运行在父shell(parent shell)的一个子进程里。这个父shell是指在一个控制终端或在一个xterm窗口中给你命令指示符的进程。 - -``` -cmd1 | ( cmd2; cmd3; cmd4 ) | cmd5 -``` - -如果cmd2 是cd /,那么就会改变子Shell的工作目录,这种改变只是局限于子shell内部,cmd5则完全不知道工作目录发生的变化。子shell是嵌在圆括号()内部的命令序列,子Shell内部定义的变量为局部变量。 - -子shell可用于为一组命令设定临时的环境变量: - - COMMAND1 -COMMAND2 -COMMAND3 -( - IFS=: - PATH=/bin - unset TERMINFO - set -C - shift 5 - COMMAND4 - COMMAND5 - exit 3 # 只是从子shell退出。 -) -# 父shell不受影响,变量值没有更改。 -COMMAND6 -COMMAND7 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file +xargs +=== + +给其他命令传递参数的一个过滤器 + +## 补充说明 + +**xargs命令** 是给其他命令传递参数的一个过滤器,也是组合多个命令的一个工具。它擅长将标准输入数据转换成命令行参数,xargs能够处理管道或者stdin并将其转换成特定命令的命令参数。xargs也可以将单行或多行文本输入转换为其他格式,例如多行变单行,单行变多行。xargs的默认命令是echo,空格是默认定界符。这意味着通过管道传递给xargs的输入将会包含换行和空白,不过通过xargs的处理,换行和空白将被空格取代。xargs是构建单行命令的重要组件之一。 + +### xargs命令用法 + +xargs用作替换工具,读取输入数据重新格式化后输出。 + +定义一个测试文件,内有多行文本数据: + +``` +cat test.txt + +a b c d e f g +h i j k l m n +o p q +r s t +u v w x y z + +``` + +多行输入单行输出: + +``` +cat test.txt | xargs + +a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z +``` + + **-n选项** 多行输出: + +``` +cat test.txt | xargs -n3 + +a b c +d e f +g h i +j k l +m n o +p q r +s t u +v w x +y z +``` + + **-d选项** 可以自定义一个定界符: + +``` +echo "nameXnameXnameXname" | xargs -dX + +name name name name +``` + +结合 **-n选项** 使用: + +``` +echo "nameXnameXnameXname" | xargs -dX -n2 + +name name +name name +``` + + **读取stdin,将格式化后的参数传递给命令** + +假设一个命令为 sk.sh 和一个保存参数的文件arg.txt: + +``` +#!/bin/bash +#sk.sh命令内容,打印出所有参数。 + +echo $* + +``` + +arg.txt文件内容: + +``` +cat arg.txt + +aaa +bbb +ccc + +``` + +xargs的一个 **选项-I** ,使用-I指定一个替换字符串{},这个字符串在xargs扩展时会被替换掉,当-I与xargs结合使用,每一个参数命令都会被执行一次: + +``` +cat arg.txt | xargs -I {} ./sk.sh -p {} -l + +-p aaa -l +-p bbb -l +-p ccc -l + +``` + +复制所有图片文件到 /data/images 目录下: + +``` +ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -I cp {} /data/images +``` + + **xargs结合find使用** + +用rm 删除太多的文件时候,可能得到一个错误信息:/bin/rm Argument list too long. 用xargs去避免这个问题: + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.log" -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f +``` + +xargs -0将\0作为定界符。 + +统计一个源代码目录中所有php文件的行数: + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 wc -l +``` + +查找所有的jpg 文件,并且压缩它们: + +``` +find . -type f -name "*.jpg" -print | xargs tar -czvf images.tar.gz + +``` + + **xargs其他应用** + +假如你有一个文件包含了很多你希望下载的URL,你能够使用xargs下载所有链接: + +``` +cat url-list.txt | xargs wget -c + +``` + +### 子Shell(Subshells) + +运行一个shell脚本时会启动另一个命令解释器.,就好像你的命令是在命令行提示下被解释的一样,类似于批处理文件里的一系列命令。每个shell脚本有效地运行在父shell(parent shell)的一个子进程里。这个父shell是指在一个控制终端或在一个xterm窗口中给你命令指示符的进程。 + +``` +cmd1 | ( cmd2; cmd3; cmd4 ) | cmd5 +``` + +如果cmd2 是cd /,那么就会改变子Shell的工作目录,这种改变只是局限于子shell内部,cmd5则完全不知道工作目录发生的变化。子shell是嵌在圆括号()内部的命令序列,子Shell内部定义的变量为局部变量。 + +子shell可用于为一组命令设定临时的环境变量: + +``` +COMMAND1 +COMMAND2 +COMMAND3 +( + IFS=: + PATH=/bin + unset TERMINFO + set -C + shift 5 + COMMAND4 + COMMAND5 + exit 3 # 只是从子shell退出。 +) +# 父shell不受影响,变量值没有更改。 +COMMAND6 +COMMAND7 +``` + + + From ea36bbe45fb93122e0b56d839f53047f5fbd7be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 09:51:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0020/1332] Update free.md --- command/free.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 159 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/free.md b/command/free.md index 1d0814a2279..f36144f4ebd 100644 --- a/command/free.md +++ b/command/free.md @@ -1,63 +1,159 @@ -free -=== - -显示内存的使用情况 - -## 补充说明 - -**free命令** 可以显示当前系统未使用的和已使用的内存数目,还可以显示被内核使用的内存缓冲区。 - -### 语法 - -``` -free(选项) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --b:以Byte为单位显示内存使用情况; --k:以KB为单位显示内存使用情况; --m:以MB为单位显示内存使用情况; --o:不显示缓冲区调节列; --s<间隔秒数>:持续观察内存使用状况; --t:显示内存总和列; --V:显示版本信息。 -``` - -### 实例 - -``` -free -m - total used free shared buffers cached -Mem: 2016 1973 42 0 163 1497 --/+ buffers/cache: 312 1703 -Swap: 4094 0 4094 -``` - - **第一部分Mem行解释:** - -``` -total:内存总数; -used:已经使用的内存数; -free:空闲的内存数; -shared:当前已经废弃不用; -buffers Buffer:缓存内存数; -cached Page:缓存内存数。 -``` - -关系:total = used + free - - **第二部分(-/+ buffers/cache)解释:** - -``` -(-buffers/cache) used内存数:第一部分Mem行中的 used – buffers – cached -(+buffers/cache) free内存数: 第一部分Mem行中的 free + buffers + cached -``` - -可见-buffers/cache反映的是被程序实实在在吃掉的内存,而+buffers/cache反映的是可以挪用的内存总数。 - -第三部分是指交换分区。 - - - \ No newline at end of file +free +=== + +显示内存的使用情况 + +## 补充说明 + +**free命令** 可以显示当前系统未使用的和已使用的内存数目,还可以显示被内核使用的内存缓冲区。 + +### 语法 + +``` +free(选项) +``` + +### 选项 + +```bash +-b # 以Byte为单位显示内存使用情况; +-k # 以KB为单位显示内存使用情况; +-m # 以MB为单位显示内存使用情况; +-g # 以GB为单位显示内存使用情况。 +-o # 不显示缓冲区调节列; +-s<间隔秒数> # 持续观察内存使用状况; +-t # 显示内存总和列; +-V # 显示版本信息。 +``` + +### 实例 + +```bash +free -t # 以总和的形式显示内存的使用信息 +free -s 10 # 周期性的查询内存使用信息,每10s 执行一次命令 +``` + +显示内存使用情况 + +```bash +free -m + total used free shared buffers cached +Mem: 2016 1973 42 0 163 1497 +-/+ buffers/cache: 312 1703 +Swap: 4094 0 4094 +``` + + **第一部分Mem行解释:** + +``` +total:内存总数; +used:已经使用的内存数; +free:空闲的内存数; +shared:当前已经废弃不用; +buffers Buffer:缓存内存数; +cached Page:缓存内存数。 +``` + +关系:total = used + free + + **第二部分(-/+ buffers/cache)解释:** + +``` +(-buffers/cache) used内存数:第一部分Mem行中的 used – buffers – cached +(+buffers/cache) free内存数: 第一部分Mem行中的 free + buffers + cached +``` + +可见-buffers/cache反映的是被程序实实在在吃掉的内存,而+buffers/cache反映的是可以挪用的内存总数。 + +第三部分是指交换分区。 + +输出结果的第四行是交换分区SWAP的,也就是我们通常所说的虚拟内存。 +区别:第二行(mem)的used/free与第三行(-/+ buffers/cache) used/free的区别。 这两个的区别在于使用的角度来看,第一行是从OS的角度来看,因为对于OS,buffers/cached 都是属于被使用,所以他的可用内存是2098428KB,已用内存是30841684KB,其中包括,内核(OS)使用+Application(X, oracle,etc)使用的+buffers+cached. + +第三行所指的是从应用程序角度来看,对于应用程序来说,buffers/cached 是等于可用的,因为buffer/cached是为了提高文件读取的性能,当应用程序需在用到内存的时候,buffer/cached会很快地被回收。 + +所以从应用程序的角度来说,可用内存=系统free memory+buffers+cached。 +如本机情况的可用内存为: + +18007156=2098428KB+4545340KB+11363424KB + +接下来解释什么时候内存会被交换,以及按什么方交换。 + +当可用内存少于额定值的时候,就会开会进行交换。如何看额定值: + +```bash +cat /proc/meminfo + +MemTotal: 16140816 kB +MemFree: 816004 kB +MemAvailable: 2913824 kB +Buffers: 17912 kB +Cached: 2239076 kB +SwapCached: 0 kB +Active: 12774804 kB +Inactive: 1594328 kB +Active(anon): 12085544 kB +Inactive(anon): 94572 kB +Active(file): 689260 kB +Inactive(file): 1499756 kB +Unevictable: 116888 kB +Mlocked: 116888 kB +SwapTotal: 8191996 kB +SwapFree: 8191996 kB +Dirty: 56 kB +Writeback: 0 kB +AnonPages: 12229228 kB +Mapped: 117136 kB +Shmem: 58736 kB +Slab: 395568 kB +SReclaimable: 246700 kB +SUnreclaim: 148868 kB +KernelStack: 30496 kB +PageTables: 165104 kB +NFS_Unstable: 0 kB +Bounce: 0 kB +WritebackTmp: 0 kB +CommitLimit: 16262404 kB +Committed_AS: 27698600 kB +VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB +VmallocUsed: 311072 kB +VmallocChunk: 34350899200 kB +HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB +AnonHugePages: 3104768 kB +HugePages_Total: 0 +HugePages_Free: 0 +HugePages_Rsvd: 0 +HugePages_Surp: 0 +Hugepagesize: 2048 kB +DirectMap4k: 225536 kB +DirectMap2M: 13279232 kB +DirectMap1G: 5242880 kB +``` + +交换将通过三个途径来减少系统中使用的物理页面的个数: + +1. 减少缓冲与页面cache的大小, +2. 将系统V类型的内存页面交换出去, +3. 换出或者丢弃页面。(Application 占用的内存页,也就是物理内存不足)。 + +事实上,少量地使用swap是不是影响到系统性能的。 + +那buffers和cached都是缓存,两者有什么区别呢? + +为了提高磁盘存取效率, Linux做了一些精心的设计, 除了对dentry进行缓存(用于VFS,加速文件路径名到inode的转换), 还采取了两种主要Cache方式: + +Buffer Cache和Page Cache。前者针对磁盘块的读写,后者针对文件inode的读写。这些Cache有效缩短了 I/O系统调用(比如read,write,getdents)的时间。 +磁盘的操作有逻辑级(文件系统)和物理级(磁盘块),这两种Cache就是分别缓存逻辑和物理级数据的。 + +Page cache实际上是针对文件系统的,是文件的缓存,在文件层面上的数据会缓存到page cache。文件的逻辑层需要映射到实际的物理磁盘,这种映射关系由文件系统来完成。当page cache的数据需要刷新时,page cache中的数据交给buffer cache,因为Buffer Cache就是缓存磁盘块的。但是这种处理在2.6版本的内核之后就变的很简单了,没有真正意义上的cache操作。 + +Buffer cache是针对磁盘块的缓存,也就是在没有文件系统的情况下,直接对磁盘进行操作的数据会缓存到buffer cache中,例如,文件系统的元数据都会缓存到buffer cache中。 + +简单说来,page cache用来缓存文件数据,buffer cache用来缓存磁盘数据。在有文件系统的情况下,对文件操作,那么数据会缓存到page cache,如果直接采用dd等工具对磁盘进行读写,那么数据会缓存到buffer cache。 + +所以我们看linux,只要不用swap的交换空间,就不用担心自己的内存太少.如果常常swap用很多,可能你就要考虑加物理内存了.这也是linux看内存是否够用的标准. + +如果是应用服务器的话,一般只看第二行,+buffers/cache,即对应用程序来说free的内存太少了,也是该考虑优化程序或加内存了。 + + + From d45ed4018f2ac3a6ee66b938a892398973563256 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 11:36:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0021/1332] =?UTF-8?q?watch=20=E5=91=BD=E4=BB=A4=E6=B7=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8A=A0=E5=AE=9E=E4=BE=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/watch.md | 92 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/watch.md b/command/watch.md index 1774af81a0d..a195e885065 100644 --- a/command/watch.md +++ b/command/watch.md @@ -1,43 +1,49 @@ -watch -=== - -周期性的方式执行给定的指令 - -## 补充说明 - -**watch命令** 以周期性的方式执行给定的指令,指令输出以全屏方式显示。watch是一个非常实用的命令,基本所有的Linux发行版都带有这个小工具,如同名字一样,watch可以帮你监测一个命令的运行结果,省得你一遍遍的手动运行。 - -### 语法 - -``` -watch(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --n:指定指令执行的间隔时间(秒); --d:高亮显示指令输出信息不同之处; --t:不显示标题。 -``` - -### 参数 - -指令:需要周期性执行的指令。 - -### 实例 - -``` -#watch uptime -#watch -t uptime -#watch -d -n 1 netstat -ntlp -#watch -d 'ls -l | fgrep goface' //监测goface的文件 -#watch -t -differences=cumulative uptime -#watch -n 60 from //监控mail -#watch -n 1 "df -i;df" //监测磁盘inode和block数目变化情况 -``` - -FreeBSD和Linux下watch命令的不同,在Linux下,watch是周期性的执行下个程序,并全屏显示执行结果,如:`watch -n 1 -d netstat -ant`,而在FreeBSD下的watch命令是查看其它用户的正在运行的操作,watch允许你偷看其它terminal正在做什么,该命令只能让超级用户使用。 - - - \ No newline at end of file +watch +=== + +可以将命令的输出结果输出到标准输出设备,多用于周期性执行命令/定时执行命令 + +## 补充说明 + +**watch命令** 以周期性的方式执行给定的指令,指令输出以全屏方式显示。watch是一个非常实用的命令,基本所有的Linux发行版都带有这个小工具,如同名字一样,watch可以帮你监测一个命令的运行结果,省得你一遍遍的手动运行。 + +### 语法 + +``` +watch(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +```bash +-n # 或--interval watch缺省每2秒运行一下程序,可以用-n或-interval来指定间隔的时间。 +-d # 或--differences 用-d或--differences 选项watch 会高亮显示变化的区域。 而-d=cumulative选项会把变动过的地方(不管最近的那次有没有变动)都高亮显示出来。 +-t # 或-no-title 会关闭watch命令在顶部的时间间隔,命令,当前时间的输出。 +-h, --help # 查看帮助文档 +``` + +### 参数 + +指令:需要周期性执行的指令。 + +### 实例 + +```bash +watch -n 1 -d netstat -ant # 命令:每隔一秒高亮显示网络链接数的变化情况 +watch -n 1 -d 'pstree|grep http' # 每隔一秒高亮显示http链接数的变化情况。 后面接的命令若带有管道符,需要加''将命令区域归整。 +watch 'netstat -an | grep:21 | \ grep<模拟攻击客户机的IP>| wc -l' # 实时查看模拟攻击客户机建立起来的连接数 +watch -d 'ls -l|grep scf' # 监测当前目录中 scf' 的文件的变化 +watch -n 10 'cat /proc/loadavg' # 10秒一次输出系统的平均负载 +watch uptime +watch -t uptime +watch -d -n 1 netstat -ntlp +watch -d 'ls -l | fgrep goface' # 监测goface的文件 +watch -t -differences=cumulative uptime +watch -n 60 from # 监控mail +watch -n 1 "df -i;df" # 监测磁盘inode和block数目变化情况 +``` + +FreeBSD和Linux下watch命令的不同,在Linux下,watch是周期性的执行下个程序,并全屏显示执行结果,如:`watch -n 1 -d netstat -ant`,而在FreeBSD下的watch命令是查看其它用户的正在运行的操作,watch允许你偷看其它terminal正在做什么,该命令只能让超级用户使用。 + + + From 292f486614547640de6d99c29bfa2b7c84bf04f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=BC=9F=E8=B0=83=E8=B0=83=E2=84=A2?= <398188662@qq.com> Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 11:43:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0022/1332] =?UTF-8?q?traceroute=20=E6=B7=BB=E5=8A=A0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=80=E4=BA=9B=E5=AE=9E=E4=BE=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- command/traceroute.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/traceroute.md b/command/traceroute.md index 74b02f50b5b..84b98e26609 100644 --- a/command/traceroute.md +++ b/command/traceroute.md @@ -1,72 +1,99 @@ -traceroute -=== - -显示数据包到主机间的路径 - -## 补充说明 - -**traceroute命令** 用于追踪数据包在网络上的传输时的全部路径,它默认发送的数据包大小是40字节。 - -通过traceroute我们可以知道信息从你的计算机到互联网另一端的主机是走的什么路径。当然每次数据包由某一同样的出发点(source)到达某一同样的目的地(destination)走的路径可能会不一样,但基本上来说大部分时候所走的路由是相同的。 - -traceroute通过发送小的数据包到目的设备直到其返回,来测量其需要多长时间。一条路径上的每个设备traceroute要测3次。输出结果中包括每次测试的时间(ms)和设备的名称(如有的话)及其ip地址。 - -### 语法 - -``` -traceroute(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --d:使用Socket层级的排错功能; --f<存活数值>:设置第一个检测数据包的存活数值TTL的大小; --F:设置勿离断位; --g<网关>:设置来源路由网关,最多可设置8个; --i<网络界面>:使用指定的网络界面送出数据包; --I:使用ICMP回应取代UDP资料信息; --m<存活数值>:设置检测数据包的最大存活数值TTL的大小; --n:直接使用IP地址而非主机名称; --p<通信端口>:设置UDP传输协议的通信端口; --r:忽略普通的Routing Table,直接将数据包送到远端主机上。 --s<来源地址>:设置本地主机送出数据包的IP地址; --t<服务类型>:设置检测数据包的TOS数值; --v:详细显示指令的执行过程; --w<超时秒数>:设置等待远端主机回报的时间; --x:开启或关闭数据包的正确性检验。 -``` - -### 参数 - -主机:指定目的主机IP地址或主机名。 - -### 实例 - -``` -traceroute www.58.com -traceroute to www.58.com (211.151.111.30), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets - 1 unknown (192.168.2.1) 3.453 ms 3.801 ms 3.937 ms - 2 221.6.45.33 (221.6.45.33) 7.768 ms 7.816 ms 7.840 ms - 3 221.6.0.233 (221.6.0.233) 13.784 ms 13.827 ms 221.6.9.81 (221.6.9.81) 9.758 ms - 4 221.6.2.169 (221.6.2.169) 11.777 ms 122.96.66.13 (122.96.66.13) 34.952 ms 221.6.2.53 (221.6.2.53) 41.372 ms - 5 219.158.96.149 (219.158.96.149) 39.167 ms 39.210 ms 39.238 ms - 6 123.126.0.194 (123.126.0.194) 37.270 ms 123.126.0.66 (123.126.0.66) 37.163 ms 37.441 ms - 7 124.65.57.26 (124.65.57.26) 42.787 ms 42.799 ms 42.809 ms - 8 61.148.146.210 (61.148.146.210) 30.176 ms 61.148.154.98 (61.148.154.98) 32.613 ms 32.675 ms - 9 202.106.42.102 (202.106.42.102) 44.563 ms 44.600 ms 44.627 ms -10 210.77.139.150 (210.77.139.150) 53.302 ms 53.233 ms 53.032 ms -11 211.151.104.6 (211.151.104.6) 39.585 ms 39.502 ms 39.598 ms -12 211.151.111.30 (211.151.111.30) 35.161 ms 35.938 ms 36.005 ms -``` - -记录按序列号从1开始,每个纪录就是一跳 ,每跳表示一个网关,我们看到每行有三个时间,单位是ms,其实就是`-q`的默认参数。探测数据包向每个网关发送三个数据包后,网关响应后返回的时间;如果用`traceroute -q 4 www.58.com`,表示向每个网关发送4个数据包。 - -有时我们traceroute一台主机时,会看到有一些行是以星号表示的。出现这样的情况,可能是防火墙封掉了ICMP的返回信息,所以我们得不到什么相关的数据包返回数据。 - -有时我们在某一网关处延时比较长,有可能是某台网关比较阻塞,也可能是物理设备本身的原因。当然如果某台DNS出现问题时,不能解析主机名、域名时,也会 有延时长的现象;您可以加`-n`参数来避免DNS解析,以IP格式输出数据。 - -如果在局域网中的不同网段之间,我们可以通过traceroute 来排查问题所在,是主机的问题还是网关的问题。如果我们通过远程来访问某台服务器遇到问题时,我们用到traceroute 追踪数据包所经过的网关,提交IDC服务商,也有助于解决问题;但目前看来在国内解决这样的问题是比较困难的,就是我们发现问题所在,IDC服务商也不可能帮助我们解决。 - - - \ No newline at end of file +traceroute +=== + +显示数据包到主机间的路径 + +## 补充说明 + +**traceroute命令** 用于追踪数据包在网络上的传输时的全部路径,它默认发送的数据包大小是40字节。 + +通过traceroute我们可以知道信息从你的计算机到互联网另一端的主机是走的什么路径。当然每次数据包由某一同样的出发点(source)到达某一同样的目的地(destination)走的路径可能会不一样,但基本上来说大部分时候所走的路由是相同的。 + +traceroute通过发送小的数据包到目的设备直到其返回,来测量其需要多长时间。一条路径上的每个设备traceroute要测3次。输出结果中包括每次测试的时间(ms)和设备的名称(如有的话)及其ip地址。 + +### 语法 + +``` +traceroute(选项)(参数) +``` + +### 选项 + +``` +-d:使用Socket层级的排错功能; +-f<存活数值>:设置第一个检测数据包的存活数值TTL的大小; +-F:设置勿离断位; +-g<网关>:设置来源路由网关,最多可设置8个; +-i<网络界面>:使用指定的网络界面送出数据包; +-I:使用ICMP回应取代UDP资料信息; +-m<存活数值>:设置检测数据包的最大存活数值TTL的大小; +-n:直接使用IP地址而非主机名称; +-p<通信端口>:设置UDP传输协议的通信端口; +-r:忽略普通的Routing Table,直接将数据包送到远端主机上。 +-s<来源地址>:设置本地主机送出数据包的IP地址; +-t<服务类型>:设置检测数据包的TOS数值; +-v:详细显示指令的执行过程; +-w<超时秒数>:设置等待远端主机回报的时间; +-x:开启或关闭数据包的正确性检验。 +``` + +### 参数 + +主机:指定目的主机IP地址或主机名。 + +### 实例 + +``` +traceroute www.58.com +traceroute to www.58.com (211.151.111.30), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets + 1 unknown (192.168.2.1) 3.453 ms 3.801 ms 3.937 ms + 2 221.6.45.33 (221.6.45.33) 7.768 ms 7.816 ms 7.840 ms + 3 221.6.0.233 (221.6.0.233) 13.784 ms 13.827 ms 221.6.9.81 (221.6.9.81) 9.758 ms + 4 221.6.2.169 (221.6.2.169) 11.777 ms 122.96.66.13 (122.96.66.13) 34.952 ms 221.6.2.53 (221.6.2.53) 41.372 ms + 5 219.158.96.149 (219.158.96.149) 39.167 ms 39.210 ms 39.238 ms + 6 123.126.0.194 (123.126.0.194) 37.270 ms 123.126.0.66 (123.126.0.66) 37.163 ms 37.441 ms + 7 124.65.57.26 (124.65.57.26) 42.787 ms 42.799 ms 42.809 ms + 8 61.148.146.210 (61.148.146.210) 30.176 ms 61.148.154.98 (61.148.154.98) 32.613 ms 32.675 ms + 9 202.106.42.102 (202.106.42.102) 44.563 ms 44.600 ms 44.627 ms +10 210.77.139.150 (210.77.139.150) 53.302 ms 53.233 ms 53.032 ms +11 211.151.104.6 (211.151.104.6) 39.585 ms 39.502 ms 39.598 ms +12 211.151.111.30 (211.151.111.30) 35.161 ms 35.938 ms 36.005 ms +``` + +记录按序列号从1开始,每个纪录就是一跳 ,每跳表示一个网关,我们看到每行有三个时间,单位是ms,其实就是`-q`的默认参数。探测数据包向每个网关发送三个数据包后,网关响应后返回的时间;如果用`traceroute -q 4 www.58.com`,表示向每个网关发送4个数据包。 + +有时我们traceroute一台主机时,会看到有一些行是以星号表示的。出现这样的情况,可能是防火墙封掉了ICMP的返回信息,所以我们得不到什么相关的数据包返回数据。 + +有时我们在某一网关处延时比较长,有可能是某台网关比较阻塞,也可能是物理设备本身的原因。当然如果某台DNS出现问题时,不能解析主机名、域名时,也会 有延时长的现象;您可以加`-n`参数来避免DNS解析,以IP格式输出数据。 + +如果在局域网中的不同网段之间,我们可以通过traceroute 来排查问题所在,是主机的问题还是网关的问题。如果我们通过远程来访问某台服务器遇到问题时,我们用到traceroute 追踪数据包所经过的网关,提交IDC服务商,也有助于解决问题;但目前看来在国内解决这样的问题是比较困难的,就是我们发现问题所在,IDC服务商也不可能帮助我们解决。 + +**跳数设置** + +``` +[root@localhost ~]# traceroute -m 10 www.baidu.com +traceroute to www.baidu.com (61.135.169.105), 10 hops max, 40 byte packets + 1 192.168.74.2 (192.168.74.2) 1.534 ms 1.775 ms 1.961 ms + 2 211.151.56.1 (211.151.56.1) 0.508 ms 0.514 ms 0.507 ms + 3 211.151.227.206 (211.151.227.206) 0.571 ms 0.558 ms 0.550 ms + 4 210.77.139.145 (210.77.139.145) 0.708 ms 0.729 ms 0.785 ms + 5 202.106.42.101 (202.106.42.101) 7.978 ms 8.155 ms 8.311 ms + 6 bt-228-037.bta.net.cn (202.106.228.37) 772.460 ms bt-228-025.bta.net.cn (202.106.228.25) 2.152 ms 61.148.154.97 (61.148.154.97) 772.107 ms + 7 124.65.58.221 (124.65.58.221) 4.875 ms 61.148.146.29 (61.148.146.29) 2.124 ms 124.65.58.221 (124.65.58.221) 4.854 ms + 8 123.126.6.198 (123.126.6.198) 2.944 ms 61.148.156.6 (61.148.156.6) 3.505 ms 123.126.6.198 (123.126.6.198) 2.885 ms + 9 * * * +10 * * * +``` + +其它一些实例 + +``` +traceroute -m 10 www.baidu.com # 跳数设置 +traceroute -n www.baidu.com # 显示IP地址,不查主机名 +traceroute -p 6888 www.baidu.com # 探测包使用的基本UDP端口设置6888 +traceroute -q 4 www.baidu.com # 把探测包的个数设置为值4 +traceroute -r www.baidu.com # 绕过正常的路由表,直接发送到网络相连的主机 +traceroute -w 3 www.baidu.com # 把对外发探测包的等待响应时间设置为3秒 +``` + + From 50d592a4262ff36a8157ffcf36854e9611fad278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 13:39:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0023/1332] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=9F=9F=E5=90=8D=E5=9C=B0=E5=9D=80?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=8D=A2=E6=88=90=E7=9F=AD=E5=9C=B0=E5=9D=80?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 8a51fc696c5..ce3f362cf6b 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Linux Command 516 个 Linux 命令大全,内容包含 Linux 命令手册、详解、学习,值得收藏的 Linux 命令速查手册。请原谅我写了个爬虫,爬了他们家的数据[linuxde.net](http://man.linuxde.net),同时进行了编辑,增加了一些数据。对他们的辛勤劳动表示敬意,个人希望能本地离线搜索,不喜欢广告,希望得到干净漂亮的预览界面,业余和工作时间需要使用大量的命令,所以干了一件看似比较愚蠢的事情,在回头有空的时候估计能做一个App?,或者是命令行帮助工具?但目前还没有计划... -预览搜索:https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ +预览搜索:**https://git.io/linux** [](https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/) From 79f7a2d249d2baea2a7692fdcd524e98319878fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Huck HuangDate: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 22:22:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0024/1332] Fix typo --- command/curl.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/command/curl.md b/command/curl.md index a9dc633e992..df3fe2fb0b2 100644 --- a/command/curl.md +++ b/command/curl.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ curl === - + 利用URL规则在命令行下工作的文件传输工具 ## 补充说明 @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ curl(选项)(参数) -C/--continue-at -断点续转 +断点续传 From e185d9bdc9dbe8580688c36d5541eb0511537a03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaywcjlove <398188662@qq.com> Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2017 23:10:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0025/1332] update Linux.gif --- Linux.gif | Bin 345936 -> 978795 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/Linux.gif b/Linux.gif index a76560e060d47f1ef525cb7abdab0ec55d575033..c9b7e699ed0122ab2fd90a2002f928ba4be956d5 100644 GIT binary patch literal 978795 zcmWhzc{CJ`6W?9S?mBm!>t1KB${o4Zz3z2}ly#rwC{o0(U3OhrY;xa)LfO%*{kdM>!I~UO#O7s95pOLjK!e#3anOI8a@VU z#=4f?=8{h4I-yn?w{b>xc6Rn2VXpqygKUihFIWY7x?XcIjq$XIx#aA3>1sI6HrUrQ z-Vbvlz&$a_GdMUnAS^Z_G9n=QR!pdW hq<>JQv#l4$3Dxy{h}iASEKS~v%$a4GxU46Myjs=Xf;3SIm7HzO(m1b 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