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@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ Ruby features:
 
 * Simple syntax,
 * Basic OO features (classes, methods, objects, and so on),
-* Special OO features (Mix-ins, singleton methods, renaming, ...),
+* Special OO features (mixins, singleton methods, renaming, ...),
 * Operator overloading,
 * Exception handling,
 * Iterators and closures,
 * Garbage collection,
 * Dynamic loading (depending on the architecture),
-* High transportability (runs on various Unices, Windows, DOS, OSX, OS/2,
-  Amiga, and so on)
+* High transportability (runs on various Unices, Windows, DOS, OS X, OS/2,
+  Amiga, and so on).
 
 ### Show me some Ruby code!
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ zoe:     7
 ~~~
 
 The code uses regular expressions to parse successive lines from the input
-file, creating a new `Person` object for each match and pushing it on to the
+file, creating a new `Person` object for each match and pushing it onto the
 end of the array `people`.
 
 ~~~
@@ -147,24 +147,24 @@ programming language newer (and hopefully better) than Perl.
 
 ### What is the history of Ruby?
 
-The following a summary of a posting made by Matz in [ruby-talk:00382] on
-June 4, 1999. (The birthday of Ruby is corrected in [ruby-list:15977]).
+The following is a summary of a posting made by Matz in [ruby-talk:00382] on
+June 4, 1999. (The birthday of Ruby has been corrected in [ruby-list:15977].)
 
-> Well, Ruby was born on February 24 1993. I was talking with my colleague
+> Well, Ruby was born on February 24, 1993. I was talking with my colleague
 > about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl
-> (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had smell of toy
-> language (it still has). The object-oriented scripting language seemed very
-> promising.
+> (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of
+> a toy language (it still has). The object-oriented scripting language seemed
+> very promising.
 
 > I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a
-> true object-oriented language---OO features appeared to be add-on to the
+> true object-oriented language---OO features appeared to be an add-on to the
 > language. As a language manic and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a
 > genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for, but
 > couldn't find one.
 
 > So, I decided to make it. It took several months to make the interpreter
-> run. I put it the features I love to have in my language, such as iterators,
-> exception handling, garbage collection.
+> run. I put into it the features I love to have in my language, such as
+> iterators, exception handling, garbage collection.
 
 > Then, I reorganized the features of Perl into a class library, and
 > implemented them. I posted Ruby 0.95 to the Japanese domestic newsgroups
@@ -196,19 +196,17 @@ comp.lang.ruby was established in May, 2000 (thanks to the efforts of
 There are five mailing lists now talking about Ruby. The first is in English,
 the last four in Japanese:
 
-~~~
-ruby-talk: English language discussion of Ruby.
-ruby-list: Japanese language discussion of Ruby.
-ruby-dev:  List for Ruby developers.
-ruby-ext:  List for people writing extensions for or with Ruby.
-ruby-math: Ruby in mathematics.
-~~~
+* `ruby-talk`: English language discussion of Ruby.
+* `ruby-list`: Japanese language discussion of Ruby.
+* `ruby-dev`:  List for Ruby developers.
+* `ruby-ext`:  List for people writing extensions for or with Ruby.
+* `ruby-math`: Ruby in mathematics.
 
 See [joining the mailing list](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/ml.html).
 
 You can search the mailing list archives using
 [http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/ruby/ruby-talk/index.shtml](http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/ruby/ruby-talk/index.shtml).
-(This is the url for the ruby-talk list: munge as required for the others).
+(This is the URL for the ruby-talk list, munge as required for the others).
 
 ### How can I thread the mailing list in mutt?
 
@@ -233,32 +231,32 @@ Originally, or historically, it was called “ruby”.
 
 ### Are there any Ruby books?
 
-Programming Ruby: The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide, (the Pickaxe Book) by
-David Thomas and Andrew Hunt: ISBN 0-20171-089-7, Addison-Wesley,
-October 2000.
+* Programming Ruby: The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide,
+  (the Pickaxe Book) by David Thomas and Andrew Hunt: ISBN 0-20171-089-7,
+  Addison-Wesley, October 2000.
 
-A Japanese language Ruby reference book by matz, et al and published by ASCII
-is available in Japan (ISBN 4-7561-3254-5). An English translation,
-“The Ruby Programming Language”, is in the works from Addison-Wesley
-(ISBN 020171096X).
+* A Japanese language Ruby reference book by matz et al. and published by
+  ASCII is available in Japan (ISBN 4-7561-3254-5). An English translation,
+  “The Ruby Programming Language”, is in the works from Addison-Wesley
+  (ISBN 020171096X).
 
-A Japanese language “Ruby Pocket Reference” is published by O'Reilly Japan
-(ISBN 4-87311-023-8). Let O'Reilly in the US know if you'd like to see a
-translation.
+* A Japanese language “Ruby Pocket Reference” is published by O'Reilly Japan
+  (ISBN 4-87311-023-8). Let O'Reilly in the US know if you'd like to see a
+  translation.
 
-In addition, “Mastering Regular Expressions”, by Jeffrey Friedl, (the Hip
-Owl Book): ISBN 1-56592-257-3 from O'Reilly & Associates, is a reference work
-that covers the art and implementation of regular expressions in various
-programming languages. Most of it is highly relevant to Ruby regular
-expressions.
+* In addition, “Mastering Regular Expressions”, by Jeffrey Friedl,
+  (the Hip Owl Book): ISBN 1-56592-257-3 from O'Reilly & Associates,
+  is a reference work that covers the art and implementation of regular
+  expressions in various programming languages. Most of it is highly
+  relevant to Ruby regular expressions.
 
 ### Which editors provide support for Ruby?
 
 * [Emacs](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html)
   or [XEmacs](http://www.xemacs.org/): `ruby-mode.el` is supplied in the Ruby
   distribution. With some versions of XEmacs, you may need to add
   `(load "font-lock")` to your `.emacs` file to allow `ruby-mode.el` to detect
-  the syntax highlighting package you're using.
+  the syntax highlighting package you are using.
 * [Vim](http://www.vim.org/): Vim 5.7 and later have Ruby syntax files as
   standard in the runtime package. For prior versions, a syntax file for Ruby
   is available at
@@ -279,7 +277,7 @@ expressions.
 People commonly annotate Ruby code by showing the results of executing each
 statement as a comment attached to that statement. For example, in the
 following code, we show that the assignment generates the string "Billy Bob",
-and then result of extracting some substrings.
+and then the result of extracting some substrings.
 
 ~~~
 str = "Billy" + " Bob"           # => "Billy Bob"
@@ -322,7 +320,7 @@ behind.
 If you have a problem, feel free to ask in the mailing list
 (see [ruby-talk mailing list](#mailing-lists)).
 Generally you'll get timely answers from matz himself, the
-author of the language, from other gurus, and from those who've solved
+author of the language, from other gurus, and from those who have solved
 problems similar to your own.
 
 Please include the output of `ruby -v` along with any problematic
 
@@ -40,18 +40,20 @@ header: |
 ### How can I use Ruby interactively?
 {: #irb}
 
-You can try using `irb`. The following is paraphrased from Goto Kentaro
-(Gotoken), and originally appeared in ruby-talk:444.
-
-~~~
-Get the latest tarball of irb from the contrib directory (ftp://ftp.netlab.co.jp/pub/lang/ruby/contrib/) in the Ruby archive.
-Extract the irb directory tree.
-Add the location of the irb/ directory to the $RUBYLIB environment variable
-Make a symbolic link from $RUBYLIB/irb/irb.rb to a file called irb somewhere in your path.
-chmod +x $RUBYLIB/irb/irb.rb
-Possibly use rehash to tell your login shell about the new command.
-Type irb
-~~~
+You can try using `irb`. The following is paraphrased from Kentaro Goto
+(Gotoken), and originally appeared in [ruby-talk:444].
+
+1. Get the latest tarball of `irb` from the
+   [contrib directory](ftp://ftp.netlab.co.jp/pub/lang/ruby/contrib/)
+   in the Ruby archive.
+2. Extract the `irb` directory tree.
+3. Add the location of the `irb/` directory to the `$RUBYLIB`
+   environment variable.
+4. Make a symbolic link from `$RUBYLIB/irb/irb.rb` to a file called `irb`
+   somewhere in your path.
+5. `chmod +x $RUBYLIB/irb/irb.rb`
+6. Possibly use `rehash` to tell your login shell about the new command.
+7. Type `irb`.
 
 If the readline extension module works with your interpreter, it makes `irb`
 a lot more fun to use.
@@ -81,22 +83,22 @@ few interfaces to learn. In fact, C code used to extend Ruby often ends up
 looking surprisingly like Ruby code itself.
 
 First, get the Ruby source distribution and read `README.EXT`. This is a
-good document, not only if you're writing an extension library, but also
+good document, not only if you are writing an extension library, but also
 if you want to understand Ruby more deeply.
 
 Next, have a look at the source of the interpreter itself, and at the various
-supplied extensions in the `ext/` directory. You'll also find good examples
+supplied extensions in the `ext/` directory. You will also find good examples
 under `contrib/` on the Ruby ftp sites.
 
 ### Can I use Tcl/Tk interface in Ruby?
 
 There are two interfaces to Tcl/Tk included in the standard distribution.
 One is under `ext/tcltk/` and loaded with `require "tcltk"`. The syntax is
-very close to that Tcl, which is passed to Tcl interpreter.
+very close to that Tcl which is passed on to the Tcl interpreter.
 Unfortunately, the description for this library is written in Japanese.
 
 The other is under `ext/tk/` and loaded with `require "tk"`. Its syntax
-closer to the style of the Tk interface provided by the Perl and Python
+is closer to the style of the Tk interface provided by the Perl and Python
 interfaces.
 
 ### Tk won't work.
@@ -105,8 +107,8 @@ Your Tk version may be old, try a newer version.
 
 ### Can I use gtk+ or xforms interfaces in Ruby?
 
-You'll find ruby-gtk-x.xx.tar.gz and ruby-forms-x.x.tar.gz under `contrib/`
-in ftp sites.
+You will find `ruby-gtk-x.xx.tar.gz` and `ruby-forms-x.x.tar.gz`
+under `contrib/` in ftp sites.
 
 ### How can I do date arithmetic?
 
 
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ header: |
 
 ### What does `a ? b : c` mean?
 
-It's the same as saying `if a then b else c` end.
+It's the same as saying `if a then b else c end`.
 
 ### How can I count the number of lines in a file?
 
-Assuming that the file ends in a linefeed, the following code may give the
+Assuming that the file ends in a newline, the following code may give the
 fastest result.
 
 ~~~
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ matched data (`$0`) in the original string. See an example in
 
 ### How can I sum the elements in an array?
 
-Rather than solve the specific problem, let's solve the general case. The
-first thing we'll do is produce a method that will iterate over an
-`Enumerable` object and collect a single result. Smalltalk calls that
+Rather than solve the specific problem, let's solve the general case.
+The first thing we will do is produce a method that will iterate over
+an `Enumerable` object and collect a single result. Smalltalk calls that
 method inject, so we will too:
 
 ~~~
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module Enumerable
 end
 ~~~
 
-Notice how we've added the method to `Enumerable`. This means that anything
+Notice how we have added the method to `Enumerable`. This means that anything
 that includes Enumerable can now use `inject`. But how do we use it? It takes
 a single argument `n` and a block. For each element in the thing being
 enumerated, it calls the block, passing in `n` and the element itself.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ we could write:
 ~~~
 module Enumerable
   def sum
-    inject(0) {|n, i|  n + i }
+    inject(0) {|n, i| n + i }
   end
 end
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ header: |
 
 Python and Ruby are both object oriented languages that provide a smooth
 transition from procedural to OO programming styles. Smalltalk, by contrast,
-is object only - you can't do anything until you understand objects,
+is object only---you can't do anything until you understand objects,
 inheritance and the sizable Smalltalk class hierarchy. By providing procedural
 training wheels, Python and Ruby “fix” one of the features that may have
 kept Smalltalk out of the mainstream. The two languages differ by approaching
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ functions, only method calls. In a Ruby method the receiver, also called
 a class definition, which is a function in Python, is actually a method call
 in Ruby. These ersatz functions become private methods of class Object, the
 root of the Ruby class hierarchy. Procedural programming is neatly solved from
-the other direction - everything is an object. If the user doesn't grok
+the other direction---everything is an object. If the user doesn't grok
 objects yet, they can just pretend that `def` is a function definition and
 still get useful work done.
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ difference in design philosophy between Python and Ruby/Perl.
 Ruby is much more complex than Python but its features, for the most part,
 hang together well. Ruby is well designed and full of neat ideas that might be
 mined for P3K. I'm not sure how many Python programmers will be attracted to
-it though - it hasn't won me over (yet). But it is worthy of serious study and
+it though---it hasn't won me over (yet). But it is worthy of serious study and
 could be a real threat to Perl.
 
 Posted by [John Dell'Aquila](mailto:jbd@alum.mit.edu) in comp.lang.python,
 
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ header: |
 ### What operating systems support Ruby?
 
 Ruby is developed under Linux, and is written in fairly straightforward C.
-It runs under UNIX, DOS, Windows 95/98/NT/2000, Mac OSX, BeOS, Amiga,
+It runs under UNIX, DOS, Windows 95/98/NT/2000, Mac OS X, BeOS, Amiga,
 Acorn Risc OS, and OS/2.
 
 August 2002:
 
-MacOSX 10.2 now comes with ruby installed by default.
-(ruby 1.6.7 (2002-03-01) [powerpc-darwin6.0])
+Mac OS X 10.2 now comes with Ruby installed by default
+(Ruby 1.6.7 (2002-03-01) [powerpc-darwin6.0]).
 See http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2002/tn2053.html.
 
-H Morita notes:
+H. Morita notes:
 
-> There's a MacOS (not X) port of Ruby, by Hisakuni FUJIMOTO at
+> There's a Mac OS (not X) port of Ruby, by Hisakuni FUJIMOTO at
 > [http://www.imasy.or.jp/~hisa/ruby/macruby.html](http://www.imasy.or.jp/~hisa/ruby/macruby.html).
 > However it's based on Ruby 1.1b7, and hasn't been updated since
 > December 1999. It's highly experimental. It may crash and sometimes freeze
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ However, that link seems broken: can anyone give us something that works?
 ### Where can I get Ruby sources?
 
 The latest version of Ruby can be downloaded from:
-[http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/download.html](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/download.html)
+[http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/download.html](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/download.html).
 Mirror sites are also listed on this page.
 
 Also on this page is a link to a nightly snapshot of the development tree.
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ environment. You don't need the `autoconf` command on your box to build Ruby
 from a distribution; just use the commands:
 
 ~~~
-% ./configure  [configure options]
+% ./configure [configure options]
 % make
 % make test
 % make install
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ He recommends installing the GNU equivalent.
 ### Are precompiled binaries available?
 
 A single download that contains everything you need to run Ruby under various
-Windows operating systems. is available from
+Windows operating systems is available from
 [RubyCentral's One-click Windows installer](http://www.rubycentral.com/downloads/ruby-install.html).
 This installation uses cygwin, and includes Tk support.
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ available from the same page.
 Ruby is written to take advantage of the rich feature set of a Unix
 environment. Unfortunately, Windows is missing some of the functions, and
 implements others differently. As a result, some kind of mapping layer is
-needed to run Ruby (and other Unix-based programs) under windows.
+needed to run Ruby (and other Unix-based programs) under Windows.
 
 You may come across different versions of the Ruby executable that use
 different wrapper mapping layers.
@@ -189,17 +189,17 @@ It uses the DJ Delorie tools
 
 The rbcw version is a Windows binary of Ruby that requires the cygwin library,
 available at [http://www.cygwin.com](http://www.cygwin.com) or from the
-Ruby download pages. Cygwin is a both an emulation layer and a set of
+Ruby download pages. Cygwin is both an emulation layer and a set of
 utilities initially produced by Cygnus Solutions (now part of Redhat).
-The Cygwin version of Ruby probably has the fullest set of features under
+The cygwin version of Ruby probably has the fullest set of features under
 Windows, so most programmers will want to use it.
 
 To use the rbcw version, you will need to install the cygwin .dll separately.
 Once you have installed cygwin on your computer, copy `cygwin1.dll` (which
 is found in the `bin` subdirectory of the cygwin distribution) to your
 `Windows\System32` folder (or somewhere else on your path).
 
-Thanks to Anders Schneiderman for the basis of this description
+Thanks to Anders Schneiderman for the basis of this description.
 
 ### Why doesn't Tk graphics work under Windows?