diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index a6ac64b..0000000 --- a/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#ignore debug.log -debug.log - -# ignore emacs temp files -*~ - -# ignore the latex rubbish -*.aux -*.out -*.log -*.snm -*.nav -*.toc -*.synctex.gz - -# ignore the finished product, attach as a download later -Output/* - -# ignore the C++ examples I've made to better my understanding -C++/* - -# ignore the python byte files -*.pyc diff --git a/Behavioural/DataCaching.py b/Behavioural/DataCaching.py deleted file mode 100644 index 49291e6..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/DataCaching.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -# python imports -import math - -#============================================================================== -class DataCache(object): - - def __init__(self): - """ A class representing cachable data, starts invalid.""" - self.data = None - - def __call__(self): - """ - When an instance is called it returns the stored data or None if no - data has been cached. - e.g - data = cached_data() - """ - return self.data - - def __nonzero__(self): - """ - Called on bool(instance) or if(instance) returns if there is data - cached. - e.g - if (not data): - # set data - """ - return self.data is not None - - def set(self, data): - """ Sets the data. """ - self.data = data - - def reset(self): - """ Returns the class to an invalid state. """ - self.data = None - -#============================================================================== -class Line(object): - - def __init__(self, start, end): - """ - This is a class representing a 2D line. - Takes a start point and end point represented by two pairs. - """ - self.start = start - self.end = end - self.length_data = DataCache() - - def length(self): - if (not self.length_data): - x_length = self.start[0] - self.end[0] - y_length = self.start[1] - self.end[1] - length = math.sqrt((x_length ** 2) + (y_length ** 2)) - self.length_data.set(length) - else: - print("Cached value used") - return self.length_data() - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - l = Line((0, 0), (1, 0)) - print(l.length()) - print(l.length()) - diff --git a/Behavioural/Interpreter.py b/Behavioural/Interpreter.py deleted file mode 100644 index fddccf7..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Interpreter.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import re - -#============================================================================== -class CamelCase(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.SomeProperty = "A property" - - def SomeMethod(self, argument): - print(argument) - -#============================================================================== -class CamelCaseInterpreter(object): - - def __init__(self, old_class): - super(CamelCaseInterpreter, self).__setattr__("__old_class", old_class) - - def __getattribute__(self, name): - old_class = super(CamelCaseInterpreter, self).__getattribute__("__old_class") - converter = super(CamelCaseInterpreter, self).__getattribute__("name_converter") - return old_class.__getattribute__(converter(name)) - - def __setattr__(self, name, value): - old_class = super(CamelCaseInterpreter, self).__getattribute__("__old_class") - converter = super(CamelCaseInterpreter, self).__getattribute__("name_converter") - old_class.__setattr__(converter(name), value) - - def name_converter(self, name): - """ - Converts function/property names which are lowercase with underscores - to CamelCase. i.e some_property becomes SomeProperty. - """ - new_name = name[0].upper() - previous_underscore = new_name == "_" - for char in name[1:]: - if (char == "_"): - previous_underscore = True - else: - if (previous_underscore): - new_name += char.upper() - else: - new_name += char - previous_underscore = False - return new_name - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - old_class = CamelCase() - - interpreted_class = CamelCaseInterpreter(old_class) - print(interpreted_class.some_property) - - interpreted_class.some_property = "Newly set property" - print(interpreted_class.some_property) - - interpreted_class.some_method("Argument to some_method") - diff --git a/Behavioural/Iterator.py b/Behavioural/Iterator.py deleted file mode 100644 index af72f4c..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Iterator.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -#============================================================================== -class ReverseIterator(object): - """ - Iterates the object given to it in reverse so it shows the difference. - """ - - def __init__(self, iterable_object): - self.list = iterable_object - # start at the end of the iterable_object - self.index = len(iterable_object) - - def __iter__(self): - # return an iterator - return self - - def next(self): - """ Return the list backwards so it's noticeably different.""" - if (self.index == 0): - # the list is over, raise a stop index exception - raise StopIteration - self.index = self.index - 1 - return self.list[self.index] - -#============================================================================== -class Days(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.days = [ - "Monday", - "Tuesday", - "Wednesday", - "Thursday", - "Friday", - "Saturday", - "Sunday" - ] - - def reverse_iter(self): - return ReverseIterator(self.days) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - days = Days() - for day in days.reverse_iter(): - print(day) diff --git a/Behavioural/Memento.py b/Behavioural/Memento.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0a5cff6..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Memento.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import copy - -#============================================================================== -class Memento(object): - - def __init__(self, data): - # make a deep copy of every variable in the given class - for attribute in vars(data): - # mechanism for using properties without knowing their names - setattr(self, attribute, copy.deepcopy(getattr(data, attribute))) - -#============================================================================== -class Undo(object): - - def __init__(self): - # each instance keeps the latest saved copy so that there is only one - # copy of each in memory - self.__last = None - - def save(self): - self.__last = Memento(self) - - def undo(self): - for attribute in vars(self): - # mechanism for using properties without knowing their names - setattr(self, attribute, getattr(self.__last, attribute)) - -#============================================================================== -class Data(Undo): - - def __init__(self): - super(Data, self).__init__() - self.numbers = [] - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - d = Data() - repeats = 10 - # add a number to the list in data repeat times - print("Adding.") - for i in range(repeats): - print("0" + str(i) + " times: " + str(d.numbers)) - d.save() - d.numbers.append(i) - print("10 times: " + str(d.numbers)) - d.save() - print("") - - # now undo repeat times - print("Using Undo.") - for i in range(repeats): - print("0" + str(i) + " times: " + str(d.numbers)) - d.undo() - print("10 times: " + str(d.numbers)) diff --git a/Behavioural/MonoState.py b/Behavioural/MonoState.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8c56314..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/MonoState.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -# python imports - -#============================================================================== -class MonoState(object): - __data = 5 - - @property - def data(self): - return self.__class__.__data - - @data.setter - def data(self, value): - self.__class__.__data = value - -#============================================================================== -class MonoState2(object): - pass - -def add_monostate_property(cls, name, initial_value): - """ - Adds a property "name" to the class "cls" (should pass in a class object - not a class instance) with the value "initial_value". - - This property is a monostate property so all instances of the class will - have the same value property. You can think of it being a singleton - property, the class instances will be different but the property will - always be the same. - - This will add a variable __"name" to the class which is the internal - storage for the property. - - Example usage: - class MonoState(object): - pass - - add_monostate_property(MonoState, "data", 5) - m = MonoState() - # returns 5 - m.data - """ - internal_name = "__" + name - - def getter(self): - return getattr(self.__class__, internal_name) - def setter(self, value): - setattr(self.__class__, internal_name, value) - def deleter(self): - delattr(self.__class__, internal_name) - prop = property(getter, setter, deleter, "monostate variable: " + name) - # set the internal attribute - setattr(cls, internal_name, initial_value) - # set the accesser property - setattr(cls, name, prop) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - print("Using a class:") - class_1 = MonoState() - print("First data: " + str(class_1.data)) - class_1.data = 4 - class_2 = MonoState() - print("Second data: " + str(class_2.data)) - print("First instance: " + str(class_1)) - print("Second instance: " + str(class_2)) - print("These are not singletons, so these are different instances") - - print("") - print("") - - print("Dynamically adding the property:") - add_monostate_property(MonoState2, "data", 5) - dynamic_1 = MonoState2() - print("First data: " + str(dynamic_1.data)) - dynamic_1.data = 4 - dynamic_2 = MonoState2() - print("Second data: " + str(dynamic_2.data)) - print("First instance: " + str(dynamic_1)) - print("Second instance: " + str(dynamic_2)) - print("These are not singletons, so these are different instances") diff --git a/Behavioural/Observer.py b/Behavioural/Observer.py deleted file mode 100644 index 152d1a2..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Observer.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import abc - -class Observer(object): - __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def update(self): - raise - -class ConcreteObserver(Observer): - pass - -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - print("thing") - conc = ConcreteObserver() - - - - - diff --git a/Behavioural/State.py b/Behavioural/State.py deleted file mode 100644 index c3e8aa2..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/State.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -#============================================================================== -class Language(object): - - def greet(self): - return self.greeting - -#============================================================================== -class English(Language): - - def __init__(self): - self.greeting = "Hello" - -#============================================================================== -class French(Language): - - def __init__(self): - self.greeting = "Bonjour" - -#============================================================================== -class Spanish(Language): - - def __init__(self): - self.greeting = "Hola" - -#============================================================================== -class Multilinguist(object): - - def __init__(self, language): - self.greetings = { - "English": "Hello", - "French": "Bonjour", - "Spanish": "Hola" - } - self.language = language - - def greet(self): - print(self.greetings[self.language]) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - - # talking in English - translator = Multilinguist("English") - translator.greet() - - # meets a Frenchman - translator.language = "French" - translator.greet() - - # greets a Spaniard - translator.language = "Spanish" - translator.greet() diff --git a/Behavioural/Strategy.py b/Behavioural/Strategy.py deleted file mode 100644 index 3a2b969..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Strategy.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -#============================================================================== -class PrimeFinder(object): - - def __init__(self, algorithm): - """ - Constructor, takes a callable object called algorithm. - algorithm should take a limit argument and return an iterable of prime - numbers below that limit. - """ - self.algorithm = algorithm - self.primes = [] - - def calculate(self, limit): - """ Will calculate all the primes below limit. """ - self.primes = self.algorithm(limit) - - def out(self): - """ Prints the list of primes prefixed with which algorithm made it """ - print(self.algorithm.__name__) - for prime in self.primes: - print(prime) - print("") - -#============================================================================== -def hard_coded_algorithm(limit): - """ - Has hardcoded values for all the primes under 50, returns a list of those - which are less than the given limit. - """ - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - primes.append(prime) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -def standard_algorithm(limit): - """ - Not a great algorithm either, but it's the normal one to use. - It puts 2 in a list, then for all the odd numbers less than the limit if - none of the primes are a factor then add it to the list. - """ - primes = [2] - # check only odd numbers. - for number in range(3, limit, 2): - is_prime = True - # divide it by all our known primes, could limit by sqrt(number) - for prime in primes: - if (number % prime == 0): - is_prime = False - break - if (is_prime): - primes.append(number) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -class HardCodedClass(object): - - def __init__(self, limit): - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - self.primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - self.primes.append(prime) - - def __iter__(self): - return iter(self.primes) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - hardcoded_primes = PrimeFinder(hard_coded_algorithm) - hardcoded_primes.calculate(50) - hardcoded_primes.out() - - standard_primes = PrimeFinder(standard_algorithm) - standard_primes.calculate(50) - standard_primes.out() - - class_primes = PrimeFinder(HardCodedClass) - class_primes.calculate(50) - class_primes.out() - - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 50 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) - - # the hardcoded algorithm only works on numbers under 50 - hardcoded_primes.calculate(100) - standard_primes.calculate(100) - - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 100 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) diff --git a/Behavioural/Strategy_old.py b/Behavioural/Strategy_old.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1a1a5df..0000000 --- a/Behavioural/Strategy_old.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import abc - -#============================================================================== -class PrimeFinder(object): - - def __init__(self, algorithm): - """ - Constructor, takes a lass called algorithm. - algorithm should have a function called calculate which will take a - limit argument and return an iterable of prime numbers below that - limit. - """ - self.algorithm = algorithm - self.primes = [] - - def calculate(self, limit): - """ Will calculate all the primes below limit. """ - self.primes = self.algorithm.calculate(limit) - - def out(self): - """ Prints the list of primes prefixed with which algorithm made it """ - print(self.algorithm.name) - for prime in self.primes: - print(prime) - print("") - -#============================================================================== -class Algorithm(object): - __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def calculate(self, limit): - raise - -#============================================================================== -class HardCoded(Algorithm): - """ - Has hardcoded values for all the primes under 50, returns a list of those - which are less than the given limit. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.name = "hard_coded_algorithm" - - def calculate(self, limit): - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - primes.append(prime) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -class Standard(Algorithm): - """ - Not a great algorithm either, but it's the normal one to use. - It puts 2 in a list, then for all the odd numbers less than the limit if - none of the primes are a factor then add it to the list. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.name = "standard_algorithm" - - def calculate(self, limit): - primes = [2] - # check only odd numbers. - for number in range(3, limit, 2): - is_prime = True - # divide it by all our known primes, could limit by sqrt(number) - for prime in primes: - if (number % prime == 0): - is_prime = False - break - if (is_prime): - primes.append(number) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - hard_coded_algorithm = HardCoded() - hardcoded_primes = PrimeFinder(hard_coded_algorithm) - hardcoded_primes.calculate(50) - hardcoded_primes.out() - - standard_algorithm = Standard() - standard_primes = PrimeFinder(standard_algorithm) - standard_primes.calculate(50) - standard_primes.out() - - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 50 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) - - # the hardcoded algorithm only works on numbers under 50 - hardcoded_primes.calculate(100) - standard_primes.calculate(100) - - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 100 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) diff --git a/Creational/Builder.py b/Creational/Builder.py deleted file mode 100644 index 93dccbc..0000000 --- a/Creational/Builder.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import abc - -#============================================================================== -class Vehicle(object): - - def __init__(self, type_name): - self.type = type_name - self.wheels = None - self.doors = None - self.seats = None - - def view(self): - print( - "This vehicle is a " + - self.type + - " with; " + - str(self.wheels) + - " wheels, " + - str(self.doors) + - " doors, and " + - str(self.seats) + - " seats." - ) - -#============================================================================== -class VehicleBuilder(object): - """ - An abstract builder class, for concrete builders to be derived from. - """ - __metadata__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_wheels(self): - raise - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_doors(self): - raise - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_seats(self): - raise - -#============================================================================== -class CarBuilder(VehicleBuilder): - - def __init__(self): - self.vehicle = Vehicle("Car ") - - def make_wheels(self): - self.vehicle.wheels = 4 - - def make_doors(self): - self.vehicle.doors = 3 - - def make_seats(self): - self.vehicle.seats = 5 - -#============================================================================== -class BikeBuilder(VehicleBuilder): - - def __init__(self): - self.vehicle = Vehicle("Bike") - - def make_wheels(self): - self.vehicle.wheels = 2 - - def make_doors(self): - self.vehicle.doors = 0 - - def make_seats(self): - self.vehicle.seats = 2 - -#============================================================================== -class VehicleManufacturer(object): - """ - The director class, this will keep a concrete builder. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.builder = None - - def create(self): - """ - Creates and returns a Vehicle using self.builder - Precondition: not self.builder is None - """ - assert not self.builder is None, "No defined builder" - self.builder.make_wheels() - self.builder.make_doors() - self.builder.make_seats() - return self.builder.vehicle - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - manufacturer = VehicleManufacturer() - - manufacturer.builder = CarBuilder() - car = manufacturer.create() - car.view() - - manufacturer.builder = BikeBuilder() - bike = manufacturer.create() - bike.view() diff --git a/Creational/Factory_Method.py b/Creational/Factory_Method.py deleted file mode 100644 index 7ab6a3e..0000000 --- a/Creational/Factory_Method.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,77 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -#============================================================================== -class Line(object): - """ A non-directed line. """ - - def __init__(self, point_1, point_2): - self.point_1 = point_1 - self.point_2 = point_2 - - def __eq__(self, line): - """ Magic method to overide == operator. """ - # if the lines are equal then the two points must be the same, but not - # necessarily named the same i.e self.point_1 == line.point_2 and - # self.point_2 == line.point_1 means that the lines are equal. - if (type(line) != Line): - return False - if (self.point_1 == line.point_1): - # line numbering matches - return self.point_2 == line.point_2 - elif (self.point_1 == line.point_2): - # line numbering does not match - return self.point_2 == line.point_1 - else: - # self.point_1 is not the start or end of the other line, not equal - return False - -#============================================================================== -class Vector(object): - """ A directional vector. """ - - def __init__(self, x, y): - self.x = x - self.y = y - - def __eq__(self, vector): - """ Magic method to overide == operator. """ - if (type(vector) != Vector): - return False - return (self.x == vector.x) and (self.y == vector.y) - -#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -# Factory functions -#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -class Factory(object): - - @classmethod - def line_from_point_vector(self, point, vector): - """ Returns the line from travelling vector from point. """ - new_point = (point[0] + vector.x, point[1] + vector.y) - return Line(point, new_point) - - @classmethod - def vector_from_line(self, line): - """ - Returns the directional vector of the line. This is a vector v, such - that line.point_1 + v == line.point_2 - """ - return Vector( - line.point_2.x - line.point_1.x, - line.point_2.y - line.point_1.y - ) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - # make a line from (1, 1) to (1, 0), check that the line made from the - # point (1, 1) and the vector (0, -1) is the same line. - constructor_line = Line((1, 1), (1, 0)) - vector = Vector(0, -1); - factory_line = Factory.line_from_point_vector( - (1, 1), - vector - ) - print(constructor_line == factory_line) - diff --git a/Creational/ResourceAcquisitionIsInitialization.py b/Creational/ResourceAcquisitionIsInitialization.py deleted file mode 100644 index 930ce99..0000000 --- a/Creational/ResourceAcquisitionIsInitialization.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -# python imports - -# local imports - -#============================================================================== -class Box(object): - - def __init__(self, name): - self.name = name - - def __enter__(self): - print("Box " + self.name + " Opened") - return self - - def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception, traceback): - all_none = all( - arg is None for arg in [exception_type, exception, traceback] - ) - if (not all_none): - print("Exception: \"%s\" raised." %(str(exception))) - print("Box Closed") - print("") - return all_none - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - with Box("tupperware") as simple_box: - print("Nothing in " + simple_box.name) - with Box("Pandora's") as pandoras_box: - raise Exception("All the evils in the world") - print("end") diff --git a/Creational/Singleton.py b/Creational/Singleton.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1709948..0000000 --- a/Creational/Singleton.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import abc - -#============================================================================== -class Singleton(object): - """ A generic base class to derive any singleton class from. """ - __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta - __instance = None - - def __new__(new_singleton, *arguments, **keyword_arguments): - """Override the __new__ method so that it is a singleton.""" - if new_singleton.__instance is None: - new_singleton.__instance = object.__new__(new_singleton) - new_singleton.__instance.init(*arguments, **keyword_arguments) - return new_singleton.__instance - - @abc.abstractmethod - def init(self, *arguments, **keyword_arguments): - """ - as __init__ will be called on every new instance of a base class of - Singleton we need a function for initialisation. This will only be - called once regardless of how many instances of Singleton are made. - """ - raise - -#============================================================================== -class GlobalState(Singleton): - - def init(self): - self.value = 0 - print("init() called once") - print("") - - def __init__(self): - print("__init__() always called") - print("") - -class DerivedGlobalState(GlobalState): - - def __init__(self): - print("derived made") - super(DerivedGlobalState, self).__init__() - - def thing(self): - print(self.value) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - d = DerivedGlobalState() - print(type(d)) - d.thing() - d.value = -20 - e = DerivedGlobalState() - e.thing() - f = DerivedGlobalState() - f.thing() - - a = GlobalState() - # value is default, 0 - print("Expecting 0, value = %i" %(a.value)) - print("") - - # set the value to 5 - a.value = 5 - - # make a new object, the value will still be 5 - b = GlobalState() - print("Expecting 5, value = %i" %(b.value)) - print("") - print("Is a == b? " + str(a == b)) diff --git a/Design_Patterns_In_Python.md b/Design_Patterns_In_Python.md deleted file mode 100644 index cd25fd5..0000000 --- a/Design_Patterns_In_Python.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,861 +0,0 @@ -% Design Patterns in Python -% or how I learned to stop worrying and love the gang of four -% David Corne - -# Introduction # -This is inspired by the aptly titled *Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software* by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides who are collectively known as the Gang of Four (GOF). - -The content of this book is taken from my blog [here](http://davidcorne.com/category/design-patterns-in-python/). - -Why do I want to do this? I want to write this to pass on some knowledge which I have gained working as a software engineer, but also to learn a lot. I think of these as the twin goals of this blog because if I write about something I want to get it right. While I know quite a bit about some design patterns there are others I definitely don't. - -# Creational # - -## Abstract factory ## -## Builder ## - -### The Purpose ### -The idea behind the builder pattern is to abstract away the construction of an object so that many implementations can use the same builder. This separates the construction logic of the desired class from it's representation. - -### The Pattern ### -Here is a general UML diagram for this - -![General Builder Pattern](Images/UML/Builder_general.png "General Builder Pattern") - -So the object you are interested in creating is the class `Product` in this scenario. The class which you call to deal with this is the `Director`. - -The `Director` keeps a member which implements the `Builder` interface and calls this in it's `create()` method. This member is one of the `ConcreteBuilder` classes and has the logic needed for the creation of the specific `Product` you want. - -This abstracts the logic needed to create different types of `Product`. The `Product` may also be an interface and each `ConcreteBuilder` may return a different type. - -The `Builder` is typically set either with a function, where the `Director` class is responsible for the logic of the `ConcreteBuilder` creation, or by passing a `ConcreteBuilder` directly to the `Director`. - -### An Example Usage ### -This will use the example of building different types of vehicles. The code for this example is all contained in - -The Product here is a `Vehicle` which is defined as the following class. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class Vehicle(object): - - def __init__(self, type_name): - self.type = type_name - self.wheels = None - self.doors = None - self.seats = None - - def view(self): - print( - "This vehicle is a " + - self.type + - " with; " + - str(self.wheels) + - " wheels, " + - str(self.doors) + - " doors, and " + - str(self.seats) + - " seats." - ) -``` - -So different `Vehicles` can have different names, numbers of wheels doors and seats. The method `view()` will print a summery of what the `Vehicle` is. - -The construction of instances of `Vehicle` will be handles by the `ConcreteBuilder` classes. These should derive from a `Builder` interface (abstract class) so here is the base class `VehicleBuilder`. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class VehicleBuilder(object): - """ - An abstract builder class, for concrete builders to be derived from. - """ - __metadata__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_wheels(self): - raise - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_doors(self): - raise - - @abc.abstractmethod - def make_seats(self): - raise -``` - -This uses the abc module just like the first version of PrimeFinder in my strategy pattern post. - -So with this `Builder` there are three functions for setting up the `Vehicle`. For the `ConcreteBuilders` there is a `CarBuilder` and a `BikeBuilder`, both of which inherit from `VehicleBuilder`. Here are the implementations of these classes. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class CarBuilder(VehicleBuilder): - - def __init__(self): - self.vehicle = Vehicle("Car ") - - def make_wheels(self): - self.vehicle.wheels = 4 - - def make_doors(self): - self.vehicle.doors = 3 - - def make_seats(self): - self.vehicle.seats = 5 - -#============================================================================== -class BikeBuilder(VehicleBuilder): - - def __init__(self): - self.vehicle = Vehicle("Bike") - - def make_wheels(self): - self.vehicle.wheels = 2 - - def make_doors(self): - self.vehicle.doors = 0 - - def make_seats(self): - self.vehicle.seats = 2 -``` - -The only logic in these is the creation of the `vehicle` member and setting the properties on it. Now to use these we need a Director class to call. For this example the Director is called `VehicleManufacturer`. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class VehicleManufacturer(object): - """ - The director class, this will keep a concrete builder. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.builder = None - - def create(self): - """ - Creates and returns a Vehicle using self.builder - Precondition: not self.builder is None - """ - assert not self.builder is None, "No defined builder" - self.builder.make_wheels() - self.builder.make_doors() - self.builder.make_seats() - return self.builder.vehicle -``` - -`VehicleManufacturer` has a `create()` function which contains the calling code used with the Builder. However as you can see from the docstring and the code this has a precondition of self.builder being set. This means that if you have not given the Director a ConcreteBuilder to use, it cannot create a Vehicle. - -So this class is called like so. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - manufacturer = VehicleManufacturer() - - manufacturer.builder = CarBuilder() - car = manufacturer.create() - car.view() - - manufacturer.builder = BikeBuilder() - bike = manufacturer.create() - bike.view() -``` - -The calling code uses one VehicleManufacturer to build both a car and a bike. The output of this code is given below. - -```pycon -This vehicle is a Car with; 4 wheels, 3 doors, and 5 seats. -This vehicle is a Bike with; 2 wheels, 0 doors, and 2 seats. -``` - -The specific UML for this example is this. - -![Specific Builder Pattern](Images/UML/Builder_specific.png "Specific Builder Pattern") - -## Factory method ## -## Lazy initialization ## -## Multiton ## -## Object pool ## -## Prototype ## -## Resource acquisition is initialization ## -## Singleton ## - -# Structural # -## Adapter ## -## Bridge ## -## Composite ## -## Decorator ## -## Facade ## -### The Purpose ### - -The facade pattern is used to make one object with a simple interface represent a complicated system. The problem often occurs in programming where you have a series of interconnected classes where the functions must be called in a certain order or have complicated interdependencies. - -This pattern is to give a standard interface to such a system, so you don't have to rely on reading how you call the system in one of the files or look at example usage. - -### The Pattern ### -Here is a UML diagram representing the pattern. - - - -This shows that the pattern is just one class which groups together a lot of other objects and uses them in some way. - -### An Example Usage### - -Here is an implementation of this in python. For this example I am using a car. As this is a small example I will not create a whole complex sub-system, just a few classes. - -Here are the three classes which make up the sub-system; Engine, StarterMotor and Battery. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class Engine(object): - - def __init__(self): - # how much the motor is spinning in revs per minute - self.spin = 0 - - def start(self, spin): - if (spin > 2000): - self.spin = spin // 15 - -#============================================================================== -class StarterMotor(object): - - def __init__(self): - # how much the starter motor is spinning in revs per minute - self.spin = 0 - - def start(self, charge): - # if there is enough power then spin fast - if (charge > 50): - self.spin = 2500 - -#============================================================================== -class Battery(object): - - def __init__(self): - # % charged, starts flat - self.charge = 0 -``` - -So now we need our facade object which will work as a common interface for the car. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class Car(object): - # the facade object that deals with the battery, engine and starter motor. - - def __init__(self): - self.battery = Battery() - self.starter = StarterMotor() - self.engine = Engine() - - def turn_key(self): - # use the battery to turn the starter motor - self.starter.start(self.battery.charge) - - # use the starter motor to spin the engine - self.engine.start(self.starter.spin) - - # if the engine is spinning the car is started - if (self.engine.spin > 0): - print("Engine Started.") - else: - print("Engine Not Started.") - - def jump(self): - self.battery.charge = 100 - print("Jumped") -``` - -This enables the user of Car to use the system as it was intended to be used. I include this at the bottom of the python module so that on running it makes a car, tries to start it, then jumps it to start it. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - corsa = Car() - corsa.turn_key() - corsa.jump() - corsa.turn_key() -``` - -The output of this program is the following; -```pycon -Engine Not Started. -Jumped -Engine Started. -``` - -That is a simple example of the facade design pattern. The code for this is on my GitHub here. - -All of the code for this series can be found in this repository. -## Flyweight ## -## Front Controller ## -## Module ## -## Proxy ## -## Telescoping constructor ## - -# Behavioural # -## Blackboard ## -## Chain of Responsibility ## -## Command ## -## Data Caching ## -## Interpreter ## -## Iterator ## -This post will be about the Iterator pattern which is a behavioural pattern. - -###The Purpose### -The idea behind this pattern is to have an object which you can loop over without needing to know the internal representation of the data. While in python nothing is private so you can find out the internals of the class, the iterator pattern gives you a standard interface. - -I think the best example of an iterator in python is using a list. As I'm sure you know this is how you would iterate over a list in python. -```python -list = ["one", "two", "three"] -for number in list: - print(number) -``` - - Which gives the following output. -```pycon -one -two -three -``` - -The goal of this pattern in python is to be able to do that with a user defined class. - -### The Pattern ### - -This is quite a small pattern so I will focus more on the implementation detail than the design. - -But in the interest of consistency here is the UML diagram. - -![General Iterator](Images/UML/Iterator_general.png "General Iterator") - -So the iterator holds a container by aggregation, so it doesn't own/delete the container, it just has a reference to it. - -You can see from this that we are talking about a general collection/data structure here so it is not specific to a list or dictionary for example. The methods on these classes are standard for defining a collection/iterator interface in python and I will go through these in more detail next. - -###Python Protocols### - -Protocols are the name given in python, for the interface you need to make a certain kind of object. These are not a formal requirement like an interface, but more of a guide. - -They focus on pythons magic methods, which are those with double underscores surrounding the name. - -I'm going to briefly talk about the protocols for mutable and immutable containers, and iterators. - -####Immutable Containers#### - -An immutable container is one where you cannot change the individual items. For this you only need to be able to get the length of it and access individual items. - -The python magic methods for an immutable container are. - -```python -def __len__(self): - """ Returns the length of the container. Called like len(class) """ -def __getitem__(self, key): - """ - Returns the keyth item in the container. - Should raise TypeError if the type of the key is wrong. - Should raise KeyError if there is no item for the key. - Called like class[key] - """ -``` - -Again the exceptions mentioned in __getitem__ are convention, but it's important for writing idiomatic python. - -####Mutable Containers#### -As you might expect a mutable container has the same methods for accessing items as an immutable container, but adds ways of setting or adding them. - -Here are the magic methods. - -```python -def __len__(self): - """ - Returns the length of the container. - Called like len(class) - """ -def __getitem__(self, key): - """ - Returns the keyth item in the container. - Should raise TypeError if the type of the key is wrong. - Should raise KeyError if there is no item for the key. - Called like class[key] - """ - -def __setitem__(self, key, value): - """ - Sets the keyth item in the container. - Should raise TypeError if the type of the key is wrong. - Should raise KeyError if there is no item for the key. - Called like class[key] = value - """ - -def __delitem__(self, key): - """ - Deletes an item from the collection. - Should raise TypeError if the type of the key is wrong. - Should raise KeyError if there is no item for the key. - Called like del class[key] - """ -``` - -For an immutable container you probably want to have some way of adding elements too. For a list/array style container this might be in the form of a function append(self, key) or for a dictionary/table type container it might be using the __setitem__(self, key, value) function. - -There are other functions you can add such as __reversed__(self) and __contains__(self, item) but they are not needed for core functionality. They are very well described here. - -####Iterators#### - -The protocol for an iterator is very simple. - -```python -def __iter__(self): - """ - Returns an iterator for the collection. - Called like iter(class) or for item in class: - """ -def next(self): - """ - Returns the next item in the collection. - Called in a for loop, or manually. - Should raise StopIteration on the last item. - """ -``` -The __iter__ function will typically return another iterator object or return itself. Note in python 3 next() is renamed __next__(). - -###An Example Usage### -Here is an example of how you might implement a simple iterator. My iterator will loop over a collection in reverse. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class ReverseIterator(object): - """ - Iterates the object given to it in reverse so it shows the difference. - """ - - def __init__(self, iterable_object): - self.list = iterable_object - # start at the end of the iterable_object - self.index = len(iterable_object) - - def __iter__(self): - # return an iterator - return self - - def next(self): - """ Return the list backwards so it's noticeably different.""" - if (self.index == 0): - # the list is over, raise a stop index exception - raise StopIteration - self.index = self.index - 1 - return self.list[self.index] -``` - -Note this only has the two functions needed for the iterator protocol, as these are all that are needed. - -Hopefully it is fairly obvious what these functions do. The constructor takes some iterable and caches it's length as an index. The __iter__ returns the ReverseIterator as it has a next() function. The next function decrements the index and returns that item, unless there is no item to return at which point it raise StopIteration. - -In my example the ReverseIterator is used by a Days class, given here. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class Days(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.days = [ - "Monday", - "Tuesday", - "Wednesday", - "Thursday", - "Friday", - "Saturday", - "Sunday" - ] - - def reverse_iter(self): - return ReverseIterator(self.days) -``` - -This is just a wrapper for a list of the days of the week, which has a function to return an iterator. - -This is how these classes are used. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - days = Days() - for day in days.reverse_iter(): - print(day) -``` - -Note I could have used a __iter__() function in Days instead of reverse_iter(). This would then have been used like this. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - days = Days() - for day in days: - print(day) -``` - -My reason for not doing this is that this does not make it clear that you are reversing it. - -The output from either of these is. - -```pycon -Sunday -Saturday -Friday -Thursday -Wednesday -Tuesday -Monday -``` - -This code for this can be found in this file. - -Here is the specific UML for these classes. - -![Specific Iterator](Images/UML/Iterator_specific.png "Specific Iterator") - -All of the code for the design patterns can be found here. - -## Mediator ## -## Memento ## -## Null object ## -## Observer (Publish/Subscribe) ## -## State ## -## Servant ## -## Specification ## -## Strategy ## -The strategy pattern is a behavioural design pattern. This means that it is a common communication method between objects and not concerned with how those objects are created or structured. - -### The Purpose ### - -The idea behind the strategy pattern is to encapsulate the implementation details of an algorithm and make them interchangeable. This gives more flexibility in how an object can be used and enables each algorithm to be tested independently of the calling object. - -### The Pattern ### - -Here is a UML diagram of a typical use of the strategy pattern. - -![Strategy Pattern](Images/UML/Strategy_general.jpg "Strategy Pattern") - -This shows an interface (an unimplemented class denoted by <<>>) called IAlgorithm. The caller class will contain an instance of an object which implements this interface using aggregation. This means that the lifetime of the algorithms is not necessarily tied to the caller. The implemented algorithm classes derive from the interface. - -### An Example Usage### - -I will give two implementations of this pattern; one which is more standard and will closely match the above UML and one which I believe is more pythonic. - -#### First Example #### - -My example will be using two different algorithms to calculate prime numbers. - -Here is the caller class PrimeFinder. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class PrimeFinder(object): - - def __init__(self, algorithm): - """ - Constructor, takes a lass called algorithm. - algorithm should have a function called calculate which will take a - limit argument and return an iterable of prime numbers below that - limit. - """ - self.algorithm = algorithm - self.primes = [] - - def calculate(self, limit): - """ Will calculate all the primes below limit. """ - self.primes = self.algorithm.calculate(limit) - - def out(self): - """ Prints the list of primes prefixed with which algorithm made it """ - print(self.algorithm.name) - for prime in self.primes: - print(prime) - print("") -``` - -This will be given an algorithm on construction, the contract for the algorithm is that it must have a function called calculate which takes a limit. This is explained in the docstring for __init__ but in a statically typed language such as c++ the constructor would look something like this. - -```python - PrimeFinder(const IAlgorithm& algorithm); -``` - -We can not (and should not) enforce what is passed into the constructor in python. However we can pass in objects derived from an abstract base class so that our algorithms will definitely work. The functionality of abstract base classes is importable in python from the module abc. So we need this at the top of the file. - -```python -import abc -``` - -Here is the base class I will be using in this example. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class Algorithm(object): - __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def calculate(self, limit): - raise -``` - -This defines an abstract base class Algorithm. The __metaclass__ line changes the way this class is constructed. If you derive from it and you have not implemented the functions decorated with @abc.abstractmethod the following error will be raised. - -```python -TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class [class] with abstract methods [methods] -``` - -This enforces the contract that any class deriving from Algorithm will be able to be used in PrimeFinder. So now we can derive our algorithms from this with the following two classes. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class HardCoded(Algorithm): - """ - Has hardcoded values for all the primes under 50, returns a list of those - which are less than the given limit. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.name = "hard_coded_algorithm" - - def calculate(self, limit): - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - primes.append(prime) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -class Standard(Algorithm): - """ - Not a great algorithm either, but it's the normal one to use. - It puts 2 in a list, then for all the odd numbers less than the limit if - none of the primes are a factor then add it to the list. - """ - - def __init__(self): - self.name = "standard_algorithm" - - def calculate(self, limit): - primes = [2] - # check only odd numbers. - for number in range(3, limit, 2): - is_prime = True - # divide it by all our known primes, could limit by sqrt(number) - for prime in primes: - if (number % prime == 0): - is_prime = False - break - if (is_prime): - primes.append(number) - return primes -``` - -I am not going to go through all the details of these two classes as that is not what this post is about, I'll just give an overview. - -The first has a hard-coded list and returns all the primes it knows about below the limit you give. - -The second makes a list of primes then iterates over all the odd numbers less than the limit and if none of the primes on the list divide the number it adds it to the list of primes. - -The following is the calling code included at the bottom of this file - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - hard_coded_algorithm = HardCoded() - hardcoded_primes = PrimeFinder(hard_coded_algorithm) - hardcoded_primes.calculate(50) - hardcoded_primes.out() - - standard_algorithm = Standard() - standard_primes = PrimeFinder(standard_algorithm) - standard_primes.calculate(50) - standard_primes.out() -``` - -So you instantiate an algorithm, pass it to the prime finder then call the methods on it and the algorithm you gave it will be used. This code does not show that, as these algorithms give the same results on a limit of 50. The code afterwards shows that they are different. - -```python - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 50 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) - - # the hardcoded algorithm only works on numbers under 50 - hardcoded_primes.calculate(100) - standard_primes.calculate(100) - - print( - "Do the two algorithms get the same result on 100 primes? %s" - %(str(hardcoded_primes.primes == standard_primes.primes)) - ) -``` - -Which prints the following - -```python -Do the two algorithms get the same result on 50 primes? True -Do the two algorithms get the same result on 100 primes? False -``` - -Here is the specific UML diagram for these. - -![Specific Strategy Pattern](Images/UML/Strategy_general.jpg "Specific Strategy") - -The code for this implementation is found in this file. - -__Second Example__ - -The previous example is more how you would implement this pattern in a statically typed language such as C++ or C#. This is a more pythonic approach which will take some advise I heard in a talk; classes with only a __init__ function and one other function are functions in disguise. As functions are first class objects in python there is a lot we can do with them and I believe this gives a more pythonic variant of the strategy pattern. - -Here is the calling class. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class PrimeFinder(object): - - def __init__(self, algorithm): - """ - Constructor, takes a callable object called algorithm. - algorithm should take a limit argument and return an iterable of prime - numbers below that limit. - """ - self.algorithm = algorithm - self.primes = [] - - def calculate(self, limit): - """ Will calculate all the primes below limit. """ - self.primes = self.algorithm(limit) - - def out(self): - """ Prints the list of primes prefixed with which algorithm made it """ - print(self.algorithm.__name__) - for prime in self.primes: - print(prime) - print("") -``` - -There are a few differences between this and the class PrimeFinder in the previous example. This one asks for a callable object rather than an object with a calculate method, this is reflected in the implementation of calculate where it calls the passed in object. The other difference is that it does not need a property name it uses the python built in __name__. - -This means we can pass functions into the class. Here are two functions which correspond to the previous classes. - -```python -#============================================================================== -def hard_coded_algorithm(limit): - """ - Has hardcoded values for all the primes under 50, returns a list of those - which are less than the given limit. - """ - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - primes.append(prime) - return primes - -#============================================================================== -def standard_algorithm(limit): - """ - Not a great algorithm either, but it's the normal one to use. - It puts 2 in a list, then for all the odd numbers less than the limit if - none of the primes are a factor then add it to the list. - """ - primes = [2] - # check only odd numbers. - for number in range(3, limit, 2): - is_prime = True - # divide it by all our known primes, could limit by sqrt(number) - for prime in primes: - if (number % prime == 0): - is_prime = False - break - if (is_prime): - primes.append(number) - return primes -``` - -These are called in almost the same way as using the classes. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - hardcoded_primes = PrimeFinder(hard_coded_algorithm) - hardcoded_primes.calculate(50) - hardcoded_primes.out() - - standard_primes = PrimeFinder(standard_algorithm) - standard_primes.calculate(50) - standard_primes.out() -``` - -As this can take any callable object this can also be a class. A class in python is also a callable object. When a class is called an object is made so the function in PrimeFinder - -```python -def calculate(self, limit): - """ Will calculate all the primes below limit. """ - self.primes = self.algorithm(limit) -``` - -will set self.primes to an instance of the class. As out() needs only that the object self.primes is iterable we can use the python magic method __iter__ to make that so. - -Here is the implementation of a class which can be passed in to PrimeFinder. - -```python -#============================================================================== -class HardCodedClass(object): - - def __init__(self, limit): - hardcoded_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47] - self.primes = [] - for prime in hardcoded_primes: - if (prime < limit): - self.primes.append(prime) - - def __iter__(self): - return iter(self.primes) -``` - -This is called in the following way. - -```python - class_primes = PrimeFinder(HardCodedClass) - class_primes.calculate(50) - class_primes.out() -``` - -Note that HardCodedClass has no brackets after it, this is because the class is being passed in as an object not an instance of the class. - -Another thing to note is that although I have used different instances of PrimeFinder in my calling code I could have just set the property algorithm in the following way. - -```python -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - prime_finder = PrimeFinder(hard_coded_algorithm) - prime_finder.calculate(50) - prime_finder.out() - - prime_finder.algorithm = standard_algorithm - prime_finder.calculate(50) - prime_finder.out() - - prime_finder.algorithm = HardCodedClass - prime_finder.calculate(50) - prime_finder.out() -``` - -The code for this specific file can be found here. All of the code for the design patterns can be found here. -## Template ## -## Visitor ## - -# UI Patterns # -## Model View Presenter ## -## Model View Controller ## -## Model View View-Model ## -## Model View Adapter ## -## Presentation Abstraction Control ## - diff --git a/Images/Python_Logo.png b/Images/Python_Logo.png deleted file mode 100644 index a42f5d3..0000000 Binary files a/Images/Python_Logo.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Builder_general.png b/Images/UML/Builder_general.png deleted file mode 100644 index e490d12..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Builder_general.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Builder_specific.png b/Images/UML/Builder_specific.png deleted file mode 100644 index 04b4550..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Builder_specific.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Facade_specific.jpg b/Images/UML/Facade_specific.jpg deleted file mode 100644 index c0309a4..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Facade_specific.jpg and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Iterator_general.png b/Images/UML/Iterator_general.png deleted file mode 100644 index 3e4568d..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Iterator_general.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Iterator_specific.png b/Images/UML/Iterator_specific.png deleted file mode 100644 index 9c678e8..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Iterator_specific.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Strategy_general.jpg b/Images/UML/Strategy_general.jpg deleted file mode 100644 index bce4367..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Strategy_general.jpg and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/Strategy_specific.png b/Images/UML/Strategy_specific.png deleted file mode 100644 index e4b18de..0000000 Binary files a/Images/UML/Strategy_specific.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Images/UML/urls.txt b/Images/UML/urls.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2a15bad..0000000 --- a/Images/UML/urls.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -This is to store the editable URLS from the online UML tool used to make these images - -Facade_specific.jpg -http://yuml.me/diagram/plain;/class/edit/// Facade Class Diagram, [Car|battery;starter;engine;|turn_key()]++->[Engine|spin|start(charge))], [Car]++->[StarterMotor|spin|start(charge)], [Car]++->[Battery|charge|] - -Strategy_general.jpg -http://yuml.me/diagram/plain;dir:RL;/class/edit/// Non-specific Strategy Class Diagram, [Caller]<>->[<>], [<>]^-.-[Algorithm1], [<>]^-.-[Algorithm2] - -Strategy_specific.png -http://yuml.me9dfd5ea2 - -// specific strategy pattern -[PrimeFinder|algorithm;primes|calculate(limit);out()]+->[Algorithm|calculate(limit)] -[Algorithm]^-.-[HardCoded|calculate(limit)] -[Algorithm]^-.-[Standard|calculate(limit) - - -Builder_general.png -http://yuml.me/3f5049ad -http://yuml.me/edit/3f5049ad - -// General Builder pattern -[Director| builder| create()]<>->[Builder] -[Builder| build_part_1();build_part_2()]^-.-[ConcreteBuilder2| build_part_1();build_part_2()] -[Builder]^-.-[ConcreteBuilder1| build_part_1();build_part_2()] -[ConcreteBuilder1]creates->[Product] -[ConcreteBuilder2]creates->[Product] - -Builder_specific.png -http://yuml.me/abcf254a -http://yuml.me/edit/abcf254a - -// Specific Builder pattern -[VehicleManufacturer| builder| create()]<>->[VehicleBuilder] -[VehicleBuilder| |make_wheels();make_doors();make_seats()]^-.-[BikeBuilder| vehicle |make_wheels();make_doors();make_seats()] -[VehicleBuilder]^-.-[CarBuilder| vehicle|make_wheels();make_doors();make_seats()] -[CarBuilder]creates->[Vehicle| type;wheels;doors;seats | view() ] -[BikeBuilder]creates->[Vehicle] - -Iterator_general.png -http://yuml.me/7653a2e6 -http://yuml.me/edit/7653a2e6 - -// General Iterator Pattern -[Iterator|__iter__();next()|collection]<>->[Collection|__len__();__getitem__(key);...|] - -Iterator specific -http://yuml.me/b8a2a966 -http://yuml.me/edit/b8a2a966 - -// Specific Iterator Pattern -[ReverseIterator|__iter__();next()|list;index]<>->[list] -[Days|reverse_iter()|days]<>->[list] diff --git a/README.md b/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2844ad5..0000000 --- a/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -Design-Patterns-In-Python -========================= - -This is the git repository containing the files for a book I am writing. -This book is all about making reusable elements of software design. - -While I started to write this as an e-book, I now think the way to do -this is write a blog post per design pattern and then compile them into -a guide. These blog posts can be found [here](http://davidcorne.com/category/design-patterns-in-python/) - -These patterns will fit roughly into four categories: - -* Creational - * Abstract factory - * Builder - * Factory method - * __Lazy initialization__ - * __Multiton__ - * __Object pool__ - * Prototype - * __Resource acquisition is initialization__ - * Singleton -* Structural - * Adapter - * Bridge - * Composite - * Decorator - * Facade - * Flyweight - * __Front Controller__ - * __Module__ - * Proxy - * __Telescoping constructor__ -* Behavioural - * __Blackboard__ - * Chain of Responsibility - * Command - * __Data Caching__ - * Interpreter - * Iterator - * Mediator - * Memento - * __Null object__ - * Observer (Publish/Subscribe) - * State - * __Servant__ - * __Specification__ - * Strategy - * Template - * Visitor -* UI Patterns - * __Model View Presenter__ - * __Model View Controller__ - * __Model View View-Model__ - * __Model View Adapter__ - * __Presentation Abstraction Control__ - -Patterns in __bold__ are non [gang of four](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) patterns. diff --git a/Structural/Adapter.py b/Structural/Adapter.py deleted file mode 100644 index d4b53ba..0000000 --- a/Structural/Adapter.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,51 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -#============================================================================== -class RCCar(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.speed = 0 - - def change_speed(self, speed): - self.speed = speed - print("RC car is moving at " + str(self.speed)) - -#============================================================================== -class RCAdapter(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.car = RCCar() - - def move_forwards(self): - self.car.change_speed(10) - - def move_backwards(self): - self.car.change_speed(-10) - - def stop(self): - self.car.change_speed(0) - -#============================================================================== -class RemoteControl(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.adapter = RCAdapter() - - def stick_up(self): - self.adapter.move_forwards() - - def stick_down(self): - self.adapter.move_backwards() - - def stick_middle(self): - self.adapter.stop() - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - controller = RemoteControl() - controller.stick_up() - controller.stick_middle() - controller.stick_down() - controller.stick_middle() - diff --git a/Structural/Bridge.py b/Structural/Bridge.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0fa2026..0000000 --- a/Structural/Bridge.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -import abc - -#============================================================================== -class Shape(object): - __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta - - @abc.abstractmethod - def __init__(self): - pass - - def area(self): - """ - Returns the area of the shape calculated using the shape specific - implementation. - """ - assert self.calculator != None, "self.calculator not defined." - return self.calculator(self) - -#============================================================================== -class Rectangle(Shape): - - def __init__(self, x, y): - self.calculator = rectangular_area_calculator - self.x = x - self.y = y - -#============================================================================== -def rectangular_area_calculator(rectangle): - return rectangle.x * rectangle.y - -#============================================================================== -class Triangle(Shape): - - def __init__(self, base, height): - self.calculator = triangular_area_calculator - self.base = base - self.height = height - -#============================================================================== -def triangular_area_calculator(triangle): - return 0.5 * triangle.base * triangle.height - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - x = 4 - y = 5 - rect = Rectangle(x, y) - print(str(x) + " x " + str(y) + " Rectangle area: " + str(rect.area())) - - base = 4 - height = 5 - tri = Triangle(base, height); - print( - "Base " + - str(base) + - ", Height " + - str(height) + - " Triangle area: " + - str(tri.area()) - ) diff --git a/Structural/Facade.py b/Structural/Facade.py deleted file mode 100644 index 21bdf76..0000000 --- a/Structural/Facade.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC -# An example of how the client interacts with a complex series of objects -# (car engine, battery and starter motor) through a facade (the car) - -#============================================================================== -class Engine(object): - - def __init__(self): - # how much the motor is spinning in revs per minute - self.spin = 0 - - def start(self, spin): - if (spin > 2000): - self.spin = spin // 15 - -#============================================================================== -class StarterMotor(object): - - def __init__(self): - # how much the starter motor is spinning in revs per minute - self.spin = 0 - - def start(self, charge): - # if there is enough power then spin fast - if (charge > 50): - self.spin = 2500 - -#============================================================================== -class Battery(object): - - def __init__(self): - # % charged, starts flat - self.charge = 0 - -#============================================================================== -class Car(object): - # the facade object that deals with the battery, engine and starter motor. - - def __init__(self): - self.battery = Battery() - self.starter = StarterMotor() - self.engine = Engine() - - def turn_key(self): - # use the battery to turn the starter motor - self.starter.start(self.battery.charge) - - # use the starter motor to spin the engine - self.engine.start(self.starter.spin) - - # if the engine is spinning the car is started - if (self.engine.spin > 0): - print("Engine Started.") - else: - print("Engine Not Started.") - - def jump(self): - self.battery.charge = 100 - print("Jumped") - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - corsa = Car() - corsa.turn_key() - corsa.jump() - corsa.turn_key() - diff --git a/Structural/Proxy.py b/Structural/Proxy.py deleted file mode 100644 index b66970f..0000000 --- a/Structural/Proxy.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -# http://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/proxy -# give 4 good reasons for a proxy to be made. - -# A virtual proxy is a placeholder for "expensive to create" objects. The real -# object is only created when a client first requests/accesses the object. -# -# A remote proxy provides a local representative for an object that resides in -# a different address space. This is what the "stub" code in RPC and CORBA -# provides. - -# A protective proxy controls access to a sensitive master object. The -# "surrogate" object checks that the caller has the access permissions required -# prior to forwarding the request. - -# A smart proxy interposes additional actions when an object is accessed. -# Typical uses include: -# o Counting the number of references to the real object so that it can be -# freed automatically when there are no more references (aka smart pointer) -# o Loading a persistent object into memory when it's first referenced, -# o Checking that the real object is locked before it is accessed to ensure -# that no other object can change it. - - -#============================================================================== -class SharedData(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.resource = "A resource" - -#============================================================================== -class AsyncProxy(object): - - def __init__(self, data): - """ - Takes some data which should now only be accessed through this class, - otherwise you could get - """ - self.data = data - diff --git a/UI/MVC.py b/UI/MVC.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2fc1eb8..0000000 --- a/UI/MVC.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,168 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -from Tkinter import * -import random - -#============================================================================== -class Model(object): - - def __init__(self): - # q_and_a is a dictionary where the key is a question and the entry is - # a list of pairs, these pairs are an answer and whether it is correct - self.q_and_a = { - "How many wives did Henry VIII have?": [ - ("Five", False), - ("Six", True), - ("Seven", False), - ("Eight", False) - ], - "In which Italian city is Romeo and Juliet primarily set?": [ - ("Verona", True), - ("Naples", False), - ("Milano", False), - ("Pisa", False) - ], - "A light year is a measure of what?": [ - ("Energy", False), - ("Speed", False), - ("Distance", True), - ("Intensity", False) - ] - } - - def question_and_answers(self): - """ - Returns a randomly chosen question (string) and answers (list of - strings) as a pair. - """ - key = random.choice(self.q_and_a.keys()) - return (key, [x[0] for x in self.q_and_a[key]]) - - def is_correct(self, question, answer): - answers = self.q_and_a[question] - for ans in answers: - if (ans[0] == answer): - return ans[1] - assert False, "Could not find answer." - -#============================================================================== -class View(object): - - def __init__(self): - self.parent = Tk() - self.parent.title("Trivia") - - self.initialise_ui() - - self.controller = None - - def clear_screen(self): - """ Clears the screen deleting all widgets. """ - self.frame.destroy() - self.initialise_ui() - - def initialise_ui(self): - self.answer_button = None - self.continue_button = None - - self.frame = Frame(self.parent) - self.frame.pack() - - def new_question(self, question, answers): - """ - question is a string, answers is a list of strings - e.g - view.new_question( - "Is the earth a sphere?", - ["Yes", "No"] - ) - """ - self.clear_screen() - # put the question on as a label - question_label = Label(self.frame, text=question) - question_label.pack() - - # put the answers on as a radio buttons - selected_answer = StringVar() - selected_answer.set(answers[0]) - - for answer in answers: - option = Radiobutton( - self.frame, - text=answer, - variable=selected_answer, - value=answer, - ) - option.pack() - - # button to confirm - answer_function = lambda : self.controller.answer( - question, - selected_answer.get() - ) - self.answer_button = Button( - self.frame, - text="Answer", - command=answer_function - ) - self.answer_button.pack() - - def main_loop(self): - mainloop() - - def register(self, controller): - """ Register a controller to give callbacks to. """ - self.controller = controller - - def feedback(self, feedback): - self.clear_screen() - label = Label(self.frame, text=feedback) - label.pack() - - self.continue_button = Button( - self.frame, - text="Continue", - command=self.controller.next_question - ) - self.continue_button.pack() - -#============================================================================== -class Controller(object): - - def __init__(self, model, view): - self.model = model - self.view = view - - self.view.register(self) - self.new_question() - - def new_question(self): - q_and_a = self.model.question_and_answers() - self.view.new_question(q_and_a[0], q_and_a[1]) - - def next_question(self): - self.new_question() - - def answer(self, question, answer): - correct = self.model.is_correct(question, answer) - feedback = "" - if (correct): - feedback = "That is correct." - else: - feedback = "Sorry that's wrong." - - self.view.feedback(feedback) - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - # Note: The view should not send to the model but it is often useful - # for the view to receive update event information from the model. - # However you should not update the model from the view. - - view = View() - model = Model() - controller = Controller(model, view) - - view.main_loop() - diff --git a/UI/utest_MVC.py b/UI/utest_MVC.py deleted file mode 100644 index 7db8870..0000000 --- a/UI/utest_MVC.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,162 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python -# Written by: DGC - -# python imports -import unittest - -# local imports -import MVC - -#============================================================================== -class utest_MVC(unittest.TestCase): - - def test_model(self): - model = MVC.Model() - question, possible_answers = model.question_and_answers() - - # can't test what they are because they're random - self.assertTrue( - isinstance(question, str), - "Question should be a string" - ) - self.assertTrue( - isinstance(possible_answers, list), - "Answers should be a list" - ) - - for item in possible_answers: - self.assertTrue( - isinstance(item[0], str), - "Elements of possible answer list should be strings" - ) - - def test_controller(self): - model = ModelMock() - view = ViewMock() - controller = MVC.Controller(model, view) - controller.new_question() - self.assertEqual( - view.question, - "Question", - "Controller should pass the question to the view." - ) - controller.answer("Question", "correct") - self.assertEqual( - controller.view.mock_feedback, - "That is correct.", - "The feedback for a correct answer is wrong." - ) - controller.answer("Question", "incorrect") - self.assertEqual( - controller.view.mock_feedback, - "Sorry that's wrong.", - "The feedback for an incorrect answer is wrong." - ) - - def test_view(self): - view = MVC.View() - controller = ControllerMock(view) - view.register(controller) - - self.assertIs( - view.answer_button, - None, - "The answer button should not be set." - ) - self.assertIs( - view.continue_button, - None, - "The continue button should not be set." - ) - view.new_question("Test", ["correct", "incorrect"]) - - self.assertIsNot( - view.answer_button, - None, - "The answer button should be set." - ) - self.assertIs( - view.continue_button, - None, - "The continue button should not be set." - ) - # simulate a button press - view.answer_button.invoke() - self.assertIs( - view.answer_button, - None, - "The answer button should not be set." - ) - self.assertIsNot( - view.continue_button, - None, - "The continue button should be set." - ) - - self.assertEqual( - controller.question, - "Test", - "The question asked should be \"Test\"." - ) - self.assertEqual( - controller.answer, - "correct", - "The answer given should be \"correct\"." - ) - - # continue - view.continue_button.invoke() - self.assertIsNot( - view.answer_button, - None, - "The answer button should be set." - ) - self.assertIs( - view.continue_button, - None, - "The continue button should not be set." - ) - -#============================================================================== -class ViewMock(object): - - def new_question(self, question, answers): - self.question = question - self.answers = answers - - def register(self, controller): - pass - - def feedback(self, feedback): - self.mock_feedback = feedback - -#============================================================================== -class ModelMock(object): - - def question_and_answers(self): - return ("Question", ["correct", "incorrect"]) - - def is_correct(self, question, answer): - correct = False - if (answer == "correct"): - correct = True - return correct - -#============================================================================== -class ControllerMock(object): - - def __init__(self, view): - self.view = view - - def answer(self, question, answer): - self.question = question - self.answer = answer - self.view.feedback("test") - - def next_question(self): - self.view.new_question("Test", ["correct", "incorrect"]) - - -#============================================================================== -if (__name__ == "__main__"): - unittest.main(verbosity=2) diff --git a/images/arrow-down.png b/images/arrow-down.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..585b0bd Binary files /dev/null and b/images/arrow-down.png differ diff --git a/images/octocat-small.png b/images/octocat-small.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66c2539 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/octocat-small.png differ diff --git a/index.html b/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0560457 --- /dev/null +++ b/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ + + + + + + Design-patterns-in-python by davidcorne + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Design-patterns-in-python

+

+ + + +

This project is maintained by davidcorne

+ + +
+
+

Design-Patterns-In-Python

+ +

This is the git repository containing the files for a book I am writing. +This book is all about making reusable elements of software design.

+ +

While I started to write this as an e-book, I now think the way to do +this is write a blog post per design pattern and then compile them into +a guide. These blog posts can be found here

+ +

These patterns will fit roughly into four categories:

+ +
    +
  • Creational + +
      +
    • Abstract factory
      • +
    • Builder
      • +
    • Factory method
      • +
    • Lazy initialization
      • +
    • Multiton
      • +
    • Object pool
      • +
    • Prototype
      • +
    • Resource acquisition is initialization
      • +
    • Singleton
      • +
    +
    • +
  • Structural + +
      +
    • Adapter
      • +
    • Bridge
      • +
    • Composite
      • +
    • Decorator
      • +
    • Facade
      • +
    • Flyweight
      • +
    • Front Controller
      • +
    • Module
      • +
    • Proxy
      • +
    • Telescoping constructor
      • +
    +
    • +
  • Behavioural + +
      +
    • Blackboard
      • +
    • Chain of Responsibility
      • +
    • Command
      • +
    • Data Caching
      • +
    • Interpreter
      • +
    • Iterator
      • +
    • Mediator
      • +
    • Memento
      • +
    • Null object
      • +
    • Observer (Publish/Subscribe)
      • +
    • State
      • +
    • Servant
      • +
    • Specification
      • +
    • Strategy
      • +
    • Template
      • +
    • Visitor
      • +
    +
    • +
  • UI Patterns + +
      +
    • Model View Presenter
      • +
    • Model View Controller
      • +
    • Model View View-Model
      • +
    • Model View Adapter
      • +
    • Presentation Abstraction Control
      • +
    +
    • +

Patterns in bold are non gang of four patterns.

+
+ +
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/javascripts/scale.fix.js b/javascripts/scale.fix.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08716c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/javascripts/scale.fix.js @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +fixScale = function(doc) { + + var addEvent = 'addEventListener', + type = 'gesturestart', + qsa = 'querySelectorAll', + scales = [1, 1], + meta = qsa in doc ? doc[qsa]('meta[name=viewport]') : []; + + function fix() { + meta.content = 'width=device-width,minimum-scale=' + scales[0] + ',maximum-scale=' + scales[1]; + doc.removeEventListener(type, fix, true); + } + + if ((meta = meta[meta.length - 1]) && addEvent in doc) { + fix(); + scales = [.25, 1.6]; + doc[addEvent](type, fix, true); + } + +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/makefile b/makefile deleted file mode 100644 index eb80446..0000000 --- a/makefile +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ -# Builds the e-book in multiple formats - -OPTIONS = -s --toc --toc-depth=2 --highlight-style haddock -SOURCE_NAME = Design_Patterns_In_Python -OUTPUT_NAME = Output/Design_Patterns_In_Python - -#============================================================================== -all: $(OUTPUT_NAME).epub $(OUTPUT_NAME).pdf $(OUTPUT_NAME).html FAKE_IMAGES - @echo -e "All made" - -#============================================================================== -$(OUTPUT_NAME).html: $(SOURCE_NAME).md - @mkdir -p Output - @echo -e "Making html." - pandoc $< $(OPTIONS) -o $@ - @echo -e "html made.\n" - -#============================================================================== -$(OUTPUT_NAME).pdf: $(SOURCE_NAME).md - @mkdir -p Output - @echo -e "Making pdf." - pandoc $< $(OPTIONS) -o $@ - @echo -e "pdf made.\n" - -#============================================================================== -$(OUTPUT_NAME).epub: $(SOURCE_NAME).md - @mkdir -p Output - @echo -e "Making epub." - pandoc $< $(OPTIONS) -o $@ - @echo -e "epub made.\n" - -FAKE_IMAGES: - @cp -r Images Output/ - @echo "Images copied." - -#============================================================================== -clean: FRC -# remove the temporary files - @rm -f *.pdf *.pyc *.html *.epub - @echo "Removed all: pdfs, html, epubs and temp files." - -#============================================================================== -#D Pseudo target causes all targets that depend on FRC to be remade even in -#D case a file with the name of the target exists. Works unless there is a file -#D called FRC in the directory. -#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -FRC: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/params.json b/params.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64130f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/params.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"name":"Design-patterns-in-python","tagline":"","body":"Design-Patterns-In-Python\r\n=========================\r\n\r\nThis is the git repository containing the files for a book I am writing. \r\nThis book is all about making reusable elements of software design.\r\n\r\nWhile I started to write this as an e-book, I now think the way to do \r\nthis is write a blog post per design pattern and then compile them into \r\na guide. These blog posts can be found [here](http://davidcorne.com/category/design-patterns-in-python/)\r\n\r\nThese patterns will fit roughly into four categories:\r\n\r\n* Creational\r\n * Abstract factory\r\n * Builder\r\n * Factory method\r\n * __Lazy initialization__\r\n * __Multiton__\r\n * __Object pool__\r\n * Prototype\r\n * __Resource acquisition is initialization__\r\n * Singleton\r\n* Structural\r\n * Adapter\r\n * Bridge\r\n * Composite\r\n * Decorator\r\n * Facade\r\n * Flyweight\r\n * __Front Controller__\r\n * __Module__\r\n * Proxy\r\n * __Telescoping constructor__\r\n* Behavioural\r\n * __Blackboard__\r\n * Chain of Responsibility\r\n * Command\r\n * __Data Caching__\r\n * Interpreter\r\n * Iterator\r\n * Mediator\r\n * Memento\r\n * __Null object__\r\n * Observer (Publish/Subscribe)\r\n * State\r\n * __Servant__\r\n * __Specification__\r\n * Strategy\r\n * Template\r\n * Visitor\r\n* UI Patterns\r\n * __Model View Presenter__\r\n * __Model View Controller__\r\n * __Model View View-Model__\r\n * __Model View Adapter__\r\n * __Presentation Abstraction Control__\r\n\r\nPatterns in __bold__ are non [gang of four](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) patterns.\r\n","google":"","note":"Don't delete this file! 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