diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 8db00587d67f3a..ddf394779e7945 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ compiler:
 # far since the 1.9.1 release.
 before_install:
   - "sudo apt-get -qq update"
+  # Travis ships an outdated, broken version of libssl by default
+  - "sudo apt-get -qq --only-upgrade install '^libssl.*'"
   - "sudo apt-get -qq install $CC" # upgrade if any
 install: "sudo apt-get -qq build-dep ruby1.9.1 2>/dev/null"
 
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 996b9669c88c01..e56df12ff6fcf8 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,15 +1,2046 @@
-Fri Mar  7 12:06:19 2014  Martin Bosslet  <Martin.Bosslet@gmail.com>
+Tue Aug 18 21:40:43 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems.rb: bump version to 2.4.5.1. this version fixed
+	  CVE-2015-3900.
+
+	* lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb: ditto.
+
+	* test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb: added testcase for CVE-2015-3900
+
+Mon Aug 17 23:27:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): data size should
+	  be in bytes, not in chars.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
+
+Mon Aug 17 23:27:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (API#SetValue): add terminator
+	  size, not 1 byte.  [ruby-core:70365] [Bug #11439]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:57:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (rb_memsearch): should match only char boundaries in wide
+	  character encodings.  [ruby-core:70220] [Bug #11413]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:54:33 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (rb_econv_set_replacement): target encoding name can
+	  be empty now.  [ruby-core:69841] [Bug #11324]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:52:11 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): fix Float hash.  rb_dbl_hash() returns a
+	  Fixnum, but not a long.  [Bug #9381]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:43:56 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_oflags_modestr): handle O_TRUNC correctly
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb (test_reopen_stdio): new test
+	  Patch-by: cremno phobia <cremno@mail.ru>
+	  [ruby-core:69779] [Bug #11319]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:42:18 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (makeport): close the TCPServer
+	  when sending the port fails.
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb: test for above.
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:38:15 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse::Inflater#finish):
+	  fix a bug that empty gzipped response body causes Zlib::BufError.
+	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
+
+	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb: tests for the above.
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:38:15 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse#inflater):
+	  fix TypeError. An exception object might be nil.
+	  [ruby-core:68846] [Bug #11058]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:38:15 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse.each_response_header):
+	  raise first exception even if inflate_body_io.finish raises error.
+	  when begin block raises error, finish usually raises error too.
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:16:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* .travis.yml: update libssl before running tests. 
+	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for figuring out the
+	  travis settings!
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:16:22 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (module OpenSSL): raise a more
+	  helpful exception when verifying the peer connection and an
+	  anonymous cipher has been selected. [ruby-core:68330] [Bug #10910]
+	  Thanks to Chris Sinjakli <chris@sinjakli.co.uk> for the patch.
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb (class OpenSSL): test for change
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:12:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (waitpid): return immediately if interrupted.
+	  reported by <takkanm AT gmail.com> [ruby-dev:49176] [Bug #11340]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:09:02 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (lambda_body): pop cmdarg stack for lookahead
+	  token.  [ruby-core:70067] [Bug #11380]
+
+Mon Aug 17 17:04:57 2015  Jeremy Evans  <merch-redmine@jeremyevans.net>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: Fix LocalJumpErrors being raised
+	  in OpenSSL tests. [ruby-core:70020][Bug #11368]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:51:45 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (ExitException): leave Timeout::ExitException as an
+	  alias of Timeout::Error for backward compatibility in stable branch.
+	  [ruby-dev:49179] [Bug #11344]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:51:45 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/timeout.rb (ExitException): removed internal exception class
+	  and use Timeout::Error instead, as using throw/catch to isolate
+	  each timeouts now.  [ruby-dev:49179] [Bug #11344]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:49:00 2015  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
+	(HTTPResponseTest#test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_uppercase):
+	fix a failure without zlib.
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:49:00 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (inflater): CONTENT_ENCODING can be upper
+	  case. [ruby-core:69670] [Bug #11285] patched by Andy Chu
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:46:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (m_core_hash_merge_ptr): copy the arguments to the machine
+	  stack before rewinding the control frame pointer and leaving the
+	  arguments outside valid region of the value stack.
+	  [ruby-core:69969] [Bug #11352]
+
+	* vm.c (REWIND_CFP): keep the arguments region inside the valid
+	  value stack.  [ruby-core:69969] [Bug #11352]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:44:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_reverse): reversed string is not a substring,
+	  and should not set coderange of the original string.
+	  [ruby-dev:49189] [Bug #11387]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:24:10 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb (strptime): Support %s.%N.
+	  [ruby-core:68301] [Bug #10904] Patch by Sadayuki Furuhashi.
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:22:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* transcode.c (load_transcoder_entry): fix transcoder loading race
+	  condition, by waiting in require.  [ruby-dev:49106] [Bug #11277]
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:18:13 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_push): check if array size will
+	  exceed maximum size to get rid of buffer overflow.
+	  [ruby-dev:49043] [Bug #11235]
+
+	* array.c (ary_ensure_room_for_unshift, rb_ary_splice): ditto.
+
+Mon Aug 17 16:14:38 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb (Win32::Registry::API): use wide
+	  versions of RegDeleteValue and RegDeleteKey.
+	  [ruby-core:67958] [Bug #10820]
+
+Tue Jul  7 13:39:46 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: Fix indentation for rdoc.
+	  [Bug #11221][ruby-core:69465]
+
+Tue Jul  7 13:37:34 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec: Fix require paths for released gem.
+	  [fix GH-929] Patch by @voxik
+	* ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec: ditto.
+
+Fri Jul  3 21:54:46 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_require.rb (TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading):
+	  fix previous commit.  [Bug #11060]
+
+Fri Jul  3 19:28:51 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_require.rb (TestRequire#test_loading_fifo_threading):
+	  ignore Errno::ENOENT on unlinking.  [Bug #11060]
+
+Fri Jul  3 18:40:48 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (pkg_config): split --libs if --libs-only-l option
+	  is not available.  patch in [ruby-core:69428] by Hans Mackowiak.
+	  [ruby-core:69421] [Bug #11201]
+
+Fri Jul  3 18:32:37 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (iseq_compile_each): out of range NTH_REF is always
+	  nil.
+
+	* parse.y (parse_numvar): check overflow of NTH_REF and range.
+	  [ruby-core:69393] [Bug #11192]
+
+	* util.c (ruby_scan_digits): make public and add length parameter.
+
+Fri Jul  3 17:53:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): resolve refined method entry
+	  to check if undefined.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
+
+Fri Jul  3 17:53:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_method_call_status): undefined refined method is
+	  not callable unless using.  [ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]
+
+Fri Jul  3 17:44:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (rb_file_load_ok): try opening file without gvl not to
+	  lock entire process.  [Bug #11060]
+
+Tue Jun 30 11:56:24 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (bit_coerce): use original value for error message
+	  [ruby-core:67405] [Bug #10711]
+	* test/ruby/test_numeric.rb (test_coerce): check error message
+
+Mon Jun 29 13:22:14 2015  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c(dump_object): Return empty JSON object when
+	  passed object is a special const, instead of SEGV.
+	  Based patch by Kohei Suzuki (eagletmt). [ruby-core:69692] [Bug #11291]
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb(test_dump_special_consts): Test for above fix.
+
+
+Wed Jun 17 11:39:15 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (lep_svar_set): add WBs.
+
+Tue Jun  9 16:29:49 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c: use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
+	  [ruby-core:69419] [Feature #11198]
+
+Tue Jun  9 16:26:48 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (ossl_asn1_traverse, ossl_asn1_decode,
+	  ossl_asn1_decode_all): use RB_GC_GUARD instead of volatile
+	  [ruby-core:69371] [Bug #11185]
+
+Tue Jun  9 16:24:25 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (setup_overlapped): seek to the file end only when
+	  writing (mode:a), not reading (mode:a+, read).
+
+Tue Jun  9 16:15:31 2015  Aaron Patterson <tenderlove@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (loaded_feature_path): stop returning false negatives for
+	  filenames which are trailing substrings of file extensions.  For
+	  example, 'b', which a trailing substring of ".rb" should not return
+	  false. [Bug #11155][ruby-core:69206]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_autoload.rb: test for fix
+
+Fri May 29 14:03:33 2015  Matt Hoyle  <matt@deployable.co>
+
+	* ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c (VpSetPTR): fix a typo, 'expoennt'
+	  to 'exponent'.  [ruby-core:67980] [Bug #10823] [Fix GH-825]
+
+Fri May 29 14:00:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): neither the drive
+	  of base directory nor the current drive are involved in the
+	  result if different than the drive of path.
+	  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
+
+Fri May 29 14:00:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/file.c (rb_file_expand_path_internal): do not make invalid
+	  (or ADS) path if the path has a drive letter, the result also
+	  should have be under it.  [ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]
+
+Fri May 29 13:41:44 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* marshal.c (r_symreal): register the symbol name first so that
+	  r_symlink always returns valid names. [Bug #10991]
+
+Thu May 28 09:51:28 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (rb_any_hash): use same hash values with Float#hash so
+	  that -0.0 and +0.0 will be identical.
+	  [ruby-core:68541] [Bug #10979]
+
+Thu May 21 14:15:10 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ancdata.c (bsock_recvmsg_internal): GC guard
+	  [Bug #11123]
+
+Thu May 21 14:11:50 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (body_ext_mpart): should work even if body-fld-dsp
+	  is omitted.  [ruby-core:69093] [Bug #11128]
+
+Thu May 21 14:08:15 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c: added documentation for character sequence \' with String#sub
+	  [Bug #11132][ruby-core:69121][fix GH-900][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
+
+Thu May 21 14:04:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* range.c (linear_object_p, range_include): test if covered for
+	  linear objects.  [ruby-core:69052] [Bug #11113]
+
+Thu May 21 14:01:40 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* rational.c: Added documentation for rational literal.
+	  [Bug #11075][fix GH-885][ci skip] Patch by @shishir127
+
+Thu May 21 13:57:47 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c (init_inetsock_internal): preserve errno
+	  before other library calls and use rb_syserr_fail.
+	  [ruby-core:68531] [Bug #10975]
+
+Thu May 21 13:32:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/-test-/printf/printf.c (uint_to_str): renamed to get rid of
+	  conflict on cygwin.  [ruby-core:68877] [Bug #11065]
+
+Thu May 21 13:28:03 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): check other events when RETURN is thrown.
+	  [Bug #10724]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+Thu May 21 13:23:44 2015  Masahiro Tomita  <tommy@tmtm.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (addrinfo_mload): fix memory leak of
+	  addrinfo.  [ruby-dev:48923] [Bug #11051]
+
+Thu May 21 13:19:52 2015  Kenta Murata  <mrkn@cookpad.com>
+
+	* bigdecimal: conform to ruby's license.  [ruby-core:68466] [Bug #10952]
+
+Thu May 21 09:49:01 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* gc.c (id2ref): prohibit from accessing internal objects.
+	  [ruby-core:68348] [Bug #10918]
+
+Thu May 21 09:46:58 2015  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/pty/pty.c: AIX supports autopush.
+	  Patch by Perry Smith [ruby-core:58539] [Bug #9144]
+
+Wed May 20 17:34:43 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_compile_with_option): check source type, must be
+	  an IO or a String.  [ruby-core:69219] [Bug #11159]
+
+Wed May 13 14:32:13 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Label::Str#==): Check class equality.
+	  (Resolv::DNS::Name#initialize): Normalize labels as
+	  Resolv::DNS::Label::Str objects.
+
+Tue May 12 16:11:55 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/tk/extconf.rb: support Tcl/Tk8.6.
+
+	* ext/tk/tcltklib.c, ext/tk/lib/tk.rb: get rid of SEGV with Tcl/Tk8.6.
+	  [Backport #10401]
+
+Mon May 11 11:09:08 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dln.c (dln_load): check if a different libruby is loaded by the
+	  extension library, and then bail out to get rid of very frequent
+	  reported stale bug reports.
+
+	* dln.c (dln_load): raise fatal error on OSX not other extension
+	  libraries to refer different libruby.
+
+Mon May 11 10:59:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (lambda): push and reset cmdarg_stack in lambda body.
+	  [ruby-core:69017] [Bug #11107]
+
+Tue Apr 28 14:15:49 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils#mv): show the exact target path in
+	  the error message instead of the destination parent directory
+	  name.  patched by Joao Britto <jabcalves AT gmail.com> at
+	  [ruby-core:68706].  [Bug #11021]
+
+Tue Apr 28 14:14:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): keep sp safe zone to get rid
+	  of crash by -fstack-check.  [ruby-core:68740] [Bug #11030]
+
+Fri Apr 24 17:27:31 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb: fix syntax.
+
+Tue Apr 14 16:02:07 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): bump RUBY_VERSION to 2.1.7.
+
+Mon Apr 13 22:17:59 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb: stricter hostname verification
+	  following RFC 6125. with the patch provided by Tony Arcieri and
+	  Hiroshi Nakamura [ruby-core:61545] [Bug #9644]
+	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: add tests for above.
+
+Mon Apr 13 17:09:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (different_device_p): compare by volume serial
+	  numbers, not by path names.  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
+
+Mon Apr 13 17:09:06 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (wrename): return EXDEV if moving a directory to
+	  another drive, since MoveFileExW does not set proper error code.
+	  [ruby-core:68162] [Bug #10865]
+
+Mon Apr 13 17:02:25 2015  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (reserve_stack): fix intermittent SIGBUS on
+	  Linux, by reserving the stack virtual address space at process
+	  start up so that it will not clash with the heap space.
+	  [Fix GH-822]
+
+Mon Apr 13 16:52:14 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* class.c (rb_prepend_module): need a WB for klass -> origin.
+
+Mon Apr 13 16:48:14 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (vm_call_super): search next super class from the
+	  original class, to get rid of infinite recursion with
+	  prepending.  a patch by Seiei Higa <hanachin AT gmail.com> at
+	  [ruby-core:68434].  [ruby-core:68093] [Bug #10847]
+
+Mon Apr 13 16:39:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (arg): fix segfault by null caused by syntax error.
+	  [ruby-core:68851] [Bug #10957]
+
+Tue Mar 31 00:49:23 2015  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* gc.c (wmap_final_func): fix memory size shortage when realloc wmap.
+	  Fix SEGV during finalize of WeakRef on Solaris (though the SEGV
+	  could occur on all OS/platforms). [ruby-dev:48779] [Bug #10646]
+
+Tue Mar 31 00:38:14 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry): if no super class, no original
+	  method entry.  [ruby-core:67389] [Bug #10707]
+
+Tue Mar 31 00:34:39 2015  Vit Ondruch  <vondruch@redhat.com>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE): Remove superfluous semicolon
+	  which causes a syntax error with autoconf 2.63.
+	  [ruby-core:67429] [Bug #10716]
+
+Tue Mar 31 00:32:04 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/fiddle/test_handle.rb (test_NEXT): use -test-/dln/empty
+	  which is always a shared object and is not used by others.
+	  [ruby-dev:48629] [Bug #10384]
+
+Tue Mar 31 00:18:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (primary): empty parentheses at cmdarg can be null.
+	  [ruby-core:68477] [Bug #10957]
+
+Mon Mar 30 23:30:57 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/io/console/console.c (console_dev): id_console is not a
+	  constant name, use rb_const_remove() to get rid of NameError.
+
+Sun Mar 22 04:15:39 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (Init_thread): ConditionVariable and Queue
+	  are not able to copy.  [ruby-core:59961] [Bug #9440]
+
+Wed Mar 18 02:42:37 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (w32_spawn): `v2` is used not only for `shell` but also
+	  `cmd`, so must not free before using `cmd`.
+	  [ruby-core:66648] [Bug #10563]
+
+Wed Mar 18 02:40:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (constat_reset): do nothing on non-standard
+	  console emulators.  [ruby-core:66471] [Bug #10546]
+
+Wed Mar 18 02:03:02 2015  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack): copy nd_refinements
+	  of original crefs. It fixes segmentation fault when calling
+	  refined method in duplicate module. [ruby-dev:48878] [Bug #10885]
+
+	* vm_core.h, class.c: change accordingly.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_refinement.rb: add a test for above.
+
+Wed Mar 18 01:58:18 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c: include ruby/ruby.h for PRIdPTRDIFF when a
+	  macro `DEBUG` is defined.  based on the patch by Owen Rodley in
+	  [ruby-core:67987]. [Bug #10825]
+
+Wed Mar 18 01:45:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (try_cppflags, try_cflags, try_ldflags): get rid of
+	  interference by modifying global variables in have_devel? method.
+	  [ruby-core:67962] [Bug #10821]
+
+Wed Mar 18 00:58:43 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (method_entry_i, class_instance_method_list,
+	  rb_obj_singleton_methods): should not include methods of
+	  superclasses if recur is false. [ruby-dev:48854] [Bug #10826]
+
+Wed Mar 18 00:58:43 2015  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (remove_method): When remove refined
+	  method, raise a NameError if the method is not
+	  defined in refined class.
+	
+	  But if the method is defined in refined class,
+	  it should keep refined method and remove original
+	  method.
+	  
+	  Patch by Seiei Higa. [ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]
+
+Wed Mar 18 00:32:08 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (check_definition): Module#public_method_defined?,
+	  Module#private_method_defined?, Module#protected_method_defined?
+	  should not use refinements. [ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]
+
+Tue Mar 10 02:40:11 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread.c: Improve documentation for Thread#value
+	  [Bug #10694][ruby-core:67324][ci skip]
+
+Tue Mar 10 02:37:55 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* string.c: [DOC] Add missing documentation around String#chomp.
+	  Patch by @stderr [ci skip][fix GH-780]
+
+Mon Mar  9 22:30:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* spec/default.mspec: use default configuration file name.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/cc69f337b06362e5607ffa3e3ad40ef7494960cf
+
+Mon Mar  9 22:30:50 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* spec/default.mspec: remove specific version number.
+	  https://github.com/ruby/rubyspec/commit/7a909e925c1baa9c700bd44af9241aef6e596714
+
+Mon Mar  9 22:27:47 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* common.mk: use ruby organization for rubyspec.
+
+Mon Mar  9 21:52:41 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/uri/generic.rb (URI::Generic.build):
+	  use hostname= to detect and wrap IPv6 hosts.
+	  Build is accepting URI components and users may not expect
+	  that a host component needs to be wrapped with square brackets
+	  since it's not providing a URI.
+	  Note: initialize with arg_check => true does not wrap IPv6 hosts.
+	  by Joe Rafaniello <jrafanie@redhat.com>
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/765 fix GH-765
+
+	* test/uri/test_generic.rb: Add more tests
+
+Tue Mar  3 02:42:27 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/io/wait/wait.c (io_nread): wrap return value with INT2FIX
+	  Thanks to Yura Sokolov <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
+	  [ruby-core:68369] [Bug#10923]
+	* test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb (test_nread_buffered):
+	  fix broken test
+
+Sun Mar  1 02:30:23 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_alias): raise a NameError when creating alias to
+	  a refined method if the original method of the refined method is
+	  not defined.  [ruby-core:67523] [Bug #10731]
+
+Sun Mar  1 01:17:24 2015  Seiei Higa  <hanachin@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_export_method): bail out if the original method
+	  is undefined when the method is refined.
+	  [ruby-core:67387] [Bug #10706]
+
+Sun Mar  1 01:14:59 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: consider ENETUNREACH as ResolvTimeout
+	  [ruby-core:67411] [Bug #10712]
+
+Sun Mar  1 01:01:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP#send_request): there is no response body
+	  with HEAD request. Patch by @rodrigosaito [fix GH-520]
+
+Sun Mar  1 01:01:21 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/net/http/test_http.rb (_test_send_request__HEAD): Added
+	  failing test for send_request with HEAD method.
+
+Sun Mar  1 00:58:30 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c: fix document of method signatures.
+	  [Bug #10668][ruby-core:67186][ci skip]
+
+Sat Feb 28 02:13:17 2015  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): Compare an array of Label:Str
+	  objects.  Label#Str#== is case-insensitive.
+
+Sat Feb 28 02:13:17 2015  Ben Miller  <bmiller@rackspace.com>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name#==): DNS is case-insensitive, so the
+	  comparison should be case-insensitive as well.
+	  [ruby-core:66498] [Bug #10550]
+
+Sat Feb 28 02:13:17 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Name): names with different dots
+	  should be different.
+
+Thu Feb 19 19:14:34 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http/response.rb (Net::HTTPResponse): require one or more
+	  spaces [Bug #10591].
+	  by leriksen <leif.eriksen.au@gmail.com>
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/782 fix GH-782
+	  NOTE: graph.facebook.com returns without SP Reason-Phrase.
+
+Thu Feb 19 19:10:53 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb: fix to invoke correct function
+	  of tcllib. Patch by @zalt50 [fix GH-787]
+
+Wed Feb 18 00:27:57 2015  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb:  Do not attempt SSL session resumption when the
+	  session is expired.  [Bug #10533]
+
+Wed Feb 18 00:20:36 2015  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_yield_splat): add missing GC guard
+	  [Bug #10509]
+
+Wed Feb 18 00:18:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/text.rb (expand_tabs): get rid of infinite loop with
+	  CR.  should check if substitution occurred too.
+	  [ruby-dev:48813] [Bug #10732]
+
+Tue Feb 17 22:59:31 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (Resolv::DNS::Resource#==, #hash): elements
+	  returned by Kernel#instance_variables are Symbols now.
+	  [ruby-core:68128] [Bug #10857]
+
+Sun Feb 15 07:29:12 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c (get_addr): reject too long hostname to
+	  get rid of GHOST vulnerability on very old platforms.
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (make_hostent_internal): ditto, paranoic
+	  check for the canonical name.
+
+Mon Feb  2 22:57:30 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/etc/etc.c (etc_getlogin): set login name encoding properly.
+	  [ruby-core:66163] [Bug #10493]
+
+Mon Feb  2 22:47:35 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (method_proc): the receiver of binding from method should
+	  be same as the receiver of the method.
+	  [ruby-core:65917] [Bug #10432]
+
+Mon Feb  2 22:43:42 2015  Aaron Patterson <aaron@tenderlovemaking.com>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb: fall back if canonicalization fails.
+	  Thanks Vit Ondruch for the patch!  [ruby-core:65836]
+
+	* test/resolv/test_dns.rb: test for patch
+
+Mon Feb  2 22:38:53 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (rb_cv_binary_elf): get rid of -e option of cat
+	  which is not available on BusyBox, use tr instead.
+	  [ruby-core:64824] [Bug #10210]
+
+Thu Jan 22 20:40:36 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c (ossl_cipher_update_long): update huge
+	  data gradually not to exceed INT_MAX.  workaround of OpenSSL API
+	  limitation.  [ruby-core:67043] [Bug #10633]
+
+Thu Jan 22 01:14:12 2015  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (ruby_signal): since SIGKILL is not supported by MSVCRT,
+	  should be treated before calling signal(3).
+	  [Bug #10615]
+
+Thu Jan 22 01:02:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (exec_recursive): use the same last method name as
+	  recursive_push in the error message when recursive_pop failed.
+	  [ruby-core:66742] [Bug #10579]
+
+Thu Jan 22 01:02:16 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_frame_last_func): return the most recent frame method
+	  name.
+
+	* thread.c (recursive_list_access): use the last method name,
+	  instead of the current method name which can be unset in some
+	  cases, not to use a symbol by the invalid ID.
+	  [ruby-core:66742] [Bug #10579]
+
+Thu Jan 22 00:54:00 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (symbol_list): fix the node type of literal symbol list
+	  with no interpolation.  [ruby-core:66343]
+
+Thu Jan 22 00:49:52 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c: [DOC] Revise documentation by Marcus Stollsteimer at
+	  [ruby-core:66368].  [Bug #10526]
+
+	  * #inspect: be more specific about generated string, remove
+	    obsolete example.
+	  * #nil?: use code examples instead of different call-seq's.
+	  * #tap: clarify what is yielded.
+	  * Integer(): be more specific about to_int and to_i, remove
+	    reference to Ruby 1.8.
+	  * Array(): fix error.
+	  * Class: fix variable name style and indentation in example.
+	  * improve consistency, fix typos and formatting.
+
+Thu Jan 22 00:49:52 2015  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* object.c (Module#const_defined?): [DOC] Revise the documentation.
+	  Patch by Xavier Noria.
+	  [Fixes GH-754] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/754
+
+Thu Jan 22 00:49:52 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* object.c: fix document of Kernel.Stirng by @suzukaze
+	  [fix GH-743][ci skip]
+
+Thu Jan 22 00:25:15 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* load.c (rb_f_load): path name needs to be transcoded to OS path
+	  encoding.  [ruby-list:49994]
+
+Wed Jan 21 04:36:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (NET_LUID): include winsock2.h instead of windows.h.
+	  patch by Jon Forums in [ruby-core:67125].  [Bug #10640]
+
+Wed Jan 21 04:36:27 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (NET_LUID): include also ifdef.h as a workaround of
+	  a bug in mingw-w64 header.  [ruby-core:67103] [Bug #10640]
+
+Wed Jan  7 22:34:52 2015  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* tool/config_files.rb: use config.guess in gcc repo.
+
+Tue Jan  6 00:04:38 2015  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_io.rb: added timeout for AIX environment.
+	  [ruby-core:62983][Bug #9917]
+
+Mon Jan  5 23:58:50 2015  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_string.rb(test_LSHIFT_neary_long_max):
+	  increase timeout for Arch Linux CI environment.
+
+Wed Dec 31 00:00:09 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/http.rb (Net::HTTP.proxy_uri): use initializer instead
+	  of parser to handle IPv6 address. [Bug #9129]
+
+Tue Dec 30 23:46:26 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rubygems/*: upgrade to RubyGems 2.2.3. [Backport #10515]
+
+>>>>>>> ruby/ruby_2_1
+Thu Nov 13 22:32:34 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/document.rb: add REXML::Document#document.
+	  reported by Tomas Hoger <thoger@redhat.com> and patched by nahi.
+
+Thu Nov  6 22:57:43 2014  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* bignum.c (absint_numwords_generic): set an array element after
+	  definition of a variable to fix compile error with older version
+	  of fcc (Fujitsu C Compiler) 5.6 on Solaris 10 on Sparc.
+	  [Bug #10350] [ruby-dev:48608]
+
+Thu Nov  6 22:36:55 2014  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* compile.c (compile_data_alloc): add padding when strict alignment
+	  is required for memory access. Currently, the padding is enabled
+	  only when the CPU is 32-bit SPARC and the compiler is GCC.
+	  [Bug #9681] [ruby-core:61715]
+
+	* compile.c (STRICT_ALIGNMENT): defined if strict alignment is required
+
+	* compile.c (ALIGNMENT_SIZE, ALIGNMENT_SIZE_MASK, PADDING_SIZE_MAX):
+	  new macros for alignemnt word size, bit mask, max size of padding.
+
+	* compile.c (calc_padding): new function to calculate padding size.
+
+Wed Nov  5 00:18:22 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (__builtin_setjmp): disable with gcc/clang earlier
+	  than 4.3 on Mac OS X.  [ruby-core:65174] [Bug #10272]
+
+Wed Nov  5 00:01:04 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* bignum.c (bary_mul_balance_with_mulfunc): Fix free work area
+	  location.
+	  [ruby-dev:48723] [Bug #10464]
+	  [ruby-core:66044] [Bug #10465]
+	  Reported by Kohji Nishihama.
+
+Tue Oct 28 22:30:21 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: remove apple-gcc4.2 from CC candidates.
+
+Tue Oct 28 22:19:44 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): bump RUBY_VERSION to 2.1.5.
+
+Mon Oct 27 20:20:14 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/rexml/entity.rb: keep the entity size within the limitation.
+	  reported by Willis Vandevanter <will@silentrobots.com> and
+	  patched by nahi.
+
+Sun Oct 26 03:31:46 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_make): warn redefinition only for
+	  already defined methods, but not for undefined methods.
+	  [ruby-dev:48691] [Bug #10421]
+
+Sun Oct 26 03:21:30 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (unknown_keyword_error): delete expected keywords
+	  directly from raw table, so that the given block is not called.
+	  [ruby-core:65837] [Bug #10413]
+
+Wed Oct 22 23:02:49 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (DEFAULT_PARAMS): override
+	  options even if OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv3 is not defined.
+	  this is pointed out by Stephen Touset. [ruby-core:65711] [Bug #9424]
+
+Wed Oct 22 23:02:49 2014  Martin Bosslet  <Martin.Bosslet@gmail.com>
 
 	* test/openssl/test_ssl.rb: Reuse TLS default options from
 	  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::DEFAULT_PARAMS.
 
-Thu Mar  6 10:33:31 2014  Martin Bosslet  <Martin.Bosslet@gmail.com>
+Wed Oct 22 23:02:49 2014  Martin Bosslet  <Martin.Bosslet@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Explicitly whitelist the default
+	  SSL/TLS ciphers. Forbid SSLv2 and SSLv3, disable
+	  compression by default.
+	  Reported by Jeff Hodges.
+	  [ruby-core:59829] [Bug #9424]
+
+Sun Oct 19 03:22:53 2014  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h, vm.c, proc.c: fix GC mark miss on bindings.
+	  [ruby-dev:48616] [Bug #10368]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_eval.rb: add a test code.
+
+Sun Oct 19 03:13:38 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_here_document): do not append already appended
+	  and disposed code fragment.  [ruby-dev:48647] [Bug #10392]
+
+Thu Oct 16 22:10:11 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_write): ASCII-8BIT StringIO
+	  should be writable any encoding strings, without conversion.
+	  [ruby-core:65240] [Bug #10285]
+
+Thu Oct 16 22:06:03 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): fix super from eval with
+	  scope.  set klass in the current control frame to the class of
+	  the receiver in the context to be evaluated, this class/module
+	  must match the actual receiver to call super.
+	  [ruby-core:65122] [Bug #10263]
+
+Thu Oct 16 00:30:30 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/find.rb (Find.find): Call to_path for arguments to obtain
+	  strings.
+	  [ruby-core:63713] [Bug #10035] Reported by Herwin.
+
+Thu Oct 16 00:20:12 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_class_real): do not dereference 0 VALUE
+
+	* test/ruby/test_module.rb (test_inspect_segfault):
+	  Test case and bug report by Thomas Stratmann.
+	  [ruby-core:65214] [Bug #10282]
+
+Thu Oct 16 00:10:45 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (rb_f_kill): get rid of deadlock as unhandled and
+	  discarded signals do not make interrupt_cond signaled.
+	  based on the patch by Kazuki Tsujimoto at [ruby-dev:48606].
+	  [Bug #9820]
+
+Thu Oct 16 00:10:45 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (rb_f_kill): should not ignore signal unless the
+	  default handler is registered.  [ruby-dev:48592] [Bug #9820]
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:58:13 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	merge r47598 partially. extracted commits are as follows. [Bug #9728]
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/15ddec6d18e27fdc1988236764e766fd5892ecf5
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:50:33 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb: handle ENOENT error with symlink targeted to
+	  non-exists file. [ruby-dev:45933] [Bug #6716]
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:25:24 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: NetBSD's ksh, used by configure, needs escapes.
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:13:43 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* array.c (ary_recycle_hash): add RB_GC_GUARD
+	  (rb_ary_diff): remove volatile
+	  [Bug #10369]
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:10:07 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* dir.c (dir_s_aref): fix rdoc.  `Dir.glob` allows an array but
+	  `Dir[]` not.  the former accepts an optional parameter `flags`,
+	  while the latter accepts arbitrary number of arguments but no
+	  `flags`.  [ruby-core:65265] [Bug #10294]
+
+Wed Oct 15 23:08:02 2014  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: Fix typo. [Bug #9914]
+
+Wed Oct 15 22:46:52 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* error.c: update exception tree. [DOC]
+	  reported by @hemge via twitter.
+
+Wed Sep 24 02:30:55 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parse_ident): just after a label, new expression should
+	  start, cannot be a modifier.  [ruby-core:65211] [Bug #10279]
+
+Wed Sep 24 02:21:41 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/Makefile.sub (VCSUP): nothing to do if this worktree is not
+	  under any VCS (it means that the worktree may be from the release
+	  package).
+
+Wed Sep 24 02:06:33 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb: Fix test error with tzdata-2014g.
+	  [ruby-core:65058] [Bug #10245] Reported by Vit Ondruch.
+
+Wed Sep 24 02:06:33 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/minitest/test_minitest_unit.rb: removed obsoleted condition
+	  for Ruby 1.8.
+	* test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb: ditto.
+
+Wed Sep 24 01:43:13 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): bump RUBY_VERSION to 2.1.4.
+
+Fri Sep 19 00:58:34 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* version.h (RUBY_VERSION): bump RUBY_VERSION to 2.1.3.
+
+Mon Sep 15 23:12:47 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (check_stack_overflow): drop the last tag too close to
+	  the fault page, to get rid of stack overflow deadlock.
+	  [Bug #9971]
+
+Mon Sep 15 22:34:39 2014  Natalie Weizenbaum  <nweiz@google.com>
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb (SAME_PATHS):
+	  Pathname#relative_path_from uses String#casecmp to compare strings
+	  on case-insensitive filesystem platforms (e.g., Windows). This can
+	  return nil for strings with different encodings, and the code
+	  previously assumed that it always returned a Fixnum.  [Fix GH-713]
+
+Mon Sep 15 22:31:33 2014  Sho Hashimoto  <sho.hsmt@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb (Fiddle::Importer#sizeof): fix typo,
+	  SIZEOF_LONG_LON.  [Fix GH-714]
+
+Mon Sep 15 11:08:23 2014  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (configuration): Make CXXFLAGS customizable.
+	  Patch by Kohei Suzuki (eagletmt). [Fixes GH-492]
+
+Mon Sep 15 01:06:35 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/mkmf.rb (MakeMakefile#pkg_config): append --cflags to also
+	  $CXXFLAGS, as they are often used by C++ compiler.
+	  [ruby-core:54532] [Bug #8315]
+
+Mon Sep 15 00:02:20 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb (CSV#<<): honor explicitly given encoding.  based on
+	  the patch by DAISUKE TANIWAKI <daisuketaniwaki AT gmail.com> at
+	  [ruby-core:62113].  [Bug #9766]
+
+Wed Sep 10 23:36:38 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_object.rb: extend timeout.
+
+Wed Sep 10 23:36:38 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_copy_ivar): allocate no memory for empty
+	  instance variables.  [ruby-core:64700] [Bug #10191]
+
+Wed Sep 10 23:36:38 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* object.c (rb_obj_copy_ivar): extract function to copy instance
+	  variables only for T_OBJECT from init_copy.
+
+Wed Sep 10 23:14:42 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	merge r46831 partially. extracted commits are as follows. [Bug #9344]
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/bdfc1997aa15b6baddaf9a482c6610b32504bd86
+
+	* regcomp.c: Merge Onigmo 5.14.1 25a8a69fc05ae3b56a09.
+	  this includes Support for Unicode 7.0 [Bug #9092].
+
+Wed Sep 10 22:58:25 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* common.mk (Doxyfile): revert r43888, not to require preinstalled
+	  ruby.  [ruby-core:64488] [Bug #10161]
+
+Wed Sep 10 03:29:48 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (io_close): ignore only "closed stream" IOError and
+	  NoMethodError, do not swallow other exceptions at the end of
+	  block.  [ruby-core:64463] [Bug #10153]
+
+Wed Sep 10 03:17:13 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* enc/trans/euckr-tbl.rb (EUCKR_TO_UCS_TBL): add missing euro and
+	  registered signs.  [ruby-core:64452] [Bug #10149]
+
+Wed Sep 10 03:01:31 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_timespec): fix tv_nsec overflow
+	  [Bug #10144]
+
+Wed Sep 10 02:51:38 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* iseq.c (rb_iseq_clone): Should not insert write barrier from
+	  non-RVALUE data (to non-RVALUE data, of course).
+
+	  Ruby 2.1 also has a same problem.
+
+Wed Sep 10 02:33:08 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* parse.y (setup_fake_str): fake strings should not set class by
+	  RBASIC_SET_CLASS() because it insert write barriers to fake
+	  (non-RVALUE) structure.
+
+	  It can cause unexpected behaviour.
+
+Fri Sep  5 17:01:38 2014  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js: Backport
+	  rdoc/rdoc@74f60fcb04fee1778fe2694d1a0ea6513f8e67b7
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:57:07 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* ext/zlib/zlib.c (gzfile_reset): preserve ZSTREAM_FLAG_GZFILE
+	  [Bug #10101]
+
+	* test/zlib/test_zlib.rb (test_rewind): test each_byte
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:47:32 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (rb_cv_broken_backtrace): exit with failure
+	  normally, no needs to abort.  [ruby-core:63678] [Bug #10008]
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:05:02 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* include/ruby/win32.h, win32/win32.c (rb_w32_inet_pton): add a
+	  wrapper function for inet_pton minimum supported client is
+	  Vista, as well as inet_ntop.
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:05:02 2014  Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA  <zn@mbf.nifty.com>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (rb_getaddrinfo): second argument of
+	  MEMZERO is type.  Coverity Scan found this bug.
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:05:02 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (numeric_getaddrinfo): Use xcalloc.
+	  Suggested by Eric Wong.
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9525#note-14
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:05:02 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket: Bypass getaddrinfo() if node and serv are numeric.
+	  Reporeted by Naotoshi Seo.  [ruby-core:60801] [Bug #9525]
+
+	* ext/socket/extconf.rb: Detect struct sockaddr_in6.sin6_len.
+
+	* ext/socket/sockport.h (SET_SIN6_LEN): New macro.
+	  (INIT_SOCKADDR_IN6): Ditto.
+
+	* ext/socket/rubysocket.h (struct rb_addrinfo): Add
+	  allocated_by_malloc field.
+
+	* ext/socket/raddrinfo.c (numeric_getaddrinfo): New function.
+	  (rb_getaddrinfo): Call numeric_getaddrinfo at first.
+	  (rb_freeaddrinfo): Free struct addrinfo properly when it is
+	  allocated by numeric_getaddrinfo.
+
+Sat Sep  6 00:05:02 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket: Wrap struct addrinfo by struct rb_addrinfo.
+
+Thu Sep  4 00:31:23 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (get_array): check instance variables are
+	  initialized properly.  [ruby-core:63826][Bug #10062]
+
+Thu Sep  4 00:29:10 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_initialize): [DOC] fix rdoc of append mode.  it does
+	  not move the pointer at open.  [ruby-core:63747] [Bug #10039]
+
+Thu Sep  4 00:23:15 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* sprintf.c (GETASTER): should not use the numbered argument to be
+	  formatted, raise ArgumentError instead.
+	  [ruby-dev:48330] [Bug #9982]
+
+Thu Sep  4 00:21:05 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_pkey_rsa.rb (OpenSSL#test_sign_verify_memory_leak):
+	  added timeout into testcase for low performance environment.
+	  [Bug #9984][ruby-core:63367]
+
+Tue Sep  2 02:21:58 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (env_aset, env_has_key, env_assoc, env_has_value),
+	  (env_rassoc, env_key): prohibit tainted strings if $SAFE is
+	  non-zero.  [Bug #9976]
+
+Tue Sep  2 02:08:12 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* signal.c (rb_f_kill): directly enqueue an ignored signal to self,
+	  except for SIGSEGV and SIGBUS.  [ruby-dev:48203] [Bug #9820]
+
+Sun Aug 31 01:13:21 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* gc.c: change full GC timing to keep lower memory usage.
+
+	  Extend heap only at
+	  (1) after major GC
+	  or
+	  (2) after several (two times, at current) minor GC
+
+	  Details in https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9607#note-9
+	  [Bug #9607]
+
+Sun Aug 31 01:07:05 2014  Masaki Suketa <masaki.suketa@nifty.ne.jp>
+
+	* ext/win32ole/win32ole.c (ole_create_dcom): use the converted
+	  result if the argument can be converted to a string, to get rid
+	  of invalid access. Thanks to nobu. [ruby-dev:48467] [Bug #10127]
+
+Sun Aug 31 00:54:47 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (open): use UTF-8 version function to support
+	  non-ascii path properly.  [ruby-core:63185] [Bug #9946]
+
+Tue Aug 26 00:08:40 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE): check for setjmp type after
+	  CCDLFLAGS is appended to CFLAGS, since __builtin_setjmp can be
+	  affected.  [ruby-core:62469] [Bug #9818]
+
+Tue Aug 26 00:07:20 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in: get rid of __builtin_setjmp/__builtin_longjmp on
+	  x64-mingw, which causes SEGV with callcc.
+	  [ruby-core:61887] [Bug #9710]
+
+Tue Aug 26 00:06:05 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp): should not skip
+	  flags restoration in RUBY_WERROR_FLAG by `break`.
+	  [ruby-dev:48086] [Bug #9698]
+
+Tue Aug 26 00:02:51 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp): __builtin_longjmp()
+	  in Apple LLVM 5.1 (LLVM 3.4svn) uses `void**`, not `jmp_buf`.
+	  [Bug #9692]
+
+Tue Aug 26 00:02:51 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp): gcc 4.9 disallows a
+	  variable as the second argument of __builtin_longjmp().
+	  [ruby-core:61800] [Bug #9692]
+
+Mon Aug 25 00:36:56 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): fix invalid char in eval, should raise
+	  an syntax error too, as well as directly coded.
+	  [ruby-core:64243] [Bug #10117]
+
+Mon Aug 25 00:26:12 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yyerror): preserve source code encoding in
+	  syntax error messages.  [ruby-core:64228] [Bug #10114]
+
+Sat Aug 23 02:39:20 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_method): unusable super class should cause
+	  method missing when BasicObject is refined but not been using.
+	  [ruby-core:64166] [Bug #10106]
+
+Sat Aug 23 02:22:02 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_count): fix wrong single-byte optimization.
+	  7bit ascii can be a trailing byte in Shift_JIS.
+	  [ruby-dev:48442] [Bug #10078]
+
+Thu Aug 21 01:44:46 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* gc.c (mark_current_machine_context): Call SET_STACK_END.
+	  This reverts a hunk of r40703 by ko1.
+	  This fixes [ruby-dev:48098] [Bug #9717].
+
+Thu Aug 21 01:41:09 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/time.rb (Time.parse): [DOC] Fix an example in the documentation
+	  to use EST.
+	  Reported by Marcus Stollsteimer.
+	  [ruby-core:60778] [Bug #9521] and [ruby-core:61718] [Bug #9682]
+
+Thu Aug 21 01:41:09 2014  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* lib/time.rb: [DOC] Fix timezone in example of Time.parse [Bug #9521]
+	  Based on patch by @stomar
+
+Tue Aug 19 23:31:48 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	merge r46831 partially. extracted commits are as follows.
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/b9fba1dc63ccb42a86e934011b468e6022fabb74
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/c1fc76b9bd463948ffc5058bc352bf93732f0314
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/a0efc0a200f7108ca3d5ac3039c8f952e0051619
+	https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/commit/c7cda4ed5676167b0d01bb5555724f6164fbdb13
+	[Bug #8716]
+
+	* include/ruby/oniguruma.h (ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_GROUP_NUM,
+	  ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_CAPTURE_GROUPS): add cheking the number of capture
+	  groups.
+
+	* regerror.c (onig_error_code_to_format): ditto.
+
+	* regparse.c (scan_env_add_mem_entry): ditto.
+
+	* regexec.c (onig_region_copy, match_at): fix: segmation fault occurs
+	  when many groups are used.
+
+Mon Aug 18 23:38:21 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* encoding.c (enc_find): [DOC] never accepted a symbol.
+	  [ruby-dev:48308] [Bug #9966]
+
+Mon Aug 18 23:22:03 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_resize): update capa only when buffer get
+	  reallocated.
+	  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nagachika/20140613/ruby_trunk_changes_46413_46420#r46413
+
+Mon Aug 18 23:22:03 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_resize): should consider the capacity instead
+	  of the old length, as pointed out by nagachika.
+
+Mon Aug 18 23:22:03 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* file.c (expand_path): shrink expanded path which no longer needs
+	  rooms to append.  [ruby-core:63114] [Bug #9934]
+
+Mon Aug 11 23:55:32 2014  Mark Lorenz  <mlorenz@covermymeds.com>
+
+	* lib/erb.rb (result): [DOC] no longer accepts a Proc, as
+	  Kernel.eval does not.  [fix GH-619]
+
+Mon Aug 11 23:38:20 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_autoclose_p): Don't raise on frozen IO.
+
+Mon Aug 11 23:38:20 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_fileno, rb_io_inspect): non-modification does not
+	  error on frozen IO.  [ruby-dev:48241] [Bug #9865]
+
+Mon Aug 11 22:34:47 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (posix_fadvise): disable use of posix_fadvise
+	  itself on 32-bit AIX.  [ruby-core:62968] [Bug #9914]
+
+Mon Aug 11 22:34:47 2014    <kanemoto@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (rb_io_advise): AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to
+	  posix_fadvise() if _LARGE_FILES is defined. Patch by Rei Odaira.
+	  [ruby-core:62968] [Bug #9914]
+
+Mon Aug 11 22:14:28 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg): adjust VM stack
+	  pointer to get rid of overwriting splat arguments by arguments
+	  for `to_hash` conversion.  [ruby-core:63593] [Bug #10016]
+
+Fri Aug  8 23:36:01 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_write): use rb_str_append to
+	  reuse coderange bits other than ASCII-8BIT, and keep
+	  taintedness.  [ruby-dev:48118] [Bug #9769]
+
+Mon Aug  4 01:29:57 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (env_shift): fix memory leak on Windows, free environment
+	  strings block always.  [ruby-dev:48332] [Bug #9983]
+
+Mon Aug  4 01:26:46 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (env_select): fix memory leak and crash on Windows, make
+	  keys array first instead of iterating on environ directly.
+	  [ruby-dev:48325] [Bug #9978]
 
-	* lib/openssl/ssl.rb: Explicitly whitelist the default
-	  SSL/TLS ciphers. Forbid SSLv2 and SSLv3, disable
-	  compression by default.
-	  Reported by Jeff Hodges.
-	  [ruby-core:59829] [Bug #9424]
+Mon Aug  4 01:24:09 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* hash.c (ruby_setenv): fix memory leak on Windows, free
+	  environment strings block after check for the size.
+	  [ruby-dev:48323] [Bug #9977]
+
+Mon Aug  4 01:11:07 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_aref, rb_reg_regsub): consider encoding of captured
+	  names, encoding-incompatible should not match.
+	  [ruby-dev:48278] [Bug #9903]
+
+Mon Aug  4 00:52:42 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_catch_protect): fix same problem of [Bug #9961].
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): ditto.
+
+Mon Aug  4 00:52:42 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_rewind_cfp): add new function to rewind specified cfp
+	  with invoking RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN.
+	  [Bug #9961]
+
+	* vm_core.h: ditto.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_protect): use it.
+
+	* eval.c (rb_rescue2): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+	* vm_core.h (rb_vm_rewind_cfp): add the prototype declaration.
+
+Sun Aug  3 00:06:10 2014  Charlie Somerville  <charliesome@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* node.c (dump_node): handle nd_value == (NODE *)-1 to mean this
+	  keyword argument is required
+
+Thu Jul 31 01:56:11 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* compile.c (rb_iseq_compile_node): put start label of block after
+	  trace (b_call).
+	  [Bug #9964]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+	  added assert_consistent_call_return() method check call/return
+	  consistency.
+
+Thu Jul 31 01:22:43 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (invoke_block_from_c): move call/return event timing for
+	  bmethod. It can invoke inconsistent call event if this call raises
+	  argument error.
+	  [Bug #9959]
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_bmethod_body): ditto.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+Thu Jul 31 01:12:55 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_core.h: add VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE to recognize normal block or
+	  rescue clause.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): use VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE on at rescue/ensure.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: should not invoke b_return at rescue
+	  clause.
+	  [Bug #9957]
+
+	* vm_dump.c (control_frame_dump): check VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE.
+
+	* vm_dump.c (vm_stack_dump_each): ditto.
+
+Thu Jul 31 00:44:34 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm_trace.c: clear and restore recursive checking thread local data
+	  to avoid unexpected throw from TracePoint.
+	  [Bug #9940]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test.
+
+	* thread.c: added
+	  * rb_threadptr_reset_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th);
+	  * rb_threadptr_restore_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE old);
+
+	* vm_core.h: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 23 23:49:59 2014  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/test/unit/parallel.rb: fix test-all parallel failure if a test
+	  is skipped after raise.
+	  DL::TestFunc#test_sinf is skipped after raise on mingw ruby.
+	  But it causes Marshal.load failure due to undefined class/module
+	  DL::DLError when doing test-all parallel and test-all doesn't
+	  complete. We create new MiniTest::Skip object to avoid Marshal.load
+	  failure.
+	  [ruby-core:62133] [Bug #9767]
+
+	* test/testunit/test_parallel.rb (TestParallel): add a test.
+
+	* test/testunit/tests_for_parallel/ptest_forth.rb: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 23 23:11:28 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/socket/test_socket.rb: unix socket is required by test case.
+
+Wed Jul 23 23:11:28 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb: remove unused variables.
+	* test/socket/test_nonblock.rb: ditto.
+	* test/socket/test_socket.rb: ditto.
+	* test/socket/test_unix.rb: ditto.
+	* test/testunit/test_parallel.rb: ditto.
+	* test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb: ditto.
+	* test/xmlrpc/test_features.rb: ditto.
+	* test/zlib/test_zlib.rb: ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 23 23:05:19 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb (cleanpath_aggressive): make all
+	  separators File::SEPARATOR from File::ALT_SEPARATOR.
+	  Reported by Daniel Rikowski.
+	  Fixed by Nobuyoshi Nakada.  [Bug #9618]
+
+	* ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb (cleanpath_conservative): ditto.
+
+Wed Jul 23 22:51:34 2014  Naohisa Goto  <ngotogenome@gmail.com>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (rmdir): rescue Errno::EEXIST in addition to
+	  ENOTEMPTY (and ENOENT), because SUSv3 describes that "If the
+	  directory is not an empty directory, rmdir() shall fail and set
+	  errno to [EEXIST] or [ENOTEMPTY]" and Solaris uses EEXIST.
+	  [Bug #9571] [ruby-dev:48017]
+
+Wed Jul 23 22:43:50 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/resolv.rb (bind_random_port): Rescue EPERM for FreeBSD which
+	  security.mac.portacl.port_high is changed.
+	  See mac_portacl(4) for details.
+	  Reported by Jakub Szafranski.  [ruby-core:60917] [Bug #9544]
+
+Wed Jul 23 22:24:26 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/openssl/test_x509cert.rb: split assertions into algorithms.
+	  CentOS 7 seems finish MD5 support
+	  http://chkbuild005.hsbt.org/chkbuild/ruby-trunk/log/20140722T140010Z.fail.html.gz
+
+	* test/openssl/test_x509req.rb: ditto.
+
+Sat Jul 19 01:44:34 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* re.c (match_aref): should not ignore name after NUL byte.
+	  [ruby-dev:48275] [Bug #9902]
+
+Sun Jul 13 23:28:41 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* test/test_timeout.rb (test_timeout): inverted test condition.
+	  [Bug #8523]
+
+Sun Jul 13 23:18:11 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_instance_equal): no need to call
+	  `to_s` twice.  [Bug #9913]
+
+Sun Jul 13 23:18:11 2014  Benoit Daloze  <eregontp@gmail.com>
+
+	* ext/digest/digest.c (rb_digest_instance_equal):
+	  fix #== for non-string arguments. [ruby-core:62967] [Bug #9913]
+
+	* test/digest/test_digest.rb: add test for above.
+
+Sun Jul 13 23:10:03 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (yield_indexed_values): extract from permute0(),
+	  rpermute0(), and rcombinate0().
+
+Sun Jul 13 23:02:36 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_permutation): `p` is the array of size `r`, as
+	  commented at permute0().  since `n >= r` here, buffer overflow
+	  never happened, just reduce unnecessary allocation though.
+
+Sun Jul 13 22:52:43 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* pack.c (encodes): fix buffer overrun by tail_lf.  Thanks to
+	  Mamoru Tasaka and Tomas Hoger.  [ruby-core:63604] [Bug #10019]
+
+Sun Jul 13 22:44:05 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/thread/thread.c (undumpable): ConditionVariable and Queue
+	  are not dumpable.  [ruby-core:61677] [Bug #9674]
+
+Fri Jul 11 23:07:09 2014  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* lib/matrix.rb: Fix sign for cross_product [#9499]
+
+Sun Jul  6 23:16:30 2014  Masaya Tarui  <tarui@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* st.c (st_foreach_check): change start point of search at check
+	  from top to current. [ruby-dev:48047] [Bug #9646]
+
+Sun Jul  6 22:56:03 2014  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* lib/gserver.rb: [DOC] Fixed typo in example by @stomar [Bug #9543]
+
+Fri Jul  4 00:46:03 2014  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* enumerator.c: [DOC] Fix example to show Enumerator#peek behavior
+	  Patch by Erik Hollembeak [Bug #9814]
+
+Fri Jul  4 00:44:43 2014  Zachary Scott  <e@zzak.io>
+
+	* enum.c: [DOC] Use #find in example to clarify alias by @rachellogie
+	  Patch submitted via documenting-ruby/ruby#34
+
+Fri Jul  4 00:42:57 2014  SHIBATA Hiroshi  <shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com>
+
+	* man/ruby.1: remove deadlink. [ruby-core:62145][Bug #9773]
+
+Fri Jul  4 00:25:16 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* struct.c (not_a_member): extract name error and use same error
+	  messages.  based on the patch by Marcus Stollsteimer <sto.mar AT
+	  web.de> at [ruby-core:61721].  [Bug #9684]
+
+Thu Jul  3 01:19:50 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_step_scan_args): table argument of rb_get_kwargs() is
+	  array of IDs, not Symbols. [ruby-dev:48353] [Bug #9811]
+
+Thu Jul  3 01:19:50 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (num_step_scan_args): check keyword arguments and fail
+	  if they conflict with positional arguments.
+	  [ruby-dev:48177] [Bug #9811]
+
+Tue Jul  1 03:05:22 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (read_all): truncate the buffer before appending read data,
+	  instead of truncating before reading.
+	  [ruby-core:55951] [Bug #8625]
+
+Tue Jul  1 03:05:22 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (io_setstrbuf, io_read): should not shorten the given buffer until
+	  read succeeds.  [ruby-core:55951] [Bug #8625]
+
+Mon Jun 30 03:15:59 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm.c (core_hash_merge_kwd): should return the result hash, which
+	  may be converted from and differ from the given argument.
+	  [ruby-core:62921] [Bug #9898]
+
+Mon Jun 30 03:07:22 2014  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (gets, readline): read lines without LF properly.
+	  [ruby-core:63205] [Bug #9949]
+
+	* test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb: related test.
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:59:08 2014  Shugo Maeda  <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/net/imap.rb (body_type_1part): Gmail IMAP reports a body
+	  type as "MIXED" followed immediately by params
+	  [ruby-core:62864] [Bug #9885]
+	  Patch by @rayners (David Raynes). [Fixes GH-622] 
+	  https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/622
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:46:44 2014  Rei Odaira  <Rei.Odaira@gmail.com>
+
+	* signal.c (ruby_signal): should return either `old.sa_sigaction`
+	  or `old.sa_handler`, depending on whether `SA_SIGINFO` is set in
+	  `old.sa_flags`, because they may not be a union.
+	  [ruby-core:62836] [Bug #9878]
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:36:08 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* process.c (proc_getgroups, proc_setgroups): use ALLOCV_N
+	  [Bug #9856]
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:28:10 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* io.c (io_setstrbuf): always check if the buffer is modifiable.
+	  [ruby-core:62643] [Bug #9847]
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:25:00 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer#accept):
+	  Consider Socket#accept as well as TCPServer#accept.
+	  Reported by Sam Stelfox.  [ruby-core:62064] [Bug #9750]
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:18:47 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* complex.c (parse_comp): replace ALLOCA_N with ALLOCV_N/ALLOCV_END
+	  [Bug #9608]
+	* rational.c (read_digits): ditto
+
+Mon Jun 30 02:10:34 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vsnprintf.c (BSD_vfprintf): fix string width when precision is
+	  given.  as the result of `memchr` is NULL or its offset from the
+	  start cannot exceed the size, the comparison was always false.
+	  [ruby-core:62737] [Bug #9861]
+
+Mon Jun 30 01:46:19 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/fiddle/extconf.rb: supply 0 to fill RUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION
+	  with 3-digit.  libffi 3.1 returns just 2-digit.
+	  [ruby-core:62920] [Bug #9897]
+
+Mon Jun 30 00:57:05 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame): added.  It cares c_return event.
+	  The patch base by drkaes (Stefan Kaes).
+	  [Bug #9321]
+
+	* variable.c (rb_mod_const_missing): use rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame()
+	  instead of rb_frame_pop().
+
+	* vm_eval.c (raise_method_missing): ditto.
+
+	* vm_eval.c (rb_iterate): ditto.
+
+	* internal.h (rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame): add decl.
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add tests.
+	  provided by drkaes (Stefan Kaes).
+
+	* vm.c, eval.c, include/ruby/intern.h (rb_frame_pop):
+	  move definition of rb_frame_pop() and deprecate it.
+	  It doesn't care about `return' events.
+
+Sun Jun 29 01:34:06 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/webrick/utils.rb (create_listeners): Close socket objects.
+
+Sat Jun 28 16:35:51 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (rb_str_substr): need to reset code range for shared
+	  string too, not only copied string.
+	  [ruby-core:62842] [Bug #9882]
+
+Sat Jun 28 14:37:17 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (local_tbl_gen): remove local variables duplicated with
+	  arguments.
+	  [ruby-core:60501] [Bug #9486]
+
+Tue Jun 24 00:21:58 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* eval.c (rb_using_refinement): add write-barriers for
+	  cref->nd_refinements.
+
+Tue Jun 24 00:14:20 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* lib/net/ftp.rb (transfercmd): Close TCP server socket even if an
+	  exception occur.
+
+Tue Jun 24 00:06:41 2014  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
+
+	* thread_win32.c (rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler): use Structured
+	  Exception Handling by AddVectoredExceptionHandler() for machine
+	  stack overflow on mingw.
+	  This would be equivalent to the handling using __try and __except
+	  on mswin introduced by r43748.
+
+Mon Jun 23 23:56:54 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* signal.c (signal_exec): ignore immediate cmd for SIG_IGN
+	* signal.c (trap_handler): set cmd to true for SIG_IGN
+	* signal.c (trap): handle nil and true values for oldcmd
+	  [Bug #9835]
+
+Mon Jun 23 02:46:14 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_mod_init_copy): always clear instance variable,
+	  constant and method tables first, regardless the source tables.
+	  [ruby-dev:48182] [Bug #9813]
+
+Mon Jun 23 02:36:04 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread.c (thread_start_func_2): stop if forked in a sub-thread,
+	  the thread has become the main thread.
+	  [ruby-core:62070] [Bug #9751]
+
+Mon Jun 23 01:53:18 2014  Josh Goebel  <dreamer3@gmail.com>
+
+	* net/protocol.rb (using_each_crlf_line): fix SMTP dot-stuffing
+	  for messages not ending with a new-line.
+	  [ruby-core:61441] [Bug #9627] [fix GH-616]
+
+Fri Jun 20 00:40:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c (ruby_init_stack, ruby_stack_overflowed_p):
+	  place get_stack above others to get stack boundary information.
+	  [ruby-core:60113] [Bug #9454]
+
+Fri Jun 20 00:40:06 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c: rlimit is only available on Linux.
+	  At least r44712 breaks FreeBSD.
+	  [ruby-core:60113] [Bug #9454]
+
+Fri Jun 20 00:40:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* thread_pthread.c: get current main thread stack size, which may
+	  be expanded than allocated size at initialization, by rlimit().
+	  [ruby-core:60113] [Bug #9454]
+
+Fri Jun 20 00:20:02 2014  Hiroshi Shirosaki  <h.shirosaki@gmail.com>
+
+	* configure.in: enable SSE2 on mingw. target='i386-pc-mingw32'.
+	  [ruby-core:62095] [Bug #8358]
+
+Tue Jun 17 00:45:44 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (compile_array_): make copy a first hash not to modify
+	  the argument itself.  keyword splat should be non-destructive.
+	  [ruby-core:62161] [Bug #9776]
+
+Tue Jun 17 00:37:15 2014  Bugra Barin  <bugrabarin@hotmail.com>
+
+	* dln.c (dln_load): use wchar version to load a library in
+	  non-ascii path on Windows.  based on the patch by Bugra Barin
+	  <bugrabarin AT hotmail.com> in [ruby-core:61845].  [Bug #9699]
+
+Tue Jun 17 00:26:59 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* process.c (obj2uid, obj2gid): now getpwnam_r() and getgrnam_r()
+	  may need larger buffers than sysconf values, so retry with
+	  expanding the buffer when ERANGE is returned.
+	  [ruby-core:61325] [Bug #9600]
+
+Wed Jun 11 22:58:30 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* gc.c (ruby_gc_set_params): simplify condition
+
+Wed Jun 11 22:58:30 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* gc.c (ruby_gc_set_params): fix building without RGenGC
+
+Wed Jun 11 02:43:32 2014  Kazuki Tsujimoto  <kazuki@callcc.net>
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb (TestObjSpace#test_dump_uninitialized_file):
+	  remove dependency on json library.
+
+Wed Jun 11 02:43:32 2014  Scott Francis  <scott.francis@shopify.com>
+
+	* ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c: Check fptr before trying to dump RFILE
+	  object fd. [GH-562]
+
+	* test/objspace/test_objspace.rb: add test
+
+Wed Jun 11 02:27:55 2014  Akinori MUSHA  <knu@iDaemons.org>
+
+	* configure.in: Fix a build problem with clang and --with-opt-dir.
+	  If ruby is configured with --with-opt-dir=dir when using clang
+	  as compiler, a warning `clang: warning: argument unused during
+	  compilation: '-I dir'` is emitted almost every time clang
+	  compiles a file.  Unfortunately, RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX takes
+	  any output from the compiler as fatal error, and the check thus
+	  fails due to the warning.  This is an attempt to fix the problem
+	  by adding a flag -Qunused-arguments to CFLAGS locally in the
+	  function to suppress the warning. [ruby-dev:48062] [Bug #9658]
+	  [Fixes GH-571] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/571
+
+Wed Jun 11 02:18:34 2014  Marc-Andre Lafortune  <ruby-core@marc-andre.ca>
+
+	* numeric.c: Fix Numeric#step with 0 unit [Bug #9575]
+
+Wed Jun 11 00:36:05 2014  CHIKANAGA Tomoyuki  <nagachika@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_string (test_LSHIFT_neary_long_max): extend timeout.
+	  this test fails on some CI environment by timeout.
+
+Sat Jun  7 01:17:16 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* signal.c (check_stack_overflow): Don't use ucontext_t if ucontext.h
+	  is not available.
+	  Fixes build on Android (x86).
+
+Tue Jun  3 00:38:33 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* class.c (rb_class_subclass_add): use xmalloc
+	* class.c (rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list): ditto
+	* class.c (rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses): use xfree
+	* class.c (rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses): ditto
+	  [Bug #9616]
+
+Mon Jun  2 02:19:30 2014  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* win32/win32.c (rb_w32_accept, open_ifs_socket, socketpair_internal):
+	  reset inherit flag of socket to avoid unintentional inheritance of
+	  socket.  note that the return value of SetHandleInformation() is not
+	  verified intentionally because old Windows may return an error.
+	  [Bug #9688] [ruby-core:61754]
+
+Mon Jun  2 02:12:10 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* time.c (time_mload): freeze and preserve marshal-loaded time zone
+	* test/ruby/test_time.rb: add test for GC on loaded object
+	  [Bug #9652]
+
+Mon Jun  2 01:57:59 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_callee_setup_arg): turn a macro into an
+	  inline function.
+
+Mon Jun  2 01:46:43 2014  Eric Wong  <e@80x24.org>
+
+	* variable.c (rb_const_set): delete existing entry on redefinition
+	  [Bug #9645]
+	* test/ruby/test_const.rb (test_redefinition): test for leak
+
+Fri May 30 00:13:19 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* eval.c (setup_exception): preserve errinfo across calling #to_s
+	  method on the exception.  [ruby-core:61091] [Bug #9568]
+
+Thu May 29 20:57:59 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* numeric.c (ruby_num_interval_step_size): check signs and get rid
+	  of implementation dependent behavior of negative division.
+	  [ruby-core:61106] [Bug #9570]
+
+Wed May 28 23:47:22 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* configure.in (rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable): try with an
+	  external variable not only by a warning, which might not be
+	  shown due to the optimization.  [ruby-core:61647] [Bug #9665]
+
+Wed May 28 23:40:57 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c (ossl_asn1_initialize): SYMID on a value
+	  other than Symbol is an undefined behavior.  fix up r31699.
+	  [ruby-core:62142] [Bug #9771]
+
+Wed May 28 23:37:32 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* ext/stringio/stringio.c (strio_putc): fix for non-ascii
+	  encoding, like as IO#putc.  [ruby-dev:48114] [Bug #9765]
+
+Wed May 28 01:05:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/fileutils.rb (FileUtils#copy_entry): update rdoc about
+	  preserve option and permissions, following r31123.
+	  [ruby-core:62065] [Bug #9748]
+
+Wed May 28 00:57:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (umethod_bind): use the ancestor iclass instead of new
+	  iclass to get rid of infinite recursion, if the defined module
+	  is already included.  [ruby-core:62014] [Bug #9721]
+
+Wed May 28 00:57:06 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* proc.c (rb_method_call_with_block, umethod_bind): call with
+	  IClass including the module for a module instance method.
+	  [ruby-core:61936] [Bug #9721]
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_search_super_method): allow bound
+	  UnboundMethod case.
+
+Wed May 28 00:38:37 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* array.c (ary_reject): may be turned into a shared array during
+	  the given block.  [ruby-dev:48101] [Bug #9727]
+
+Wed May 28 00:29:02 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* string.c (str_buf_cat): should round up the capacity by 4KiB,
+	  but not number of rooms.  [ruby-core:61886] [Bug #9709]
+
+Wed May 28 00:23:11 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* lib/xmlrpc/client.rb (do_rpc): don't check body length.
+	  If HTTP content-encoding is used, the length may be different.
+	  [Bug #8182] [ruby-core:53811]
+
+Wed May 28 00:18:29 2014  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
+
+	* ext/date/date_core.c (d_lite_cmp): should compare with #<.
+
+Fri May 23 00:04:13 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/socket.c (sock_s_getnameinfo): Save errno for EAI_SYSTEM.
+	  Reported by Saravana kumar.  [ruby-core:61820] [Bug #9697]
+	  Fixed by Heesob Park.  [ruby-core:61868]
+
+Fri May 23 00:04:13 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket: Wrap struct addrinfo by struct rb_addrinfo.
+
+Fri May 23 00:04:13 2014  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
+
+	* ext/socket/ipsocket.c (ip_s_getaddress): Don't access freed memory.
+
+Mon May 19 00:47:00 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: remove useless `assert'.
+
+Mon May 19 00:47:00 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* array.c (rb_ary_modify): remember shared array owner if a shared
+	  array owner is promoted and a shared array is not promoted.
+
+	  Now, shared array is WB-unprotected so that shared arrays are not
+	  promoted.  All objects referred from shared array should be marked
+	  correctly.
+
+	  [ruby-core:61919] [ruby-trunk - Bug #9718]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_array.rb: add a test for above.
+
+Mon May 19 00:26:53 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (parser_yylex): only a newline after label should be
+	  significant.  [ruby-core:61658] [Bug #9669]
+
+Mon May 19 00:26:53 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (lex_state_e, parser_params, f_arglist, parser_yylex):
+	  separate EXPR_LABELARG from EXPR_BEG and let newline significant,
+	  so that required keyword argument can place at the end of
+	  argument list without parentheses.  [ruby-core:61658] [Bug #9669]
+
+Fri May 16 00:27:02 2014  James Edward Gray II  <james@graysoftinc.com>
+
+	* lib/csv.rb: Fixed a broken regular expression that was causing
+	  CSV to miss escaping some special meaning characters when used
+	  in parsing.
+	  Reported by David Unric
+	  [ruby-core:54986] [Bug #8405]
+
+Fri May 16 00:14:25 2014  Kohei Suzuki  <eagletmt@gmail.com>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_get_without_cache): me->klass is 0
+	  for a method aliased in a module.  [ruby-core:61636] [Bug #9663]
+
+Fri May 16 00:14:25 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* vm_method.c (rb_method_entry_get_without_cache): get rid of
+	  infinite recursion at aliases in a subclass and a superclass.
+	  return actually defined class for other than singleton class.
+	  [ruby-core:60431] [Bug #9475]
+
+Mon May 12 22:53:08 2014  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* parse.y (primary): flush cmdarg flags inside left-paren in a
+	  command argument, to allow parenthesed do-block as an argument
+	  without arguments parentheses.  [ruby-core:61950] [Bug #9726]
+
+Mon May 12 22:22:43 2014  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
+
+	* vm.c (invoke_block_from_c): add VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD to record
+	  it is bmethod frame.
+
+	* vm.c (vm_exec): invoke RUBY_EVENT_RETURN event if rollbacked frame
+	  is VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD.
+	  [Bug #9759]
+
+	* test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb: add a test for TracePoint/set_trace_func.
+
+	* vm_core.h: rename rb_thread_t::passed_me to
+	  rb_thread_t::passed_bmethod_me to clarify the usage.
+
+	* vm_insnhelper.c (vm_call_bmethod_body): use renamed member.
+
+Mon May 12 22:11:47 2014  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): Unify to use NIL_P.
+
+Mon May 12 22:11:47 2014  Shota Fukumori  <her@sorah.jp>
+
+	* vm_eval.c (eval_string_with_cref): Use file path even if scope is
+	  given. Related to [ruby-core:56099] [Bug #8662] and r42103.
 
 Thu May  8 01:13:10 2014  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
 
diff --git a/README.EXT b/README.EXT
index b1a816c271e0ac..6f7340cedaafd5 100644
--- a/README.EXT
+++ b/README.EXT
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ Here's the example of an initializing function.
   {
       /* define DBM class */
       cDBM = rb_define_class("DBM", rb_cObject);
-      /* DBM includes Enumerate module */
+      /* DBM includes Enumerable module */
       rb_include_module(cDBM, rb_mEnumerable);
 
       /* DBM has class method open(): arguments are received as C array */
diff --git a/README.EXT.ja b/README.EXT.ja
index b4b59008e090db..5ccc9306d10d59 100644
--- a/README.EXT.ja
+++ b/README.EXT.ja
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ Rubyは拡張ライブラリをロードする時に「Init_ライブラリ名
   {
       /* DBMクラスを定義する */
       cDBM = rb_define_class("DBM", rb_cObject);
-      /* DBMはEnumerateモジュールをインクルードする */
+      /* DBMはEnumerableモジュールをインクルードする */
       rb_include_module(cDBM, rb_mEnumerable);
 
       /* DBMクラスのクラスメソッドopen(): 引数はCの配列で受ける */
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index ff77a3ed949842..3e49d5cd365f25 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -343,15 +343,24 @@ rb_ary_modify(VALUE ary)
             ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
             ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
         }
+
+	/* TODO: age2 promotion, OBJ_PROMOTED() checks not infant. */
+	if (OBJ_PROMOTED(ary) && !OBJ_PROMOTED(shared)) {
+	    rb_gc_writebarrier_remember_promoted(ary);
+	}
     }
 }
 
 static void
 ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
 {
-    long new_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary) + add_len;
+    long old_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    long new_len = old_len + add_len;
     long capa;
 
+    if (old_len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - add_len) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
+    }
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (new_len > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
 	    VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
@@ -898,19 +907,6 @@ rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
     return ary;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-rb_ary_push_1(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
-{
-    long idx = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-
-    if (idx >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	ary_double_capa(ary, idx);
-    }
-    RARRAY_ASET(ary, idx, item);
-    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
-    return ary;
-}
-
 VALUE
 rb_ary_cat(VALUE ary, const VALUE *ptr, long len)
 {
@@ -1086,6 +1082,10 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
     long capa;
     const VALUE *head, *sharedp;
 
+    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
+    }
+
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
 	capa = RARRAY_LEN(shared);
@@ -1577,6 +1577,9 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
     else {
 	long alen;
 
+	if (olen - len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - rlen) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", olen + rlen - len);
+	}
 	rb_ary_modify(ary);
 	alen = olen + rlen - len;
 	if (alen >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
@@ -1593,6 +1596,7 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE rpl)
 	    MEMMOVE(RARRAY_PTR(ary) + beg, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(rpl), VALUE, rlen);
 	}
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(rpl);
 }
 
 void
@@ -3077,7 +3081,7 @@ ary_reject(VALUE orig, VALUE result)
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(orig); i++) {
 	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(orig, i);
 	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
-	    rb_ary_push_1(result, v);
+	    rb_ary_push(result, v);
 	}
     }
     return result;
@@ -3956,6 +3960,7 @@ ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
 	RHASH(hash)->ntbl = 0;
 	st_free_table(tbl);
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(hash);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3979,7 +3984,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE ary3;
-    volatile VALUE hash;
+    VALUE hash;
     long i;
 
     hash = ary_make_hash(to_ary(ary2));
@@ -4690,6 +4695,25 @@ rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 #define tmpary(n) rb_ary_tmp_new(n)
 #define tmpary_discard(a) (ary_discard(a), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(a, rb_cArray))
 
+/*
+ * Build a ruby array of the corresponding values and yield it to the
+ * associated block.
+ * Return the class of +values+ for reentry check.
+ */
+static int
+yield_indexed_values(const VALUE values, const long r, const long *const p)
+{
+    const VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
+    VALUE *const result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
+    const VALUE *const values_array = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(values);
+    long i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) result_array[i] = values_array[p[i]];
+    ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
+    rb_yield(result);
+    return !RBASIC(values)->klass;
+}
+
 /*
  * Recursively compute permutations of +r+ elements of the set
  * <code>[0..n-1]</code>.
@@ -4707,7 +4731,7 @@ rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 static void
 permute0(long n, long r, long *p, long index, char *used, VALUE values)
 {
-    long i,j;
+    long i;
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 	if (used[i] == 0) {
 	    p[index] = i;
@@ -4718,17 +4742,7 @@ permute0(long n, long r, long *p, long index, char *used, VALUE values)
 		used[i] = 0;               /* index unused */
 	    }
 	    else {
-		/* We have a complete permutation of array indexes */
-		/* Build a ruby array of the corresponding values */
-		/* And yield it to the associated block */
-		VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
-		VALUE *result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
-		const VALUE *values_array = RARRAY_PTR(values);
-
-		for (j = 0; j < r; j++) result_array[j] = values_array[p[j]];
-		ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
-		rb_yield(result);
-		if (RBASIC(values)->klass) {
+		if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
 		    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "permute reentered");
 		}
 	    }
@@ -4826,7 +4840,7 @@ rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	}
     }
     else {             /* this is the general case */
-	volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(n,sizeof(long));
+	volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(r,sizeof(long));
 	long *p = (long*)RSTRING_PTR(t0);
 	volatile VALUE t1 = tmpbuf(n,sizeof(char));
 	char *used = (char*)RSTRING_PTR(t1);
@@ -4897,21 +4911,19 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	volatile VALUE t0 = tmpbuf(n+1, sizeof(long));
-	long *stack = (long*)RSTRING_PTR(t0);
-	volatile VALUE cc = tmpary(n);
-	VALUE *chosen = RARRAY_PTR(cc);
+	VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
+	volatile VALUE t0;
+	long *stack = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n+1);
 	long lev = 0;
 
-	MEMZERO(stack, long, n);
+	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
+	MEMZERO(stack+1, long, n);
 	stack[0] = -1;
 	for (;;) {
-	    chosen[lev] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, stack[lev+1]);
 	    for (lev++; lev < n; lev++) {
-		chosen[lev] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, stack[lev+1] = stack[lev]+1);
+		stack[lev+1] = stack[lev]+1;
 	    }
-	    rb_yield(rb_ary_new4(n, chosen));
-	    if (RBASIC(t0)->klass) {
+	    if (!yield_indexed_values(ary0, n, stack+1)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "combination reentered");
 	    }
 	    do {
@@ -4920,8 +4932,8 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 	    } while (stack[lev+1]+n == len+lev+1);
 	}
     done:
-	tmpbuf_discard(t0);
-	tmpary_discard(cc);
+	ALLOCV_END(t0);
+	RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
     }
     return ary;
 }
@@ -4942,24 +4954,14 @@ rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 static void
 rpermute0(long n, long r, long *p, long index, VALUE values)
 {
-    long i, j;
+    long i;
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 	p[index] = i;
 	if (index < r-1) {              /* if not done yet */
 	    rpermute0(n, r, p, index+1, values); /* recurse */
 	}
 	else {
-	    /* We have a complete permutation of array indexes */
-	    /* Build a ruby array of the corresponding values */
-	    /* And yield it to the associated block */
-	    VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
-	    VALUE *result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
-	    const VALUE *values_array = RARRAY_PTR(values);
-
-	    for (j = 0; j < r; j++) result_array[j] = values_array[p[j]];
-	    ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
-	    rb_yield(result);
-	    if (RBASIC(values)->klass) {
+	    if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated permute reentered");
 	    }
 	}
@@ -5040,7 +5042,6 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 static void
 rcombinate0(long n, long r, long *p, long index, long rest, VALUE values)
 {
-    long j;
     if (rest > 0) {
 	for (; index < n; ++index) {
 	    p[r-rest] = index;
@@ -5048,14 +5049,7 @@ rcombinate0(long n, long r, long *p, long index, long rest, VALUE values)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
-	VALUE *result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
-	const VALUE *values_array = RARRAY_PTR(values);
-
-	for (j = 0; j < r; ++j) result_array[j] = values_array[p[j]];
-	ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
-	rb_yield(result);
-	if (RBASIC(values)->klass) {
+	if (!yield_indexed_values(values, r, p)) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "repeated combination reentered");
 	}
     }
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 6c2cda3937692c..27d8d8a6a766e0 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ end
 
  */
 
-#ifdef HAVE_UINT16_T
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL == 2
 static const int maxpow16_exp[35] = {
     15, 10, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
     3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
@@ -234,8 +234,7 @@ static const uint16_t maxpow16_num[35] = {
     U16(0x00006978), U16(0x0000745f), U16(0x00008000), U16(0x00008c61),
     U16(0x00009988), U16(0x0000a77b), U16(0x0000b640),
 };
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_UINT32_T
+#elif SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL == 4
 static const int maxpow32_exp[35] = {
     31, 20, 15, 13, 12, 11, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
     7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
@@ -251,8 +250,7 @@ static const uint32_t maxpow32_num[35] = {
     U32(0x2b73a840), U32(0x34e63b41), U32(0x40000000), U32(0x4cfa3cc1),
     U32(0x5c13d840), U32(0x6d91b519), U32(0x81bf1000),
 };
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_UINT64_T
+#elif SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL == 8 && defined HAVE_UINT64_T
 static const int maxpow64_exp[35] = {
     63, 40, 31, 27, 24, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 17, 16, 16, 15, 15, 15,
     15, 14, 14, 14, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12,
@@ -278,8 +276,7 @@ static const uint64_t maxpow64_num[35] = {
     U64(0x211e44f7,0xd02c1000), U64(0x2ee56725,0xf06e5c71),
     U64(0x41c21cb8,0xe1000000),
 };
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+#elif SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL == 16 && defined HAVE_UINT128_T
 static const int maxpow128_exp[35] = {
     127, 80, 63, 55, 49, 45, 42, 40, 38, 37, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 31, 30,
     30, 29, 29, 28, 28, 27, 27, 27, 26, 26, 26, 26, 25, 25, 25, 25, 24,
@@ -1653,7 +1650,7 @@ bary_mul_balance_with_mulfunc(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t
             }
             tds = zds + n;
             MEMCPY(wds, zds + n, BDIGIT, xn);
-            mulfunc(tds, tn, xds, xn, yds + n, r, wds-xn, wn-xn);
+            mulfunc(tds, tn, xds, xn, yds + n, r, wds+xn, wn-xn);
             bary_add(zds + n, tn,
                      zds + n, tn,
                      wds, xn);
@@ -3297,7 +3294,7 @@ absint_numwords_generic(size_t numbytes, int nlz_bits_in_msbyte, size_t word_num
     static const BDIGIT char_bit[1] = { CHAR_BIT };
     BDIGIT numbytes_bary[bdigit_roomof(sizeof(numbytes))];
     BDIGIT val_numbits_bary[bdigit_roomof(sizeof(numbytes) + 1)];
-    BDIGIT nlz_bits_in_msbyte_bary[1] = { nlz_bits_in_msbyte };
+    BDIGIT nlz_bits_in_msbyte_bary[1];
     BDIGIT word_numbits_bary[bdigit_roomof(sizeof(word_numbits))];
     BDIGIT div_bary[numberof(val_numbits_bary) + BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS];
     BDIGIT mod_bary[numberof(word_numbits_bary)];
@@ -3307,6 +3304,8 @@ absint_numwords_generic(size_t numbytes, int nlz_bits_in_msbyte, size_t word_num
     int sign;
     size_t numwords;
 
+    nlz_bits_in_msbyte_bary[0] = nlz_bits_in_msbyte;
+
     /*
      * val_numbits = numbytes * CHAR_BIT - nlz_bits_in_msbyte
      * div, mod = val_numbits.divmod(word_numbits)
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index 0c18b43eb3eea0..a48b39debdddea 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
     rb_subclass_entry_t *entry, *head;
 
     if (super && super != Qundef) {
-	entry = malloc(sizeof(*entry));
+	entry = xmalloc(sizeof(*entry));
 	entry->klass = klass;
 	entry->next = NULL;
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(VALUE module, VALUE iclass)
 {
     rb_subclass_entry_t *entry, *head;
 
-    entry = malloc(sizeof(*entry));
+    entry = xmalloc(sizeof(*entry));
     entry->klass = iclass;
     entry->next = NULL;
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE klass)
 	if (entry->next) {
 	    RCLASS_EXT(entry->next->klass)->parent_subclasses = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->parent_subclasses;
 	}
-	free(entry);
+	xfree(entry);
     }
 
     RCLASS_EXT(klass)->parent_subclasses = NULL;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE klass)
 	    RCLASS_EXT(entry->next->klass)->module_subclasses = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->module_subclasses;
 	}
 
-	free(entry);
+	xfree(entry);
     }
 
     RCLASS_EXT(klass)->module_subclasses = NULL;
@@ -233,25 +233,6 @@ rb_class_new(VALUE super)
     return rb_class_boot(super);
 }
 
-static void
-rewrite_cref_stack(NODE *node, VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, NODE **new_cref_ptr)
-{
-    NODE *new_node;
-    while (node) {
-	if (node->nd_clss == old_klass) {
-	    new_node = NEW_CREF(new_klass);
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(new_node, &new_node->nd_next, node->nd_next);
-	    *new_cref_ptr = new_node;
-	    return;
-	}
-	new_node = NEW_CREF(node->nd_clss);
-	node = node->nd_next;
-	*new_cref_ptr = new_node;
-	new_cref_ptr = &new_node->nd_next;
-    }
-    *new_cref_ptr = NULL;
-}
-
 static void
 clone_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 {
@@ -261,7 +242,7 @@ clone_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 	NODE *new_cref;
 	newiseqval = rb_iseq_clone(me->def->body.iseq->self, klass);
 	GetISeqPtr(newiseqval, iseq);
-	rewrite_cref_stack(me->def->body.iseq->cref_stack, me->klass, klass, &new_cref);
+	rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack(me->def->body.iseq->cref_stack, me->klass, klass, &new_cref);
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq->self, &iseq->cref_stack, new_cref);
 	rb_add_method(klass, mid, VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ, iseq, me->flag);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(newiseqval);
@@ -329,12 +310,21 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
     RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(orig)->allocator;
+    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
+	st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
+	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = 0;
+    }
+    if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone)) {
+	rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
+	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = 0;
+    }
+    if (RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(clone)) {
+	rb_free_m_tbl_wrapper(RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(clone));
+	RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(clone) = 0;
+    }
     if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig)) {
 	st_data_t id;
 
-	if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
-	    st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
-	}
 	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = rb_st_copy(clone, RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig));
 	CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
 	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
@@ -345,18 +335,13 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
 	struct clone_const_arg arg;
-	if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone)) {
-	    rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
-	}
+
 	RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = st_init_numtable();
 	arg.klass = clone;
 	arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone);
 	st_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, (st_data_t)&arg);
     }
     if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig)) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(clone)) {
-	    rb_free_m_tbl_wrapper(RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(clone));
-	}
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
 	st_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, (st_data_t)clone);
     }
@@ -953,7 +938,7 @@ rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 	OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(origin); /* TODO: conservertive shading. Need more survery. */
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
-	RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass) = origin;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), origin);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(origin) = RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(klass);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
 	st_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method,
@@ -1114,25 +1099,32 @@ ins_methods_pub_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
     return ins_methods_push((ID)name, (long)type, (VALUE)ary, NOEX_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+struct method_entry_arg {
+    st_table *list;
+    int recur;
+};
+
 static int
 method_entry_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
     const rb_method_entry_t *me = (const rb_method_entry_t *)value;
-    st_table *list = (st_table *)data;
+    struct method_entry_arg *arg = (struct method_entry_arg *)data;
     long type;
 
     if (me && me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
+	VALUE klass = me->klass;
 	me = rb_resolve_refined_method(Qnil, me, NULL);
 	if (!me) return ST_CONTINUE;
+	if (!arg->recur && me->klass != klass) return ST_CONTINUE;
     }
-    if (!st_lookup(list, key, 0)) {
+    if (!st_lookup(arg->list, key, 0)) {
 	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
 	    type = -1; /* none */
 	}
 	else {
 	    type = VISI(me->flag);
 	}
-	st_add_direct(list, key, type);
+	st_add_direct(arg->list, key, type);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1142,7 +1134,7 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int (*func
 {
     VALUE ary;
     int recur, prepended = 0;
-    st_table *list;
+    struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
 	recur = TRUE;
@@ -1158,16 +1150,17 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int (*func
 	prepended = 1;
     }
 
-    list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
     for (; mod; mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL(mod)) st_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(mod), method_entry_i, (st_data_t)list);
+	if (RCLASS_M_TBL(mod)) st_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(mod), method_entry_i, (st_data_t)&me_arg);
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS && !prepended) continue;
 	if (obj && FL_TEST(mod, FL_SINGLETON)) continue;
 	if (!recur) break;
     }
     ary = rb_ary_new();
-    st_foreach(list, func, ary);
-    st_free_table(list);
+    st_foreach(me_arg.list, func, ary);
+    st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1389,7 +1382,8 @@ VALUE
 rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE recur, ary, klass, origin;
-    st_table *list, *mtbl;
+    struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
+    st_table *mtbl;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
 	recur = Qtrue;
@@ -1399,22 +1393,23 @@ rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
     klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
     origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
-    list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
     if (klass && FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 	if ((mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(origin)) != 0)
-	    st_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, (st_data_t)list);
+	    st_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, (st_data_t)&me_arg);
 	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
     if (RTEST(recur)) {
 	while (klass && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
 	    if (klass != origin && (mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass)) != 0)
-		st_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, (st_data_t)list);
+		st_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, (st_data_t)&me_arg);
 	    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 	}
     }
     ary = rb_ary_new();
-    st_foreach(list, ins_methods_i, ary);
-    st_free_table(list);
+    st_foreach(me_arg.list, ins_methods_i, ary);
+    st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1874,10 +1869,12 @@ NORETURN(static void unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keyw
 static void
 unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keywords)
 {
+    st_table *tbl = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
     VALUE keys;
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < keywords; i++) {
-	rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(table[i]));
+	st_data_t key = ID2SYM(table[i]);
+	st_delete(tbl, &key, NULL);
     }
     keys = rb_funcall(hash, rb_intern("keys"), 0, 0);
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(keys, T_ARRAY)) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown keyword");
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index f9935960261f6b..0bc8f119679817 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ RUBYLIB       = $(PATH_SEPARATOR)
 RUBYOPT       = -
 RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
-SPEC_GIT_BASE = git://github.com/nurse
+SPEC_GIT_BASE = git://github.com/ruby
 MSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/mspec.git
 RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/rubyspec.git
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ $(CAPIOUT)/.timestamp: Doxyfile $(PREP)
 Doxyfile: $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl $(PREP) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl \
-	--srcdir="$(srcdir)" --miniruby="$(BASERUBY)"
+	--srcdir="$(srcdir)" --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)"
 
 program: showflags $(PROGRAM)
 wprogram: showflags $(WPROGRAM)
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}load.c {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h \
   {$(VPATH)}dln.h {$(VPATH)}internal.h $(PROBES_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}file.c $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}io.h \
   $(ENCODING_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}util.h {$(VPATH)}dln.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}internal.h
+  {$(VPATH)}internal.h {$(VPATH)}thread.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.c $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) {$(VPATH)}re.h \
   {$(VPATH)}regex.h $(ENCODING_H_INCLUDES) $(VM_CORE_H_INCLUDES) \
   {$(VPATH)}gc.h {$(VPATH)}io.h {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h {$(VPATH)}util.h \
@@ -836,7 +836,8 @@ utf_8.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}utf_8.c {$(VPATH)}regenc.h {$(VPATH)}config.h \
 
 win32/win32.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/win32.c {$(VPATH)}dln.h {$(VPATH)}dln_find.c \
   {$(VPATH)}internal.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
-win32/file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/file.c $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
+win32/file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/file.c {$(VPATH)}thread.h \
+  $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
 
 $(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index 2f4db291a4ee88..0cfce8f4edd585 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ rb_cmperr(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     const char *classname;
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y)) {
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || BUILTIN_TYPE(y) == T_FLOAT) {
 	y = rb_inspect(y);
 	classname = StringValuePtr(y);
     }
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index 936728984291e7..b18ab0c09f2608 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -478,8 +478,8 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(VALUE self, NODE *node)
 		LABEL *start = iseq->compile_data->start_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
 		LABEL *end = iseq->compile_data->end_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
 
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
 		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
 		COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body);
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
 		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
@@ -583,18 +583,72 @@ rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 /* definition of data structure for compiler */
 /*********************************************/
 
+/*
+ * On 32-bit SPARC, GCC by default generates SPARC V7 code that may require
+ * 8-byte word alignment. On the other hand, Oracle Solaris Studio seems to
+ * generate SPARCV8PLUS code with unaligned memory accesss instructions.
+ * That is why the STRICT_ALIGNMENT is defined only with GCC.
+ */
+#if defined(__sparc) && SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4 && defined(__GNUC__)
+  #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+  #if defined(HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_VALUE
+    #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+  #else
+    #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_VALUE
+  #endif
+  #define PADDING_SIZE_MAX    ((size_t)((ALIGNMENT_SIZE) - 1))
+  #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE_MASK PADDING_SIZE_MAX
+  /* Note: ALIGNMENT_SIZE == (2 ** N) is expected. */
+#else
+  #define PADDING_SIZE_MAX 0
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+/* calculate padding size for aligned memory access */
+static size_t
+calc_padding(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t mis;
+    size_t padding = 0;
+
+    mis = (size_t)ptr & ALIGNMENT_SIZE_MASK;
+    if (mis > 0) {
+        padding = ALIGNMENT_SIZE - mis;
+    }
+/*
+ * On 32-bit sparc or equivalents, when a single VALUE is requested
+ * and padding == sizeof(VALUE), it is clear that no padding is needed.
+ */
+#if ALIGNMENT_SIZE > SIZEOF_VALUE
+    if (size == sizeof(VALUE) && padding == sizeof(VALUE)) {
+        padding = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return padding;
+}
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+
 static void *
 compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
 {
     void *ptr = 0;
     struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage =
 	iseq->compile_data->storage_current;
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+    size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
+#else
+    const size_t padding = 0; /* expected to be optimized by compiler */
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
 
-    if (storage->pos + size > storage->size) {
+    if (storage->pos + size + padding > storage->size) {
 	unsigned long alloc_size = storage->size * 2;
 
       retry:
-	if (alloc_size < size) {
+	if (alloc_size < size + PADDING_SIZE_MAX) {
 	    alloc_size *= 2;
 	    goto retry;
 	}
@@ -606,8 +660,15 @@ compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
 	storage->pos = 0;
 	storage->size = alloc_size;
 	storage->buff = (char *)(&storage->buff + 1);
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+        padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
     }
 
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+    storage->pos += (int)padding;
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+
     ptr = (void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos];
     storage->pos += size;
     return ptr;
@@ -2479,6 +2540,7 @@ compile_array_(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE* node_root,
 			    if (i > 0 || !first) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
 			    COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw);
 			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, ID2SYM(id_core_hash_merge_kwd), nhash);
+			    if (nhash == INT2FIX(1)) ADD_SEND(ret, line, ID2SYM(rb_intern("dup")), INT2FIX(0));
 			}
 			first = 0;
 			break;
@@ -4750,6 +4812,10 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int poped)
       }
       case NODE_NTH_REF:{
         if (!poped) {
+	    if (!node->nd_nth) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+		break;
+	    }
 	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~'  */,
 		      INT2FIX(node->nd_nth << 1));
 	}
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index 3e9d63117afc1e..67b45dd6ae097f 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
 
 VALUE rb_cComplex;
 
-static ID id_abs, id_abs2, id_arg, id_cmp, id_conj, id_convert,
-    id_denominator, id_divmod, id_eqeq_p, id_expt, id_fdiv,  id_floor,
-    id_idiv, id_imag, id_inspect, id_negate, id_numerator, id_quo,
-    id_real, id_real_p, id_to_f, id_to_i, id_to_r, id_to_s,
+static ID id_abs, id_arg, id_convert,
+    id_denominator, id_eqeq_p, id_expt, id_fdiv,
+    id_inspect, id_negate, id_numerator, id_quo,
+    id_real_p, id_to_f, id_to_i, id_to_r, id_to_s,
     id_i_real, id_i_imag;
 
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
@@ -75,20 +75,6 @@ f_add(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(x, '+', 1, y);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long c = FIX2LONG(x) - FIX2LONG(y);
-	if (c > 0)
-	    c = 1;
-	else if (c < 0)
-	    c = -1;
-	return INT2FIX(c);
-    }
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_cmp, 1, y);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -105,16 +91,6 @@ f_gt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(x, '>', 1, y);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_lt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) < FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, '<', 1, y);
-}
-
-binop(mod, '%')
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -152,16 +128,11 @@ f_sub(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 fun1(abs)
-fun1(abs2)
 fun1(arg)
-fun1(conj)
 fun1(denominator)
-fun1(floor)
-fun1(imag)
 fun1(inspect)
 fun1(negate)
 fun1(numerator)
-fun1(real)
 fun1(real_p)
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -182,8 +153,6 @@ f_to_f(VALUE x)
 fun1(to_r)
 fun1(to_s)
 
-fun2(divmod)
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -194,7 +163,6 @@ f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 fun2(expt)
 fun2(fdiv)
-fun2(idiv)
 fun2(quo)
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -257,12 +225,6 @@ k_numeric_p(VALUE x)
     return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cNumeric);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-k_integer_p(VALUE x)
-{
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, rb_cInteger);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 k_fixnum_p(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -456,13 +418,6 @@ nucomp_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, real, imag);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_complex_new1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
-{
-    assert(!k_complex_p(x));
-    return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, ZERO);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -478,6 +433,8 @@ f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  *    Complex(1, 2)    #=> (1+2i)
  *    Complex('1+2i')  #=> (1+2i)
+ *    Complex(nil)     #=> TypeError
+ *    Complex(1, nil)  #=> TypeError
  *
  * Syntax of string form:
  *
@@ -537,7 +494,6 @@ m_log_bang(VALUE x)
 
 imp1(sin)
 imp1(sinh)
-imp1(sqrt)
 
 static VALUE
 m_cos(VALUE x)
@@ -570,6 +526,8 @@ m_sin(VALUE x)
 }
 
 #if 0
+imp1(sqrt)
+
 static VALUE
 m_sqrt(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -1774,19 +1732,26 @@ parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
 	   VALUE *num)
 {
     char *buf, *b;
+    VALUE tmp;
+    int ret = 1;
 
-    buf = ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(s) + 1);
+    buf = ALLOCV_N(char, tmp, strlen(s) + 1);
     b = buf;
 
     skip_ws(&s);
-    if (!read_comp(&s, strict, num, &b))
-	return 0;
-    skip_ws(&s);
+    if (!read_comp(&s, strict, num, &b)) {
+	ret = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+	skip_ws(&s);
 
-    if (strict)
-	if (*s != '\0')
-	    return 0;
-    return 1;
+	if (strict)
+	    if (*s != '\0')
+		ret = 0;
+    }
+    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
+
+    return ret;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2091,24 +2056,16 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     assert(fprintf(stderr, "assert() is now active\n"));
 
     id_abs = rb_intern("abs");
-    id_abs2 = rb_intern("abs2");
     id_arg = rb_intern("arg");
-    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
-    id_conj = rb_intern("conj");
     id_convert = rb_intern("convert");
     id_denominator = rb_intern("denominator");
-    id_divmod = rb_intern("divmod");
     id_eqeq_p = rb_intern("==");
     id_expt = rb_intern("**");
     id_fdiv = rb_intern("fdiv");
-    id_floor = rb_intern("floor");
-    id_idiv = rb_intern("div");
-    id_imag = rb_intern("imag");
     id_inspect = rb_intern("inspect");
     id_negate = rb_intern("-@");
     id_numerator = rb_intern("numerator");
     id_quo = rb_intern("quo");
-    id_real = rb_intern("real");
     id_real_p = rb_intern("real?");
     id_to_f = rb_intern("to_f");
     id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
index ddc4216d9107df..5a1248f9f5bdf7 100644
--- a/configure.in
+++ b/configure.in
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ fi
 RUBY_NACL
 AS_CASE(["$host_os:$build_os"],
 [darwin*:darwin*], [
-    AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [gcc-4.2 clang gcc cc])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [clang gcc cc])
     # Following Apple deployed clang are broken
     # clang version 1.0 (http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/tags/Apple/clang-23 exported)
     # Apple clang version 2.0 (tags/Apple/clang-137) (based on LLVM 2.9svn)
@@ -453,7 +453,9 @@ if test "$GCC" = yes; then
     linker_flag=-Wl,
     : ${optflags=-O3}
     gcc_major=`echo =__GNUC__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
+    gcc_minor=`echo =__GNUC_MINOR__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
     test -n "$gcc_major" || gcc_major=0
+    test -n "$gcc_minor" || gcc_minor=0
     # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
 else
     linker_flag=
@@ -770,6 +772,8 @@ if test "$GCC:${warnflags+set}:no" = yes::no; then
     rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
     warnflags=
 fi
+RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Qunused-arguments, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_wsuppress_flags, -Qunused-arguments)])
+
 if test "$GCC" = yes; then
     # -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE
     # When defined _FORTIFY_SOURCE, glibc enables some additional sanity
@@ -812,10 +816,13 @@ if test "$GCC" = yes; then
     ],
     [
       # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-      RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ansi -std=iso9899:199409, [
-        RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(warnflags, -ansi -std=iso9899:199409)
-        RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(strict_warnflags, -ansi -std=iso9899:199409)
-      ])
+	for ansi_options in -std=iso9899:1999 "-ansi -std=iso9899:199409"; do
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+	    ], [ansi_options=])
+	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
+	done
     ])
 
     # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
@@ -860,7 +867,7 @@ if test "$GCC" = yes; then
 	[*-darwin*], [
 	    # doesn't seem necessary on Mac OS X
 	],
-	[[i[4-6]86*]], [
+	[[i[4-6]86*|i386*mingw*]], [
 	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-msse2 -mfpmath=sse, [
 		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -msse2 -mfpmath=sse)
 	    ])
@@ -954,6 +961,9 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 		ac_cv_type_getgroups=gid_t # getgroups() on Rosetta fills garbage
 		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
 		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
+		if test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \); then
+		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		fi
                 AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken crypt with 8bit chars, rb_cv_broken_crypt,
                     [AC_TRY_RUN([
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1045,9 +1055,10 @@ main()
                 ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
                 ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
 		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
+		{ test "$target_cpu" = x64 && ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no; }
 		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
-			      [@%:@include <windows.h>
-		  	      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
+			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
+			      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
 		if test x"$ac_cv_type_NET_LUID" = xyes; then
 		    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TYPE_NET_LUID, 1)
 		fi
@@ -1153,7 +1164,18 @@ mv confdefs.h largefile.h
 mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
 cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
 
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*], [ac_cv_type_off_t=yes;ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8])
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*], [ac_cv_type_off_t=yes;ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8],
+    [aix*], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu:$ac_cv_sys_large_files"],
+	[ppc64:*|powerpc64:*], [],
+	[*:no|*:unknown], [],
+	[
+	    # AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to posix_fadvise()
+	    # if _LARGE_FILES is defined.
+	    ac_cv_func_posix_fadvise=no
+	])
+    ])
 
 AC_C_BIGENDIAN
 AC_C_CONST
@@ -1269,7 +1291,8 @@ RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(clock_t, [], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
 AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX], [
 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for printf prefix for $1], [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1),[
     [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)=[NONE]
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(for pri in $2; do
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CFLAGS, $rb_cv_wsuppress_flags)
+    for pri in $2; do
         AC_TRY_COMPILE(
             [@%:@include <stdio.h>
 	    @%:@include <stddef.h>
@@ -1548,8 +1571,8 @@ if test "$GCC" = yes; then
 
     AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_unreachable, rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable,
     [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
-    [AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <stdlib.h>],
-	[exit(0); __builtin_unreachable();],
+    [AC_TRY_LINK([volatile int zero;],
+	[if (zero) __builtin_unreachable();],
 	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=yes],
 	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=no])
     ])
@@ -2008,17 +2031,35 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK(for sigsetjmp as a macro or function, ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp,
 	ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp=yes,
 	ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp=no)])
 
+AC_DEFUN(RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP, [
+if test x"${ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp}" = xyes; then
+   unset ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp
+fi
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_setjmp, ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp,
-[AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <setjmp.h>
-    jmp_buf jb; void t(v) int v; {__builtin_longjmp(jb, v);}],
-    [__builtin_setjmp(jb);],
-    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes],
-    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no])
+    [
+    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+    for cast in "" "(void **)"; do
+	RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
+	[AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <setjmp.h>
+	    @%:@include <stdio.h>
+	    jmp_buf jb;
+	    void t(void) {__builtin_longjmp($cast jb, 1);}
+	    int jump(void) {(void)(__builtin_setjmp($cast jb) ? 1 : 0); return 0;}],
+	    [
+	    void (*volatile f)(void) = t;
+	    if (!jump()) printf("%d\n", f != 0);
+	    ],
+	    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp="yes with cast ($cast)"])
+	])
+	test "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" = no || break
+    done])
 ])
 
 # we don't use _setjmp if _longjmp doesn't exist.
 test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
 
+AC_DEFUN(RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE, [
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(for setjmp type)
 setjmp_suffix=
 AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type,
@@ -2032,11 +2073,13 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type,
 	[setjmpex], [ setjmp_prefix= setjmp_suffix=ex],
 	[''], [ unset setjmp_prefix],
 	[   AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid setjmp type: $withval)])], [unset setjmp_prefix])
+setjmp_cast=
 if test ${setjmp_prefix+set}; then
     if test "${setjmp_prefix}" && eval test '$ac_cv_func_'${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} = no; then
 	AC_MSG_ERROR(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} is not available)
     fi
-elif test "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" = yes; then
+elif { AS_CASE("$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp", [yes*], [true], [false]) }; then
+    setjmp_cast=`expr "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" : "yes with cast (\(.*\))"`
     setjmp_prefix=__builtin_
     setjmp_suffix=
 elif test "$ac_cv_header_setjmpex_h:$ac_cv_func__setjmpex" = yes:yes; then
@@ -2057,10 +2100,11 @@ if test x$setjmp_prefix = xsig; then
 else
     unset setjmp_sigmask
 fi
-AC_MSG_RESULT(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix})
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_SETJMP(env)], [${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}(env${setjmp_sigmask+,0})])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)], [${setjmp_prefix}longjmp(env,val)])
+AC_MSG_RESULT(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}${setjmp_cast:+\($setjmp_cast\)})
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_SETJMP(env)], [${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}($setjmp_cast(env)${setjmp_sigmask+,0})])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)], [${setjmp_prefix}longjmp($setjmp_cast(env),val)])
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_JMP_BUF, ${setjmp_sigmask+${setjmp_prefix}}jmp_buf)
+])
 # End of setjmp check.
 
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
@@ -2576,8 +2620,8 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
 
 AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
 [AC_TRY_LINK([],[], [
-AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | cat -e`"],
-['^?ELF'*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
+AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
+[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
 rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
 
 if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
@@ -2658,7 +2702,7 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 			    RPATHFLAG=' +b %1$-s'
 			fi
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[solaris*], [ 	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
+	[solaris*], [	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
 			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			    if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes; then
 				LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
@@ -2777,7 +2821,7 @@ if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
 	[os2-emx*], [	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Zomf"
 			],
         [nacl], [ LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared' ],
-	[ 	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
+	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
   AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
 fi
 if test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""; then
@@ -2850,24 +2894,25 @@ void sigsegv(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *ctx){
     if (n > 0) {
 	/*fprintf(stdout, "backtrace:%d\n",n);*/
     } else {
-	abort();
+	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
-    _exit(0);
+    _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 }
 int
-main()
+main(void)
 {
+    volatile int *a = NULL;
     stack_t ss;
     ss.ss_sp = malloc(SIGSTKSZ);
     if (ss.ss_sp == NULL) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "cannot allocate memory for sigaltstack\n");
-	abort();
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     ss.ss_size = SIGSTKSZ;
     ss.ss_flags = 0;
     if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL) == -1) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");
-	abort();
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     struct sigaction sa;
     memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
@@ -2876,9 +2921,8 @@ main()
     sa.sa_flags |= SA_SIGINFO;
     sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
     sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
-    int *a = NULL;
     a[0] = 1;
-    return 0;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 ],
 	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no,
@@ -3338,6 +3382,7 @@ AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OBJ)
 AC_SUBST(DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ)
 AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS)
 
+RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE
 }
 { # build section
 
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index fa9e91ee64ac57..3b05f995d4180a 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -97,16 +97,18 @@ typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     size_t vm_stack_slen;  /* length of stack (head of th->stack) */
     size_t vm_stack_clen;  /* length of control frames (tail of th->stack) */
 #endif
-    VALUE *machine_stack;
-    VALUE *machine_stack_src;
+    struct {
+	VALUE *stack;
+	VALUE *stack_src;
+	size_t stack_size;
 #ifdef __ia64
-    VALUE *machine_register_stack;
-    VALUE *machine_register_stack_src;
-    int machine_register_stack_size;
+	VALUE *register_stack;
+	VALUE *register_stack_src;
+	int register_stack_size;
 #endif
+    } machine;
     rb_thread_t saved_thread;
     rb_jmpbuf_t jmpbuf;
-    size_t machine_stack_size;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *ensure_array;
     rb_ensure_list_t *ensure_list;
 } rb_context_t;
@@ -188,11 +190,11 @@ cont_mark(void *ptr)
 #endif
 	}
 
-	if (cont->machine_stack) {
+	if (cont->machine.stack) {
 	    if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
 		/* cont */
-		rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine_stack,
-				     cont->machine_stack + cont->machine_stack_size);
+		rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+				     cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
             }
             else {
 		/* fiber */
@@ -200,15 +202,15 @@ cont_mark(void *ptr)
                 rb_fiber_t *fib = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
 		GetThreadPtr(cont->saved_thread.self, th);
 		if ((th->fiber != cont->self) && fib->status == RUNNING) {
-		    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine_stack,
-					 cont->machine_stack + cont->machine_stack_size);
+		    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+					 cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
 		}
 	    }
 	}
 #ifdef __ia64
-	if (cont->machine_register_stack) {
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine_register_stack,
-				 cont->machine_register_stack + cont->machine_register_stack_size);
+	if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
+	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.register_stack,
+				 cont->machine.register_stack + cont->machine.register_stack_size);
 	}
 #endif
     }
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ cont_free(void *ptr)
 	if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
 	    /* cont */
 	    ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine_stack);
+	    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
 	}
 	else {
 	    /* fiber */
@@ -257,10 +259,10 @@ cont_free(void *ptr)
 	}
 #else /* not FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
 	ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine_stack);
+	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
 #endif
 #ifdef __ia64
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine_register_stack);
+	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.register_stack);
 #endif
 	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->vm_stack);
 
@@ -286,12 +288,12 @@ cont_memsize(const void *ptr)
 	    size += n * sizeof(*cont->vm_stack);
 	}
 
-	if (cont->machine_stack) {
-	    size += cont->machine_stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine_stack);
+	if (cont->machine.stack) {
+	    size += cont->machine.stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.stack);
 	}
 #ifdef __ia64
-	if (cont->machine_register_stack) {
-	    size += cont->machine_register_stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine_register_stack);
+	if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
+	    size += cont->machine.register_stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.register_stack);
 	}
 #endif
     }
@@ -380,42 +382,42 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
 {
     size_t size;
 
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine_stack_end);
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
 #ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine_register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();
+    th->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();
 #endif
 
-    if (th->machine_stack_start > th->machine_stack_end) {
-	size = cont->machine_stack_size = th->machine_stack_start - th->machine_stack_end;
-	cont->machine_stack_src = th->machine_stack_end;
+    if (th->machine.stack_start > th->machine.stack_end) {
+	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
+	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_end;
     }
     else {
-	size = cont->machine_stack_size = th->machine_stack_end - th->machine_stack_start;
-	cont->machine_stack_src = th->machine_stack_start;
+	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
+	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_start;
     }
 
-    if (cont->machine_stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine_stack, VALUE, size);
+    if (cont->machine.stack) {
+	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.stack, VALUE, size);
     }
     else {
-	cont->machine_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
+	cont->machine.stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
     }
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
-    MEMCPY(cont->machine_stack, cont->machine_stack_src, VALUE, size);
+    MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
 
 #ifdef __ia64
     rb_ia64_flushrs();
-    size = cont->machine_register_stack_size = th->machine_register_stack_end - th->machine_register_stack_start;
-    cont->machine_register_stack_src = th->machine_register_stack_start;
-    if (cont->machine_register_stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine_register_stack, VALUE, size);
+    size = cont->machine.register_stack_size = th->machine.register_stack_end - th->machine.register_stack_start;
+    cont->machine.register_stack_src = th->machine.register_stack_start;
+    if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
+	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.register_stack, VALUE, size);
     }
     else {
-	cont->machine_register_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
+	cont->machine.register_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
     }
 
-    MEMCPY(cont->machine_register_stack, cont->machine_register_stack_src, VALUE, size);
+    MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack, cont->machine.register_stack_src, VALUE, size);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -430,13 +432,13 @@ cont_save_thread(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
     /* save thread context */
     cont->saved_thread = *th;
-    /* saved_thread->machine_stack_(start|end) should be NULL */
+    /* saved_thread->machine.stack_(start|end) should be NULL */
     /* because it may happen GC afterward */
-    cont->saved_thread.machine_stack_start = 0;
-    cont->saved_thread.machine_stack_end = 0;
+    cont->saved_thread.machine.stack_start = 0;
+    cont->saved_thread.machine.stack_end = 0;
 #ifdef __ia64
-    cont->saved_thread.machine_register_stack_start = 0;
-    cont->saved_thread.machine_register_stack_end = 0;
+    cont->saved_thread.machine.register_stack_start = 0;
+    cont->saved_thread.machine.register_stack_end = 0;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -579,7 +581,7 @@ fiber_set_stack_location(void)
     VALUE *ptr;
 
     SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&ptr);
-    th->machine_stack_start = (void*)(((VALUE)ptr & RB_PAGE_MASK) + STACK_UPPER((void *)&ptr, 0, RB_PAGE_SIZE));
+    th->machine.stack_start = (void*)(((VALUE)ptr & RB_PAGE_MASK) + STACK_UPPER((void *)&ptr, 0, RB_PAGE_SIZE));
 }
 
 static VOID CALLBACK
@@ -654,7 +656,7 @@ fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(rb_fiber_t *fib, size_t size)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't create fiber");
 	}
     }
-    sth->machine_stack_maxsize = size;
+    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size;
 #else /* not WIN32 */
     ucontext_t *context = &fib->context;
     char *ptr;
@@ -666,11 +668,11 @@ fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(rb_fiber_t *fib, size_t size)
     context->uc_stack.ss_sp = ptr;
     context->uc_stack.ss_size = size;
     makecontext(context, rb_fiber_start, 0);
-    sth->machine_stack_start = (VALUE*)(ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size));
-    sth->machine_stack_maxsize = size - RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+    sth->machine.stack_start = (VALUE*)(ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size));
+    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size - RB_PAGE_SIZE;
 #endif
 #ifdef __ia64
-    sth->machine_register_stack_maxsize = sth->machine_stack_maxsize;
+    sth->machine.register_stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -687,29 +689,29 @@ fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *newfib, rb_fiber_t *oldfib)
 
     /* restore thread context */
     cont_restore_thread(&newfib->cont);
-    th->machine_stack_maxsize = sth->machine_stack_maxsize;
-    if (sth->machine_stack_end && (newfib != oldfib)) {
-	rb_bug("fiber_setcontext: sth->machine_stack_end has non zero value");
+    th->machine.stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
+    if (sth->machine.stack_end && (newfib != oldfib)) {
+	rb_bug("fiber_setcontext: sth->machine.stack_end has non zero value");
     }
 
     /* save  oldfib's machine stack */
     if (oldfib->status != TERMINATED) {
 	STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine_stack_end);
+	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
 	if (STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, 1)) {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine_stack_size = th->machine_stack_start - th->machine_stack_end;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine_stack = th->machine_stack_end;
+	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
+	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_end;
 	}
 	else {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine_stack_size = th->machine_stack_end - th->machine_stack_start;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine_stack = th->machine_stack_start;
+	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
+	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_start;
 	}
     }
     /* exchange machine_stack_start between oldfib and newfib */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine_stack_start = th->machine_stack_start;
-    th->machine_stack_start = sth->machine_stack_start;
-    /* oldfib->machine_stack_end should be NULL */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine_stack_end = 0;
+    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_start = th->machine.stack_start;
+    th->machine.stack_start = sth->machine.stack_start;
+    /* oldfib->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
+    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_end = 0;
 #ifndef _WIN32
     if (!newfib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp && th->root_fiber != newfib->cont.self) {
 	rb_bug("non_root_fiber->context.uc_stac.ss_sp should not be NULL");
@@ -742,16 +744,16 @@ cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *cont)
 	    ((_JUMP_BUFFER*)(&buf))->Frame;
     }
 #endif
-    if (cont->machine_stack_src) {
+    if (cont->machine.stack_src) {
 	FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine_stack_src, cont->machine_stack,
-		VALUE, cont->machine_stack_size);
+	MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack_src, cont->machine.stack,
+		VALUE, cont->machine.stack_size);
     }
 
 #ifdef __ia64
-    if (cont->machine_register_stack_src) {
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine_register_stack_src, cont->machine_register_stack,
-	       VALUE, cont->machine_register_stack_size);
+    if (cont->machine.register_stack_src) {
+	MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack_src, cont->machine.register_stack,
+	       VALUE, cont->machine.register_stack_size);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -786,7 +788,7 @@ register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *vp, VALUE *curr_bsp)
         E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
         E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
     }
-    if (curr_bsp < cont->machine_register_stack_src+cont->machine_register_stack_size) {
+    if (curr_bsp < cont->machine.register_stack_src+cont->machine.register_stack_size) {
         register_stack_extend(cont, vp, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
     }
     cont_restore_0(cont, vp);
@@ -798,7 +800,7 @@ register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *vp, VALUE *curr_bsp)
 static void
 cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 {
-    if (cont->machine_stack_src) {
+    if (cont->machine.stack_src) {
 #ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
 #define STACK_PAD_SIZE 1
 #else
@@ -811,7 +813,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 	    /* Stack grows downward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION <= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine_stack_src;
+	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src;
 	    if (&space[0] > end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
 		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
@@ -827,7 +829,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 	    /* Stack grows upward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION >= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine_stack_src + cont->machine_stack_size;
+	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src + cont->machine.stack_size;
 	    if (&space[STACK_PAD_SIZE] < end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
 		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, end - &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE]);
@@ -1258,8 +1260,8 @@ rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fib)
     terminated_machine_stack.ptr = fib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp;
     terminated_machine_stack.size = fib->context.uc_stack.ss_size / sizeof(VALUE);
     fib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine_stack = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine_stack_size = 0;
+    fib->cont.machine.stack = NULL;
+    fib->cont.machine.stack_size = 0;
 #endif
     rb_fiber_transfer(return_fiber(), 1, &value);
 }
@@ -1369,7 +1371,7 @@ fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fib)
 		machine_stack_cache_index++;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr != fib->cont.machine_stack) {
+		if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr != fib->cont.machine.stack) {
 		    munmap((void*)terminated_machine_stack.ptr, terminated_machine_stack.size * sizeof(VALUE));
 		}
 		else {
@@ -1659,7 +1661,7 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 #else /* not WIN32 */
     pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 #endif
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine_stack_end);
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
 #endif
 
     rb_cFiber = rb_define_class("Fiber", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 8492ce78d0327b..3188a9eb38c776 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -1784,11 +1784,9 @@ dir_globs(long argc, const VALUE *argv, int flags)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Dir[ array ]                 -> array
  *     Dir[ string [, string ...] ] -> array
  *
  *  Equivalent to calling
- *  <code>Dir.glob(</code><i>array,</i><code>0)</code> and
  *  <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>],0)</code>.
  *
  */
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index e6b20d54e3e8ef..d2c2de8bacc5be 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -107,10 +107,11 @@ dln_loaderror(const char *format, ...)
 
 #ifndef FUNCNAME_PATTERN
 # if defined(__hp9000s300) || ((defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__)) && !defined(__ELF__)) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(NeXT) || defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(MACOSX_DYLD)
-#  define FUNCNAME_PREFIX "_Init_"
+#  define EXTERNAL_PREFIX "_"
 # else
-#  define FUNCNAME_PREFIX "Init_"
+#  define EXTERNAL_PREFIX ""
 # endif
+# define FUNCNAME_PREFIX EXTERNAL_PREFIX"Init_"
 #endif
 
 #if defined __CYGWIN__ || defined DOSISH
@@ -1255,20 +1256,25 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 
 #if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__
     HINSTANCE handle;
-    char winfile[MAXPATHLEN];
+    WCHAR *winfile;
     char message[1024];
     void (*init_fct)();
     char *buf;
 
-    if (strlen(file) >= MAXPATHLEN) dln_loaderror("filename too long");
-
     /* Load the file as an object one */
     init_funcname(&buf, file);
 
-    strlcpy(winfile, file, sizeof(winfile));
+    /* Convert the file path to wide char */
+    winfile = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, file, -1, NULL);
+    if (!winfile) {
+	dln_memerror();
+    }
 
     /* Load file */
-    if ((handle = LoadLibrary(winfile)) == NULL) {
+    handle = LoadLibraryW(winfile);
+    free(winfile);
+
+    if (!handle) {
 	error = dln_strerror();
 	goto failed;
     }
@@ -1335,6 +1341,24 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 	    goto failed;
 	}
 
+# if defined RUBY_EXPORT
+	{
+	    static const char incompatible[] = "incompatible library version";
+	    void *ex = dlsym(handle, EXTERNAL_PREFIX"ruby_xmalloc");
+	    if (ex && ex != ruby_xmalloc) {
+
+#   if defined __APPLE__
+		/* dlclose() segfaults */
+		rb_fatal("%s - %s", incompatible, file);
+#   else
+		dlclose(handle);
+		error = incompatible;
+		goto failed;
+#   endif
+	    }
+	}
+# endif
+
 	init_fct = (void(*)())(VALUE)dlsym(handle, buf);
 #ifdef __native_client__
 	strcpy(file, orig);
diff --git a/enc/trans/euckr-tbl.rb b/enc/trans/euckr-tbl.rb
index 773cd90122039a..4ce8521a8a9240 100644
--- a/enc/trans/euckr-tbl.rb
+++ b/enc/trans/euckr-tbl.rb
@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@
   ["A2E3",0x33C2],
   ["A2E4",0x33D8],
   ["A2E5",0x2121],
+  ["A2E6",0x20AC],
+  ["A2E7",0x00AE],
   ["A3A1",0xFF01],
   ["A3A2",0xFF02],
   ["A3A3",0xFF03],
diff --git a/enc/trans/single_byte.trans b/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
index afbee1b257aa95..dec247dfb9d19e 100644
--- a/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
+++ b/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ extern int rb_encoding_compat;
 TRANS_INIT(single_byte)
 {
     if (rb_encoding_compat) {
-        ((struct rb_transcoder *)&rb_from_ASCII_8BIT)->conv_tree_start = from_UTF_8_COMPAT_to_ASCII_8BIT;
-        ((struct rb_transcoder *)  &rb_to_ASCII_8BIT)->conv_tree_start = from_UTF_8_COMPAT_to_ASCII_8BIT;
+        rb_from_ASCII_8BIT.conv_tree_start = from_UTF_8_COMPAT_to_ASCII_8BIT;
+        rb_to_ASCII_8BIT.conv_tree_start = from_UTF_8_COMPAT_to_ASCII_8BIT;
     }
 <%= transcode_register_code %>
 }
diff --git a/enc/utf_16be.c b/enc/utf_16be.c
index 8b25d473a7dae8..3af8359caf019c 100644
--- a/enc/utf_16be.c
+++ b/enc/utf_16be.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE_SECOND(c)   (((c) & 0xfc) == 0xdc)
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE(c)          (((c) & 0xf8) == 0xd8)
 
+#if 0
 static const int EncLen_UTF16[] = {
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ static const int EncLen_UTF16[] = {
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
 };
+#endif
 
 static int
 utf16be_mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p, const OnigUChar* e ARG_UNUSED,
diff --git a/enc/utf_16le.c b/enc/utf_16le.c
index 8feb7ad7690cc1..453c771cc53973 100644
--- a/enc/utf_16le.c
+++ b/enc/utf_16le.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE_SECOND(c)   (((c) & 0xfc) == 0xdc)
 #define UTF16_IS_SURROGATE(c)          (((c) & 0xf8) == 0xd8)
 
+#if 0
 static const int EncLen_UTF16[] = {
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ static const int EncLen_UTF16[] = {
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
   2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
 };
+#endif
 
 static int
 utf16le_mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p, const OnigUChar* e,
diff --git a/encoding.c b/encoding.c
index 9bdf7df6ea009a..16f8c4ee7a679a 100644
--- a/encoding.c
+++ b/encoding.c
@@ -1155,13 +1155,11 @@ enc_list(VALUE klass)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Encoding.find(string) -> enc
- *   Encoding.find(symbol) -> enc
  *
  * Search the encoding with specified <i>name</i>.
- * <i>name</i> should be a string or symbol.
+ * <i>name</i> should be a string.
  *
  *   Encoding.find("US-ASCII")  #=> #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
- *   Encoding.find(:Shift_JIS)  #=> #<Encoding:Shift_JIS>
  *
  * Names which this method accept are encoding names and aliases
  * including following special aliases
diff --git a/enum.c b/enum.c
index e37ff16c5d3882..9d1d36d0dd9293 100644
--- a/enum.c
+++ b/enum.c
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ find_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *     (1..10).detect  { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
- *     (1..100).detect { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
+ *     (1..10).detect	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
+ *     (1..100).find	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
  *
  */
 
diff --git a/enumerator.c b/enumerator.c
index 2e80580dea4e1e..c452b1776a1b57 100644
--- a/enumerator.c
+++ b/enumerator.c
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ enumerator_peek_values_m(VALUE obj)
  *   p e.peek   #=> 2
  *   p e.next   #=> 2
  *   p e.next   #=> 3
- *   p e.next   #raises StopIteration
+ *   p e.peek   #raises StopIteration
  *
  */
 
diff --git a/error.c b/error.c
index b9d8d52809d7c6..e90f9b410a92b9 100644
--- a/error.c
+++ b/error.c
@@ -43,12 +43,17 @@ VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
 
 extern const char ruby_description[];
 
-#define REPORTBUG_MSG \
+static const char REPORTBUG_MSG[] =
 	"[NOTE]\n" \
 	"You may have encountered a bug in the Ruby interpreter" \
 	" or extension libraries.\n" \
 	"Bug reports are welcome.\n" \
+	""
+#if defined __APPLE__
+	"Don't forget to include the above Crash Report log file.\n"
+#endif
 	"For details: http://www.ruby-lang.org/bugreport.html\n\n" \
+    ;
 
 static const char *
 rb_strerrno(int err)
@@ -1735,14 +1740,18 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *    * LoadError
  *    * NotImplementedError
  *    * SyntaxError
+ *  * SecurityError
  *  * SignalException
  *    * Interrupt
  *  * StandardError -- default for +rescue+
  *    * ArgumentError
- *    * IndexError
- *      * StopIteration
+ *    * EncodingError
+ *    * FiberError
  *    * IOError
  *      * EOFError
+ *    * IndexError
+ *      * KeyError
+ *      * StopIteration
  *    * LocalJumpError
  *    * NameError
  *      * NoMethodError
@@ -1750,14 +1759,13 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *      * FloatDomainError
  *    * RegexpError
  *    * RuntimeError -- default for +raise+
- *    * SecurityError
  *    * SystemCallError
  *      * Errno::*
- *    * SystemStackError
  *    * ThreadError
  *    * TypeError
  *    * ZeroDivisionError
  *  * SystemExit
+ *  * SystemStackError
  *  * fatal -- impossible to rescue
  */
 
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index 841b3671e3b794..ed1eacead1969b 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -507,9 +507,12 @@ setup_exception(rb_thread_t *th, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg)
 	!rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_eSystemExit)) {
 	int status;
 
+	mesg = e;
 	PUSH_TAG();
 	if ((status = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	    RB_GC_GUARD(e) = rb_obj_as_string(e);
+	    th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	    e = rb_obj_as_string(mesg);
+	    th->errinfo = mesg;
 	    if (file && line) {
 		warn_printf("Exception `%s' at %s:%d - %"PRIsVALUE"\n",
 			    rb_obj_classname(th->errinfo), file, line, e);
@@ -760,7 +763,7 @@ rb_rescue2(VALUE (* b_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data1,
 	}
     }
     else {
-	th->cfp = cfp; /* restore */
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
 
 	if (state == TAG_RAISE) {
 	    int handle = FALSE;
@@ -819,7 +822,7 @@ rb_protect(VALUE (* proc) (VALUE), VALUE data, int * state)
 	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, result = (*proc) (data));
     }
     else {
-	th->cfp = cfp;
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
     }
     MEMCPY(&(th)->root_jmpbuf, &org_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
     th->protect_tag = protect_tag.prev;
@@ -975,11 +978,17 @@ prev_frame_func(void)
     return frame_func_id(prev_cfp);
 }
 
-void
-rb_frame_pop(void)
+ID
+rb_frame_last_func(void)
 {
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    th->cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp);
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    ID mid;
+
+    while (!(mid = frame_func_id(cfp)) &&
+	   (cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp),
+	    !RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(th, cfp)));
+    return mid;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1095,11 +1104,11 @@ rb_using_refinement(NODE *cref, VALUE klass, VALUE module)
     Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
     Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
     if (NIL_P(cref->nd_refinements)) {
-	cref->nd_refinements = hidden_identity_hash_new();
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(cref, &cref->nd_refinements, hidden_identity_hash_new());
     }
     else {
 	if (cref->flags & NODE_FL_CREF_OMOD_SHARED) {
-	    cref->nd_refinements = rb_hash_dup(cref->nd_refinements);
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(cref, &cref->nd_refinements, rb_hash_dup(cref->nd_refinements));
 	    cref->flags &= ~NODE_FL_CREF_OMOD_SHARED;
 	}
 	if (!NIL_P(c = rb_hash_lookup(cref->nd_refinements, klass))) {
diff --git a/eval_intern.h b/eval_intern.h
index a0ecb5086bd692..2e00efde032654 100644
--- a/eval_intern.h
+++ b/eval_intern.h
@@ -95,6 +95,15 @@ extern int select_large_fdset(int, fd_set *, fd_set *, fd_set *, struct timeval
 	      EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH) { \
 	/* never reaches here */ \
     }
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+LONG WINAPI rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler(struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *);
+#define SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF_BEFORE_STMT \
+    do { \
+	PVOID _handler = AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler);
+
+#define SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF_AFTER_STMT \
+	RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(_handler); \
+    } while (0);
 #else
 #define SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF_BEFORE_STMT
 #define SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF_AFTER_STMT
@@ -145,7 +154,8 @@ NORETURN(static inline void rb_threadptr_tag_jump(rb_thread_t *, int));
 static inline void
 rb_threadptr_tag_jump(rb_thread_t *th, int st)
 {
-    ruby_longjmp(th->tag->buf, (th->state = st));
+    th->state = st;
+    ruby_longjmp(th->tag->buf, 1);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/-test-/dln/empty/empty.c b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/empty.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c4f94f164423b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/empty.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+void
+Init_empty(void)
+{
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/dln/empty/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6110887b3ddef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/dln/empty/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile("-test-/dln/empty")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c b/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
index fd60b0f5932f46..68e46d21735233 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ printf_test_q(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static char *
-utoa(char *p, char *e, unsigned int x)
+uint_to_str(char *p, char *e, unsigned int x)
 {
     char *e0 = e;
     if (e <= p) return p;
@@ -42,18 +42,23 @@ utoa(char *p, char *e, unsigned int x)
 static VALUE
 printf_test_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE opt, type, num;
+    VALUE opt, type, num, result;
     char format[sizeof(int) * 6 + 8], *p = format, cnv;
     int n;
+    const char *s;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2:", &type, &num, &opt);
     Check_Type(type, T_STRING);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(type) != 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong length(%ld)", RSTRING_LEN(type));
     switch (cnv = RSTRING_PTR(type)[0]) {
-      case 'd': case 'x': case 'o': case 'X': break;
+      case 'd': case 'x': case 'o': case 'X':
+	n = NUM2INT(num);
+	break;
+      case 's':
+	s = StringValueCStr(num);
+	break;
       default: rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong conversion(%c)", cnv);
     }
-    n = NUM2INT(num);
     *p++ = '%';
     if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
 	VALUE v;
@@ -74,18 +79,23 @@ printf_test_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    *p++ = '0';
 	}
 	if (!NIL_P(v = rb_hash_aref(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("width"))))) {
-	    p = utoa(p, format + sizeof(format), NUM2UINT(v));
+	    p = uint_to_str(p, format + sizeof(format), NUM2UINT(v));
 	}
 	if (!NIL_P(v = rb_hash_aref(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("prec"))))) {
 	    *p++ = '.';
 	    if (FIXNUM_P(v))
-		p = utoa(p, format + sizeof(format), NUM2UINT(v));
+		p = uint_to_str(p, format + sizeof(format), NUM2UINT(v));
 	}
     }
     *p++ = cnv;
     *p++ = '\0';
-    return rb_assoc_new(rb_enc_sprintf(rb_usascii_encoding(), format, n),
-			rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(format));
+    if (cnv == 's') {
+	result = rb_enc_sprintf(rb_usascii_encoding(), format, s);
+    }
+    else {
+	result = rb_enc_sprintf(rb_usascii_encoding(), format, n);
+    }
+    return rb_assoc_new(result, rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(format));
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/struct/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0e4f9551f2a49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+$INCFLAGS << " -I$(topdir) -I$(top_srcdir)"
+$srcs = Dir[File.join($srcdir, "*.{#{SRC_EXT.join(%q{,})}}")]
+inits = $srcs.map {|s| File.basename(s, ".*")}
+inits.delete("init")
+inits.map! {|s|"X(#{s})"}
+$defs << "-DTEST_INIT_FUNCS(X)=\"#{inits.join(' ')}\""
+create_makefile("-test-/struct")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/init.c b/ext/-test-/struct/init.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..459a939e79c165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/init.c
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+#define init(n) {void Init_##n(VALUE klass); Init_##n(klass);}
+
+void
+Init_struct(void)
+{
+    VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "Struct", rb_cStruct);
+    TEST_INIT_FUNCS(init);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/member.c b/ext/-test-/struct/member.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1d404039b49d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/member.c
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+bug_struct_get(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
+{
+    ID id = rb_check_id(&name);
+
+    if (!id) {
+	rb_name_error_str(name, "`%"PRIsVALUE"' is not a struct member", name);
+    }
+    return rb_struct_getmember(obj, id);
+}
+
+void
+Init_member(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_method(klass, "get", bug_struct_get, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/README b/ext/bigdecimal/README
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a4362826ceb53..00000000000000
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/README
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-
-  Ruby BIGDECIMAL(Variable Precision) extension library.
-  Copyright (C) 1999  by Shigeo Kobayashi(shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp)
-
-BigDecimal is copyrighted free software by Shigeo Kobayashi <shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp>.
-You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the GPL
-(see COPYING file), or the conditions below:
-
-  1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
-     software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
-     original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
-
-  2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
-     you do at least ONE of the following:
-
-       a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
-          make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
-	  modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
-	  the author to include your modifications in the software.
-
-       b) use the modified software only within your corporation or
-          organization.
-
-       c) rename any non-standard executables so the names do not conflict
-	  with standard executables, which must also be provided.
-
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
-
-  3. You may distribute the software in object code or executable
-     form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
-
-       a) distribute the executables and library files of the software,
-	  together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
-	  on where to get the original distribution.
-
-       b) accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
-	  the software.
-
-       c) give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
-          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
-
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
-
-  4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
-     software (possibly commercial).
-
-  5. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
-     IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
-     WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-     PURPOSE.
-
-* The Author
-
-Feel free to send comments and bug reports to the ruby-core team.
-
-  http://bugs.ruby-lang.org
-
--------------------------------------------------------
-created at: Thu Dec 22 1999
-updated at: Wed Sep 28 2011
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
index 6425a17db2cd7e..7c1e6bd2f3f930 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@
  *
  * Copyright(C) 2002 by Shigeo Kobayashi(shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp)
  *
- * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
- * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file
- * of this BigDecimal distribution.
- *
- *  NOTE: Change log in this source removed to reduce source code size.
- *        See rev. 1.25 if needed.
- *
  */
 
 /* #define BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG 1 */
@@ -4393,7 +4386,7 @@ VpSetPTR(Real *a, Real *b, Real *c, size_t *a_pos, size_t *b_pos, size_t *c_pos,
 
     size_t const round_limit = (VpGetPrecLimit() + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG;
 
-    assert(a->exponent >= b->expoennt);
+    assert(a->exponent >= b->exponent);
 
     c->frac[0] = 0;
     *av = *bv = 0;
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
index 7be9d7275bd2fa..690b77c9f364fd 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = "bigdecimal"
   s.version = _VERSION
   s.date = date
+  s.license = 'ruby'
   s.summary = "Arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number library."
   s.homepage = "http://www.ruby-lang.org"
   s.email = "mrkn@mrkn.jp"
   s.description = "This library provides arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number class."
   s.authors = ["Kenta Murata", "Zachary Scott", "Shigeo Kobayashi"]
-  s.require_path = %[.]
+  s.require_path = %[lib]
   s.files = %w[
     bigdecimal.gemspec
     bigdecimal.c
     bigdecimal.h
-    README
     depend extconf.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/ludcmp.rb
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
index 805990d99cd8f0..16aa141dadb67f 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@
  *
  * Copyright(C) 2002 by Shigeo Kobayashi(shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp)
  *
- * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
- * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file
- * of this BigDecimal distribution.
- *
- * NOTES:
- *   2003-03-28 V1.0 checked in.
- *
  */
 
 #ifndef  RUBY_BIG_DECIMAL_H
diff --git a/ext/date/date_core.c b/ext/date/date_core.c
index 176c76ef0cbdde..1685d15e615bc7 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_core.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_core.c
@@ -1723,23 +1723,6 @@ m_real_year(union DateData *x)
     return ry;
 }
 
-
-#ifdef USE_PACK
-inline static int
-m_pc(union DateData *x)
-{
-    if (simple_dat_p(x)) {
-	get_s_civil(x);
-	return x->s.pc;
-    }
-    else {
-	get_c_civil(x);
-	get_c_time(x);
-	return x->c.pc;
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 inline static int
 m_mon(union DateData *x)
 {
@@ -1979,12 +1962,6 @@ k_date_p(VALUE x)
     return f_kind_of_p(x, cDate);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-k_datetime_p(VALUE x)
-{
-    return f_kind_of_p(x, cDateTime);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 k_numeric_p(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -6306,7 +6283,7 @@ d_lite_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 		    return INT2FIX(1);
 		}
 	    }
-	    else if (a_nth < b_nth) {
+	    else if (f_lt_p(a_nth, b_nth)) {
 		return INT2FIX(-1);
 	    }
 	    else {
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.c b/ext/digest/digest.c
index 527d0ed1feb9de..f1592f4725c059 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest.c
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.c
@@ -372,7 +372,8 @@ rb_digest_instance_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
         str2 = rb_digest_instance_digest(0, 0, other);
     } else {
         str1 = rb_digest_instance_to_s(self);
-        str2 = other;
+        str2 = rb_check_string_type(other);
+        if (NIL_P(str2)) return Qfalse;
     }
 
     /* never blindly assume that subclass methods return strings */
diff --git a/ext/dl/cptr.c b/ext/dl/cptr.c
index d34309379bbf58..7a82c7c3e06a3c 100644
--- a/ext/dl/cptr.c
+++ b/ext/dl/cptr.c
@@ -389,7 +389,6 @@ static VALUE
 rb_dlptr_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     struct ptr_data *data;
-    char str[1024];
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &dlptr_data_type, data);
     return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p ptr=%p size=%ld free=%p>",
diff --git a/ext/dl/extconf.rb b/ext/dl/extconf.rb
index 4ef46f85fb1415..53e73c3a8b9e43 100644
--- a/ext/dl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/dl/extconf.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 require 'mkmf'
 
 if RbConfig::CONFIG['GCC'] == 'yes'
-  (have_macro("__clang__") ? $LDFLAGS : $CFLAGS) << " -fno-defer-pop"
+  flag = " -fno-defer-pop"
+  if have_macro("__clang__")
+    $LDFLAGS << flag if try_ldflags(flag)
+  else
+    $CFLAGS << flag
+  end
   $CFLAGS << " -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
 end
 
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.c b/ext/etc/etc.c
index 18d425a8bfd7b2..3d195e44c64928 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.c
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.c
@@ -67,8 +67,15 @@ etc_getlogin(VALUE obj)
     login = getenv("USER");
 #endif
 
-    if (login)
-	return rb_tainted_str_new2(login);
+    if (login) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	rb_encoding *extenc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+#else
+	rb_encoding *extenc = rb_locale_encoding();
+#endif
+	return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(login, strlen(login), extenc);
+    }
+
     return Qnil;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
index 2190aa907fdab1..466d77e6dd1cec 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 pkg_config("libffi")
 if ver = pkg_config("libffi", "modversion")
   ver = ver.gsub(/-rc\d+/, '') # If ver contains rc version, just ignored.
-  $defs.push(%{-DRUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION=#{ '%d%03d%03d' % ver.split('.') }})
+  ver = (ver.split('.') + [0,0])[0,3]
+  $defs.push(%{-DRUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION=#{ '%d%03d%03d' % ver }})
 end
 
 unless have_header('ffi.h')
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
index 8b948e8f2358a0..ec5ee94dcf0807 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def sizeof(ty)
         when TYPE_LONG
           return SIZEOF_LONG
         when TYPE_LONG_LONG
-          return SIZEOF_LONG_LON
+          return SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
         when TYPE_FLOAT
           return SIZEOF_FLOAT
         when TYPE_DOUBLE
diff --git a/ext/io/console/console.c b/ext/io/console/console.c
index de5ca825583bd0..85b6750c9fbf77 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/console.c
+++ b/ext/io/console/console.c
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ console_dev(VALUE klass)
 	    if ((fptr = RFILE(con)->fptr) && GetReadFD(fptr) != -1)
 		return con;
 	}
-	rb_mod_remove_const(klass, ID2SYM(id_console));
+	rb_const_remove(klass, id_console);
     }
     {
 	VALUE args[2];
diff --git a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
index f71e1b9b8f3906..52ecdd960364fa 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- ruby -*-
-_VERSION = "0.4.2"
+_VERSION = "0.4.3"
 date = %w$Date::                           $[1]
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.0.0"
   s.homepage = "http://www.ruby-lang.org"
   s.authors = ["Nobu Nakada"]
-  s.require_path = %[.]
+  s.require_path = %[lib]
   s.files = %w[console.c extconf.rb lib/console/size.rb]
   s.extensions = %w[extconf.rb]
   s.licenses = "ruby"
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/wait.c b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
index d8bb55fc475fe0..ce8cfbbeb49fb9 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/wait.c
+++ b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ io_nread(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
     len = rb_io_read_pending(fptr);
-    if (len > 0) return len;
+    if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(len);
     if (!FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fptr->fd)) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (ioctl(fptr->fd, FIONREAD, &n)) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (n > 0) return ioctl_arg2num(n);
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/parser.c b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
index df89f2c58b4cae..29335541d4fdae 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/parser.c
+++ b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ static ID i_json_creatable_p, i_json_create, i_create_id, i_create_additions,
 
 
 #line 92 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_object_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_object_first_final = 27;
-static const int JSON_object_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_object_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_object_first_final = 27};
+enum {JSON_object_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_object_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_object_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 151 "parser.rl"
@@ -467,11 +467,11 @@ case 26:
 
 
 #line 470 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_value_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_value_first_final = 21;
-static const int JSON_value_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_value_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_value_first_final = 21};
+enum {JSON_value_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_value_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_value_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 271 "parser.rl"
@@ -776,11 +776,11 @@ case 20:
 
 
 #line 779 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_integer_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_integer_first_final = 3;
-static const int JSON_integer_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_integer_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_integer_first_final = 3};
+enum {JSON_integer_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_integer_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_integer_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 295 "parser.rl"
@@ -875,11 +875,11 @@ case 5:
 
 
 #line 878 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_float_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_float_first_final = 8;
-static const int JSON_float_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_float_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_float_first_final = 8};
+enum {JSON_float_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_float_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_float_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 329 "parser.rl"
@@ -1041,11 +1041,11 @@ case 7:
 
 
 #line 1044 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_array_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_array_first_final = 17;
-static const int JSON_array_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_array_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_array_first_final = 17};
+enum {JSON_array_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_array_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_array_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 381 "parser.rl"
@@ -1373,11 +1373,11 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(VALUE result, char *string, char *stringEnd)
 
 
 #line 1376 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_string_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_string_first_final = 8;
-static const int JSON_string_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_string_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_string_first_final = 8};
+enum {JSON_string_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_string_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_string_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 494 "parser.rl"
@@ -1730,11 +1730,11 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 
 #line 1733 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_first_final = 10;
-static const int JSON_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_first_final = 10};
+enum {JSON_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 740 "parser.rl"
@@ -1904,11 +1904,11 @@ case 9:
 
 
 #line 1907 "parser.c"
-static const int JSON_quirks_mode_start = 1;
-static const int JSON_quirks_mode_first_final = 10;
-static const int JSON_quirks_mode_error = 0;
+enum {JSON_quirks_mode_start = 1};
+enum {JSON_quirks_mode_first_final = 10};
+enum {JSON_quirks_mode_error = 0};
 
-static const int JSON_quirks_mode_en_main = 1;
+enum {JSON_quirks_mode_en_main = 1};
 
 
 #line 778 "parser.rl"
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk b/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
index 440ef4017ed3d7..be7bcb43190e01 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
+++ b/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ RAGEL = ragel
 
 .rl.c:
 	$(RAGEL) -G2 $<
-	$(BASERUBY) -pli -e '$$_.sub!(/[ \t]+$$/, "")' $@
+	$(BASERUBY) -pli -e '$$_.sub!(/[ \t]+$$/, "")' \
+	-e '$$_.sub!(/^static const int (JSON_.*=.*);$$/, "enum {\\1};")' $@
 
 parser.c:
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
index 9a694d33aa1cf2..f61c3de249a228 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
@@ -152,6 +152,11 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
     ID flags[RB_OBJ_GC_FLAGS_MAX];
     size_t n, i;
 
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+	dump_append(dc, "{}");
+	return;
+    }
+
     dc->cur_obj = obj;
     dc->cur_obj_references = 0;
     dc->cur_obj_klass = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE ? 0 : RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
@@ -232,7 +237,8 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 
       case T_FILE:
 	fptr = RFILE(obj)->fptr;
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"fd\":%d", fptr->fd);
+	if (fptr)
+	    dump_append(dc, ", \"fd\":%d", fptr->fd);
 	break;
 
       case T_ZOMBIE:
diff --git a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
index e272cba092399f..fad562bf879494 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@
 have_func("SSLv2_method")
 have_func("SSLv2_server_method")
 have_func("SSLv2_client_method")
+have_func("SSLv3_method")
+have_func("SSLv3_server_method")
+have_func("SSLv3_client_method")
 have_func("TLSv1_1_method")
 have_func("TLSv1_1_server_method")
 have_func("TLSv1_1_client_method")
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
index 0600080adc9d0f..ec7a223bb27bc7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ class SSLContext
           opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_COMPRESSION if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
           opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv2 if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv2)
           opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv3 if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv3)
+          opts
         }.call
       }
 
@@ -142,8 +143,7 @@ def verify_certificate_identity(cert, hostname)
           case san.tag
           when 2 # dNSName in GeneralName (RFC5280)
             should_verify_common_name = false
-            reg = Regexp.escape(san.value).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
-            return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
+            return true if verify_hostname(hostname, san.value)
           when 7 # iPAddress in GeneralName (RFC5280)
             should_verify_common_name = false
             # follows GENERAL_NAME_print() in x509v3/v3_alt.c
@@ -158,8 +158,7 @@ def verify_certificate_identity(cert, hostname)
       if should_verify_common_name
         cert.subject.to_a.each{|oid, value|
           if oid == "CN"
-            reg = Regexp.escape(value).gsub(/\\\*/, "[^.]+")
-            return true if /\A#{reg}\z/i =~ hostname
+            return true if verify_hostname(hostname, value)
           end
         }
       end
@@ -167,12 +166,76 @@ def verify_certificate_identity(cert, hostname)
     end
     module_function :verify_certificate_identity
 
+    def verify_hostname(hostname, san) # :nodoc:
+      # RFC 5280, IA5String is limited to the set of ASCII characters
+      return false unless san.ascii_only?
+      return false unless hostname.ascii_only?
+
+      # See RFC 6125, section 6.4.1
+      # Matching is case-insensitive.
+      san_parts = san.downcase.split(".")
+
+      # TODO: this behavior should probably be more strict
+      return san == hostname if san_parts.size < 2
+
+      # Matching is case-insensitive.
+      host_parts = hostname.downcase.split(".")
+
+      # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 2.
+      # If the wildcard character is the only character of the left-most
+      # label in the presented identifier, the client SHOULD NOT compare
+      # against anything but the left-most label of the reference
+      # identifier (e.g., *.example.com would match foo.example.com but
+      # not bar.foo.example.com or example.com).
+      return false unless san_parts.size == host_parts.size
+
+      # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+      # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in
+      # which the wildcard character comprises a label other than the
+      # left-most label (e.g., do not match bar.*.example.net).
+      return false unless verify_wildcard(host_parts.shift, san_parts.shift)
+
+      san_parts.join(".") == host_parts.join(".")
+    end
+    module_function :verify_hostname
+
+    def verify_wildcard(domain_component, san_component) # :nodoc:
+      parts = san_component.split("*", -1)
+
+      return false if parts.size > 2
+      return san_component == domain_component if parts.size == 1
+
+      # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+      # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+      # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+      # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+      return false if domain_component.start_with?("xn--") && san_component != "*"
+
+      parts[0].length + parts[1].length < domain_component.length &&
+      domain_component.start_with?(parts[0]) &&
+      domain_component.end_with?(parts[1])
+    end
+    module_function :verify_wildcard
+
     class SSLSocket
       include Buffering
       include SocketForwarder
       include Nonblock
 
+      ##
+      # Perform hostname verification after an SSL connection is established
+      #
+      # This method MUST be called after calling #connect to ensure that the
+      # hostname of a remote peer has been verified.
       def post_connection_check(hostname)
+        if peer_cert.nil?
+          msg = "Peer verification enabled, but no certificate received."
+          if using_anon_cipher?
+            msg += " Anonymous cipher suite #{cipher[0]} was negotiated. Anonymous suites must be disabled to use peer verification."
+          end
+          raise SSLError, msg
+        end
+
         unless OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(peer_cert, hostname)
           raise SSLError, "hostname \"#{hostname}\" does not match the server certificate"
         end
@@ -184,6 +247,14 @@ def session
       rescue SSL::Session::SessionError
         nil
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def using_anon_cipher?
+        ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+        ctx.ciphers = "aNULL"
+        ctx.ciphers.include?(cipher)
+      end
     end
 
     ##
@@ -225,7 +296,10 @@ def shutdown(how=Socket::SHUT_RDWR)
 
       # Works similar to TCPServer#accept.
       def accept
-        sock = @svr.accept
+        # Socket#accept returns [socket, addrinfo].
+        # TCPServer#accept returns a socket.
+        # The following comma strips addrinfo.
+        sock, = @svr.accept
         begin
           ssl = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(sock, @ctx)
           ssl.sync_close = true
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
index 50f1db7cf790c6..5104987c465723 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
@@ -1082,6 +1082,11 @@ Init_openssl()
      */
     rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_VERSION", rb_str_new2(OPENSSL_VERSION_TEXT));
 
+    /*
+     * Version of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension is running with
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION", rb_str_new2(SSLeay_version(SSLEAY_VERSION)));
+
     /*
      * Version number of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
      * (base 16)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index c2344affa69145..ae8c894261f659 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
     unsigned char *p;
-    volatile VALUE tmp;
+    VALUE tmp;
     long len, read = 0, offset = 0;
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
@@ -1037,6 +1037,7 @@ ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, len, &offset, 0, 1, &read);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1058,7 +1059,7 @@ ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     unsigned char *p;
-    volatile VALUE tmp;
+    VALUE tmp;
     long len, read = 0, offset = 0;
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
@@ -1066,6 +1067,7 @@ ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
     p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, len, &offset, 0, 0, &read);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
     return ret;
 }
@@ -1089,7 +1091,7 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
     VALUE ary, val;
     unsigned char *p;
     long len, tmp_len = 0, read = 0, offset = 0;
-    volatile VALUE tmp;
+    VALUE tmp;
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
@@ -1104,6 +1106,7 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 	read += tmp_read;
 	tmp_len -= tmp_read;
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1150,7 +1153,7 @@ ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
 	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
-	if(SYM2ID(tagging) == sIMPLICIT && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
+	if(!NIL_P(tagging) && SYM2ID(tagging) == sIMPLICIT && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
 	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number for Universal too large");
     }
     else{
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index df6fd108878b40..0fa740e1cb3638 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -329,6 +329,33 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static int
+ossl_cipher_update_long(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, long *out_len_ptr,
+			const unsigned char *in, long in_len)
+{
+    int out_part_len;
+    long out_len = 0;
+#define UPDATE_LENGTH_LIMIT INT_MAX
+
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > UPDATE_LENGTH_LIMIT
+    if (in_len > UPDATE_LENGTH_LIMIT) {
+	const int in_part_len = (UPDATE_LENGTH_LIMIT / 2 + 1) & ~1;
+	do {
+	    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, out ? (out + out_len) : 0,
+				  &out_part_len, in, in_part_len))
+		return 0;
+	    out_len += out_part_len;
+	    in += in_part_len;
+	} while ((in_len -= in_part_len) > UPDATE_LENGTH_LIMIT);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, out ? (out + out_len) : 0,
+			  &out_part_len, in, (int)in_len))
+	return 0;
+    if (out_len_ptr) *out_len_ptr = out_len += out_part_len;
+    return 1;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     cipher.update(data [, buffer]) -> string or buffer
@@ -347,17 +374,21 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     unsigned char *in;
-    int in_len, out_len;
+    long in_len, out_len;
     VALUE data, str;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &data, &str);
 
     StringValue(data);
     in = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data);
-    if ((in_len = RSTRING_LENINT(data)) == 0)
+    if ((in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data)) == 0)
         ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "data must not be empty");
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     out_len = in_len+EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx);
+    if (out_len <= 0) {
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRangeError,
+		   "data too big to make output buffer: %ld bytes", in_len);
+    }
 
     if (NIL_P(str)) {
         str = rb_str_new(0, out_len);
@@ -366,7 +397,7 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         rb_str_resize(str, out_len);
     }
 
-    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
+    if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     assert(out_len < RSTRING_LEN(str));
     rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
@@ -506,17 +537,16 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 {
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
     unsigned char *in;
-    int in_len;
-    int out_len;
+    long in_len, out_len;
 
     StringValue(data);
 
     in = (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(data);
-    in_len = RSTRING_LENINT(data);
+    in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, NULL, &out_len, in, in_len))
+    if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, NULL, &out_len, in, in_len))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "couldn't set additional authenticated data");
 
     return data;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index 206470cbfe90f0..b21141c9f16cb2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -134,9 +134,12 @@ struct {
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv2_server),
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv2_client),
 #endif
+#if defined(HAVE_SSLV3_METHOD) && defined(HAVE_SSLV3_SERVER_METHOD) && \
+        defined(HAVE_SSLV3_CLIENT_METHOD)
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv3),
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv3_server),
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv3_client),
+#endif
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv23),
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv23_server),
     OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv23_client),
diff --git a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
index 46fa72b7849062..8bce81ea1046bf 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
+++ b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ class Pathname
   end
 
   SAME_PATHS = if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
-    proc {|a, b| a.casecmp(b).zero?}
+    # Avoid #zero? here because #casecmp can return nil.
+    proc {|a, b| a.casecmp(b) == 0}
   else
     proc {|a, b| a == b}
   end
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ def cleanpath_aggressive # :nodoc:
         end
       end
     end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
     if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ File.basename(pre)
       names.shift while names[0] == '..'
     end
@@ -161,6 +163,7 @@ def cleanpath_conservative # :nodoc:
       pre, base = r
       names.unshift base if base != '.'
     end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
     if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ File.basename(pre)
       names.shift while names[0] == '..'
     end
diff --git a/ext/pty/pty.c b/ext/pty/pty.c
index f54bbb52e58a91..fa8b86923c0575 100644
--- a/ext/pty/pty.c
+++ b/ext/pty/pty.c
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     if ((slavefd = rb_cloexec_open(slavedevice, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY, 0)) == -1) goto error;
     rb_update_max_fd(slavefd);
 
-#if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__)
+#if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__) && !defined(_AIX)
     if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
     if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
     if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ttcompat") == -1) goto error;
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     if (no_mesg(slavedevice, nomesg) == -1) goto error;
     if((slavefd = rb_cloexec_open(slavedevice, O_RDWR, 0)) == -1) goto error;
     rb_update_max_fd(slavefd);
-#if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__)
+#if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__) && !defined(_AIX)
     if(ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
     if(ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
     ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ttcompat");
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c b/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
index 847eb2aaf6b2cf..d810befbce4ee5 100644
--- a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
+++ b/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
  * core routines
  */
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
-#include "ruby/defines.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -803,7 +802,7 @@ delpair(char *pag, datum key)
 		}
 #else
 #ifdef MEMMOVE
-		memmove(dst, src, m);
+		memmove(dst-m, src-m, m);
 #else
 		while (m--)
 			*--dst = *--src;
diff --git a/ext/socket/ancdata.c b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
index bbbf985e2834e1..cb7fca413a351f 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ancdata.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock, int nonblock)
     struct msghdr mh;
     struct iovec iov;
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
-    volatile VALUE controls_str = 0;
+    VALUE controls_str = 0;
     VALUE *controls_ptr = NULL;
     int family;
 #endif
@@ -1289,6 +1289,9 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock, int nonblock)
             rb_readwrite_sys_fail(RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE, "sendmsg(2) would block");
 	rb_sys_fail("sendmsg(2)");
     }
+#if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
+    RB_GC_GUARD(controls_str);
+#endif
 
     return SSIZET2NUM(ss);
 }
@@ -1705,6 +1708,7 @@ bsock_recvmsg_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock, int nonblock)
                 discard_cmsg(cmh, msg_end, (flags & MSG_PEEK) != 0);
             rb_ary_push(ret, ctl);
         }
+        RB_GC_GUARD(ctl_str);
     }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/extconf.rb b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
index f3be5862f0089f..6c61324e383890 100644
--- a/ext/socket/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ def test_recvmsg_with_msg_peek_creates_fds(headers)
 
 have_struct_member("struct sockaddr", "sa_len", headers) # 4.4BSD
 have_struct_member("struct sockaddr_in", "sin_len", headers) # 4.4BSD
+have_struct_member("struct sockaddr_in6", "sin6_len", headers) # 4.4BSD
 
 if have_type("struct sockaddr_un", headers) # POSIX
   have_struct_member("struct sockaddr_un", "sun_len", headers) # 4.4BSD
diff --git a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
index a17d12b70559f4..68f610e807fb15 100644
--- a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
@@ -593,6 +593,7 @@ get_addr(const char *hostname, int af, struct addrinfo **res, struct addrinfo *p
 	} else
 		hp = getipnodebyname(hostname, af, AI_ADDRCONFIG, &h_error);
 #else
+	if (strlen(hostname) >= NI_MAXHOST) ERR(EAI_NODATA);
 	hp = gethostbyname((char*)hostname);
 	h_error = h_errno;
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
index 7b198bd154727c..16a83734bb514f 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ struct inetsock_arg
     VALUE sock;
     struct {
 	VALUE host, serv;
-	struct addrinfo *res;
+	struct rb_addrinfo *res;
     } remote, local;
     int type;
     int fd;
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ static VALUE
 inetsock_cleanup(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 {
     if (arg->remote.res) {
-	freeaddrinfo(arg->remote.res);
+	rb_freeaddrinfo(arg->remote.res);
 	arg->remote.res = 0;
     }
     if (arg->local.res) {
-	freeaddrinfo(arg->local.res);
+	rb_freeaddrinfo(arg->local.res);
 	arg->local.res = 0;
     }
     if (arg->fd >= 0) {
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ inetsock_cleanup(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 static VALUE
 init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 {
+    int error = 0;
     int type = arg->type;
     struct addrinfo *res, *lres;
     int fd, status = 0, local = 0;
@@ -57,14 +58,14 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
     }
 
     arg->fd = fd = -1;
-    for (res = arg->remote.res; res; res = res->ai_next) {
+    for (res = arg->remote.res->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
 #if !defined(INET6) && defined(AF_INET6)
 	if (res->ai_family == AF_INET6)
 	    continue;
 #endif
         lres = NULL;
         if (arg->local.res) {
-            for (lres = arg->local.res; lres; lres = lres->ai_next) {
+            for (lres = arg->local.res->ai; lres; lres = lres->ai_next) {
                 if (lres->ai_family == res->ai_family)
                     break;
             }
@@ -73,13 +74,14 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
                     continue;
                 /* Use a different family local address if no choice, this
                  * will cause EAFNOSUPPORT. */
-                lres = arg->local.res;
+                lres = arg->local.res->ai;
             }
         }
 	status = rsock_socket(res->ai_family,res->ai_socktype,res->ai_protocol);
 	syscall = "socket(2)";
 	fd = status;
 	if (fd < 0) {
+	    error = errno;
 	    continue;
 	}
 	arg->fd = fd;
@@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 	}
 
 	if (status < 0) {
+	    error = errno;
 	    close(fd);
 	    arg->fd = fd = -1;
 	    continue;
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 	    port = arg->remote.serv;
 	}
 
-	rsock_sys_fail_host_port(syscall, host, port);
+	rsock_syserr_fail_host_port(error, syscall, host, port);
     }
 
     arg->fd = -1;
@@ -132,8 +135,9 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
     if (type == INET_SERVER) {
 	status = listen(fd, SOMAXCONN);
 	if (status < 0) {
+	    error = errno;
 	    close(fd);
-            rb_sys_fail("listen(2)");
+	    rb_syserr_fail(error, "listen(2)");
 	}
     }
 
@@ -304,13 +308,14 @@ static VALUE
 ip_s_getaddress(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
     union_sockaddr addr;
-    struct addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    socklen_t len = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
 
     /* just take the first one */
-    memcpy(&addr, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    memcpy(&addr, res->ai->ai_addr, len);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
 
-    return rsock_make_ipaddr(&addr.addr, res->ai_addrlen);
+    return rsock_make_ipaddr(&addr.addr, len);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
index 109fcccae84767..66b59760026134 100644
--- a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
@@ -171,24 +171,140 @@ nogvl_getaddrinfo(void *arg)
 }
 #endif
 
+static int
+numeric_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service,
+        const struct addrinfo *hints,
+        struct addrinfo **res)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_INET_PTON
+# if defined __MINGW64__
+#   define inet_pton(f,s,d)        rb_w32_inet_pton(f,s,d)
+# endif
+
+    if (node && (!service || strspn(service, "0123456789") == strlen(service))) {
+	static const struct {
+	    int socktype;
+	    int protocol;
+	} list[] = {
+	    { SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP },
+	    { SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP },
+	    { SOCK_RAW, 0 }
+	};
+	struct addrinfo *ai = NULL;
+        int port = service ? (unsigned short)atoi(service): 0;
+        int hint_family = hints ? hints->ai_family : PF_UNSPEC;
+        int hint_socktype = hints ? hints->ai_socktype : 0;
+        int hint_protocol = hints ? hints->ai_protocol : 0;
+        char ipv4addr[4];
+#ifdef AF_INET6
+        char ipv6addr[16];
+        if ((hint_family == PF_UNSPEC || hint_family == PF_INET6) &&
+            strspn(node, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF.:") == strlen(node) &&
+            inet_pton(AF_INET6, node, ipv6addr)) {
+            int i;
+            for (i = numberof(list)-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
+                if ((hint_socktype == 0 || hint_socktype == list[i].socktype) &&
+                    (hint_protocol == 0 || list[i].protocol == 0 || hint_protocol == list[i].protocol)) {
+                    struct addrinfo *ai0 = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
+                    struct sockaddr_in6 *sa = xmalloc(sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
+                    INIT_SOCKADDR_IN6(sa, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
+                    memcpy(&sa->sin6_addr, ipv6addr, sizeof(ipv6addr));
+                    sa->sin6_port = htons(port);
+                    ai0->ai_family = PF_INET6;
+                    ai0->ai_socktype = list[i].socktype;
+                    ai0->ai_protocol = hint_protocol ? hint_protocol : list[i].protocol;
+                    ai0->ai_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+                    ai0->ai_addr = (struct sockaddr *)sa;
+                    ai0->ai_canonname = NULL;
+                    ai0->ai_next = ai;
+                    ai = ai0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+#endif
+        if ((hint_family == PF_UNSPEC || hint_family == PF_INET) &&
+            strspn(node, "0123456789.") == strlen(node) &&
+            inet_pton(AF_INET, node, ipv4addr)) {
+            int i;
+            for (i = numberof(list)-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
+                if ((hint_socktype == 0 || hint_socktype == list[i].socktype) &&
+                    (hint_protocol == 0 || list[i].protocol == 0 || hint_protocol == list[i].protocol)) {
+                    struct addrinfo *ai0 = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
+                    struct sockaddr_in *sa = xmalloc(sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
+                    INIT_SOCKADDR_IN(sa, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
+                    memcpy(&sa->sin_addr, ipv4addr, sizeof(ipv4addr));
+                    sa->sin_port = htons(port);
+                    ai0->ai_family = PF_INET;
+                    ai0->ai_socktype = list[i].socktype;
+                    ai0->ai_protocol = hint_protocol ? hint_protocol : list[i].protocol;
+                    ai0->ai_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+                    ai0->ai_addr = (struct sockaddr *)sa;
+                    ai0->ai_canonname = NULL;
+                    ai0->ai_next = ai;
+                    ai = ai0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (ai) {
+            *res = ai;
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    return EAI_FAIL;
+}
+
 int
 rb_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service,
                const struct addrinfo *hints,
-               struct addrinfo **res)
+               struct rb_addrinfo **res)
 {
+    struct addrinfo *ai;
+    int ret;
+    int allocated_by_malloc = 0;
+
+    ret = numeric_getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, &ai);
+    if (ret == 0)
+        allocated_by_malloc = 1;
+    else {
 #ifdef GETADDRINFO_EMU
-    return getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, res);
+        ret = getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, &ai);
 #else
-    struct getaddrinfo_arg arg;
-    int ret;
-    MEMZERO(&arg, sizeof arg, 1);
-    arg.node = node;
-    arg.service = service;
-    arg.hints = hints;
-    arg.res = res;
-    ret = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_getaddrinfo, &arg, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
-    return ret;
+        struct getaddrinfo_arg arg;
+        MEMZERO(&arg, struct getaddrinfo_arg, 1);
+        arg.node = node;
+        arg.service = service;
+        arg.hints = hints;
+        arg.res = &ai;
+        ret = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_getaddrinfo, &arg, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
 #endif
+    }
+
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        *res = (struct rb_addrinfo *)xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_addrinfo));
+        (*res)->allocated_by_malloc = allocated_by_malloc;
+        (*res)->ai = ai;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void
+rb_freeaddrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *ai)
+{
+    if (!ai->allocated_by_malloc)
+        freeaddrinfo(ai->ai);
+    else {
+        struct addrinfo *ai1, *ai2;
+        ai1 = ai->ai;
+        while (ai1) {
+            ai2 = ai1->ai_next;
+            xfree(ai1->ai_addr);
+            xfree(ai1);
+            ai1 = ai2;
+        }
+    }
+    xfree(ai);
 }
 
 #ifndef GETADDRINFO_EMU
@@ -345,10 +461,10 @@ port_str(VALUE port, char *pbuf, size_t pbuflen, int *flags_ptr)
     }
 }
 
-struct addrinfo*
+struct rb_addrinfo*
 rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack)
 {
-    struct addrinfo* res = NULL;
+    struct rb_addrinfo* res = NULL;
     char *hostp, *portp;
     int error;
     char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], pbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
@@ -373,7 +489,7 @@ rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_h
     return res;
 }
 
-struct addrinfo*
+struct rb_addrinfo*
 rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int socktype, int flags)
 {
     struct addrinfo hints;
@@ -474,7 +590,7 @@ rsock_unix_sockaddr_len(VALUE path)
 
 struct hostent_arg {
     VALUE host;
-    struct addrinfo* addr;
+    struct rb_addrinfo* addr;
     VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr*, socklen_t);
 };
 
@@ -482,7 +598,7 @@ static VALUE
 make_hostent_internal(struct hostent_arg *arg)
 {
     VALUE host = arg->host;
-    struct addrinfo* addr = arg->addr;
+    struct addrinfo* addr = arg->addr->ai;
     VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr*, socklen_t) = arg->ipaddr;
 
     struct addrinfo *ai;
@@ -501,7 +617,8 @@ make_hostent_internal(struct hostent_arg *arg)
     }
     rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new2(hostp));
 
-    if (addr->ai_canonname && (h = gethostbyname(addr->ai_canonname))) {
+    if (addr->ai_canonname && strlen(addr->ai_canonname) < NI_MAXHOST &&
+	(h = gethostbyname(addr->ai_canonname))) {
         names = rb_ary_new();
         if (h->h_aliases != NULL) {
             for (pch = h->h_aliases; *pch; pch++) {
@@ -522,14 +639,15 @@ make_hostent_internal(struct hostent_arg *arg)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rsock_freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *addr)
+rsock_freeaddrinfo(VALUE arg)
 {
-    freeaddrinfo(addr);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *addr = (struct rb_addrinfo *)arg;
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(addr);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rsock_make_hostent(VALUE host, struct addrinfo *addr, VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t))
+rsock_make_hostent(VALUE host, struct rb_addrinfo *addr, VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t))
 {
     struct hostent_arg arg;
 
@@ -639,12 +757,13 @@ rsock_addrinfo_new(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len,
     return a;
 }
 
-static struct addrinfo *
+static struct rb_addrinfo *
 call_getaddrinfo(VALUE node, VALUE service,
                  VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags,
                  int socktype_hack)
 {
-    struct addrinfo hints, *res;
+    struct addrinfo hints;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res;
 
     MEMZERO(&hints, struct addrinfo, 1);
     hints.ai_family = NIL_P(family) ? PF_UNSPEC : rsock_family_arg(family);
@@ -672,21 +791,21 @@ init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE node, VALUE service,
                           VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags,
                           VALUE inspectnode, VALUE inspectservice)
 {
-    struct addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 1);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 1);
     VALUE canonname;
-    VALUE inspectname = rb_str_equal(node, inspectnode) ? Qnil : make_inspectname(inspectnode, inspectservice, res);
+    VALUE inspectname = rb_str_equal(node, inspectnode) ? Qnil : make_inspectname(inspectnode, inspectservice, res->ai);
 
     canonname = Qnil;
-    if (res->ai_canonname) {
-        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai_canonname);
+    if (res->ai->ai_canonname) {
+        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
         OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
     }
 
-    init_addrinfo(rai, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen,
+    init_addrinfo(rai, res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen,
                   NUM2INT(family), NUM2INT(socktype), NUM2INT(protocol),
                   canonname, inspectname);
 
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -742,21 +861,22 @@ addrinfo_firstonly_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype,
     VALUE canonname;
     VALUE inspectname;
 
-    struct addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
 
-    inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res);
+    inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res->ai);
 
     canonname = Qnil;
-    if (res->ai_canonname) {
-        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai_canonname);
+    if (res->ai->ai_canonname) {
+        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
         OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
     }
 
-    ret = rsock_addrinfo_new(res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen,
-                             res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol,
+    ret = rsock_addrinfo_new(res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen,
+                             res->ai->ai_family, res->ai->ai_socktype,
+                             res->ai->ai_protocol,
                              canonname, inspectname);
 
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -767,12 +887,12 @@ addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE
     struct addrinfo *r;
     VALUE inspectname;
 
-    struct addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
 
-    inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res);
+    inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res->ai);
 
     ret = rb_ary_new();
-    for (r = res; r; r = r->ai_next) {
+    for (r = res->ai; r; r = r->ai_next) {
         VALUE addr;
         VALUE canonname = Qnil;
 
@@ -788,7 +908,7 @@ addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE
         rb_ary_push(ret, addr);
     }
 
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1513,7 +1633,7 @@ addrinfo_mload(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
       default:
       {
         VALUE pair = rb_convert_type(v, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-        struct addrinfo *res;
+        struct rb_addrinfo *res;
         int flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
 #ifdef AI_NUMERICSERV
         flags |= AI_NUMERICSERV;
@@ -1522,8 +1642,9 @@ addrinfo_mload(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
                                INT2NUM(pfamily), INT2NUM(socktype), INT2NUM(protocol),
                                INT2NUM(flags), 1);
 
-        len = res->ai_addrlen;
-        memcpy(&ss, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
+        len = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
+        memcpy(&ss, res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen);
+        rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
         break;
       }
     }
diff --git a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
index c74fb326ec16c4..a4893d9698bd39 100644
--- a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
+++ b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
@@ -278,10 +278,16 @@ int rsock_shutdown_how_arg(VALUE how);
 
 int rsock_getfamily(int sockfd);
 
-int rb_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);
+struct rb_addrinfo {
+  struct addrinfo *ai;
+  int allocated_by_malloc;
+};
+int rb_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct rb_addrinfo **res);
+void rb_freeaddrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *ai);
+VALUE rsock_freeaddrinfo(VALUE arg);
 int rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, size_t hostlen, char *serv, size_t servlen, int flags);
-struct addrinfo *rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int socktype, int flags);
-struct addrinfo *rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack);
+struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int socktype, int flags);
+struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack);
 VALUE rsock_fd_socket_addrinfo(int fd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 VALUE rsock_io_socket_addrinfo(VALUE io, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 
@@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ VALUE rsock_addrinfo_inspect_sockaddr(VALUE rai);
 
 VALUE rsock_make_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
 VALUE rsock_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t sockaddrlen, int norevlookup);
-VALUE rsock_make_hostent(VALUE host, struct addrinfo *addr, VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t));
+VALUE rsock_make_hostent(VALUE host, struct rb_addrinfo *addr, VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t));
 VALUE rsock_inspect_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t socklen, VALUE ret);
 socklen_t rsock_sockaddr_len(struct sockaddr *addr);
 VALUE rsock_sockaddr_obj(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
diff --git a/ext/socket/socket.c b/ext/socket/socket.c
index ca256b6733a109..05924323bab807 100644
--- a/ext/socket/socket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/socket.c
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ sock_gethostname(VALUE obj)
 #endif
 
 static VALUE
-make_addrinfo(struct addrinfo *res0, int norevlookup)
+make_addrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *res0, int norevlookup)
 {
     VALUE base, ary;
     struct addrinfo *res;
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ make_addrinfo(struct addrinfo *res0, int norevlookup)
 	rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "host not found");
     }
     base = rb_ary_new();
-    for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
+    for (res = res0->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
 	ary = rsock_ipaddr(res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, norevlookup);
 	if (res->ai_canonname) {
 	    RARRAY_PTR(ary)[2] = rb_str_new2(res->ai_canonname);
@@ -1261,7 +1261,8 @@ static VALUE
 sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     VALUE host, port, family, socktype, protocol, flags, ret, revlookup;
-    struct addrinfo hints, *res;
+    struct addrinfo hints;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res;
     int norevlookup;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "25", &host, &port, &family, &socktype, &protocol, &flags, &revlookup);
@@ -1284,7 +1285,7 @@ sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0);
 
     ret = make_addrinfo(res, norevlookup);
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1317,8 +1318,9 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     char *hptr, *pptr;
     char hbuf[1024], pbuf[1024];
     int fl;
-    struct addrinfo hints, *res = NULL, *r;
-    int error;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = NULL;
+    struct addrinfo hints, *r;
+    int error, saved_errno;
     union_sockaddr ss;
     struct sockaddr *sap;
     socklen_t salen;
@@ -1402,8 +1404,8 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
         hints.ai_family = NIL_P(af) ? PF_UNSPEC : rsock_family_arg(af);
 	error = rb_getaddrinfo(hptr, pptr, &hints, &res);
 	if (error) goto error_exit_addr;
-	sap = res->ai_addr;
-        salen = res->ai_addrlen;
+	sap = res->ai->ai_addr;
+        salen = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
     }
     else {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expecting String or Array");
@@ -1414,7 +1416,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 			   pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), fl);
     if (error) goto error_exit_name;
     if (res) {
-	for (r = res->ai_next; r; r = r->ai_next) {
+	for (r = res->ai->ai_next; r; r = r->ai_next) {
 	    char hbuf2[1024], pbuf2[1024];
 
 	    sap = r->ai_addr;
@@ -1423,20 +1425,24 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 				   pbuf2, sizeof(pbuf2), fl);
 	    if (error) goto error_exit_name;
 	    if (strcmp(hbuf, hbuf2) != 0|| strcmp(pbuf, pbuf2) != 0) {
-		freeaddrinfo(res);
+		rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
 		rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "sockaddr resolved to multiple nodename");
 	    }
 	}
-	freeaddrinfo(res);
+	rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
     }
     return rb_assoc_new(rb_str_new2(hbuf), rb_str_new2(pbuf));
 
   error_exit_addr:
-    if (res) freeaddrinfo(res);
+    saved_errno = errno;
+    if (res) rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
+    errno = saved_errno;
     rsock_raise_socket_error("getaddrinfo", error);
 
   error_exit_name:
-    if (res) freeaddrinfo(res);
+    saved_errno = errno;
+    if (res) rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
+    errno = saved_errno;
     rsock_raise_socket_error("getnameinfo", error);
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1459,10 +1465,10 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 static VALUE
 sock_s_pack_sockaddr_in(VALUE self, VALUE port, VALUE host)
 {
-    struct addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, 0, 0);
-    VALUE addr = rb_str_new((char*)res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, 0, 0);
+    VALUE addr = rb_str_new((char*)res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen);
 
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
     OBJ_INFECT(addr, port);
     OBJ_INFECT(addr, host);
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/sockport.h b/ext/socket/sockport.h
index a3c698e8a4b24f..2b58958ae7b5a3 100644
--- a/ext/socket/sockport.h
+++ b/ext/socket/sockport.h
@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@
 # define SET_SIN_LEN(sa, len) SET_SA_LEN((struct sockaddr *)(sa), (len))
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6_SIN6_LEN
+# define SET_SIN6_LEN(sa, len) (void)((sa)->sin6_len = (len))
+#else
+# define SET_SIN6_LEN(sa, len) SET_SA_LEN((struct sockaddr *)(sa), (len))
+#endif
+
 #define INIT_SOCKADDR(addr, family, len) \
   do { \
     struct sockaddr *init_sockaddr_ptr = (addr); \
@@ -47,6 +53,15 @@
     SET_SIN_LEN(init_sockaddr_ptr, init_sockaddr_len); \
   } while (0)
 
+#define INIT_SOCKADDR_IN6(addr, len) \
+  do { \
+    struct sockaddr_in6 *init_sockaddr_ptr = (addr); \
+    socklen_t init_sockaddr_len = (len); \
+    memset(init_sockaddr_ptr, 0, init_sockaddr_len); \
+    init_sockaddr_ptr->sin6_family = AF_INET6; \
+    SET_SIN6_LEN(init_sockaddr_ptr, init_sockaddr_len); \
+  } while (0)
+
 
 /* for strict-aliasing rule */
 #ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
diff --git a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
index a89c453239085c..761b11a2981c48 100644
--- a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ udp_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 
 struct udp_arg
 {
-    struct addrinfo *res;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res;
     int fd;
 };
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ udp_connect_internal(struct udp_arg *arg)
     int fd = arg->fd;
     struct addrinfo *res;
 
-    for (res = arg->res; res; res = res->ai_next) {
+    for (res = arg->res->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
 	if (rsock_connect(fd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, 0) >= 0) {
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ udp_connect_internal(struct udp_arg *arg)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-VALUE rsock_freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *addr);
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   udpsocket.connect(host, port) => 0
@@ -113,19 +111,20 @@ static VALUE
 udp_bind(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE port)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct addrinfo *res0, *res;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res0;
+    struct addrinfo *res;
 
     rb_secure(3);
     res0 = rsock_addrinfo(host, port, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
-    for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
+    for (res = res0->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
 	if (bind(fptr->fd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
 	    continue;
 	}
-	freeaddrinfo(res0);
+	rb_freeaddrinfo(res0);
 	return INT2FIX(0);
     }
-    freeaddrinfo(res0);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res0);
 
     rsock_sys_fail_host_port("bind(2)", host, port);
 
@@ -160,7 +159,8 @@ udp_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     VALUE flags, host, port;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int n;
-    struct addrinfo *res0, *res;
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res0;
+    struct addrinfo *res;
     struct rsock_send_arg arg;
 
     if (argc == 2 || argc == 3) {
@@ -173,21 +173,21 @@ udp_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     arg.fd = fptr->fd;
     arg.flags = NUM2INT(flags);
-    for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
+    for (res = res0->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
       retry:
 	arg.to = res->ai_addr;
 	arg.tolen = res->ai_addrlen;
 	rb_thread_fd_writable(arg.fd);
 	n = (int)BLOCKING_REGION_FD(rsock_sendto_blocking, &arg);
 	if (n >= 0) {
-	    freeaddrinfo(res0);
+	    rb_freeaddrinfo(res0);
 	    return INT2FIX(n);
 	}
 	if (rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd)) {
 	    goto retry;
 	}
     }
-    freeaddrinfo(res0);
+    rb_freeaddrinfo(res0);
     rsock_sys_fail_host_port("sendto(2)", host, port);
     return INT2FIX(n);
 }
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.c b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
index 3fef619de62213..55563c3a69e009 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/stringio.c
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
@@ -1169,13 +1169,13 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     struct StringIO *ptr = writable(self);
     long len, olen;
     rb_encoding *enc, *enc2;
+    rb_encoding *const ascii8bit = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 
-    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
 	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
     enc = rb_enc_get(ptr->string);
     enc2 = rb_enc_get(str);
-    if (enc != enc2 && enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) {
+    if (enc != enc2 && enc != ascii8bit) {
 	str = rb_str_conv_enc(str, enc2, enc);
     }
     len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
@@ -1186,7 +1186,13 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 	ptr->pos = olen;
     }
     if (ptr->pos == olen) {
-	rb_enc_str_buf_cat(ptr->string, RSTRING_PTR(str), len, enc);
+	if (enc == ascii8bit || enc2 == ascii8bit) {
+	    rb_enc_str_buf_cat(ptr->string, RSTRING_PTR(str), len, enc);
+	    OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, str);
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_str_buf_append(ptr->string, str);
+	}
     }
     else {
 	strio_extend(ptr, ptr->pos, len);
@@ -1194,6 +1200,7 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 	OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, str);
     }
     OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, self);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
     ptr->pos += len;
     return LONG2NUM(len);
 }
@@ -1233,17 +1240,17 @@ static VALUE
 strio_putc(VALUE self, VALUE ch)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = writable(self);
-    int c = NUM2CHR(ch);
-    long olen;
+    VALUE str;
 
     check_modifiable(ptr);
-    olen = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
-    if (ptr->flags & FMODE_APPEND) {
-	ptr->pos = olen;
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(ch, T_STRING)) {
+	str = rb_str_substr(ch, 0, 1);
     }
-    strio_extend(ptr, ptr->pos, 1);
-    RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)[ptr->pos++] = c;
-    OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, self);
+    else {
+	char c = NUM2CHR(ch);
+	str = rb_str_new(&c, 1);
+    }
+    strio_write(self, str);
     return ch;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/thread/thread.c b/ext/thread/thread.c
index c409b36da2c0ba..c54396b927a54f 100644
--- a/ext/thread/thread.c
+++ b/ext/thread/thread.c
@@ -11,14 +11,24 @@ enum {
     SZQUEUE_MAX     = 3
 };
 
-#define GET_CONDVAR_WAITERS(cv) RSTRUCT_GET((cv), CONDVAR_WAITERS)
+#define GET_CONDVAR_WAITERS(cv) get_array((cv), CONDVAR_WAITERS)
 
-#define GET_QUEUE_QUE(q)        RSTRUCT_GET((q), QUEUE_QUE)
-#define GET_QUEUE_WAITERS(q)    RSTRUCT_GET((q), QUEUE_WAITERS)
-#define GET_SZQUEUE_WAITERS(q)  RSTRUCT_GET((q), SZQUEUE_WAITERS)
+#define GET_QUEUE_QUE(q)        get_array((q), QUEUE_QUE)
+#define GET_QUEUE_WAITERS(q)    get_array((q), QUEUE_WAITERS)
+#define GET_SZQUEUE_WAITERS(q)  get_array((q), SZQUEUE_WAITERS)
 #define GET_SZQUEUE_MAX(q)      RSTRUCT_GET((q), SZQUEUE_MAX)
 #define GET_SZQUEUE_ULONGMAX(q) NUM2ULONG(GET_SZQUEUE_MAX(q))
 
+static VALUE
+get_array(VALUE obj, int idx)
+{
+    VALUE ary = RSTRUCT_GET(obj, idx);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" not initialized", obj);
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 ary_buf_new(void)
 {
@@ -534,6 +544,13 @@ rb_szqueue_num_waiting(VALUE self)
 #define UNDER_THREAD 1
 #endif
 
+static VALUE
+undumpable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't dump %"PRIsVALUE, rb_obj_class(obj));
+    UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
 void
 Init_thread(void)
 {
@@ -572,11 +589,15 @@ Init_thread(void)
     id_sleep = rb_intern("sleep");
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "initialize", rb_condvar_initialize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "marshal_dump", undumpable, 0);
+    rb_undef_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "initialize_copy");
     rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "wait", rb_condvar_wait, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "signal", rb_condvar_signal, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cConditionVariable, "broadcast", rb_condvar_broadcast, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "initialize", rb_queue_initialize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "marshal_dump", undumpable, 0);
+    rb_undef_method(rb_cQueue, "initialize_copy");
     rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "push", rb_queue_push, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "pop", rb_queue_pop, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cQueue, "empty?", rb_queue_empty_p, 0);
diff --git a/ext/tk/extconf.rb b/ext/tk/extconf.rb
index 6e2ddb79e6b6ed..00980ddaffd834 100644
--- a/ext/tk/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/extconf.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
   # %w[8.9 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.6 4.2]
   # %w[8.7 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0]
   # %w[8.7 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.0] # to shorten search steps
-  %w[8.5 8.4] # At present, Tcl/Tk8.6 is not supported.
+  %w[8.6 8.5 8.4]
 
 TkLib_Config['unsupported_versions'] =
-  %w[8.8 8.7 8.6] # At present, Tcl/Tk8.6 is not supported.
+  %w[8.8 8.7]
 
 TkLib_Config['major_nums'] = '87'
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
index 5bac92e47c4d9b..65ab57311e9335 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
@@ -1309,8 +1309,12 @@ def status.value=(val)
           end
 
           unless interp.deleted?
-            #Thread.current[:status].value = TclTkLib.mainloop(false)
-            Thread.current[:status].value = interp.mainloop(false)
+            begin
+              #Thread.current[:status].value = TclTkLib.mainloop(false)
+              Thread.current[:status].value = interp.mainloop(false)
+            rescue Exception=>e
+              puts "ignore exception on interp: #{e.inspect}\n" if $DEBUG
+            end
           end
 
         ensure
@@ -1569,7 +1573,15 @@ def INTERP.init_ip_internal
   EOL
 =end
 
-  at_exit{ INTERP.remove_tk_procs(TclTkLib::FINALIZE_PROC_NAME) }
+  if !WITH_RUBY_VM || RUN_EVENTLOOP_ON_MAIN_THREAD ### check Ruby 1.9 !!!!!!!
+    at_exit{ INTERP.remove_tk_procs(TclTkLib::FINALIZE_PROC_NAME) }
+  else
+    at_exit{
+      Tk.root.destroy
+      INTERP.remove_tk_procs(TclTkLib::FINALIZE_PROC_NAME)
+      INTERP_THREAD.kill.join
+    }
+  end
 
   EventFlag = TclTkLib::EventFlag
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
index 2f3d79d4279238..cd52a0ed4bb7fa 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tkextlib/tcllib/plotchart.rb
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def self.polar_to_pixel(w, rad, phi)
   end
 
   def self.pixel_to_coords(w, x, y)
-    list(tk_call_without_enc('::Plotchart::coordsToPixel', w.path, x, y))
+    list(tk_call_without_enc('::Plotchart::pixelToCoords', w.path, x, y))
   end
 
   def self.determine_scale(*args) # (xmin, xmax, inverted=false)
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ def polar_to_pixel(rad, phi)
     end
 
     def pixel_to_coords(x, y)
-      list(tk_call_without_enc('::Plotchart::coordsToPixel', @path, x, y))
+      list(tk_call_without_enc('::Plotchart::pixelToCoords', @path, x, y))
     end
 
     def determine_scale(xmax, ymax)
diff --git a/ext/tk/tcltklib.c b/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
index 237462fc3b3894..22e2676bb82bcd 100644
--- a/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
+++ b/ext/tk/tcltklib.c
@@ -6012,7 +6012,12 @@ ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     Tcl_CmdInfo info;
     int ret;
 
+    DUMP1("call ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd");
+    DUMP2("objc = %d", objc);
+    DUMP2("objv[0] = '%s'", Tcl_GetString(objv[0]));
+    DUMP2("objv[1] = '%s'", Tcl_GetString(objv[1]));
     if (!Tcl_GetCommandInfo(interp, "__orig_namespace_command__", &(info))) {
+        DUMP1("fail to get __orig_namespace_command__");
         Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
         Tcl_AppendResult(interp,
                          "invalid command name \"namespace\"", (char*)NULL);
@@ -6020,15 +6025,38 @@ ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
     }
 
     rbtk_eventloop_depth++;
-    /* DUMP2("namespace wrapper enter depth == %d", rbtk_eventloop_depth); */
+    DUMP2("namespace wrapper enter depth == %d", rbtk_eventloop_depth);
 
     if (info.isNativeObjectProc) {
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION < 6
+        DUMP1("call a native-object-proc");
         ret = (*(info.objProc))(info.objClientData, interp, objc, objv);
+#else
+        /* Tcl8.6 or later */
+        int i;
+        Tcl_Obj **cp_objv;
+        char org_ns_cmd_name[] = "__orig_namespace_command__";
+
+        DUMP1("call a native-object-proc for tcl8.6 or later");
+        cp_objv = RbTk_ALLOC_N(Tcl_Obj *, (objc + 1));
+
+        cp_objv[0] = Tcl_NewStringObj(org_ns_cmd_name, strlen(org_ns_cmd_name));
+        for(i = 1; i < objc; i++) {
+            cp_objv[i] = objv[i];
+        }
+        cp_objv[objc] = (Tcl_Obj *)NULL;
+
+        /* ret = Tcl_EvalObjv(interp, objc, cp_objv, TCL_EVAL_DIRECT); */
+        ret = Tcl_EvalObjv(interp, objc, cp_objv, 0);
+
+        ckfree((char*)cp_objv);
+#endif
     } else {
         /* string interface */
         int i;
         char **argv;
 
+        DUMP1("call with the string-interface");
         /* argv = (char **)Tcl_Alloc(sizeof(char *) * (objc + 1)); */
         argv = RbTk_ALLOC_N(char *, (objc + 1));
 #if 0 /* use Tcl_Preserve/Release */
@@ -6056,9 +6084,10 @@ ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd(clientData, interp, objc, objv)
 #endif
     }
 
-    /* DUMP2("namespace wrapper exit depth == %d", rbtk_eventloop_depth); */
+    DUMP2("namespace wrapper exit depth == %d", rbtk_eventloop_depth);
     rbtk_eventloop_depth--;
 
+    DUMP1("end of ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd");
     return ret;
 }
 #endif
@@ -6068,6 +6097,8 @@ ip_wrap_namespace_command(interp)
     Tcl_Interp *interp;
 {
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION < 6
     Tcl_CmdInfo orig_info;
 
     if (!Tcl_GetCommandInfo(interp, "namespace", &(orig_info))) {
@@ -6084,6 +6115,11 @@ ip_wrap_namespace_command(interp)
                           orig_info.deleteProc);
     }
 
+#else /* tcl8.6 or later */
+    Tcl_GlobalEval(interp, "rename namespace __orig_namespace_command__");
+
+#endif
+
     Tcl_CreateObjCommand(interp, "namespace", ip_rbNamespaceObjCmd,
                          (ClientData) 0, (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL);
 #endif
@@ -8448,15 +8484,28 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
 #endif
 {
     struct invoke_info *inf = (struct invoke_info *)arg;
+
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION < 6
     int i, len;
-#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
     int argc = inf->objc;
     char **argv = (char **)NULL;
 #endif
 
+    DUMP1("call invoke_tcl_proc");
+
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION >= 6)
+
+    /* eval */
+    inf->ptr->return_value = Tcl_EvalObjv(inf->ptr->ip, inf->objc, inf->objv, TCL_EVAL_DIRECT);
+    /* inf->ptr->return_value = Tcl_EvalObjv(inf->ptr->ip, inf->objc, inf->objv, 0); */
+
+#else /* Tcl/Tk 7.x, 8.0 -- 8.5 */
+
     /* memory allocation for arguments of this command */
-#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8
+    /* Tcl/Tk 8.0 -- 8.5 */
     if (!inf->cmdinfo.isNativeObjectProc) {
+        DUMP1("called proc is not a native-obj-proc");
         /* string interface */
         /* argv = (char **)ALLOC_N(char *, argc+1);*/ /* XXXXXXXXXX */
         argv = RbTk_ALLOC_N(char *, (argc+1));
@@ -8470,11 +8519,14 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
     }
 #endif
 
+    DUMP1("reset result of tcl-interp");
     Tcl_ResetResult(inf->ptr->ip);
 
     /* Invoke the C procedure */
-#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8
+    /* Tcl/Tk 8.0 -- 8.5 */
     if (inf->cmdinfo.isNativeObjectProc) {
+        DUMP1("call tcl_proc as a native-obj-proc");
         inf->ptr->return_value
             = (*(inf->cmdinfo.objProc))(inf->cmdinfo.objClientData,
                                         inf->ptr->ip, inf->objc, inf->objv);
@@ -8482,7 +8534,9 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
     else
 #endif
     {
-#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION >= 8
+#if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8
+        /* Tcl/Tk 8.0 -- 8.5 */
+        DUMP1("call tcl_proc as not a native-obj-proc");
         inf->ptr->return_value
             = (*(inf->cmdinfo.proc))(inf->cmdinfo.clientData, inf->ptr->ip,
                                      argc, (CONST84 char **)argv);
@@ -8505,6 +8559,9 @@ invoke_tcl_proc(arg)
 #endif
     }
 
+#endif /* Tcl/Tk 8.6 or later || Tcl 7.x, 8.0 -- 8.5 */
+
+    DUMP1("end of invoke_tcl_proc");
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -8644,7 +8701,9 @@ ip_invoke_core(interp, argc, argv)
 #endif
 
     /* invoke tcl-proc */
+    DUMP1("invoke tcl-proc");
     rb_protect(invoke_tcl_proc, (VALUE)&inf, &status);
+    DUMP2("status of tcl-proc, %d", status);
     switch(status) {
     case TAG_RAISE:
         if (NIL_P(rb_errinfo())) {
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
index 74cc77dc9fc8e1..911821a1b31950 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
@@ -222,8 +222,8 @@ module API
         "long RegEnumKeyExW(void *, long, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *)",
         "long RegQueryValueExW(void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *)",
         "long RegSetValueExW(void *, void *, long, long, void *, long)",
-        "long RegDeleteValue(void *, void *)",
-        "long RegDeleteKey(void *, void *)",
+        "long RegDeleteValueW(void *, void *)",
+        "long RegDeleteKeyW(void *, void *)",
         "long RegFlushKey(void *)",
         "long RegCloseKey(void *)",
         "long RegQueryInfoKey(void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *)",
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ def SetValue(hkey, name, type, data, size)
         case type
         when REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ
           data = data.encode(WCHAR)
-          size ||= data.size + 1
+          size ||= data.bytesize + WCHAR_SIZE
         end
         check RegSetValueExW.call(hkey, make_wstr(name), 0, type, data, size)
       end
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
index 072638a10b5920..57da91c67ab75d 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ static VALUE typelib_file_from_typelib(VALUE ole);
 static VALUE typelib_file(VALUE ole);
 static void ole_const_load(ITypeLib *pTypeLib, VALUE klass, VALUE self);
 static HRESULT clsid_from_remote(VALUE host, VALUE com, CLSID *pclsid);
-static VALUE ole_create_dcom(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+static VALUE ole_create_dcom(VALUE self, VALUE ole, VALUE host, VALUE others);
 static VALUE ole_bind_obj(VALUE moniker, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 static VALUE fole_s_connect(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 static VALUE fole_s_const_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
@@ -2636,9 +2636,8 @@ clsid_from_remote(VALUE host, VALUE com, CLSID *pclsid)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ole_create_dcom(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+ole_create_dcom(VALUE self, VALUE ole, VALUE host, VALUE others)
 {
-    VALUE ole, host, others;
     HRESULT hr;
     CLSID   clsid;
     OLECHAR *pbuf;
@@ -2656,7 +2655,6 @@ ole_create_dcom(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             GetProcAddress(gole32, "CoCreateInstanceEx");
     if (!gCoCreateInstanceEx)
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CoCreateInstanceEx is not supported in this environment");
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2*", &ole, &host, &others);
 
     pbuf  = ole_vstr2wc(ole);
     hr = CLSIDFromProgID(pbuf, &clsid);
@@ -3270,7 +3268,7 @@ fole_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure Object Creation - %s",
                      StringValuePtr(svr_name));
         }
-        return ole_create_dcom(argc, argv, self);
+        return ole_create_dcom(self, svr_name, host, others);
     }
 
     /* get CLSID from OLE server name */
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.c b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
index ffdd9a0b7d51d2..e8b2d93baebeb4 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/zlib.c
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ rb_zlib_adler32_combine(VALUE klass, VALUE adler1, VALUE adler2, VALUE len2)
 /*
  * Document-method: Zlib.crc32
  *
- * call-seq: Zlib.crc32(string, adler)
+ * call-seq: Zlib.crc32(string, crc)
  *
  * Calculates CRC checksum for +string+, and returns updated value of +crc+. If
  * +string+ is omitted, it returns the CRC initial value. If +crc+ is omitted, it
@@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ rb_inflate_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
  *   Have inflate use the window size from the zlib header of the compressed
  *   stream.
  *
- * (8..15)
+ * (8..15)::
  *   Overrides the window size of the inflate header in the compressed stream.
  *   The window size must be greater than or equal to the window size of the
  *   compressed stream.
@@ -2288,6 +2288,7 @@ static void
 gzfile_reset(struct gzfile *gz)
 {
     zstream_reset(&gz->z);
+    gz->z.flags |= ZSTREAM_FLAG_GZFILE;
     gz->crc = crc32(0, Z_NULL, 0);
     gz->lineno = 0;
     gz->ungetc = 0;
diff --git a/file.c b/file.c
index e9e2dd134030bf..dc8f9021d4daa4 100644
--- a/file.c
+++ b/file.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "dln.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 
@@ -5384,6 +5385,12 @@ rb_path_check(const char *path)
 }
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
+static void *
+loadopen_func(void *arg)
+{
+    return (void *)(VALUE)rb_cloexec_open((const char *)arg, O_RDONLY, 0);
+}
+
 #ifdef __native_client__
 __attribute__((noinline))
 #endif
@@ -5391,7 +5398,9 @@ int
 rb_file_load_ok(const char *path)
 {
     int ret = 1;
-    int fd = rb_cloexec_open(path, O_RDONLY, 0);
+    int fd;
+
+    fd = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(loadopen_func, (void *)path, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
     if (fd == -1) return 0;
     rb_update_max_fd(fd);
 #if !defined DOSISH
diff --git a/gc.c b/gc.c
index 4c00d96d2e6626..c193d6f2349e1c 100644
--- a/gc.c
+++ b/gc.c
@@ -920,7 +920,8 @@ static void heap_page_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page);
 void
 rb_objspace_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    gc_rest_sweep(objspace);
+    if (is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden))
+        rb_bug("lazy sweeping underway when freeing object space");
 
     if (objspace->profile.records) {
 	free(objspace->profile.records);
@@ -1196,30 +1197,26 @@ heap_add_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, size_t add)
     heap_pages_increment = 0;
 }
 
-static size_t
-heap_extend_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+static void
+heap_set_increment(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t minimum_limit)
 {
     size_t used = heap_pages_used - heap_tomb->page_length;
     size_t next_used_limit = (size_t)(used * gc_params.growth_factor);
-
     if (gc_params.growth_max_slots > 0) {
 	size_t max_used_limit = (size_t)(used + gc_params.growth_max_slots/HEAP_OBJ_LIMIT);
 	if (next_used_limit > max_used_limit) next_used_limit = max_used_limit;
     }
+    if (next_used_limit == heap_pages_used) next_used_limit++;
 
-    return next_used_limit - used;
+    if (next_used_limit < minimum_limit) {
+	next_used_limit = minimum_limit;
     }
 
-static void
-heap_set_increment(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t additional_pages)
-{
-    size_t used = heap_eden->page_length;
-    size_t next_used_limit = used + additional_pages;
-
-    if (next_used_limit == heap_pages_used) next_used_limit++;
-
     heap_pages_increment = next_used_limit - used;
     heap_pages_expand_sorted(objspace);
+
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "heap_set_increment: heap_pages_length: %d, heap_pages_used: %d, heap_pages_increment: %d, next_used_limit: %d\n",
+		   (int)heap_pages_length, (int)heap_pages_used, (int)heap_pages_increment, (int)next_used_limit);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2259,6 +2256,12 @@ rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     st_free_table(finalizer_table);
     finalizer_table = 0;
     ATOMIC_SET(finalizing, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * finish any lazy sweeps that may have been started
+     * when finalizing the objects in the heap
+     */
+    gc_rest_sweep(objspace);
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -2376,6 +2379,9 @@ id2ref(VALUE obj, VALUE objid)
     if (!is_live_object(objspace, ptr)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is recycled object", p0);
     }
+    if (RBASIC(ptr)->klass == 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is internal object", p0);
+    }
     return (VALUE)ptr;
 }
 
@@ -2862,7 +2868,7 @@ gc_heap_prepare_minimum_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
     if (!heap->free_pages) {
 	/* there is no free after page_sweep() */
-	heap_set_increment(objspace, 1);
+	heap_set_increment(objspace, 0);
 	if (!heap_increment(objspace, heap)) { /* can't allocate additional free objects */
 	    during_gc = 0;
 	    rb_memerror();
@@ -3001,13 +3007,18 @@ gc_after_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 		  (int)heap->total_slots, (int)heap_pages_swept_slots, (int)heap_pages_min_free_slots);
 
     if (heap_pages_swept_slots < heap_pages_min_free_slots) {
+#if USE_RGENGC
 	if (objspace->rgengc.during_minor_gc && objspace->profile.count - objspace->rgengc.last_major_gc > 2 /* magic number */) {
 	    objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc = GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE;
 	}
 	else {
-	    heap_set_increment(objspace, heap_extend_pages(objspace));
+	    heap_set_increment(objspace, (heap_pages_min_free_slots - heap_pages_swept_slots) / HEAP_OBJ_LIMIT);
 	    heap_increment(objspace, heap);
 	}
+#else
+	heap_set_increment(objspace, (heap_pages_min_free_slots - heap_pages_swept_slots) / HEAP_OBJ_LIMIT);
+	heap_increment(objspace, heap);
+#endif
     }
 
     gc_prof_set_heap_info(objspace);
@@ -3255,14 +3266,14 @@ init_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *stack)
 /* Marking */
 
 #ifdef __ia64
-#define SET_STACK_END (SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine_stack_end), th->machine_register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp())
+#define SET_STACK_END (SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end), th->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp())
 #else
-#define SET_STACK_END SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine_stack_end)
+#define SET_STACK_END SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end)
 #endif
 
-#define STACK_START (th->machine_stack_start)
-#define STACK_END (th->machine_stack_end)
-#define STACK_LEVEL_MAX (th->machine_stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE))
+#define STACK_START (th->machine.stack_start)
+#define STACK_END (th->machine.stack_end)
+#define STACK_LEVEL_MAX (th->machine.stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE))
 
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
 # define STACK_LENGTH  (size_t)(STACK_START - STACK_END)
@@ -3304,8 +3315,8 @@ stack_check(int water_mark)
     ret = STACK_LENGTH > STACK_LEVEL_MAX - water_mark;
 #ifdef __ia64
     if (!ret) {
-        ret = (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp() - th->machine_register_stack_start >
-              th->machine_register_stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE) - water_mark;
+        ret = (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp() - th->machine.register_stack_start >
+              th->machine.register_stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE) - water_mark;
     }
 #endif
     return ret;
@@ -3523,13 +3534,17 @@ mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th)
     /* This assumes that all registers are saved into the jmp_buf (and stack) */
     rb_setjmp(save_regs_gc_mark.j);
 
+    /* SET_STACK_END must be called in this function because
+     * the stack frame of this function may contain
+     * callee save registers and they should be marked. */
+    SET_STACK_END;
     GET_STACK_BOUNDS(stack_start, stack_end, 1);
 
     mark_locations_array(objspace, save_regs_gc_mark.v, numberof(save_regs_gc_mark.v));
 
     rb_gc_mark_locations(stack_start, stack_end);
 #ifdef __ia64
-    rb_gc_mark_locations(th->machine_register_stack_start, th->machine_register_stack_end);
+    rb_gc_mark_locations(th->machine.register_stack_start, th->machine.register_stack_end);
 #endif
 #if defined(__mc68000__)
     mark_locations_array(objspace, (VALUE*)((char*)STACK_END + 2),
@@ -3546,7 +3561,7 @@ rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
     GET_STACK_BOUNDS(stack_start, stack_end, 0);
     rb_gc_mark_locations(stack_start, stack_end);
 #ifdef __ia64
-    rb_gc_mark_locations(th->machine_register_stack_start, th->machine_register_stack_end);
+    rb_gc_mark_locations(th->machine.register_stack_start, th->machine.register_stack_end);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4190,7 +4205,6 @@ gc_marks_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark)
     }
     else {
 	objspace->profile.major_gc_count++;
-	objspace->rgengc.last_major_gc = objspace->profile.count;
 	rgengc_mark_and_rememberset_clear(objspace, heap_eden);
     }
 #endif
@@ -4551,8 +4565,8 @@ gc_marks(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark)
 	    {
 		/* See the comment about RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR */
 		const double r = gc_params.oldobject_limit_factor;
-		objspace->rgengc.remembered_shady_object_limit = objspace->rgengc.remembered_shady_object_count * r;
-		objspace->rgengc.old_object_limit = objspace->rgengc.old_object_count * r;
+		objspace->rgengc.remembered_shady_object_limit = (size_t)(objspace->rgengc.remembered_shady_object_count * r);
+		objspace->rgengc.old_object_limit = (size_t)(objspace->rgengc.old_object_count * r);
 	    }
 	}
 	else { /* minor GC */
@@ -5070,7 +5084,7 @@ heap_ready_to_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     if (dont_gc || during_gc) {
 	if (!heap->freelist && !heap->free_pages) {
 	    if (!heap_increment(objspace, heap)) {
-		heap_set_increment(objspace, 1);
+		heap_set_increment(objspace, 0);
                 heap_increment(objspace, heap);
             }
 	}
@@ -5795,7 +5809,7 @@ ruby_gc_set_params(int safe_level)
     get_envparam_int("RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX", &gc_params.malloc_limit_max, 0);
     get_envparam_double("RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR", &gc_params.malloc_limit_growth_factor, 1.0);
 
-#ifdef RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     if (get_envparam_int("RUBY_GC_OLDMALLOC_LIMIT", &gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_min, 0)) {
 	rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 	objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit = gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_min;
@@ -6471,7 +6485,7 @@ wmap_final_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 	return ST_DELETE;
     }
     if (j < i) {
-	ptr = ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, j, sizeof(VALUE), i);
+	ptr = ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, j + 1, sizeof(VALUE), i);
 	ptr[0] = j;
 	*value = (st_data_t)ptr;
     }
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index 50f199fbc75be6..1e3b691acc8c41 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -133,11 +133,20 @@ rb_any_hash(VALUE a)
 
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) {
 	if (a == Qundef) return 0;
+	if (FLONUM_P(a)) {
+	    /* prevent pathological behavior: [Bug #10761] */
+	    goto flt;
+	}
 	hnum = rb_objid_hash((st_index_t)a);
     }
     else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_STRING) {
 	hnum = rb_str_hash(a);
     }
+    else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_FLOAT) {
+      flt:
+	hval = rb_dbl_hash(rb_float_value(a));
+	hnum = FIX2LONG(hval);
+    }
     else {
         hval = rb_hash(a);
 	hnum = FIX2LONG(hval);
@@ -2751,9 +2760,12 @@ ruby_setenv(const char *name, const char *value)
     int failed = 0;
     check_envname(name);
     if (value) {
-	const char* p = GetEnvironmentStringsA();
+	char* p = GetEnvironmentStringsA();
+	size_t n;
 	if (!p) goto fail; /* never happen */
-	if (strlen(name) + 2 + strlen(value) + getenvsize(p) >= getenvblocksize()) {
+	n = strlen(name) + 2 + strlen(value) + getenvsize(p);
+	FreeEnvironmentStringsA(p);
+	if (n >= getenvblocksize()) {
 	    goto fail;  /* 2 for '=' & '\0' */
 	}
 	buf = rb_sprintf("%s=%s", name, value);
@@ -2873,8 +2885,8 @@ env_aset(VALUE obj, VALUE nm, VALUE val)
 	env_delete(obj, nm);
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    StringValue(nm);
-    StringValue(val);
+    SafeStringValue(nm);
+    SafeStringValue(val);
     name = RSTRING_PTR(nm);
     value = RSTRING_PTR(val);
     if (memchr(name, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(nm)))
@@ -3136,23 +3148,21 @@ static VALUE
 env_select(VALUE ehash)
 {
     VALUE result;
-    char **env;
+    VALUE keys;
+    long i;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0, rb_env_size);
     result = rb_hash_new();
-    env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
-    while (*env) {
-	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
-	if (s) {
-	    VALUE k = env_str_new(*env, s-*env);
-	    VALUE v = env_str_new2(s+1);
-	    if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, k, v))) {
-		rb_hash_aset(result, k, v);
+    keys = env_keys();
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(keys); ++i) {
+	VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, key);
+	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, key, val))) {
+		rb_hash_aset(result, key, val);
 	    }
 	}
-	env++;
     }
-    FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
 
     return result;
 }
@@ -3371,7 +3381,8 @@ env_has_key(VALUE env, VALUE key)
 {
     char *s;
 
-    s = StringValuePtr(key);
+    SafeStringValue(key);
+    s = RSTRING_PTR(key);
     if (memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(key)))
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable name");
     if (getenv(s)) return Qtrue;
@@ -3390,7 +3401,8 @@ env_assoc(VALUE env, VALUE key)
 {
     char *s, *e;
 
-    s = StringValuePtr(key);
+    SafeStringValue(key);
+    s = RSTRING_PTR(key);
     if (memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(key)))
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable name");
     e = getenv(s);
@@ -3412,6 +3424,7 @@ env_has_value(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = rb_check_string_type(obj);
     if (NIL_P(obj)) return Qnil;
+    rb_check_safe_obj(obj);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -3442,6 +3455,7 @@ env_rassoc(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = rb_check_string_type(obj);
     if (NIL_P(obj)) return Qnil;
+    rb_check_safe_obj(obj);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -3472,7 +3486,7 @@ env_key(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
     char **env;
     VALUE str;
 
-    StringValue(value);
+    SafeStringValue(value);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -3556,6 +3570,7 @@ static VALUE
 env_shift(void)
 {
     char **env;
+    VALUE result = Qnil;
 
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     if (*env) {
@@ -3564,11 +3579,11 @@ env_shift(void)
 	    VALUE key = env_str_new(*env, s-*env);
 	    VALUE val = env_str_new2(getenv(RSTRING_PTR(key)));
 	    env_delete(Qnil, key);
-	    return rb_assoc_new(key, val);
+	    result = rb_assoc_new(key, val);
 	}
     }
     FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
-    return Qnil;
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/include/ruby/intern.h b/include/ruby/intern.h
index 6200e77a63f7f3..e9a17d5617cdc4 100644
--- a/include/ruby/intern.h
+++ b/include/ruby/intern.h
@@ -939,10 +939,18 @@ VALUE rb_mod_remove_cvar(VALUE, VALUE);
 ID rb_frame_callee(void);
 VALUE rb_str_succ(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_time_succ(VALUE);
-void rb_frame_pop(void);
 int rb_frame_method_id_and_class(ID *idp, VALUE *klassp);
 VALUE rb_make_backtrace(void);
 VALUE rb_make_exception(int, VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_f_eval(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+
+/* deprecated */
+DEPRECATED(void rb_frame_pop(void));
+
+
+/* deprecated */
+DEPRECATED(void rb_frame_pop(void));
+
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/oniguruma.h b/include/ruby/oniguruma.h
index 6a26ee4aaa6f18..d533a05b6674b5 100644
--- a/include/ruby/oniguruma.h
+++ b/include/ruby/oniguruma.h
@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ int onigenc_str_bytelen_null P_((OnigEncoding enc, const OnigUChar* p));
 /* config parameters */
 #define ONIG_NREGION                          10
 #define ONIG_MAX_BACKREF_NUM                1000
+#define ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_GROUP_NUM         32767
 #define ONIG_MAX_REPEAT_NUM               100000
 #define ONIG_MAX_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES_NUM     10000
 /* constants */
@@ -582,6 +583,7 @@ ONIG_EXTERN const OnigSyntaxType*   OnigDefaultSyntax;
 #define ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION                       -221
 #define ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY        -222
 #define ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME                   -223
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_CAPTURE_GROUPS                      -224
 #define ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE                     -400
 #define ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE                      -400
 #define ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE                      -401
diff --git a/include/ruby/win32.h b/include/ruby/win32.h
index 070bab28f9c0c7..64fbdf2744da1e 100644
--- a/include/ruby/win32.h
+++ b/include/ruby/win32.h
@@ -309,6 +309,7 @@ extern char **rb_w32_get_environ(void);
 extern void   rb_w32_free_environ(char **);
 extern int    rb_w32_map_errno(DWORD);
 extern const char *WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_ntop(int,const void *,char *,size_t);
+extern int WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_pton(int,const char *,void *);
 extern DWORD  rb_w32_osver(void);
 
 extern int chown(const char *, int, int);
@@ -652,6 +653,9 @@ extern char *rb_w32_strerror(int);
 #undef inet_ntop
 #define inet_ntop(f,a,n,l)      rb_w32_inet_ntop(f,a,n,l)
 
+#undef inet_pton
+#define inet_pton(f,s,d)        rb_w32_inet_pton(f,s,d)
+
 #undef accept
 #define accept(s, a, l)		rb_w32_accept(s, a, l)
 
@@ -772,6 +776,8 @@ int  rb_w32_wait_events_blocking(HANDLE *events, int num, DWORD timeout);
 int  rb_w32_time_subtract(struct timeval *rest, const struct timeval *wait);
 int  rb_w32_wrap_io_handle(HANDLE, int);
 int  rb_w32_unwrap_io_handle(int);
+WCHAR *rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(UINT, const char *, int, long *);
+char *rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr(UINT, const WCHAR *, int, long *);
 
 /*
 == ***CAUTION***
diff --git a/insns.def b/insns.def
index 0247b19ecd72cb..96e7ce6a4239e7 100644
--- a/insns.def
+++ b/insns.def
@@ -1550,8 +1550,7 @@ opt_mod
 	y = FIX2LONG(obj);
 	if (x > 0 && y > 0) {
 	    val = LONG2FIX(x % y);
-	}
-	else {
+	} else {
 	    /* copied from numeric.c#fixdivmod */
 	    long div, mod;
 
@@ -2137,8 +2136,7 @@ opt_regexpmatch1
 {
     if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MATCH, REGEXP_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
 	val = rb_reg_match(r, obj);
-    }
-    else {
+    } else {
 	val = rb_funcall(r, idEqTilde, 1, obj);
     }
 }
diff --git a/internal.h b/internal.h
index 01bf81c4959b48..833045676f8f18 100644
--- a/internal.h
+++ b/internal.h
@@ -547,6 +547,7 @@ double ruby_float_mod(double x, double y);
 int rb_num_negative_p(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_int_succ(VALUE num);
 VALUE rb_int_pred(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_dbl_hash(double d);
 
 #if USE_FLONUM
 #define RUBY_BIT_ROTL(v, n) (((v) << (n)) | ((v) >> ((sizeof(v) * 8) - n)))
@@ -613,7 +614,9 @@ rb_float_new_inline(double d)
 #define rb_float_new(d)   rb_float_new_inline(d)
 
 /* object.c */
+void rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_obj_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
+VALUE rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
 
 struct RBasicRaw {
     VALUE flags;
@@ -783,6 +786,7 @@ void rb_vm_inc_const_missing_count(void);
 void rb_thread_mark(void *th);
 const void **rb_vm_get_insns_address_table(void);
 VALUE rb_sourcefilename(void);
+void rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame(void);
 
 /* vm_dump.c */
 void rb_vm_bugreport(void);
@@ -882,6 +886,7 @@ VALUE rb_gcd_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 
 /* util.c */
 extern const signed char ruby_digit36_to_number_table[];
+extern unsigned long ruby_scan_digits(const char *str, ssize_t len, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow);
 
 /* variable.c */
 void rb_gc_mark_global_tbl(void);
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index 6e3fd85d2b1238..b86ebe8e7f3938 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -590,6 +590,8 @@ is_socket(int fd, VALUE path)
 }
 #endif
 
+static const char closed_stream[] = "closed stream";
+
 void
 rb_eof_error(void)
 {
@@ -616,7 +618,7 @@ rb_io_check_closed(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
     if (fptr->fd < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed stream");
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1075,7 +1077,7 @@ int
 rb_io_wait_readable(int f)
 {
     if (f < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed stream");
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
     }
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
@@ -1101,7 +1103,7 @@ int
 rb_io_wait_writable(int f)
 {
     if (f < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed stream");
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
     }
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
@@ -1914,10 +1916,10 @@ rb_io_fdatasync(VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_fileno(VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    rb_io_t *fptr = RFILE(io)->fptr;
     int fd;
 
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     fd = fptr->fd;
     return INT2FIX(fd);
 }
@@ -1969,7 +1971,7 @@ rb_io_inspect(VALUE obj)
     VALUE result;
     static const char closed[] = " (closed)";
 
-    fptr = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr;
+    fptr = RFILE(obj)->fptr;
     if (!fptr) return rb_any_to_s(obj);
     result = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");
     rb_str_append(result, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj)));
@@ -2290,10 +2292,7 @@ io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len)
 	VALUE s = StringValue(*str);
 	long clen = RSTRING_LEN(s);
 	if (clen >= len) {
-	    if (clen != len) {
-		rb_str_modify(s);
-		rb_str_set_len(s, len);
-	    }
+	    rb_str_modify(s);
 	    return;
 	}
 	len -= clen;
@@ -2320,23 +2319,27 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
     int cr;
 
     if (NEED_READCONV(fptr)) {
+	int first = !NIL_P(str);
 	SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr);
 	io_setstrbuf(&str,0);
         make_readconv(fptr, 0);
         while (1) {
             VALUE v;
             if (fptr->cbuf.len) {
+		if (first) rb_str_set_len(str, first = 0);
                 io_shift_cbuf(fptr, fptr->cbuf.len, &str);
             }
             v = fill_cbuf(fptr, 0);
             if (v != MORE_CHAR_SUSPENDED && v != MORE_CHAR_FINISHED) {
                 if (fptr->cbuf.len) {
+		    if (first) rb_str_set_len(str, first = 0);
                     io_shift_cbuf(fptr, fptr->cbuf.len, &str);
                 }
                 rb_exc_raise(v);
             }
             if (v == MORE_CHAR_FINISHED) {
                 clear_readconv(fptr);
+		if (first) rb_str_set_len(str, first = 0);
                 return io_enc_str(str, fptr);
             }
         }
@@ -2807,7 +2810,10 @@ io_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
-    if (len == 0) return str;
+    if (len == 0) {
+	io_set_read_length(str, 0);
+	return str;
+    }
 
     READ_CHECK(fptr);
 #if defined(RUBY_TEST_CRLF_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(_WIN32)
@@ -4058,7 +4064,7 @@ finish_writeconv(rb_io_t *fptr, int noalloc)
                 }
                 if (rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd)) {
                     if (fptr->fd < 0)
-                        return noalloc ? Qtrue : rb_exc_new3(rb_eIOError, rb_str_new_cstr("closed stream"));
+                        return noalloc ? Qtrue : rb_exc_new3(rb_eIOError, rb_str_new_cstr(closed_stream));
                     goto retry;
                 }
                 return noalloc ? Qtrue : INT2NUM(errno);
@@ -4340,13 +4346,31 @@ rb_io_close_m(VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 io_call_close(VALUE io)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("close"), 0, 0);
+    rb_check_funcall(io, rb_intern("close"), 0, 0);
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ignore_closed_stream(VALUE io, VALUE exc)
+{
+    enum {mesg_len = sizeof(closed_stream)-1};
+    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("mesg"));
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(mesg, T_STRING) ||
+	RSTRING_LEN(mesg) != mesg_len ||
+	memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(mesg), closed_stream, mesg_len)) {
+	rb_exc_raise(exc);
+    }
+    return io;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 io_close(VALUE io)
 {
-    return rb_rescue(io_call_close, io, 0, 0);
+    VALUE closed = rb_check_funcall(io, rb_intern("closed?"), 0, 0);
+    if (closed != Qundef && RTEST(closed)) return io;
+    rb_rescue2(io_call_close, io, ignore_closed_stream, io,
+	       rb_eIOError, (VALUE)0);
+    return io;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4934,6 +4958,9 @@ rb_io_oflags_modestr(int oflags)
       case O_WRONLY:
 	return MODE_BINARY("w", "wb");
       case O_RDWR:
+	if (oflags & O_TRUNC) {
+	    return MODE_BINARY("w+", "wb+");
+	}
 	return MODE_BINARY("r+", "rb+");
     }
 }
@@ -7270,12 +7297,12 @@ rb_io_stdio_file(rb_io_t *fptr)
  *  	"w+" Read-write, truncates existing file to zero length
  *  	     or creates a new file for reading and writing.
  *
- *  	"a"  Write-only, starts at end of file if file exists,
- *  	     otherwise creates a new file for writing.
+ *  	"a"  Write-only, each write call appends data at end of file.
+ *  	     Creates a new file for writing if file does not exist.
  *
- *  	"a+" Read-write, starts at end of file if file exists,
- *	     otherwise creates a new file for reading and
- *  	     writing.
+ *  	"a+" Read-write, each write call appends data at end of file.
+ *	     Creates a new file for reading and writing if file does
+ *	     not exist.
  *
  *  The following modes must be used separately, and along with one or more of
  *  the modes seen above.
@@ -7515,8 +7542,8 @@ rb_io_s_for_fd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_autoclose_p(VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_t *fptr = RFILE(io)->fptr;
+    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     return (fptr->mode & FMODE_PREP) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
diff --git a/iseq.c b/iseq.c
index 32d996796429f9..4fbfe9edb4cf01 100644
--- a/iseq.c
+++ b/iseq.c
@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@ rb_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE absolute_path, VALUE li
 	if (RB_TYPE_P((src), T_FILE))
 	    node = rb_parser_compile_file_path(parser, file, src, ln);
 	else {
+	    StringValue(src);
 	    node = rb_parser_compile_string_path(parser, file, src, ln);
 
 	    if (!node) {
@@ -1943,7 +1944,7 @@ rb_iseq_clone(VALUE iseqval, VALUE newcbase)
 	if (iseq0->cref_stack->nd_next) {
 	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq1->cref_stack, &iseq1->cref_stack->nd_next, iseq0->cref_stack->nd_next);
 	}
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq1, &iseq1->klass, newcbase);
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq1->self, &iseq1->klass, newcbase);
     }
 
     return newiseq;
diff --git a/lib/cmath.rb b/lib/cmath.rb
index 337c2e063ad713..24d619fe75ce3c 100644
--- a/lib/cmath.rb
+++ b/lib/cmath.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 ##
+# = Trigonometric and transcendental functions for complex numbers.
+#
 # CMath is a library that provides trigonometric and transcendental
-# functions for complex numbers.
+# functions for complex numbers. The functions in this module accept
+# integers, floating-point numbers or complex numbers as arguments.
+#
+# Note that the selection of functions is similar, but not identical,
+# to that in module math. The reason for having two modules is that
+# some users aren’t interested in complex numbers, and perhaps don’t
+# even know what they are. They would rather have Math.sqrt(-1) raise
+# an exception than return a complex number.
 #
 # == Usage
 #
-# To start using this library, simply:
+# To start using this library, simply require cmath library:
 #
 #   require "cmath"
 #
-# Square root of a negative number is a complex number.
+# And after call any CMath function. For example:
+#
+#   CMath.sqrt(-9)          #=> 0+3.0i
+#   CMath.exp(0 + 0i)       #=> 1.0+0.0i
+#   CMath.log10(-5.to_c)    #=> (0.6989700043360187+1.3643763538418412i)
 #
-#   CMath.sqrt(-9)  #=> 0+3.0i
 #
+# For more information you can see Complec class.
 
 module CMath
 
@@ -44,9 +57,7 @@ module CMath
   ##
   # Math::E raised to the +z+ power
   #
-  #   exp(Complex(0,0))      #=> 1.0+0.0i
-  #   exp(Complex(0,PI))     #=> -1.0+1.2246467991473532e-16i
-  #   exp(Complex(0,PI/2.0)) #=> 6.123233995736766e-17+1.0i
+  #   CMath.exp(2i) #=> (-0.4161468365471424+0.9092974268256817i)
   def exp(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -62,10 +73,11 @@ def exp(z)
   end
 
   ##
-  # Returns the natural logarithm of Complex.  If a second argument is given,
+  # Returns the natural logarithm of Complex. If a second argument is given,
   # it will be the base of logarithm.
   #
-  #   log(Complex(0,0)) #=> -Infinity+0.0i
+  #   CMath.log(1 + 4i)     #=> (1.416606672028108+1.3258176636680326i)
+  #   CMath.log(1 + 4i, 10) #=> (0.6152244606891369+0.5757952953408879i)
   def log(*args)
     begin
       z, b = args
@@ -88,6 +100,8 @@ def log(*args)
 
   ##
   # returns the base 2 logarithm of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.log2(-1) => (0.0+4.532360141827194i)
   def log2(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= 0
@@ -102,6 +116,8 @@ def log2(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the base 10 logarithm of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.log10(-1) #=> (0.0+1.3643763538418412i)
   def log10(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= 0
@@ -116,9 +132,8 @@ def log10(z)
 
   ##
   # Returns the non-negative square root of Complex.
-  #   sqrt(-1)            #=> 0+1.0i
-  #   sqrt(Complex(-1,0)) #=> 0.0+1.0i
-  #   sqrt(Complex(0,8))  #=> 2.0+2.0i
+  #
+  #   CMath.sqrt(-1 + 0i) #=> 0.0+1.0i
   def sqrt(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -144,12 +159,16 @@ def sqrt(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the principal value of the cube root of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.cbrt(1 + 4i) #=> (1.449461632813119+0.6858152562177092i)
   def cbrt(z)
     z ** (1.0/3)
   end
 
   ##
   # returns the sine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.sin(1 + 1i) #=> (1.2984575814159773+0.6349639147847361i)
   def sin(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -165,6 +184,8 @@ def sin(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the cosine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.cos(1 + 1i) #=> (0.8337300251311491-0.9888977057628651i)
   def cos(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -180,6 +201,8 @@ def cos(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the tangent of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.tan(1 + 1i) #=> (0.27175258531951174+1.0839233273386943i)
   def tan(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -194,6 +217,8 @@ def tan(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the hyperbolic sine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.sinh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.6349639147847361+1.2984575814159773i)
   def sinh(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -209,6 +234,8 @@ def sinh(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the hyperbolic cosine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.cosh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.8337300251311491+0.9888977057628651i)
   def cosh(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -224,6 +251,8 @@ def cosh(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the hyperbolic tangent of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
+  #
+  #   CMath.tanh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0839233273386943+0.27175258531951174i)
   def tanh(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -238,6 +267,8 @@ def tanh(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the arc sine of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.asin(1 + 1i) #=> (0.6662394324925153+1.0612750619050355i)
   def asin(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
@@ -252,6 +283,8 @@ def asin(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the arc cosine of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.acos(1 + 1i) #=> (0.9045568943023813-1.0612750619050357i)
   def acos(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
@@ -266,6 +299,8 @@ def acos(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the arc tangent of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.atan(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0172219678978514+0.4023594781085251i)
   def atan(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -281,6 +316,8 @@ def atan(z)
   ##
   # returns the arc tangent of +y+ divided by +x+ using the signs of +y+ and
   # +x+ to determine the quadrant
+  #
+  #   CMath.atan2(1 + 1i, 0) #=> (1.5707963267948966+0.0i)
   def atan2(y,x)
     begin
       if y.real? and x.real?
@@ -295,6 +332,8 @@ def atan2(y,x)
 
   ##
   # returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.asinh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0612750619050357+0.6662394324925153i)
   def asinh(z)
     begin
       if z.real?
@@ -309,6 +348,8 @@ def asinh(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.acosh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0612750619050357+0.9045568943023813i)
   def acosh(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= 1
@@ -323,6 +364,8 @@ def acosh(z)
 
   ##
   # returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of +z+
+  #
+  #   CMath.atanh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.4023594781085251+1.0172219678978514i)
   def atanh(z)
     begin
       if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
@@ -397,4 +440,3 @@ def handle_no_method_error # :nodoc:
   module_function :handle_no_method_error
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/csv.rb b/lib/csv.rb
index e5ecf5c9a8a289..b8a9b97f1614c1 100644
--- a/lib/csv.rb
+++ b/lib/csv.rb
@@ -1148,9 +1148,9 @@ def self.generate(*args)
       io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
       args.unshift(io)
     else
-      encoding = (args[-1] = args[-1].dup).delete(:encoding) if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+      encoding = args[-1][:encoding] if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
       str      = ""
-      str.encode!(encoding) if encoding
+      str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
       args.unshift(str)
     end
     csv = new(*args)  # wrap
@@ -1507,8 +1507,7 @@ def initialize(data, options = Hash.new)
     # if we can transcode the needed characters
     #
     @re_esc   =   "\\".encode(@encoding) rescue ""
-    @re_chars =   /#{%"[-][\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding)}/
-    # @re_chars =   /#{%"[-][\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding, fallback: proc{""})}/
+    @re_chars =   /#{%"[-\\]\\[\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding)}/
 
     init_separators(options)
     init_parsers(options)
@@ -1516,7 +1515,7 @@ def initialize(data, options = Hash.new)
     init_headers(options)
     init_comments(options)
 
-    options.delete(:encoding)
+    @force_encoding = !!(encoding || options.delete(:encoding))
     options.delete(:internal_encoding)
     options.delete(:external_encoding)
     unless options.empty?
@@ -1656,10 +1655,13 @@ def <<(row)
 
     output = row.map(&@quote).join(@col_sep) + @row_sep  # quote and separate
     if @io.is_a?(StringIO)             and
-       output.encoding != raw_encoding and
-       (compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@io.string, output))
-      @io.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
-      @io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+       output.encoding != (encoding = raw_encoding)
+      if @force_encoding
+        output = output.encode(encoding)
+      elsif (compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@io.string, output))
+        @io.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
+        @io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+      end
     end
     @io << output
 
diff --git a/lib/erb.rb b/lib/erb.rb
index 5d32c47774de04..3c3cabe209ad8a 100644
--- a/lib/erb.rb
+++ b/lib/erb.rb
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ def run(b=new_toplevel)
   # the results of that code.  (See ERB::new for details on how this process
   # can be affected by _safe_level_.)
   #
-  # _b_ accepts a Binding or Proc object which is used to set the context of
+  # _b_ accepts a Binding object which is used to set the context of
   # code evaluation.
   #
   def result(b=new_toplevel)
diff --git a/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/fileutils.rb
index 3b4e30213e4e79..5af756be4c8bab 100644
--- a/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def rmdir(list, options = {})
             Dir.rmdir(dir)
           end
         end
-      rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::ENOENT
+      rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
       end
     end
   end
@@ -455,8 +455,8 @@ def cp_r(src, dest, options = {})
   # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
   # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
   #
-  # If +preserve+ is true, this method preserves owner, group, permissions
-  # and modified time.
+  # If +preserve+ is true, this method preserves owner, group, and
+  # modified time.  Permissions are copied regardless +preserve+.
   #
   # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
   #
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ def mv(src, dest, options = {})
       begin
         if destent.exist?
           if destent.directory?
-            raise Errno::EEXIST, dest
+            raise Errno::EEXIST, d
           else
             destent.remove_file if rename_cannot_overwrite_file?
           end
@@ -854,7 +854,8 @@ def install(src, dest, options = {})
     fu_check_options options, OPT_TABLE['install']
     fu_output_message "install -c#{options[:preserve] && ' -p'}#{options[:mode] ? (' -m 0%o' % options[:mode]) : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if options[:verbose]
     return if options[:noop]
-    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d, st|
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      st = File.stat(s)
       unless File.exist?(d) and compare_file(s, d)
         remove_file d, true
         copy_file s, d
@@ -1252,7 +1253,12 @@ def dereference?
     end
 
     def exist?
-      lstat! ? true : false
+      begin
+        lstat
+        true
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        false
+      end
     end
 
     def file?
@@ -1570,7 +1576,7 @@ def fu_list(arg)   #:nodoc:
   def fu_each_src_dest(src, dest)   #:nodoc:
     fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s, d|
       raise ArgumentError, "same file: #{s} and #{d}" if fu_same?(s, d)
-      yield s, d, File.stat(s)
+      yield s, d
     end
   end
   private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest
diff --git a/lib/find.rb b/lib/find.rb
index 6f3e4282edbe82..d33c8bb16bc3e5 100644
--- a/lib/find.rb
+++ b/lib/find.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ def find(*paths) # :yield: path
     fs_encoding = Encoding.find("filesystem")
 
     paths.collect!{|d| raise Errno::ENOENT unless File.exist?(d); d.dup}.each do |path|
+      path = path.to_path if path.respond_to? :to_path
       enc = path.encoding == Encoding::US_ASCII ? fs_encoding : path.encoding
       ps = [path]
       while file = ps.shift
diff --git a/lib/gserver.rb b/lib/gserver.rb
index 4d566fcf2ef25d..d7b4a0783efcf5 100644
--- a/lib/gserver.rb
+++ b/lib/gserver.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #       super(port, *args)
 #     end
 #     def serve(io)
-#       io.puts(Time.now.to_s)
+#       io.puts(Time.now.to_i)
 #     end
 #   end
 #
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def join
   attr_reader :port
   # Host on which to bind, as a String
   attr_reader :host
-  # Maximum number of connections to accept at at ime, as a Fixnum
+  # Maximum number of connections to accept at a time, as a Fixnum
   attr_reader :maxConnections
   # IO Device on which log messages should be written
   attr_accessor :stdlog
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def join
 
   # Called when a client connects, if auditing is enabled.
   #
-  # +client+:: a TCPSocket instances representing the client that connected
+  # +client+:: a TCPSocket instance representing the client that connected
   #
   # Return true to allow this client to connect, false to prevent it.
   def connecting(client)
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def stopping()
   # Called if #debug is true whenever an unhandled exception is raised.
   # This implementation simply logs the backtrace.
   #
-  # +detail+:: The Exception that was caught
+  # +detail+:: the Exception that was caught
   def error(detail)
     log(detail.backtrace.join("\n"))
   end
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ def log(msg)
 
   # Create a new server
   #
-  # +port+:: the port, as a Fixnum, on which to listen.
+  # +port+:: the port, as a Fixnum, on which to listen
   # +host+:: the host to bind to
-  # +maxConnections+:: The maximum number of simultaneous connections to
+  # +maxConnections+:: the maximum number of simultaneous connections to
   #                    accept
   # +stdlog+:: IO device on which to log messages
   # +audit+:: if true, lifecycle callbacks will be called.  See #audit
diff --git a/lib/matrix.rb b/lib/matrix.rb
index f82ed659798df7..b20fd9451fafc4 100644
--- a/lib/matrix.rb
+++ b/lib/matrix.rb
@@ -1764,9 +1764,9 @@ def inner_product(v)
   #
   def cross_product(v)
     Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless size == v.size && v.size == 3
-    Vector[ v[1]*@elements[2] - v[2]*@elements[1],
-            v[2]*@elements[0] - v[0]*@elements[2],
-            v[0]*@elements[1] - v[1]*@elements[0] ]
+    Vector[ v[2]*@elements[1] - v[1]*@elements[2],
+            v[0]*@elements[2] - v[2]*@elements[0],
+            v[1]*@elements[0] - v[0]*@elements[1] ]
   end
 
   #
diff --git a/lib/mkmf.rb b/lib/mkmf.rb
index 2d44b123d2f293..7a59e572bf78f6 100644
--- a/lib/mkmf.rb
+++ b/lib/mkmf.rb
@@ -610,9 +610,7 @@ def with_cppflags(flags)
   end
 
   def try_cppflags(flags)
-    with_cppflags(flags) do
-      try_header("int main() {return 0;}")
-    end
+    try_header(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING, flags)
   end
 
   def with_cflags(flags)
@@ -624,9 +622,7 @@ def with_cflags(flags)
   end
 
   def try_cflags(flags)
-    with_cflags(flags) do
-      try_compile("int main() {return 0;}")
-    end
+    try_compile(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING, flags)
   end
 
   def with_ldflags(flags)
@@ -638,9 +634,7 @@ def with_ldflags(flags)
   end
 
   def try_ldflags(flags)
-    with_ldflags(flags) do
-      try_link("int main() {return 0;}")
-    end
+    try_link(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING, flags)
   end
 
   def try_static_assert(expr, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
@@ -1762,10 +1756,18 @@ def pkg_config(pkg, option=nil)
     elsif get and try_ldflags(ldflags = get['libs'])
       cflags = get['cflags']
       libs = get['libs-only-l']
-      ldflags = (Shellwords.shellwords(ldflags) - Shellwords.shellwords(libs)).quote.join(" ")
-      $CFLAGS += " " << cflags
-      $LDFLAGS = [orig_ldflags, ldflags].join(' ')
+      if cflags
+        $CFLAGS += " " << cflags
+        $CXXFLAGS += " " << cflags
+      end
+      if libs
+        ldflags = (Shellwords.shellwords(ldflags) - Shellwords.shellwords(libs)).quote.join(" ")
+      else
+        libs, ldflags = Shellwords.shellwords(ldflags).partition {|s| s =~ /-l([^ ]+)/ }.map {|l|l.quote.join(" ")}
+      end
       $libs += " " << libs
+
+      $LDFLAGS = [orig_ldflags, ldflags].join(' ')
       Logging::message "package configuration for %s\n", pkg
       Logging::message "cflags: %s\nldflags: %s\nlibs: %s\n\n",
                        cflags, ldflags, libs
@@ -1905,7 +1907,7 @@ def configuration(srcdir)
 INCFLAGS = -I. #$INCFLAGS
 DEFS     = #{CONFIG['DEFS']}
 CPPFLAGS = #{extconf_h}#{$CPPFLAGS}
-CXXFLAGS = $(CCDLFLAGS) #{CONFIG['CXXFLAGS']} $(ARCH_FLAG)
+CXXFLAGS = $(CCDLFLAGS) #$CXXFLAGS $(ARCH_FLAG)
 ldflags  = #{$LDFLAGS}
 dldflags = #{$DLDFLAGS} #{CONFIG['EXTDLDFLAGS']}
 ARCH_FLAG = #{$ARCH_FLAG}
@@ -2398,6 +2400,7 @@ def init_mkmf(config = CONFIG, rbconfig = RbConfig::CONFIG)
       $warnflags = config['warnflags'] unless $extmk
     end
     $CFLAGS = with_config("cflags", arg_config("CFLAGS", config["CFLAGS"])).dup
+    $CXXFLAGS = (with_config("cxxflags", arg_config("CXXFLAGS", config["CXXFLAGS"]))||'').dup
     $ARCH_FLAG = with_config("arch_flag", arg_config("ARCH_FLAG", config["ARCH_FLAG"])).dup
     $CPPFLAGS = with_config("cppflags", arg_config("CPPFLAGS", config["CPPFLAGS"])).dup
     $LDFLAGS = with_config("ldflags", arg_config("LDFLAGS", config["LDFLAGS"])).dup
diff --git a/lib/net/ftp.rb b/lib/net/ftp.rb
index c22b9636d5d47f..5ddccda90ceaf0 100644
--- a/lib/net/ftp.rb
+++ b/lib/net/ftp.rb
@@ -377,15 +377,9 @@ def sendport(host, port) # :nodoc:
     end
     private :sendport
 
-    # Constructs a TCPServer socket, and sends it the PORT command
-    #
-    # Returns the constructed TCPServer socket
+    # Constructs a TCPServer socket
     def makeport # :nodoc:
-      sock = TCPServer.open(@sock.addr[3], 0)
-      port = sock.addr[1]
-      host = sock.addr[3]
-      sendport(host, port)
-      return sock
+      TCPServer.open(@sock.addr[3], 0)
     end
     private :makeport
 
@@ -420,23 +414,27 @@ def transfercmd(cmd, rest_offset = nil) # :nodoc:
         end
       else
         sock = makeport
-        if @resume and rest_offset
-          resp = sendcmd("REST " + rest_offset.to_s)
-          if resp[0] != ?3
+        begin
+          sendport(sock.addr[3], sock.addr[1])
+          if @resume and rest_offset
+            resp = sendcmd("REST " + rest_offset.to_s)
+            if resp[0] != ?3
+              raise FTPReplyError, resp
+            end
+          end
+          resp = sendcmd(cmd)
+          # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
+          resp = getresp if resp[0] == ?2
+          if resp[0] != ?1
             raise FTPReplyError, resp
           end
+          conn = BufferedSocket.new(sock.accept)
+          conn.read_timeout = @read_timeout
+          sock.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
+          sock.read rescue nil
+        ensure
+          sock.close
         end
-        resp = sendcmd(cmd)
-        # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
-        resp = getresp if resp[0] == ?2
-        if resp[0] != ?1
-          raise FTPReplyError, resp
-        end
-        conn = BufferedSocket.new(sock.accept)
-        conn.read_timeout = @read_timeout
-        sock.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
-        sock.read rescue nil
-        sock.close
       end
       return conn
     end
@@ -1102,13 +1100,16 @@ def read(len = nil)
       end
 
       def gets
-        return readuntil("\n")
-      rescue EOFError
-        return nil
+        line = readuntil("\n", true)
+        return line.empty? ? nil : line
       end
 
       def readline
-        return readuntil("\n")
+        line = gets
+        if line.nil?
+          raise EOFError, "end of file reached"
+        end
+        return line
       end
     end
     # :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/net/http.rb b/lib/net/http.rb
index a1b8d691bb2871..bd0a4d6b5fec6b 100644
--- a/lib/net/http.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http.rb
@@ -914,7 +914,10 @@ def connect
             @socket.write(buf)
             HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket).value
           end
-          s.session = @ssl_session if @ssl_session
+          if @ssl_session and
+             Time.now < @ssl_session.time + @ssl_session.timeout
+            s.session = @ssl_session if @ssl_session
+          end
           # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
           s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
           Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) { s.connect }
@@ -1026,7 +1029,9 @@ def proxy_from_env?
 
     # The proxy URI determined from the environment for this connection.
     def proxy_uri # :nodoc:
-      @proxy_uri ||= URI("http://#{address}:#{port}").find_proxy
+      @proxy_uri ||= URI::HTTP.new(
+        "http".freeze, nil, address, port, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+      ).find_proxy
     end
 
     # The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.
@@ -1345,7 +1350,8 @@ def request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)   #:nodoc:
     #    puts response.body
     #
     def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
-      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),true,path,header)
+      has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
+      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
       request r, data
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/http/response.rb b/lib/net/http/response.rb
index da3e4b4c8cc7ae..95d4d0ce944bcf 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/response.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/response.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def read_new(sock)   #:nodoc: internal use only
 
     def read_status_line(sock)
       str = sock.readline
-      m = /\AHTTP(?:\/(\d+\.\d+))?\s+(\d\d\d)\s*(.*)\z/in.match(str) or
+      m = /\AHTTP(?:\/(\d+\.\d+))?\s+(\d\d\d)(?:\s+(.*))?\z/in.match(str) or
         raise Net::HTTPBadResponse, "wrong status line: #{str.dump}"
       m.captures
     end
@@ -250,7 +250,8 @@ def inflater # :nodoc:
     return yield @socket unless @decode_content
     return yield @socket if self['content-range']
 
-    case self['content-encoding']
+    v = self['content-encoding']
+    case v && v.downcase
     when 'deflate', 'gzip', 'x-gzip' then
       self.delete 'content-encoding'
 
@@ -259,7 +260,12 @@ def inflater # :nodoc:
       begin
         yield inflate_body_io
       ensure
-        inflate_body_io.finish
+        orig_err = $!
+        begin
+          inflate_body_io.finish
+        rescue => err
+          raise orig_err || err
+        end
       end
     when 'none', 'identity' then
       self.delete 'content-encoding'
@@ -354,6 +360,7 @@ def initialize socket
     # Finishes the inflate stream.
 
     def finish
+      return if @inflate.total_in == 0
       @inflate.finish
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/imap.rb b/lib/net/imap.rb
index 55c611b9c66697..a8845c1314e184 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap.rb
@@ -2372,6 +2372,8 @@ def body_type_1part
           return body_type_msg
         when /\A(?:ATTACHMENT)\z/ni
           return body_type_attachment
+        when /\A(?:MIXED)\z/ni
+          return body_type_mixed
         else
           return body_type_basic
         end
@@ -2454,6 +2456,13 @@ def body_type_attachment
         return BodyTypeAttachment.new(mtype, nil, param)
       end
 
+      def body_type_mixed
+        mtype = "MULTIPART"
+        msubtype = case_insensitive_string
+        param, disposition, language, extension = body_ext_mpart
+        return BodyTypeBasic.new(mtype, msubtype, param, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, disposition, language, extension)
+      end
+
       def body_type_mpart
         parts = []
         while true
@@ -2573,7 +2582,13 @@ def body_ext_mpart
           return param
         end
         disposition = body_fld_dsp
-        match(T_SPACE)
+
+        token = lookahead
+        if token.symbol == T_SPACE
+          shift_token
+        else
+          return param, disposition
+        end
         language = body_fld_lang
 
         token = lookahead
diff --git a/lib/net/protocol.rb b/lib/net/protocol.rb
index 14a68e11154b6c..25477014fb090d 100644
--- a/lib/net/protocol.rb
+++ b/lib/net/protocol.rb
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def each_list_item
     def write_message_0(src)
       prev = @written_bytes
       each_crlf_line(src) do |line|
-        write0 line.sub(/\A\./, '..')
+        write0 dot_stuff(line)
       end
       @written_bytes - prev
     end
@@ -308,11 +308,15 @@ def write_message_by_block(&block)
 
     private
 
+    def dot_stuff(s)
+      s.sub(/\A\./, '..')
+    end
+
     def using_each_crlf_line
       @wbuf = ''
       yield
       if not @wbuf.empty?   # unterminated last line
-        write0 @wbuf.chomp + "\r\n"
+        write0 dot_stuff(@wbuf.chomp) + "\r\n"
       elsif @written_bytes == 0   # empty src
         write0 "\r\n"
       end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js
index 48590ecb96a74f..628ed9b31604ed 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js
@@ -1,18 +1,4 @@
-/*!
- * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.6.2
- * http://jquery.com/
- *
- * Copyright 2011, John Resig
- * Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
- * http://jquery.org/license
- *
- * Includes Sizzle.js
- * http://sizzlejs.com/
- * Copyright 2011, The Dojo Foundation
- * Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
- *
- * Date: Thu Jun 30 14:16:56 2011 -0400
- */
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b.complete.call(this);c&&(g==="height"||g==="width")&&(b.overflow=[this.style.overflow,this.style.overflowX,this.style.overflowY],f.css(this,"display")==="inline"&&f.css(this,"float")==="none"&&(f.support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout?(j=cr(this.nodeName),j==="inline"?this.style.display="inline-block":(this.style.display="inline",this.style.zoom=1)):this.style.display="inline-block"))}b.overflow!=null&&(this.style.overflow="hidden");for(i in a)k=new f.fx(this,b,i),h=a[i],cj.test(h)?k[h==="toggle"?d?"show":"hide":h]():(l=ck.exec(h),m=k.cur(),l?(n=parseFloat(l[2]),o=l[3]||(f.cssNumber[i]?"":"px"),o!=="px"&&(f.style(this,i,(n||1)+o),m=(n||1)/k.cur()*m,f.style(this,i,m+o)),l[1]&&(n=(l[1]==="-="?-1:1)*n+m),k.custom(m,n,o)):k.custom(m,h,""));return!0})},stop:function(a,b){a&&this.queue([]),this.each(function(){var a=f.timers,c=a.length;b||f._unmark(!0,this);while(c--)a[c].elem===this&&(b&&a[c](!0),a.splice(c,1))}),b||this.dequeue();return this}}),f.each({slideDown:cq("show",1),slideUp:cq("hide",1),slideToggle:cq("toggle",1),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(a,b){f.fn[a]=function(a,c,d){return this.animate(b,a,c,d)}}),f.extend({speed:function(a,b,c){var d=a&&typeof a=="object"?f.extend({},a):{complete:c||!c&&b||f.isFunction(a)&&a,duration:a,easing:c&&b||b&&!f.isFunction(b)&&b};d.duration=f.fx.off?0:typeof d.duration=="number"?d.duration:d.duration in f.fx.speeds?f.fx.speeds[d.duration]:f.fx.speeds._default,d.old=d.complete,d.complete=function(a){f.isFunction(d.old)&&d.old.call(this),d.queue!==!1?f.dequeue(this):a!==!1&&f._unmark(this)};return d},easing:{linear:function(a,b,c,d){return c+d*a},swing:function(a,b,c,d){return(-Math.cos(a*Math.PI)/2+.5)*d+c}},timers:[],fx:function(a,b,c){this.options=b,this.elem=a,this.prop=c,b.orig=b.orig||{}}}),f.fx.prototype={update:function(){this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),(f.fx.step[this.prop]||f.fx.step._default)(this)},cur:function(){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&(!this.elem.style||this.elem.style[this.prop]==null))return this.elem[this.prop];var a,b=f.css(this.elem,this.prop);return isNaN(a=parseFloat(b))?!b||b==="auto"?0:b:a},custom:function(a,b,c){function g(a){return d.step(a)}var d=this,e=f.fx;this.startTime=cn||co(),this.start=a,this.end=b,this.unit=c||this.unit||(f.cssNumber[this.prop]?"":"px"),this.now=this.start,this.pos=this.state=0,g.elem=this.elem,g()&&f.timers.push(g)&&!cl&&(cl=setInterval(e.tick,e.interval))},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.show=!0,this.custom(this.prop==="width"||this.prop==="height"?1:0,this.cur()),f(this.elem).show()},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.hide=!0,this.custom(this.cur(),0)},step:function(a){var b=cn||co(),c=!0,d=this.elem,e=this.options,g,h;if(a||b>=e.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end,this.pos=this.state=1,this.update(),e.animatedProperties[this.prop]=!0;for(g in e.animatedProperties)e.animatedProperties[g]!==!0&&(c=!1);if(c){e.overflow!=null&&!f.support.shrinkWrapBlocks&&f.each(["","X","Y"],function(a,b){d.style["overflow"+b]=e.overflow[a]}),e.hide&&f(d).hide();if(e.hide||e.show)for(var i in e.animatedProperties)f.style(d,i,e.orig[i]);e.complete.call(d)}return!1}e.duration==Infinity?this.now=b:(h=b-this.startTime,this.state=h/e.duration,this.pos=f.easing[e.animatedProperties[this.prop]](this.state,h,0,1,e.duration),this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos),this.update();return!0}},f.extend(f.fx,{tick:function(){for(var a=f.timers,b=0;b<a.length;++b)a[b]()||a.splice(b--,1);a.length||f.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(cl),cl=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){f.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null?a.elem.style[a.prop]=(a.prop==="width"||a.prop==="height"?Math.max(0,a.now):a.now)+a.unit:a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}}),f.expr&&f.expr.filters&&(f.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return f.grep(f.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length});var cs=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,ct=/^(?:body|html)$/i;"getBoundingClientRect"in c.documentElement?f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0],c;if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{c=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(d){}var e=b.ownerDocument,g=e.documentElement;if(!c||!f.contains(g,b))return c?{top:c.top,left:c.left}:{top:0,left:0};var h=e.body,i=cu(e),j=g.clientTop||h.clientTop||0,k=g.clientLeft||h.clientLeft||0,l=i.pageYOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollTop||h.scrollTop,m=i.pageXOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollLeft||h.scrollLeft,n=c.top+l-j,o=c.left+m-k;return{top:n,left:o}}:f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);f.offset.initialize();var c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.offset.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.offset.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cs.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.offset.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={initialize:function(){var a=c.body,b=c.createElement("div"),d,e,g,h,i=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,j="<div style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;'><div></div></div><table style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'><tr><td></td></tr></table>";f.extend(b.style,{position:"absolute",top:0,left:0,margin:0,border:0,width:"1px",height:"1px",visibility:"hidden"}),b.innerHTML=j,a.insertBefore(b,a.firstChild),d=b.firstChild,e=d.firstChild,h=d.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild,this.doesNotAddBorder=e.offsetTop!==5,this.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells=h.offsetTop===5,e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="20px",this.supportsFixedPosition=e.offsetTop===20||e.offsetTop===15,e.style.position=e.style.top="",d.style.overflow="hidden",d.style.position="relative",this.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible=e.offsetTop===-5,this.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset=a.offsetTop!==i,a.removeChild(b),f.offset.initialize=f.noop},bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.offset.initialize(),f.offset.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=ct.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!ct.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cu(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cu(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a&&a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b&&b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNaN(j)?i:j}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f})(window);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/text.rb b/lib/rdoc/text.rb
index 0fda72e3ae4358..ef525003583a82 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/text.rb
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ def expand_tabs text
     expanded = []
 
     text.each_line do |line|
-      line.gsub!(/^((?:.{8})*?)([^\t\r\n]{0,7})\t/) do
+      nil while line.gsub!(/(?:\G|\r)((?:.{8})*?)([^\t\r\n]{0,7})\t/) do
         r = "#{$1}#{$2}#{' ' * (8 - $2.size)}"
         r.force_encoding text.encoding if Object.const_defined? :Encoding
         r
-      end until line !~ /\t/
+      end
 
       expanded << line
     end
diff --git a/lib/resolv.rb b/lib/resolv.rb
index 6b2fa9d90333e2..78c2b459fe4a10 100644
--- a/lib/resolv.rb
+++ b/lib/resolv.rb
@@ -653,7 +653,9 @@ def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
       begin
         port = rangerand(1024..65535)
         udpsock.bind(bind_host, port)
-      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE, Errno::EACCES
+      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE, # POSIX
+             Errno::EACCES, # SunOS: See PRIV_SYS_NFS in privileges(5)
+             Errno::EPERM # FreeBSD: security.mac.portacl.port_high is configurable.  See mac_portacl(4).
         retry
       end
     end
@@ -669,8 +671,8 @@ def request(sender, tout)
         timelimit = start + tout
         begin
           sender.send
-        rescue Errno::EHOSTUNREACH
-          # multi-homed IPv6 may generate this
+        rescue Errno::EHOSTUNREACH, # multi-homed IPv6 may generate this
+               Errno::ENETUNREACH
           raise ResolvTimeout
         end
         while true
@@ -1068,6 +1070,10 @@ def generate_candidates(name)
             candidates = []
           end
           candidates.concat(@search.map {|domain| Name.new(name.to_a + domain)})
+          fname = Name.create("#{name}.")
+          if !candidates.include?(fname)
+            candidates << fname
+          end
         end
         return candidates
       end
@@ -1181,7 +1187,7 @@ def inspect
         end
 
         def ==(other)
-          return @downcase == other.downcase
+          return self.class == other.class && @downcase == other.downcase
         end
 
         def eql?(other)
@@ -1217,6 +1223,14 @@ def self.create(arg)
       end
 
       def initialize(labels, absolute=true) # :nodoc:
+        labels = labels.map {|label|
+          case label
+          when String then Label::Str.new(label)
+          when Label::Str then label
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "unexpected label: #{label.inspect}"
+          end
+        }
         @labels = labels
         @absolute = absolute
       end
@@ -1234,7 +1248,8 @@ def absolute?
 
       def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         return false unless Name === other
-        return @labels.join == other.to_a.join && @absolute == other.absolute?
+        return false unless @absolute == other.absolute?
+        return @labels == other.to_a
       end
 
       alias eql? == # :nodoc:
@@ -1660,10 +1675,10 @@ def ==(other) # :nodoc:
         return false unless self.class == other.class
         s_ivars = self.instance_variables
         s_ivars.sort!
-        s_ivars.delete "@ttl"
+        s_ivars.delete :@ttl
         o_ivars = other.instance_variables
         o_ivars.sort!
-        o_ivars.delete "@ttl"
+        o_ivars.delete :@ttl
         return s_ivars == o_ivars &&
           s_ivars.collect {|name| self.instance_variable_get name} ==
             o_ivars.collect {|name| other.instance_variable_get name}
@@ -1676,7 +1691,7 @@ def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
       def hash # :nodoc:
         h = 0
         vars = self.instance_variables
-        vars.delete "@ttl"
+        vars.delete :@ttl
         vars.each {|name|
           h ^= self.instance_variable_get(name).hash
         }
diff --git a/lib/rexml/document.rb b/lib/rexml/document.rb
index 1e18263ddaa677..f92eb62d95ff7c 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/document.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/document.rb
@@ -278,6 +278,10 @@ def record_entity_expansion
       end
     end
 
+    def document
+      self
+    end
+
     private
     def build( source )
       Parsers::TreeParser.new( source, self ).parse
diff --git a/lib/rexml/entity.rb b/lib/rexml/entity.rb
index 39f3900075d00a..3a35ec6b9477a6 100644
--- a/lib/rexml/entity.rb
+++ b/lib/rexml/entity.rb
@@ -138,8 +138,14 @@ def value
         matches = @value.scan(PEREFERENCE_RE)
         rv = @value.clone
         if @parent
+          sum = 0
           matches.each do |entity_reference|
             entity_value = @parent.entity( entity_reference[0] )
+            if sum + entity_value.bytesize > Security.entity_expansion_text_limit
+              raise "entity expansion has grown too large"
+            else
+              sum += entity_value.bytesize
+            end
             rv.gsub!( /%#{entity_reference.join};/um, entity_value )
           end
         end
@@ -151,6 +157,7 @@ def value
 
   # This is a set of entity constants -- the ones defined in the XML
   # specification.  These are +gt+, +lt+, +amp+, +quot+ and +apos+.
+  # CAUTION: these entities does not have parent and document
   module EntityConst
     # +>+
     GT = Entity.new( 'gt', '>' )
diff --git a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
index ee2bef17690d86..11532fd161960c 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def expired?
     # Reset the expiry time according to +sec_or_renewer+.
     #
     # +nil+::    it is set to expire in the far future.
-    # +false+::  it has expired.
+    # +true+::   it has expired.
     # Numeric::  it will expire in that many seconds.
     #
     # Otherwise the argument refers to some kind of renewer object
diff --git a/lib/rubygems.rb b/lib/rubygems.rb
index 456273ed19d763..73d063e7a0a075 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Gem
-  VERSION = '2.2.2'
+  VERSION = '2.2.5'
 end
 
 # Must be first since it unloads the prelude from 1.9.2
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
index 58991caeda93da..ed2e171d2c29c2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,13 @@ def api_endpoint(uri)
     rescue Resolv::ResolvError
       uri
     else
-      URI.parse "#{uri.scheme}://#{res.target}#{uri.path}"
+      target = res.target.to_s.strip
+
+      if /\.#{Regexp.quote(host)}\z/ =~ target
+        return URI.parse "#{uri.scheme}://#{target}#{uri.path}"
+      end
+
+      uri
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot-2048.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot-2048.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..20585f1c01e187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot-2048.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6fbdf52b17a73a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/test/unit.rb b/lib/test/unit.rb
index 13a993fc6cd4d3..09036e5b938dc3 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit.rb
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def terminal_width
           begin
             require 'io/console'
             width = $stdout.winsize[1]
-          rescue LoadError, NoMethodError, Errno::ENOTTY, Errno::EBADF
+          rescue LoadError, NoMethodError, Errno::ENOTTY, Errno::EBADF, Errno::EINVAL
             width = ENV["COLUMNS"].to_i.nonzero? || 80
           end
           width -= 1 if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
diff --git a/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb b/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb
index c1ecf292632e9b..92cc7ec44b6559 100644
--- a/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb
+++ b/lib/test/unit/parallel.rb
@@ -155,6 +155,11 @@ def _report(res, *args) # :nodoc:
       end
 
       def puke(klass, meth, e) # :nodoc:
+        if e.is_a?(MiniTest::Skip)
+          new_e = MiniTest::Skip.new(e.message)
+          new_e.set_backtrace(e.backtrace)
+          e = new_e
+        end
         @partial_report << [klass.name, meth, e.is_a?(MiniTest::Assertion) ? e : ProxyError.new(e)]
         super
       end
diff --git a/lib/time.rb b/lib/time.rb
index 0b554803340fc3..73a8f81177e807 100644
--- a/lib/time.rb
+++ b/lib/time.rb
@@ -278,13 +278,13 @@ def make_time(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now)
     # supplied with those of +now+.  For the lower components, the minimum
     # values (1 or 0) are assumed if broken or missing.  For example:
     #
-    #     # Suppose it is "Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 GMT 2001" now and
-    #     # your time zone is GMT:
-    #     now = Time.parse("Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 GMT 2001")
-    #     Time.parse("16:30", now)     #=> 2001-11-29 16:30:00 +0900
-    #     Time.parse("7/23", now)      #=> 2001-07-23 00:00:00 +0900
-    #     Time.parse("Aug 31", now)    #=> 2001-08-31 00:00:00 +0900
-    #     Time.parse("Aug 2000", now)  #=> 2000-08-01 00:00:00 +0900
+    #     # Suppose it is "Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001" now and
+    #     # your time zone is EST which is GMT-5.
+    #     now = Time.parse("Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001")
+    #     Time.parse("16:30", now)     #=> 2001-11-29 16:30:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("7/23", now)      #=> 2001-07-23 00:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("Aug 31", now)    #=> 2001-08-31 00:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("Aug 2000", now)  #=> 2000-08-01 00:00:00 -0500
     #
     # Since there are numerous conflicts among locally defined time zone
     # abbreviations all over the world, this method is not intended to
@@ -393,10 +393,16 @@ def strptime(date, format, now=self.now)
       d = Date._strptime(date, format)
       raise ArgumentError, "invalid strptime format - `#{format}'" unless d
       if seconds = d[:seconds]
+        if sec_fraction = d[:sec_fraction]
+          usec = sec_fraction * 1000000
+          usec *= -1 if seconds < 0
+        else
+          usec = 0
+        end
         if offset = d[:offset]
-          Time.at(seconds).localtime(offset)
+          Time.at(seconds, usec).localtime(offset)
         else
-          Time.at(seconds)
+          Time.at(seconds, usec)
         end
       else
         year = d[:year]
diff --git a/lib/timeout.rb b/lib/timeout.rb
index d805dce2a3fdad..5fce1f09a5e6d6 100644
--- a/lib/timeout.rb
+++ b/lib/timeout.rb
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@
 module Timeout
   # Raised by Timeout#timeout when the block times out.
   class Error < RuntimeError
-  end
-  class ExitException < ::Exception # :nodoc:
     attr_reader :thread
 
     def self.catch(*args)
@@ -48,6 +46,7 @@ def exception(*)
       self
     end
   end
+  ExitException = Error
 
   # :stopdoc:
   THIS_FILE = /\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:/o
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def timeout(sec, klass = nil)   #:yield: +sec+
         bt = e.backtrace
       end
     else
-      bt = ExitException.catch(message, &bl)
+      bt = Error.catch(message, &bl)
     end
     rej = /\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:#{__LINE__-4}\z/o
     bt.reject! {|m| rej =~ m}
diff --git a/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/uri/generic.rb
index 88c96fe90a8f94..d7a55dcbd81eed 100644
--- a/lib/uri/generic.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def initialize(scheme,
       if arg_check
         self.scheme = scheme
         self.userinfo = userinfo
-        self.host = host
+        self.hostname = host
         self.port = port
         self.path = path
         self.query = query
diff --git a/lib/webrick/utils.rb b/lib/webrick/utils.rb
index a6b5cc6a9c2db8..0723fd8a4d5da3 100644
--- a/lib/webrick/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/webrick/utils.rb
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ def create_listeners(address, port, logger=nil)
       sockets = Socket.tcp_server_sockets(address, port)
       sockets = sockets.map {|s|
         s.autoclose = false
-        TCPServer.for_fd(s.fileno)
+        ts = TCPServer.for_fd(s.fileno)
+        s.close
+        ts
       }
       return sockets
     end
diff --git a/lib/xmlrpc/client.rb b/lib/xmlrpc/client.rb
index 5ee3961f3018d7..95b1ea2d1755ce 100644
--- a/lib/xmlrpc/client.rb
+++ b/lib/xmlrpc/client.rb
@@ -507,8 +507,6 @@ def do_rpc(request, async=false)
       expected = resp["Content-Length"] || "<unknown>"
       if data.nil? or data.bytesize == 0
         raise "Wrong size. Was #{data.bytesize}, should be #{expected}"
-      elsif expected != "<unknown>" and expected.to_i != data.bytesize and resp["Transfer-Encoding"].nil?
-        raise "Wrong size. Was #{data.bytesize}, should be #{expected}"
       end
 
       parse_set_cookies(resp.get_fields("Set-Cookie"))
diff --git a/load.c b/load.c
index f31b7aeaca961b..fe34b422eef27e 100644
--- a/load.c
+++ b/load.c
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ loaded_feature_path(const char *name, long vlen, const char *feature, long len,
     const char *e;
 
     if (vlen < len+1) return 0;
-    if (!strncmp(name+(vlen-len), feature, len)) {
+    if (strchr(feature, '.') && !strncmp(name+(vlen-len), feature, len)) {
 	plen = vlen - len;
     }
     else {
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ rb_load_protect(VALUE fname, int wrap, int *state)
 static VALUE
 rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    VALUE fname, wrap, path;
+    VALUE fname, wrap, path, orig_fname;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &wrap);
 
@@ -693,10 +693,12 @@ rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 			       rb_sourceline());
     }
 
-    path = rb_find_file(FilePathValue(fname));
+    orig_fname = FilePathValue(fname);
+    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(orig_fname);
+    path = rb_find_file(fname);
     if (!path) {
 	if (!rb_file_load_ok(RSTRING_PTR(fname)))
-	    load_failed(fname);
+	    load_failed(orig_fname);
 	path = fname;
     }
     rb_load_internal(path, RTEST(wrap));
diff --git a/man/ruby.1 b/man/ruby.1
index ec79e1d07b9f03..75dff3c435f2c9 100644
--- a/man/ruby.1
+++ b/man/ruby.1
@@ -493,8 +493,6 @@ The official web site.
 hosting many open source ruby projects.
 .It https://www.ruby-toolbox.com
 Comprehensive catalog of Ruby libraries.
-.It https://github.com/languages/Ruby
-Ruby projects on Github.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh REPORTING BUGS
diff --git a/marshal.c b/marshal.c
index 2fe272100bc481..4cf4edc88b2e26 100644
--- a/marshal.c
+++ b/marshal.c
@@ -650,6 +650,11 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
     else {
 	VALUE v;
 
+	if (!RBASIC_CLASS(obj)) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't dump internal %s",
+		     rb_builtin_type_name(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)));
+	}
+
 	arg->infection |= (int)FL_TEST(obj, MARSHAL_INFECTION);
 
 	if (rb_obj_respond_to(obj, s_mdump, TRUE)) {
@@ -1267,7 +1272,9 @@ r_symreal(struct load_arg *arg, int ivar)
     int idx = -1;
     st_index_t n = arg->symbols->num_entries;
 
-    st_insert(arg->symbols, (st_data_t)n, (st_data_t)0);
+    if (rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(s)) rb_enc_associate_index(s, ENCINDEX_US_ASCII);
+    id = rb_intern_str(s);
+    st_insert(arg->symbols, (st_data_t)n, (st_data_t)id);
     if (ivar) {
 	long num = r_long(arg);
 	while (num-- > 0) {
@@ -1277,7 +1284,6 @@ r_symreal(struct load_arg *arg, int ivar)
     }
     if (idx > 0) rb_enc_associate_index(s, idx);
     id = rb_intern_str(s);
-    st_insert(arg->symbols, (st_data_t)n, (st_data_t)id);
 
     return id;
 }
diff --git a/method.h b/method.h
index 556d2865b7122c..856929b6809cc4 100644
--- a/method.h
+++ b/method.h
@@ -108,6 +108,9 @@ struct unlinked_method_entry_list_entry {
 };
 
 #define UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me) (!(me) || !(me)->def || (me)->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF)
+#define UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(def) \
+    ((def)->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED && \
+     UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P((def)->body.orig_me))
 
 void rb_add_method_cfunc(VALUE klass, ID mid, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc, rb_method_flag_t noex);
 rb_method_entry_t *rb_add_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, rb_method_type_t type, void *option, rb_method_flag_t noex);
diff --git a/node.c b/node.c
index 472a959ef954ee..fbefb3cd47faf3 100644
--- a/node.c
+++ b/node.c
@@ -300,7 +300,12 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	asgn:
 	F_ID(nd_vid, "variable");
 	LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	if (node->nd_value == (NODE *)-1) {
+	    F_MSG(nd_value, "rvalue", "(required keyword argument)");
+	}
+	else {
+	    F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	}
 	break;
 
       case NODE_GASGN:
diff --git a/numeric.c b/numeric.c
index f4233d946027fc..ba2fb49b3b28a4 100644
--- a/numeric.c
+++ b/numeric.c
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ static VALUE fix_uminus(VALUE num);
 static VALUE fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 static VALUE int_pow(long x, unsigned long y);
 
-static ID id_coerce, id_to_i, id_eq, id_div;
+static ID id_coerce, id_to_i, id_eq, id_div, id_cmp;
 
 VALUE rb_cNumeric;
 VALUE rb_cFloat;
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ VALUE rb_cFixnum;
 VALUE rb_eZeroDivError;
 VALUE rb_eFloatDomainError;
 
-static VALUE sym_to, sym_by;
+static ID id_to, id_by;
 
 void
 rb_num_zerodiv(void)
@@ -232,17 +232,24 @@ coerce_body(VALUE *x)
     return rb_funcall(x[1], id_coerce, 1, x[0]);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y));
+static void
+coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || BUILTIN_TYPE(y) == T_FLOAT) {
+	y = rb_inspect(y);
+    }
+    else {
+	y = rb_obj_class(y);
+    }
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" can't be coerced into %"PRIsVALUE,
+	     y, rb_obj_class(x));
+}
+
 static VALUE
 coerce_rescue(VALUE *x)
 {
-    volatile VALUE v = rb_inspect(x[1]);
-
-    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s can't be coerced into %s",
-	     rb_special_const_p(x[1])?
-	     RSTRING_PTR(v):
-	     rb_obj_classname(x[1]),
-	     rb_obj_classname(x[0]));
-
+    coerce_failed(x[0], x[1]);
     return Qnil;		/* dummy */
 }
 
@@ -1108,10 +1115,14 @@ flo_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static VALUE
 flo_hash(VALUE num)
 {
-    double d;
+    return rb_dbl_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(num));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_dbl_hash(double d)
+{
     st_index_t hash;
 
-    d = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
     /* normalize -0.0 to 0.0 */
     if (d == 0.0) d = 0.0;
     hash = rb_memhash(&d, sizeof(d));
@@ -1168,7 +1179,7 @@ flo_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    if (a > 0.0) return INT2FIX(1);
 	    return INT2FIX(-1);
 	}
-	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, rb_intern("<=>"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
     }
     return rb_dbl_cmp(a, b);
 }
@@ -1758,6 +1769,9 @@ ruby_float_step_size(double beg, double end, double unit, int excl)
     if (isinf(unit)) {
 	return unit > 0 ? beg <= end : beg >= end;
     }
+    if (unit == 0) {
+	return INFINITY;
+    }
     if (err>0.5) err=0.5;
     if (excl) {
 	if (n<=0) return 0;
@@ -1787,6 +1801,11 @@ ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
 	    /* if unit is infinity, i*unit+beg is NaN */
 	    if (n) rb_yield(DBL2NUM(beg));
 	}
+	else if (unit == 0) {
+	    VALUE val = DBL2NUM(beg);
+	    for (;;)
+		rb_yield(val);
+	}
 	else {
 	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
 		double d = i*unit+beg;
@@ -1803,25 +1822,39 @@ VALUE
 ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(from) && FIXNUM_P(to) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
-	long delta, diff, result;
+	long delta, diff;
 
 	diff = FIX2LONG(step);
+	if (diff == 0) {
+	    return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+	}
 	delta = FIX2LONG(to) - FIX2LONG(from);
+	if (diff < 0) {
+	    diff = -diff;
+	    delta = -delta;
+	}
 	if (excl) {
-	    delta += (diff > 0 ? -1 : +1);
+	    delta--;
+	}
+	if (delta < 0) {
+	    return INT2FIX(0);
 	}
-	result = delta / diff;
-	return LONG2FIX(result >= 0 ? result + 1 : 0);
+	return ULONG2NUM(delta / diff + 1UL);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(from, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(step, T_FLOAT)) {
 	double n = ruby_float_step_size(NUM2DBL(from), NUM2DBL(to), NUM2DBL(step), excl);
 
 	if (isinf(n)) return DBL2NUM(n);
-	return LONG2FIX(n);
+	if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
+	return rb_dbl2big(n);
     }
     else {
 	VALUE result;
-	ID cmp = RTEST(rb_funcall(step, '>', 1, INT2FIX(0))) ? '>' : '<';
+	ID cmp = '>';
+	switch (rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0), id_cmp), step, INT2FIX(0))) {
+	  case 0: return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+	  case -1: cmp = '<'; break;
+	}
 	if (RTEST(rb_funcall(from, cmp, 1, to))) return INT2FIX(0);
 	result = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(to, '-', 1, from), id_div, 1, step);
 	if (!excl || RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_funcall(from, '+', 1, rb_funcall(result, '*', 1, step)), cmp, 1, to))) {
@@ -1831,47 +1864,55 @@ ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
     }
 }
 
-#define NUM_STEP_SCAN_ARGS(argc, argv, to, step, hash, desc) do {	\
-    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &to, &step, &hash);		\
-    if (!NIL_P(hash)) {							\
-	step = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym_by);				\
-	to = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym_to);				\
-    }									\
-    else {								\
-	/* compatibility */						\
-        if (argc > 1 && NIL_P(step)) {				       	\
-            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "step must be numeric");		\
-	}								\
-	if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {				\
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");			\
-	}								\
-    }									\
-    if (NIL_P(step)) {							\
-        step = INT2FIX(1);						\
-    }									\
-    desc = !positive_int_p(step);					\
-    if (NIL_P(to)) {							\
-        to = desc ? DBL2NUM(-INFINITY) : DBL2NUM(INFINITY);		\
-    }									\
-} while (0)
-
-#define NUM_STEP_GET_INF(to, desc, inf) do {				\
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT)) {					\
-	double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(to);					\
-	inf = isinf(f) && (signbit(f) ? desc : !desc);			\
-    }									\
-    else inf = 0;							\
-} while (0)
+static int
+num_step_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step)
+{
+    VALUE hash;
+    int desc;
+
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", to, step, &hash);
+    if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
+	ID keys[2];
+	VALUE values[2];
+	keys[0] = id_to;
+	keys[1] = id_by;
+	rb_get_kwargs(hash, keys, 0, 2, values);
+	if (values[0] != Qundef) {
+	    if (argc > 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "to is given twice");
+	    *to = values[0];
+	}
+	if (values[1] != Qundef) {
+	    if (argc > 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step is given twice");
+	    *step = values[1];
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	/* compatibility */
+	if (argc > 1 && NIL_P(*step)) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "step must be numeric");
+	}
+	if (rb_equal(*step, INT2FIX(0))) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
+	}
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(*step)) {
+	*step = INT2FIX(1);
+    }
+    desc = !positive_int_p(*step);
+    if (NIL_P(*to)) {
+	*to = desc ? DBL2NUM(-INFINITY) : DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+    }
+    return desc;
+}
 
 static VALUE
 num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
-    VALUE to, step, hash;
-    int desc;
+    VALUE to, step;
     int argc = args ? RARRAY_LENINT(args) : 0;
     VALUE *argv = args ? RARRAY_PTR(args) : 0;
 
-    NUM_STEP_SCAN_ARGS(argc, argv, to, step, hash, desc);
+    num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);
 
     return ruby_num_interval_step_size(from, to, step, FALSE);
 }
@@ -1932,14 +1973,20 @@ num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 static VALUE
 num_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE from)
 {
-    VALUE to, step, hash;
+    VALUE to, step;
     int desc, inf;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, argc, argv, num_step_size);
 
-    NUM_STEP_SCAN_ARGS(argc, argv, to, step, hash, desc);
-    NUM_STEP_GET_INF(to, desc, inf);
-
+    desc = num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);
+    if (RTEST(rb_num_coerce_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0), id_eq))) {
+	inf = 1;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT)) {
+	double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(to);
+	inf = isinf(f) && (signbit(f) ? desc : !desc);
+    }
+    else inf = 0;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(from) && (inf || FIXNUM_P(to)) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
 	long i = FIX2LONG(from);
@@ -3132,7 +3179,7 @@ fix_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, rb_intern("<=>"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
     }
 }
 
@@ -3257,15 +3304,12 @@ static int
 bit_coerce(VALUE *x, VALUE *y, int err)
 {
     if (!FIXNUM_P(*y) && !RB_TYPE_P(*y, T_BIGNUM)) {
+	VALUE orig = *x;
 	do_coerce(x, y, err);
 	if (!FIXNUM_P(*x) && !RB_TYPE_P(*x, T_BIGNUM)
 	    && !FIXNUM_P(*y) && !RB_TYPE_P(*y, T_BIGNUM)) {
 	    if (!err) return FALSE;
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
-		     "%s can't be coerced into %s for bitwise arithmetic",
-		     rb_special_const_p(*y) ?
-			RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(*y)) : rb_obj_classname(*y),
-		     rb_obj_classname(*x));
+	    coerce_failed(orig, *y);
 	}
     }
     return TRUE;
@@ -3828,6 +3872,7 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
     id_eq = rb_intern("==");
     id_div = rb_intern("div");
+    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
 
     rb_eZeroDivError = rb_define_class("ZeroDivisionError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eFloatDomainError = rb_define_class("FloatDomainError", rb_eRangeError);
@@ -4064,8 +4109,8 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "infinite?", flo_is_infinite_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "finite?",   flo_is_finite_p, 0);
 
-    sym_to = ID2SYM(rb_intern("to"));
-    sym_by = ID2SYM(rb_intern("by"));
+    id_to = rb_intern("to");
+    id_by = rb_intern("by");
 }
 
 #undef rb_float_value
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index bb43b4617e5cd1..d7b37e56b38680 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ rb_obj_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  * capacity of a Fixnum will be truncated before being used.
  *
  * The hash value for an object may not be identical across invocations or
- * implementations of ruby.  If you need a stable identifier across ruby
+ * implementations of Ruby.  If you need a stable identifier across Ruby
  * invocations and implementations you will need to generate one with a custom
  * method.
  */
@@ -203,9 +203,8 @@ rb_obj_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 VALUE
 rb_class_real(VALUE cl)
 {
-    if (cl == 0)
-        return 0;
-    while ((RBASIC(cl)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) || BUILTIN_TYPE(cl) == T_ICLASS) {
+    while (cl &&
+        ((RBASIC(cl)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) || BUILTIN_TYPE(cl) == T_ICLASS)) {
 	cl = RCLASS_SUPER(cl);
     }
     return cl;
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ rb_obj_class(VALUE obj)
  *     obj.singleton_class    -> class
  *
  *  Returns the singleton class of <i>obj</i>.  This method creates
- *  a new singleton class if <i>obj</i> does not have it.
+ *  a new singleton class if <i>obj</i> does not have one.
  *
  *  If <i>obj</i> is <code>nil</code>, <code>true</code>, or
  *  <code>false</code>, it returns NilClass, TrueClass, or FalseClass,
@@ -252,6 +251,33 @@ rb_obj_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
     return rb_singleton_class(obj);
 }
 
+void
+rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (!(RBASIC(dest)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) && ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest)) {
+	xfree(ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest));
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.ivptr = 0;
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.numiv = 0;
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl = 0;
+    }
+    if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
+	MEMCPY(ROBJECT(dest)->as.ary, ROBJECT(obj)->as.ary, VALUE, ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+	RBASIC(dest)->flags |= ROBJECT_EMBED;
+    }
+    else {
+	long len = ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.numiv;
+	VALUE *ptr = 0;
+	if (len > 0) {
+	    ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
+	    MEMCPY(ptr, ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.ivptr, VALUE, len);
+	}
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.ivptr = ptr;
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.numiv = len;
+	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl = ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl;
+	RBASIC(dest)->flags &= ~ROBJECT_EMBED;
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -264,25 +290,7 @@ init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     rb_gc_copy_finalizer(dest, obj);
     switch (TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (!(RBASIC(dest)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) && ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest)) {
-            xfree(ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest));
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.ivptr = 0;
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.numiv = 0;
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl = 0;
-        }
-        if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
-            MEMCPY(ROBJECT(dest)->as.ary, ROBJECT(obj)->as.ary, VALUE, ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
-            RBASIC(dest)->flags |= ROBJECT_EMBED;
-        }
-        else {
-            long len = ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.numiv;
-            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
-            MEMCPY(ptr, ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.ivptr, VALUE, len);
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.ivptr = ptr;
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.numiv = len;
-            ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl = ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl;
-            RBASIC(dest)->flags &= ~ROBJECT_EMBED;
-        }
+	rb_obj_copy_ivar(dest, obj);
         break;
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
@@ -306,9 +314,9 @@ init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
  *     obj.clone -> an_object
  *
  *  Produces a shallow copy of <i>obj</i>---the instance variables of
- *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference. Copies
- *  the frozen and tainted state of <i>obj</i>. See also the discussion
- *  under <code>Object#dup</code>.
+ *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference.
+ *  <code>clone</code> copies the frozen and tainted state of <i>obj</i>.
+ *  See also the discussion under <code>Object#dup</code>.
  *
  *     class Klass
  *        attr_accessor :str
@@ -356,8 +364,8 @@ rb_obj_clone(VALUE obj)
  *     obj.dup -> an_object
  *
  *  Produces a shallow copy of <i>obj</i>---the instance variables of
- *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference. <code>dup</code>
- *  copies the tainted state of <i>obj</i>.
+ *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference.
+ *  <code>dup</code> copies the tainted state of <i>obj</i>.
  *
  *  This method may have class-specific behavior.  If so, that
  *  behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of
@@ -371,7 +379,7 @@ rb_obj_clone(VALUE obj)
  *  typically uses the class of the descendant object to create the new
  *  instance.
  *
- *  When using #dup any modules that the object has been extended with will not
+ *  When using #dup, any modules that the object has been extended with will not
  *  be copied.
  *
  *	class Klass
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ rb_obj_init_dup_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
  *  Returns a string representing <i>obj</i>. The default
  *  <code>to_s</code> prints the object's class and an encoding of the
  *  object id. As a special case, the top-level object that is the
- *  initial execution context of Ruby programs returns ``main.''
+ *  initial execution context of Ruby programs returns ``main''.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -454,7 +462,7 @@ rb_any_to_s(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * If the default external encoding is ASCII compatible, the encoding of
- * inspected result must be compatible with it.
+ * the inspected result must be compatible with it.
  * If the default external encoding is ASCII incompatible,
  * the result must be ASCII only.
  */
@@ -523,9 +531,10 @@ inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
  *     obj.inspect   -> string
  *
  * Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of <i>obj</i>.
- * By default, show the class name and the list of the instance variables and
+ * The default <code>inspect</code> shows the object's class name,
+ * an encoding of the object id, and a list of the instance variables and
  * their values (by calling #inspect on each of them).
- * User defined classes should override this method to make better
+ * User defined classes should override this method to provide a better
  * representation of <i>obj</i>.  When overriding this method, it should
  * return a string whose encoding is compatible with the default external
  * encoding.
@@ -543,13 +552,6 @@ inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
  *       end
  *     end
  *     Bar.new.inspect                  #=> "#<Bar:0x0300c868 @bar=1>"
- *
- *     class Baz
- *       def to_s
- *         "baz"
- *       end
- *     end
- *     Baz.new.inspect                  #=> "#<Baz:0x0300c868>"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -584,6 +586,8 @@ class_or_module_required(VALUE c)
     return c;
 }
 
+static VALUE class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.instance_of?(class)    -> true or false
@@ -644,28 +648,40 @@ rb_obj_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, VALUE c)
     VALUE cl = CLASS_OF(obj);
 
     c = class_or_module_required(c);
-    c = RCLASS_ORIGIN(c);
+    return class_search_ancestor(cl, RCLASS_ORIGIN(c)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c)
+{
     while (cl) {
 	if (cl == c || RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(cl) == RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(c))
-	    return Qtrue;
+	    return cl;
 	cl = RCLASS_SUPER(cl);
     }
-    return Qfalse;
+    return 0;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c)
+{
+    cl = class_or_module_required(cl);
+    c = class_or_module_required(c);
+    return class_search_ancestor(cl, RCLASS_ORIGIN(c));
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.tap{|x|...}    -> obj
  *
- *  Yields <code>x</code> to the block, and then returns <code>x</code>.
+ *  Yields self to the block, and then returns self.
  *  The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
  *  in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
  *
  *	(1..10)                .tap {|x| puts "original: #{x.inspect}"}
  *	  .to_a                .tap {|x| puts "array: #{x.inspect}"}
  *	  .select {|x| x%2==0} .tap {|x| puts "evens: #{x.inspect}"}
- *	  .map { |x| x*x }     .tap {|x| puts "squares: #{x.inspect}"}
+ *	  .map {|x| x*x}       .tap {|x| puts "squares: #{x.inspect}"}
  *
  */
 
@@ -699,7 +715,7 @@ rb_obj_tap(VALUE obj)
  *    class Baz < Bar
  *    end
  *
- * produces:
+ * <em>produces:</em>
  *
  *    New subclass: Bar
  *    New subclass: Baz
@@ -721,7 +737,7 @@ rb_obj_tap(VALUE obj)
  *     def some_instance_method() end
  *   end
  *
- * produces:
+ * <em>produces:</em>
  *
  *   Adding :some_instance_method
  *
@@ -747,7 +763,7 @@ rb_obj_tap(VALUE obj)
  *     remove_method :some_instance_method
  *   end
  *
- * produces:
+ * <em>produces:</em>
  *
  *   Removing :some_instance_method
  *
@@ -935,13 +951,13 @@ rb_obj_tainted(VALUE obj)
  *
  *  Objects that are marked as tainted will be restricted from various built-in
  *  methods. This is to prevent insecure data, such as command-line arguments
- *  or strings read from Kernel#gets, from inadvertently compromising the users
+ *  or strings read from Kernel#gets, from inadvertently compromising the user's
  *  system.
  *
- *  To check whether an object is tainted, use #tainted?
+ *  To check whether an object is tainted, use #tainted?.
  *
  *  You should only untaint a tainted object if your code has inspected it and
- *  determined that it is safe. To do so use #untaint
+ *  determined that it is safe. To do so use #untaint.
  *
  *  In $SAFE level 3, all newly created objects are tainted and you can't untaint
  *  objects.
@@ -1227,7 +1243,7 @@ true_and(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
  *  call-seq:
  *     true | obj   -> true
  *
- *  Or---Returns <code>true</code>. As <i>anObject</i> is an argument to
+ *  Or---Returns <code>true</code>. As <i>obj</i> is an argument to
  *  a method call, it is always evaluated; there is no short-circuit
  *  evaluation in this case.
  *
@@ -1351,10 +1367,12 @@ rb_true(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   nil.nil?               -> true
- *   <anything_else>.nil?   -> false
+ *   obj.nil?               -> true or false
  *
  * Only the object <i>nil</i> responds <code>true</code> to <code>nil?</code>.
+ *
+ *    Object.new.nil?   #=> false
+ *    nil.nil?          #=> true
  */
 
 
@@ -1431,7 +1449,7 @@ rb_obj_cmp(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  *  Instance methods appear as methods in a class when the module is
  *  included, module methods do not. Conversely, module methods may be
  *  called without creating an encapsulating object, while instance
- *  methods may not. (See <code>Module#module_function</code>)
+ *  methods may not. (See <code>Module#module_function</code>.)
  *
  *  In the descriptions that follow, the parameter <i>sym</i> refers
  *  to a symbol, which is either a quoted string or a
@@ -1454,7 +1472,7 @@ rb_obj_cmp(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  * call-seq:
  *   mod.to_s   -> string
  *
- * Return a string representing this module or class. For basic
+ * Returns a string representing this module or class. For basic
  * classes and modules, this is the name. For singletons, we
  * show information on the thing we're attached to as well.
  */
@@ -1514,7 +1532,7 @@ rb_mod_freeze(VALUE mod)
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod === obj    -> true or false
  *
- *  Case Equality---Returns <code>true</code> if <i>anObject</i> is an
+ *  Case Equality---Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is an
  *  instance of <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s descendants. Of
  *  limited use for modules, but can be used in <code>case</code>
  *  statements to classify objects by class.
@@ -1534,7 +1552,7 @@ rb_mod_eqq(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * is the same as <i>other</i>. Returns
  * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
  * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A<B" implies "A<B").
+ * "class A<B" implies "A<B".)
  *
  */
 
@@ -1548,16 +1566,12 @@ rb_class_inherited_p(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "compared with non class/module");
     }
     arg = RCLASS_ORIGIN(arg);
-    while (mod) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(mod) == RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(arg))
-	    return Qtrue;
-	mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod);
+    if (class_search_ancestor(mod, arg)) {
+	return Qtrue;
     }
     /* not mod < arg; check if mod > arg */
-    while (arg) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(arg) == RCLASS_M_TBL_WRAPPER(start))
-	    return Qfalse;
-	arg = RCLASS_SUPER(arg);
+    if (class_search_ancestor(arg, start)) {
+	return Qfalse;
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1569,7 +1583,7 @@ rb_class_inherited_p(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is a subclass of <i>other</i>. Returns
  * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
  * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A<B" implies "A<B").
+ * "class A<B" implies "A<B".)
  *
  */
 
@@ -1589,7 +1603,7 @@ rb_mod_lt(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * two modules are the same. Returns
  * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
  * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A<B" implies "B>A").
+ * "class A<B" implies "B>A".)
  *
  */
 
@@ -1610,7 +1624,7 @@ rb_mod_ge(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * Returns true if <i>mod</i> is an ancestor of <i>other</i>. Returns
  * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
  * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
- * "class A<B" implies "B>A").
+ * "class A<B" implies "B>A".)
  *
  */
 
@@ -1857,7 +1871,7 @@ rb_class_new_instance(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *     class Bar < Foo; end
  *     Bar.superclass           #=> Foo
  *
- *  returns nil when the given class hasn't a parent class:
+ *  Returns nil when the given class does not have a parent class:
  *
  *     BasicObject.superclass   #=> nil
  *
@@ -2032,9 +2046,9 @@ rb_mod_attr_accessor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *     mod.const_get(sym, inherit=true)    -> obj
  *     mod.const_get(str, inherit=true)    -> obj
  *
- *  Checks for a constant with the given name in <i>mod</i>
+ *  Checks for a constant with the given name in <i>mod</i>.
  *  If +inherit+ is set, the lookup will also search
- *  the ancestors (and +Object+ if <i>mod</i> is a +Module+.)
+ *  the ancestors (and +Object+ if <i>mod</i> is a +Module+).
  *
  *  The value of the constant is returned if a definition is found,
  *  otherwise a +NameError+ is raised.
@@ -2060,7 +2074,7 @@ rb_mod_attr_accessor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *     Object.const_get 'Foo::Baz::VAL'         # => 10
  *     Object.const_get 'Foo::Baz::VAL', false  # => NameError
  *
- *  If neither +sym+ nor +str+ is not a valid constant name a NameError will be
+ *  If the argument is not a valid constant name a +NameError+ will be
  *  raised with a warning "wrong constant name".
  *
  *	Object.const_get 'foobar' #=> NameError: wrong constant name foobar
@@ -2172,7 +2186,7 @@ rb_mod_const_get(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *     Math.const_set("HIGH_SCHOOL_PI", 22.0/7.0)   #=> 3.14285714285714
  *     Math::HIGH_SCHOOL_PI - Math::PI              #=> 0.00126448926734968
  *
- *  If neither +sym+ nor +str+ is not a valid constant name a NameError will be
+ *  If +sym+ or +str+ is not a valid constant name a +NameError+ will be
  *  raised with a warning "wrong constant name".
  *
  *	Object.const_set('foobar', 42) #=> NameError: wrong constant name foobar
@@ -2192,20 +2206,39 @@ rb_mod_const_set(VALUE mod, VALUE name, VALUE value)
  *     mod.const_defined?(sym, inherit=true)   -> true or false
  *     mod.const_defined?(str, inherit=true)   -> true or false
  *
- *  Checks for a constant with the given name in <i>mod</i>
- *  If +inherit+ is set, the lookup will also search
- *  the ancestors (and +Object+ if <i>mod</i> is a +Module+.)
+ *  Says whether _mod_ or its ancestors have a constant with the given name:
  *
- *  Returns whether or not a definition is found:
+ *    Float.const_defined?(:EPSILON)      #=> true, found in Float itself
+ *    Float.const_defined?("String")      #=> true, found in Object (ancestor)
+ *    BasicObject.const_defined?(:Hash)   #=> false
  *
- *     Math.const_defined? "PI"   #=> true
- *     IO.const_defined? :SYNC   #=> true
- *     IO.const_defined? :SYNC, false   #=> false
+ *  If _mod_ is a +Module+, additionally +Object+ and its ancestors are checked:
  *
- *  If neither +sym+ nor +str+ is not a valid constant name a NameError will be
- *  raised with a warning "wrong constant name".
+ *    Math.const_defined?(:String)   #=> true, found in Object
+ *
+ *  In each of the checked classes or modules, if the constant is not present
+ *  but there is an autoload for it, +true+ is returned directly without
+ *  autoloading:
+ *
+ *    module Admin
+ *      autoload :User, 'admin/user'
+ *    end
+ *    Admin.const_defined?(:User)   #=> true
+ *
+ *  If the constant is not found the callback +const_missing+ is *not* called
+ *  and the method returns +false+.
+ *
+ *  If +inherit+ is false, the lookup only checks the constants in the receiver:
+ *
+ *    IO.const_defined?(:SYNC)          #=> true, found in File::Constants (ancestor)
+ *    IO.const_defined?(:SYNC, false)   #=> false, not found in IO itself
  *
- *	Hash.const_defined? 'foobar' #=> NameError: wrong constant name foobar
+ *  In this case, the same logic for autoloading applies.
+ *
+ *  If the argument is not a valid constant name a +NameError+ is raised with the
+ *  message "wrong constant name _name_":
+ *
+ *    Hash.const_defined? 'foobar'   #=> NameError: wrong constant name foobar
  *
  */
 
@@ -2355,10 +2388,10 @@ rb_obj_ivar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
  *     obj.instance_variable_set(symbol, obj)    -> obj
  *     obj.instance_variable_set(string, obj)    -> obj
  *
- *  Sets the instance variable names by <i>symbol</i> to
- *  <i>object</i>, thereby frustrating the efforts of the class's
+ *  Sets the instance variable named by <i>symbol</i> to the given
+ *  object, thereby frustrating the efforts of the class's
  *  author to attempt to provide proper encapsulation. The variable
- *  did not have to exist prior to this call.
+ *  does not have to exist prior to this call.
  *  If the instance variable name is passed as a string, that string
  *  is converted to a symbol.
  *
@@ -2428,7 +2461,7 @@ rb_obj_ivar_defined(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
  *
  *  Returns the value of the given class variable (or throws a
  *  <code>NameError</code> exception). The <code>@@</code> part of the
- *  variable name should be included for regular class variables
+ *  variable name should be included for regular class variables.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
  *
  *     class Fred
@@ -2464,8 +2497,8 @@ rb_mod_cvar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
  *     obj.class_variable_set(symbol, obj)    -> obj
  *     obj.class_variable_set(string, obj)    -> obj
  *
- *  Sets the class variable names by <i>symbol</i> to
- *  <i>object</i>.
+ *  Sets the class variable named by <i>symbol</i> to the given
+ *  object.
  *  If the class variable name is passed as a string, that string
  *  is converted to a symbol.
  *
@@ -2722,24 +2755,26 @@ rb_Integer(VALUE val)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Integer(arg,base=0)    -> integer
+ *     Integer(arg, base=0)    -> integer
  *
  *  Converts <i>arg</i> to a <code>Fixnum</code> or <code>Bignum</code>.
  *  Numeric types are converted directly (with floating point numbers
- *  being truncated).    <i>base</i> (0, or between 2 and 36) is a base for
+ *  being truncated).  <i>base</i> (0, or between 2 and 36) is a base for
  *  integer string representation.  If <i>arg</i> is a <code>String</code>,
- *  when <i>base</i> is omitted or equals to zero, radix indicators
+ *  when <i>base</i> is omitted or equals zero, radix indicators
  *  (<code>0</code>, <code>0b</code>, and <code>0x</code>) are honored.
  *  In any case, strings should be strictly conformed to numeric
  *  representation. This behavior is different from that of
- *  <code>String#to_i</code>.  Non string values will be converted using
- *  <code>to_int</code>, and <code>to_i</code>.
+ *  <code>String#to_i</code>.  Non string values will be converted by first
+ *  trying <code>to_int</code>, then <code>to_i</code>. Passing <code>nil</code>
+ *  raises a TypeError.
  *
  *     Integer(123.999)    #=> 123
  *     Integer("0x1a")     #=> 26
  *     Integer(Time.new)   #=> 1204973019
  *     Integer("0930", 10) #=> 930
  *     Integer("111", 2)   #=> 7
+ *     Integer(nil)        #=> TypeError
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2905,8 +2940,8 @@ rb_Float(VALUE val)
  *     Float(arg)    -> float
  *
  *  Returns <i>arg</i> converted to a float. Numeric types are converted
- *  directly, the rest are converted using <i>arg</i>.to_f. As of Ruby
- *  1.8, converting <code>nil</code> generates a <code>TypeError</code>.
+ *  directly, the rest are converted using <i>arg</i>.to_f.
+ *  Converting <code>nil</code> generates a <code>TypeError</code>.
  *
  *     Float(1)           #=> 1.0
  *     Float("123.456")   #=> 123.456
@@ -2978,8 +3013,9 @@ rb_String(VALUE val)
  *  call-seq:
  *     String(arg)   -> string
  *
- *  Converts <i>arg</i> to a <code>String</code> by calling its
- *  <code>to_s</code> method.
+ *  Returns <i>arg</i> as a <code>String</code>.
+ *
+ *  First tries to call its <code>to_str</code> method, then its <code>to_s</code> method.
  *
  *     String(self)        #=> "main"
  *     String(self.class)  #=> "Object"
@@ -3012,7 +3048,7 @@ rb_Array(VALUE val)
  *
  *  Returns +arg+ as an Array.
  *
- *  First tries to call Array#to_ary on +arg+, then Array#to_a.
+ *  First tries to call <code>to_ary</code> on +arg+, then <code>to_a</code>.
  *
  *     Array(1..5)   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
@@ -3067,7 +3103,7 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
  *  Typically, you create a new class by using:
  *
  *    class Name
- *     # some class describing the class behavior
+ *     # some code describing the class behavior
  *    end
  *
  *  When a new class is created, an object of type Class is initialized and
@@ -3079,19 +3115,17 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
  *  <code>Class</code>:
  *
  *     class Class
- *        alias oldNew  new
- *        def new(*args)
- *          print "Creating a new ", self.name, "\n"
- *          oldNew(*args)
- *        end
- *      end
- *
- *
- *      class Name
- *      end
+ *       alias old_new new
+ *       def new(*args)
+ *         print "Creating a new ", self.name, "\n"
+ *         old_new(*args)
+ *       end
+ *     end
  *
+ *     class Name
+ *     end
  *
- *      n = Name.new
+ *     n = Name.new
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
  *
@@ -3099,7 +3133,7 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
  *
  *  Classes, modules, and objects are interrelated. In the diagram
  *  that follows, the vertical arrows represent inheritance, and the
- *  parentheses meta-classes. All metaclasses are instances
+ *  parentheses metaclasses. All metaclasses are instances
  *  of the class `Class'.
  *                             +---------+             +-...
  *                             |         |             |
@@ -3160,7 +3194,7 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
  *
  *  BasicObject does not include Kernel (for methods like +puts+) and
  *  BasicObject is outside of the namespace of the standard library so common
- *  classes will not be found without a using a full class path.
+ *  classes will not be found without using a full class path.
  *
  *  A variety of strategies can be used to provide useful portions of the
  *  standard library to subclasses of BasicObject.  A subclass could
@@ -3198,7 +3232,7 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
  *
  *  Object is the default root of all Ruby objects.  Object inherits from
  *  BasicObject which allows creating alternate object hierarchies.  Methods
- *  on object are available to all classes unless explicitly overridden.
+ *  on Object are available to all classes unless explicitly overridden.
  *
  *  Object mixes in the Kernel module, making the built-in kernel functions
  *  globally accessible.  Although the instance methods of Object are defined
diff --git a/pack.c b/pack.c
index 71dd6afcb314bd..400e85c8ccfc26 100644
--- a/pack.c
+++ b/pack.c
@@ -946,7 +946,8 @@ static const char b64_table[] =
 static void
 encodes(VALUE str, const char *s, long len, int type, int tail_lf)
 {
-    char buff[4096];
+    enum {buff_size = 4096, encoded_unit = 4};
+    char buff[buff_size + 1];	/* +1 for tail_lf */
     long i = 0;
     const char *trans = type == 'u' ? uu_table : b64_table;
     char padding;
@@ -959,7 +960,7 @@ encodes(VALUE str, const char *s, long len, int type, int tail_lf)
 	padding = '=';
     }
     while (len >= 3) {
-        while (len >= 3 && sizeof(buff)-i >= 4) {
+        while (len >= 3 && buff_size-i >= encoded_unit) {
             buff[i++] = trans[077 & (*s >> 2)];
             buff[i++] = trans[077 & (((*s << 4) & 060) | ((s[1] >> 4) & 017))];
             buff[i++] = trans[077 & (((s[1] << 2) & 074) | ((s[2] >> 6) & 03))];
@@ -967,7 +968,7 @@ encodes(VALUE str, const char *s, long len, int type, int tail_lf)
             s += 3;
             len -= 3;
         }
-        if (sizeof(buff)-i < 4) {
+        if (buff_size-i < encoded_unit) {
             rb_str_buf_cat(str, buff, i);
             i = 0;
         }
@@ -987,6 +988,7 @@ encodes(VALUE str, const char *s, long len, int type, int tail_lf)
     }
     if (tail_lf) buff[i++] = '\n';
     rb_str_buf_cat(str, buff, i);
+    if ((size_t)i > sizeof(buff)) rb_bug("encodes() buffer overrun");
 }
 
 static const char hex_table[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
diff --git a/parse.y b/parse.y
index 25946dccda974f..80a45ebf63bb78 100644
--- a/parse.y
+++ b/parse.y
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ enum lex_state_bits {
     EXPR_DOT_bit,		/* right after `.' or `::', no reserved words. */
     EXPR_CLASS_bit,		/* immediate after `class', no here document. */
     EXPR_VALUE_bit,		/* alike EXPR_BEG but label is disallowed. */
+    EXPR_LABELARG_bit,		/* ignore significant, +/- is a sign. */
     EXPR_MAX_STATE
 };
 /* examine combinations */
@@ -90,7 +91,8 @@ enum lex_state_e {
     DEF_EXPR(DOT),
     DEF_EXPR(CLASS),
     DEF_EXPR(VALUE),
-    EXPR_BEG_ANY  =  (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE | EXPR_MID | EXPR_CLASS),
+    DEF_EXPR(LABELARG),
+    EXPR_BEG_ANY  =  (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE | EXPR_MID | EXPR_CLASS | EXPR_LABELARG),
     EXPR_ARG_ANY  =  (EXPR_ARG | EXPR_CMDARG),
     EXPR_END_ANY  =  (EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN)
 };
@@ -244,6 +246,7 @@ struct parser_params {
     int parser_brace_nest;
     int parser_compile_for_eval;
     VALUE parser_cur_mid;
+    int parser_in_kwarg;
     int parser_in_defined;
     char *parser_tokenbuf;
     int parser_tokidx;
@@ -2043,8 +2046,8 @@ arg		: lhs '=' arg
 			value_expr($1);
 			value_expr($3);
 			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, $3);
-			if (nd_type($1) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($1->nd_lit) &&
-			    nd_type($3) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($3->nd_lit)) {
+			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($1->nd_lit) &&
+			    $3 && nd_type($3) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($3->nd_lit)) {
 			    deferred_nodes = list_append(deferred_nodes, $$);
 			}
 		    /*%
@@ -2057,8 +2060,8 @@ arg		: lhs '=' arg
 			value_expr($1);
 			value_expr($3);
 			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, $3);
-			if (nd_type($1) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($1->nd_lit) &&
-			    nd_type($3) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($3->nd_lit)) {
+			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($1->nd_lit) &&
+			    $3 && nd_type($3) == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P($3->nd_lit)) {
 			    deferred_nodes = list_append(deferred_nodes, $$);
 			}
 		    /*%
@@ -2612,12 +2615,18 @@ primary		: literal
 			$$ = dispatch1(paren, 0);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| tLPAREN_ARG expr {lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG;} rparen
+		| tLPAREN_ARG
 		    {
+			$<val>1 = cmdarg_stack;
+			cmdarg_stack = 0;
+		    }
+		  expr {lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG;} rparen
+		    {
+			cmdarg_stack = $<val>1;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
+			$$ = $3;
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $2);
+			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $3);
 		    %*/
 		    }
 		| tLPAREN compstmt ')'
@@ -3458,14 +3467,20 @@ lambda		:   {
 		    {
 			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
 		    }
+		    {
+			$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack;
+			cmdarg_stack = 0;
+		    }
 		  lambda_body
 		    {
 			lpar_beg = $<num>2;
+			cmdarg_stack = $<val>5;
+			CMDARG_LEXPOP();
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LAMBDA($3, $5);
+			$$ = NEW_LAMBDA($3, $6);
 			nd_set_line($$, $<num>4);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(lambda, $3, $5);
+			$$ = dispatch2(lambda, $3, $6);
 		    %*/
 			dyna_pop($<vars>1);
 		    }
@@ -4024,7 +4039,13 @@ symbol_list	: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$2 = evstr2dstr($2);
-			nd_set_type($2, NODE_DSYM);
+			if (nd_type($2) == NODE_DSTR) {
+			    nd_set_type($2, NODE_DSYM);
+			}
+			else {
+			    nd_set_type($2, NODE_LIT);
+			    $2->nd_lit = rb_str_intern($2->nd_lit);
+			}
 			$$ = list_append($1, $2);
 		    /*%
 			$$ = dispatch2(symbols_add, $1, $2);
@@ -4403,9 +4424,14 @@ f_arglist	: '(' f_args rparen
 			lex_state = EXPR_BEG;
 			command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
-		| f_args term
+		|   {
+			$<num>$ = parser->parser_in_kwarg;
+			parser->parser_in_kwarg = 1;
+		    }
+		    f_args term
 		    {
-			$$ = $1;
+			parser->parser_in_kwarg = $<num>1;
+			$$ = $2;
 			lex_state = EXPR_BEG;
 			command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
@@ -5255,7 +5281,7 @@ parser_yyerror(struct parser_params *parser, const char *msg)
 	buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len+2);
 	MEMCPY(buf, p, char, len);
 	buf[len] = '\0';
-	rb_compile_error_append("%s%s%s", pre, buf, post);
+	rb_compile_error_with_enc(NULL, 0, (void *)current_enc, "%s%s%s", pre, buf, post);
 
 	i = (int)(lex_p - p);
 	p2 = buf; pe = buf + len;
@@ -6533,7 +6559,10 @@ parser_here_document(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *here)
 	    if (pend < lex_pend) rb_str_cat(str, "\n", 1);
 	    lex_goto_eol(parser);
 	    if (nextc() == -1) {
-		if (str) dispose_string(str);
+		if (str) {
+		    dispose_string(str);
+		    str = 0;
+		}
 		goto error;
 	    }
 	} while (!whole_match_p(eos, len, indent));
@@ -6929,6 +6958,27 @@ parser_prepare(struct parser_params *parser)
      space_seen && !ISSPACE(c) && \
      (ambiguous_operator(op, syn), 0)))
 
+static int
+parse_numvar(struct parser_params *parser)
+{
+    size_t len;
+    int overflow;
+    unsigned long n = ruby_scan_digits(tok()+1, toklen()-1, 10, &len, &overflow);
+    const unsigned long nth_ref_max =
+	(FIXNUM_MAX / 2 < INT_MAX) ? FIXNUM_MAX / 2 : INT_MAX;
+    /* NTH_REF is left-shifted to be ORed with back-ref flag and
+     * turned into a Fixnum, in compile.c */
+
+    if (overflow || n > nth_ref_max) {
+	/* compile_error()? */
+	rb_warnS("`%s' is too big for a number variable, always nil", tok());
+	return 0;		/* $0 is $PROGRAM_NAME, not NTH_REF */
+    }
+    else {
+	return (int)n;
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 {
@@ -7006,13 +7056,16 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 #endif
 	/* fall through */
       case '\n':
-	if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE | EXPR_CLASS | EXPR_FNAME | EXPR_DOT)) {
+	if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE | EXPR_CLASS | EXPR_FNAME | EXPR_DOT | EXPR_LABELARG)) {
 #ifdef RIPPER
             if (!fallthru) {
                 ripper_dispatch_scan_event(parser, tIGNORED_NL);
             }
             fallthru = FALSE;
 #endif
+	    if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABELARG) && parser->parser_in_kwarg) {
+		goto normal_newline;
+	    }
 	    goto retry;
 	}
 	while ((c = nextc())) {
@@ -8022,7 +8075,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    pushback(c);
 	    if (IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_FNAME)) goto gvar;
 	    tokfix();
-	    set_yylval_node(NEW_NTH_REF(atoi(tok()+1)));
+	    set_yylval_node(NEW_NTH_REF(parse_numvar(parser)));
 	    return tNTH_REF;
 
 	  default:
@@ -8073,7 +8126,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 
       default:
 	if (!parser_is_identchar()) {
-	    rb_compile_error(PARSER_ARG  "Invalid char `\\x%02X' in expression", c);
+	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG  "Invalid char `\\x%02X' in expression", c);
 	    goto retry;
 	}
 
@@ -8144,7 +8197,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 
 	    if (IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE()) {
 		if (IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(0)) {
-		    lex_state = EXPR_BEG;
+		    lex_state = EXPR_LABELARG;
 		    nextc();
 		    set_yylval_name(TOK_INTERN(!ENC_SINGLE(mb)));
 		    return tLABEL;
@@ -8178,7 +8231,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 			    return keyword_do_block;
 			return keyword_do;
 		    }
-		    if (IS_lex_state_for(state, (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE)))
+		    if (IS_lex_state_for(state, (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_VALUE | EXPR_LABELARG)))
 			return kw->id[0];
 		    else {
 			if (kw->id[0] != kw->id[1])
@@ -8734,10 +8787,10 @@ is_private_local_id(ID name)
 
 #define LVAR_USED ((ID)1 << (sizeof(ID) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
 
-static ID
-shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
+static int
+shadowing_lvar_0(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
 {
-    if (is_private_local_id(name)) return name;
+    if (is_private_local_id(name)) return 1;
     if (dyna_in_block()) {
 	if (dvar_curr(name)) {
 	    yyerror("duplicated argument name");
@@ -8748,6 +8801,7 @@ shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
 	    if (lvtbl->used) {
 		vtable_add(lvtbl->used, (ID)ruby_sourceline | LVAR_USED);
 	    }
+	    return 0;
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -8755,6 +8809,13 @@ shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
 	    yyerror("duplicated argument name");
 	}
     }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static ID
+shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
+{
+    shadowing_lvar_0(parser, name);
     return name;
 }
 
@@ -8767,7 +8828,7 @@ new_bv_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
 		      rb_id2name(name));
 	return;
     }
-    shadowing_lvar(name);
+    if (!shadowing_lvar_0(parser, name)) return;
     dyna_var(name);
 }
 
@@ -9669,31 +9730,26 @@ local_pop_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
 }
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static ID*
-vtable_tblcpy(ID *buf, const struct vtable *src)
-{
-    int i, cnt = vtable_size(src);
-
-    if (cnt > 0) {
-        buf[0] = cnt;
-        for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-            buf[i] = src->tbl[i];
-        }
-        return buf;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static ID*
 local_tbl_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
 {
-    int cnt = vtable_size(lvtbl->args) + vtable_size(lvtbl->vars);
+    int cnt_args = vtable_size(lvtbl->args);
+    int cnt_vars = vtable_size(lvtbl->vars);
+    int cnt = cnt_args + cnt_vars;
+    int i, j;
     ID *buf;
 
     if (cnt <= 0) return 0;
     buf = ALLOC_N(ID, cnt + 1);
-    vtable_tblcpy(buf+1, lvtbl->args);
-    vtable_tblcpy(buf+vtable_size(lvtbl->args)+1, lvtbl->vars);
+    MEMCPY(buf+1, lvtbl->args->tbl, ID, cnt_args);
+    /* remove IDs duplicated to warn shadowing */
+    for (i = 0, j = cnt_args+1; i < cnt_vars; ++i) {
+	ID id = lvtbl->vars->tbl[i];
+	if (!vtable_included(lvtbl->args, id)) {
+	    buf[j++] = id;
+	}
+    }
+    if (--j < cnt) REALLOC_N(buf, ID, (cnt = j) + 1);
     buf[0] = cnt;
     return buf;
 }
@@ -10383,7 +10439,7 @@ static VALUE
 setup_fake_str(struct RString *fake_str, const char *name, long len)
 {
     fake_str->basic.flags = T_STRING|RSTRING_NOEMBED;
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS((VALUE)fake_str, rb_cString);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW((VALUE)fake_str, rb_cString);
     fake_str->as.heap.len = len;
     fake_str->as.heap.ptr = (char *)name;
     fake_str->as.heap.aux.capa = len;
@@ -10840,6 +10896,7 @@ parser_initialize(struct parser_params *parser)
     parser->parser_in_single = 0;
     parser->parser_in_def = 0;
     parser->parser_in_defined = 0;
+    parser->parser_in_kwarg = 0;
     parser->parser_compile_for_eval = 0;
     parser->parser_cur_mid = 0;
     parser->parser_tokenbuf = NULL;
diff --git a/proc.c b/proc.c
index e3cecb7bbe898a..a13452329de747 100644
--- a/proc.c
+++ b/proc.c
@@ -262,6 +262,7 @@ binding_mark(void *ptr)
 	bind = ptr;
 	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(bind->env);
 	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(bind->path);
+	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(bind->blockprocval);
     }
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("binding");
 }
@@ -282,8 +283,8 @@ const rb_data_type_t ruby_binding_data_type = {
     NULL, NULL, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
-static VALUE
-binding_alloc(VALUE klass)
+VALUE
+rb_binding_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE obj;
     rb_binding_t *bind;
@@ -295,12 +296,13 @@ binding_alloc(VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 binding_dup(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE bindval = binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
+    VALUE bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
     rb_binding_t *src, *dst;
     GetBindingPtr(self, src);
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, dst);
     dst->env = src->env;
     dst->path = src->path;
+    dst->blockprocval = src->blockprocval;
     dst->first_lineno = src->first_lineno;
     return bindval;
 }
@@ -317,30 +319,7 @@ binding_clone(VALUE self)
 VALUE
 rb_binding_new_with_cfp(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(th, src_cfp);
-    rb_control_frame_t *ruby_level_cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, src_cfp);
-    VALUE bindval, envval;
-    rb_binding_t *bind;
-
-    if (cfp == 0 || ruby_level_cfp == 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Can't create Binding Object on top of Fiber.");
-    }
-
-    while (1) {
-	envval = rb_vm_make_env_object(th, cfp);
-	if (cfp == ruby_level_cfp) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp));
-    }
-
-    bindval = binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
-    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
-    bind->env = envval;
-    bind->path = ruby_level_cfp->iseq->location.path;
-    bind->first_lineno = rb_vm_get_sourceline(ruby_level_cfp);
-
-    return bindval;
+    return rb_vm_make_binding(th, src_cfp);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1666,6 +1645,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	if (noex == NOEX_MODFUNC) {
 	    rb_method_entry_set(rb_singleton_class(mod), id, method->me, NOEX_PUBLIC);
 	}
+	RB_GC_GUARD(body);
     }
     else if (rb_obj_is_proc(body)) {
 	rb_proc_t *proc;
@@ -1826,6 +1806,7 @@ rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE pass_procva
     if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
 	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 	rb_block_t *block = 0;
+	VALUE defined_class;
 
 	if (!NIL_P(pass_procval)) {
 	    rb_proc_t *pass_proc;
@@ -1834,7 +1815,9 @@ rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE pass_procva
 	}
 
 	th->passed_block = block;
-	result = rb_vm_call(th, data->recv, data->id,  argc, argv, data->me, data->defined_class);
+	defined_class = data->defined_class;
+	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(defined_class) == T_MODULE) defined_class = data->rclass;
+	result = rb_vm_call(th, data->recv, data->id, argc, argv, data->me, defined_class);
     }
     POP_TAG();
     if (safe >= 0)
@@ -1940,6 +1923,7 @@ umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
 {
     struct METHOD *data, *bound;
     VALUE methclass;
+    VALUE rclass;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
 
@@ -1961,8 +1945,18 @@ umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
     bound->me = ALLOC(rb_method_entry_t);
     *bound->me = *data->me;
     if (bound->me->def) bound->me->def->alias_count++;
+    rclass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(bound->defined_class) == T_MODULE) {
+	VALUE ic = rb_class_search_ancestor(rclass, bound->defined_class);
+	if (ic) {
+	    rclass = ic;
+	}
+	else {
+	    rclass = rb_include_class_new(methclass, rclass);
+	}
+    }
     bound->recv = recv;
-    bound->rclass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+    bound->rclass = rclass;
     data->ume = ALLOC(struct unlinked_method_entry_list_entry);
 
     return method;
@@ -2323,7 +2317,10 @@ static VALUE
 method_proc(VALUE method)
 {
     VALUE procval;
+    struct METHOD *meth;
     rb_proc_t *proc;
+    rb_env_t *env;
+
     /*
      * class Method
      *   def to_proc
@@ -2333,9 +2330,16 @@ method_proc(VALUE method)
      *   end
      * end
      */
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, meth);
     procval = rb_iterate(mlambda, 0, bmcall, method);
     GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
     proc->is_from_method = 1;
+    proc->block.self = meth->recv;
+    proc->block.klass = meth->defined_class;
+    GetEnvPtr(proc->envval, env);
+    env->block.self = meth->recv;
+    env->block.klass = meth->defined_class;
+    env->block.iseq = method_get_iseq(meth->me->def);
     return procval;
 }
 
@@ -2394,9 +2398,10 @@ proc_binding(VALUE self)
 	}
     }
 
-    bindval = binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
+    bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
     bind->env = proc->envval;
+    bind->blockprocval = proc->blockprocval;
     if (RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(proc->block.iseq)) {
 	bind->path = proc->block.iseq->location.path;
 	bind->first_lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(proc->block.iseq->self));
diff --git a/process.c b/process.c
index e50a047c8634da..f1679a0abdabf3 100644
--- a/process.c
+++ b/process.c
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@
 # include <mach/mach_time.h>
 #endif
 
+/* define system APIs */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#undef open
+#define open	rb_w32_uopen
+#endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_TIMES) || defined(_WIN32)
 static VALUE rb_cProcessTms;
 #endif
@@ -151,20 +157,36 @@ static void check_gid_switch(void);
 #if defined(HAVE_PWD_H)
 # if defined(HAVE_GETPWNAM_R) && defined(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
 #  define USE_GETPWNAM_R 1
+#  define GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
+#  define GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT 0x1000
+#  define GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT  0x10000
 # endif
 # ifdef USE_GETPWNAM_R
 #   define PREPARE_GETPWNAM \
-    long getpw_buf_len = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX); \
-    char *getpw_buf = ALLOCA_N(char, (getpw_buf_len < 0 ? (getpw_buf_len = 4096) : getpw_buf_len));
-#   define OBJ2UID(id) obj2uid((id), getpw_buf, getpw_buf_len)
-static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id, char *getpw_buf, size_t getpw_buf_len);
+    VALUE getpw_buf = 0
+#   define FINISH_GETPWNAM \
+    ALLOCV_END(getpw_buf)
+#   define OBJ2UID1(id) obj2uid((id), &getpw_buf)
+#   define OBJ2UID(id) obj2uid0(id)
+static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id, VALUE *getpw_buf);
+static inline rb_uid_t
+obj2uid0(VALUE id)
+{
+    rb_uid_t uid;
+    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
+    uid = OBJ2UID1(id);
+    FINISH_GETPWNAM;
+    return uid;
+}
 # else
 #   define PREPARE_GETPWNAM	/* do nothing */
+#   define FINISH_GETPWNAM	/* do nothing */
 #   define OBJ2UID(id) obj2uid((id))
 static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id);
 # endif
 #else
 # define PREPARE_GETPWNAM	/* do nothing */
+# define FINISH_GETPWNAM	/* do nothing */
 # define OBJ2UID(id) NUM2UIDT(id)
 # ifdef p_uid_from_name
 #   undef p_uid_from_name
@@ -175,20 +197,37 @@ static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id);
 #if defined(HAVE_GRP_H)
 # if defined(HAVE_GETGRNAM_R) && defined(_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX)
 #  define USE_GETGRNAM_R
+#  define GETGR_R_SIZE_INIT sysconf(_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX)
+#  define GETGR_R_SIZE_DEFAULT 0x1000
+#  define GETGR_R_SIZE_LIMIT  0x10000
 # endif
 # ifdef USE_GETGRNAM_R
 #   define PREPARE_GETGRNAM \
-    long getgr_buf_len = sysconf(_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX); \
-    char *getgr_buf = ALLOCA_N(char, (getgr_buf_len < 0 ? (getgr_buf_len = 4096) : getgr_buf_len));
-#   define OBJ2GID(id) obj2gid((id), getgr_buf, getgr_buf_len)
-static rb_gid_t obj2gid(VALUE id, char *getgr_buf, size_t getgr_buf_len);
+    VALUE getgr_buf = 0
+#   define FINISH_GETGRNAM \
+    ALLOCV_END(getgr_buf)
+#   define OBJ2GID1(id) obj2gid((id), &getgr_buf)
+#   define OBJ2GID(id) obj2gid0(id)
+static rb_gid_t obj2gid(VALUE id, VALUE *getgr_buf);
+static inline rb_gid_t
+obj2gid0(VALUE id)
+{
+    rb_gid_t gid;
+    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
+    gid = OBJ2GID1(id);
+    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
+    return gid;
+}
+static rb_gid_t obj2gid(VALUE id, VALUE *getgr_buf);
 # else
 #   define PREPARE_GETGRNAM	/* do nothing */
+#   define FINISH_GETGRNAM	/* do nothing */
 #   define OBJ2GID(id) obj2gid((id))
 static rb_gid_t obj2gid(VALUE id);
 # endif
 #else
 # define PREPARE_GETGRNAM	/* do nothing */
+# define FINISH_GETGRNAM	/* do nothing */
 # define OBJ2GID(id) NUM2GIDT(id)
 # ifdef p_gid_from_name
 #   undef p_gid_from_name
@@ -1751,7 +1790,6 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 	    }
 	    check_uid_switch();
 	    {
-		PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
 		eargp->uid = OBJ2UID(val);
 		eargp->uid_given = 1;
 	    }
@@ -1767,7 +1805,6 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 	    }
 	    check_gid_switch();
 	    {
-		PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
 		eargp->gid = OBJ2GID(val);
 		eargp->gid_given = 1;
 	    }
@@ -4821,7 +4858,7 @@ check_gid_switch(void)
 static rb_uid_t
 obj2uid(VALUE id
 # ifdef USE_GETPWNAM_R
-	, char *getpw_buf, size_t getpw_buf_len
+	, VALUE *getpw_tmp
 # endif
     )
 {
@@ -4836,8 +4873,28 @@ obj2uid(VALUE id
 	struct passwd *pwptr;
 #ifdef USE_GETPWNAM_R
 	struct passwd pwbuf;
-	if (getpwnam_r(usrname, &pwbuf, getpw_buf, getpw_buf_len, &pwptr))
-	    rb_sys_fail("getpwnam_r");
+	char *getpw_buf;
+	long getpw_buf_len;
+	if (!*getpw_tmp) {
+	    getpw_buf_len = GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT;
+	    if (getpw_buf_len < 0) getpw_buf_len = GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+	    getpw_buf = rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(getpw_tmp, getpw_buf_len);
+	}
+	else {
+	    getpw_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getpw_tmp);
+	    getpw_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getpw_tmp);
+	}
+	errno = ERANGE;
+	/* gepwnam_r() on MacOS X doesn't set errno if buffer size is insufficient */
+	while (getpwnam_r(usrname, &pwbuf, getpw_buf, getpw_buf_len, &pwptr)) {
+	    if (errno != ERANGE || getpw_buf_len >= GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+		rb_free_tmp_buffer(getpw_tmp);
+		rb_sys_fail("getpwnam_r");
+	    }
+	    rb_str_modify_expand(*getpw_tmp, getpw_buf_len);
+	    getpw_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getpw_tmp);
+	    getpw_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getpw_tmp);
+	}
 #else
 	pwptr = getpwnam(usrname);
 #endif
@@ -4870,7 +4927,6 @@ obj2uid(VALUE id
 static VALUE
 p_uid_from_name(VALUE self, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM
     return UIDT2NUM(OBJ2UID(id));
 }
 # endif
@@ -4880,7 +4936,7 @@ p_uid_from_name(VALUE self, VALUE id)
 static rb_gid_t
 obj2gid(VALUE id
 # ifdef USE_GETGRNAM_R
-	, char *getgr_buf, size_t getgr_buf_len
+	, VALUE *getgr_tmp
 # endif
     )
 {
@@ -4895,8 +4951,28 @@ obj2gid(VALUE id
 	struct group *grptr;
 #ifdef USE_GETGRNAM_R
 	struct group grbuf;
-	if (getgrnam_r(grpname, &grbuf, getgr_buf, getgr_buf_len, &grptr))
-	    rb_sys_fail("getgrnam_r");
+	char *getgr_buf;
+	long getgr_buf_len;
+	if (!*getgr_tmp) {
+	    getgr_buf_len = GETGR_R_SIZE_INIT;
+	    if (getgr_buf_len < 0) getgr_buf_len = GETGR_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+	    getgr_buf = rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(getgr_tmp, getgr_buf_len);
+	}
+	else {
+	    getgr_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getgr_tmp);
+	    getgr_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getgr_tmp);
+	}
+	errno = ERANGE;
+	/* gegrnam_r() on MacOS X doesn't set errno if buffer size is insufficient */
+	while (getgrnam_r(grpname, &grbuf, getgr_buf, getgr_buf_len, &grptr)) {
+	    if (errno != ERANGE || getgr_buf_len >= GETGR_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+		rb_free_tmp_buffer(getgr_tmp);
+		rb_sys_fail("getgrnam_r");
+	    }
+	    rb_str_modify_expand(*getgr_tmp, getgr_buf_len);
+	    getgr_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getgr_tmp);
+	    getgr_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getgr_tmp);
+	}
 #else
 	grptr = getgrnam(grpname);
 #endif
@@ -4929,7 +5005,6 @@ obj2gid(VALUE id
 static VALUE
 p_gid_from_name(VALUE self, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     return GIDT2NUM(OBJ2GID(id));
 }
 # endif
@@ -4948,7 +5023,6 @@ p_gid_from_name(VALUE self, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
     if (setuid(OBJ2UID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -4971,7 +5045,6 @@ p_sys_setuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setruid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
     if (setruid(OBJ2UID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -4994,7 +5067,6 @@ p_sys_setruid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_seteuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
     if (seteuid(OBJ2UID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -5019,9 +5091,13 @@ p_sys_seteuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setreuid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid)
 {
+    rb_uid_t ruid, euid;
     PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
-    if (setreuid(OBJ2UID(rid), OBJ2UID(eid)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    ruid = OBJ2UID1(rid);
+    euid = OBJ2UID1(eid);
+    FINISH_GETPWNAM;
+    if (setreuid(ruid, euid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
 #else
@@ -5044,9 +5120,14 @@ p_sys_setreuid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setresuid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid, VALUE sid)
 {
+    rb_uid_t ruid, euid, suid;
     PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
-    if (setresuid(OBJ2UID(rid), OBJ2UID(eid), OBJ2UID(sid)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    ruid = OBJ2UID1(rid);
+    euid = OBJ2UID1(eid);
+    suid = OBJ2UID1(sid);
+    FINISH_GETPWNAM;
+    if (setresuid(ruid, euid, suid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
 #else
@@ -5086,7 +5167,6 @@ static VALUE
 proc_setuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
     rb_uid_t uid;
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
 
     check_uid_switch();
 
@@ -5158,7 +5238,6 @@ static VALUE
 p_uid_change_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
     rb_uid_t uid;
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
 
     check_uid_switch();
 
@@ -5328,7 +5407,6 @@ p_uid_change_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
     if (setgid(OBJ2GID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -5351,7 +5429,6 @@ p_sys_setgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setrgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
     if (setrgid(OBJ2GID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -5374,7 +5451,6 @@ p_sys_setrgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setegid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
     if (setegid(OBJ2GID(id)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
@@ -5399,9 +5475,13 @@ p_sys_setegid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setregid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid)
 {
+    rb_gid_t rgid, egid;
     PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
-    if (setregid(OBJ2GID(rid), OBJ2GID(eid)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    rgid = OBJ2GID(rid);
+    egid = OBJ2GID(eid);
+    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
+    if (setregid(rgid, egid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
 #else
@@ -5423,9 +5503,14 @@ p_sys_setregid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid)
 static VALUE
 p_sys_setresgid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid, VALUE sid)
 {
+    rb_gid_t rgid, egid, sgid;
     PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
-    if (setresgid(OBJ2GID(rid), OBJ2GID(eid), OBJ2GID(sid)) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    rgid = OBJ2GID(rid);
+    egid = OBJ2GID(eid);
+    sgid = OBJ2GID(sid);
+    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
+    if (setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
 #else
@@ -5493,7 +5578,6 @@ static VALUE
 proc_setgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
     rb_gid_t gid;
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
 
     check_gid_switch();
 
@@ -5584,7 +5668,7 @@ maxgroups(void)
 static VALUE
 proc_getgroups(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE ary;
+    VALUE ary, tmp;
     int i, ngroups;
     rb_gid_t *groups;
 
@@ -5592,7 +5676,7 @@ proc_getgroups(VALUE obj)
     if (ngroups == -1)
 	rb_sys_fail(0);
 
-    groups = ALLOCA_N(rb_gid_t, ngroups);
+    groups = ALLOCV_N(rb_gid_t, tmp, ngroups);
 
     ngroups = getgroups(ngroups, groups);
     if (ngroups == -1)
@@ -5602,6 +5686,8 @@ proc_getgroups(VALUE obj)
     for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++)
 	rb_ary_push(ary, GIDT2NUM(groups[i]));
 
+    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
+
     return ary;
 }
 #else
@@ -5628,6 +5714,7 @@ proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
 {
     int ngroups, i;
     rb_gid_t *groups;
+    VALUE tmp;
     PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
 
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
@@ -5636,17 +5723,20 @@ proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
     if (ngroups > maxgroups())
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many groups, %d max", maxgroups());
 
-    groups = ALLOCA_N(rb_gid_t, ngroups);
+    groups = ALLOCV_N(rb_gid_t, tmp, ngroups);
 
     for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
 	VALUE g = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 
-	groups[i] = OBJ2GID(g);
+	groups[i] = OBJ2GID1(g);
     }
+    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
 
     if (setgroups(ngroups, groups) == -1) /* ngroups <= maxgroups */
 	rb_sys_fail(0);
 
+    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
+
     return proc_getgroups(obj);
 }
 #else
@@ -5675,7 +5765,6 @@ proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 proc_initgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE uname, VALUE base_grp)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     if (initgroups(StringValuePtr(uname), OBJ2GID(base_grp)) != 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail(0);
     }
@@ -5857,7 +5946,6 @@ static VALUE
 p_gid_change_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
     rb_gid_t gid;
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
 
     check_gid_switch();
 
@@ -6067,7 +6155,6 @@ proc_seteuid(rb_uid_t uid)
 static VALUE
 proc_seteuid_m(VALUE mod, VALUE euid)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     check_uid_switch();
     proc_seteuid(OBJ2UID(euid));
     return euid;
@@ -6133,7 +6220,6 @@ rb_seteuid_core(rb_uid_t euid)
 static VALUE
 p_uid_grant_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETPWNAM;
     rb_seteuid_core(OBJ2UID(id));
     return id;
 }
@@ -6173,7 +6259,6 @@ proc_setegid(VALUE obj, VALUE egid)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID) || defined(HAVE_SETREGID) || defined(HAVE_SETEGID) || defined(HAVE_SETGID)
     rb_gid_t gid;
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
 #endif
 
     check_gid_switch();
@@ -6265,7 +6350,6 @@ rb_setegid_core(rb_gid_t egid)
 static VALUE
 p_gid_grant_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
 {
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     rb_setegid_core(OBJ2GID(id));
     return id;
 }
diff --git a/range.c b/range.c
index d2d9a707c07fed..2b5d9394b5e9a6 100644
--- a/range.c
+++ b/range.c
@@ -31,13 +31,6 @@ static ID id_cmp, id_succ, id_beg, id_end, id_excl, id_integer_p, id_div;
 #define RBOOL(v) ((v) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 
 #define EXCL(r) RTEST(RANGE_EXCL(r))
-static inline VALUE
-SET_EXCL(VALUE r, VALUE v)
-{
-    v = RBOOL(RTEST(v));
-    RANGE_SET_EXCL(r, v);
-    return v;
-}
 
 static VALUE
 range_failed(void)
@@ -336,6 +329,21 @@ discrete_object_p(VALUE obj)
     return rb_respond_to(obj, id_succ);
 }
 
+static int
+linear_object_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(obj) || FLONUM_P(obj)) return TRUE;
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return FALSE;
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cNumeric)) return TRUE;
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cTime)) return TRUE;
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 range_step_size(VALUE range, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
@@ -1155,8 +1163,7 @@ range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
     VALUE beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
     VALUE end = RANGE_END(range);
     int nv = FIXNUM_P(beg) || FIXNUM_P(end) ||
-	     rb_obj_is_kind_of(beg, rb_cNumeric) ||
-	     rb_obj_is_kind_of(end, rb_cNumeric);
+	     linear_object_p(beg) || linear_object_p(end);
 
     if (nv ||
 	!NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(beg, "to_int")) ||
diff --git a/rational.c b/rational.c
index 53bc11c4efcf6a..1c0f7deb1c20ea 100644
--- a/rational.c
+++ b/rational.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 VALUE rb_cRational;
 
 static ID id_abs, id_cmp, id_convert, id_eqeq_p, id_expt, id_fdiv,
-    id_floor, id_idiv, id_integer_p, id_negate, id_to_f,
+    id_idiv, id_integer_p, id_negate, id_to_f,
     id_to_i, id_truncate, id_i_num, id_i_den;
 
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
@@ -91,14 +91,6 @@ f_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(x, '/', 1, y);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_gt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
-	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, '>', 1, y);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_lt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -142,7 +134,6 @@ f_sub(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 fun1(abs)
-fun1(floor)
 fun1(integer_p)
 fun1(negate)
 
@@ -161,8 +152,6 @@ f_to_f(VALUE x)
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_f, 0);
 }
 
-fun1(truncate)
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -474,14 +463,6 @@ f_rational_new_bang1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
     return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, x, ONE);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_rational_new_bang2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    assert(f_positive_p(y));
-    assert(f_nonzero_p(y));
-    return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
-}
-
 #ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
 #define CANON
 #endif
@@ -579,13 +560,6 @@ nurat_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, num, den);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_rational_new1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
-{
-    assert(!k_rational_p(x));
-    return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, ONE);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_rational_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -594,13 +568,6 @@ f_rational_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-f_rational_new_no_reduce1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
-{
-    assert(!k_rational_p(x));
-    return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal_no_reduce(klass, x, ONE);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_rational_new_no_reduce2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -617,6 +584,8 @@ f_rational_new_no_reduce2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  *    Rational(1, 2)   #=> (1/2)
  *    Rational('1/2')  #=> (1/2)
+ *    Rational(nil)    #=> TypeError
+ *    Rational(1, nil) #=> TypeError
  *
  * Syntax of string form:
  *
@@ -2167,13 +2136,14 @@ read_digits(const char **s, int strict,
 {
     char *b, *bb;
     int us = 1, ret = 1;
+    VALUE tmp;
 
     if (!isdecimal(**s)) {
 	*num = ZERO;
 	return 0;
     }
 
-    bb = b = ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(*s) + 1);
+    bb = b = ALLOCV_N(char, tmp, strlen(*s) + 1);
 
     while (isdecimal(**s) || **s == '_') {
 	if (**s == '_') {
@@ -2200,6 +2170,7 @@ read_digits(const char **s, int strict,
   conv:
     *b = '\0';
     *num = rb_cstr_to_inum(bb, 10, 0);
+    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2480,13 +2451,14 @@ nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * a/b (b>0).  Where a is numerator and b is denominator.  Integer a
  * equals rational a/1 mathematically.
  *
- * In ruby, you can create rational object with Rational, to_r or
- * rationalize method.  The return values will be irreducible.
+ * In ruby, you can create rational object with Rational, to_r,
+ * rationalize method or suffixing r to a literal.  The return values will be irreducible.
  *
  *    Rational(1)      #=> (1/1)
  *    Rational(2, 3)   #=> (2/3)
  *    Rational(4, -6)  #=> (-2/3)
  *    3.to_r           #=> (3/1)
+ *    2/3r             #=> (2/3)
  *
  * You can also create rational object from floating-point numbers or
  * strings.
@@ -2530,7 +2502,6 @@ Init_Rational(void)
     id_eqeq_p = rb_intern("==");
     id_expt = rb_intern("**");
     id_fdiv = rb_intern("fdiv");
-    id_floor = rb_intern("floor");
     id_idiv = rb_intern("div");
     id_integer_p = rb_intern("integer?");
     id_negate = rb_intern("-@");
diff --git a/re.c b/re.c
index 98fbda211fa758..1353e6da405218 100644
--- a/re.c
+++ b/re.c
@@ -223,6 +223,32 @@ rb_memsearch_qs_utf8(const unsigned char *xs, long m, const unsigned char *ys, l
     return -1;
 }
 
+static inline long
+rb_memsearch_wchar(const unsigned char *xs, long m, const unsigned char *ys, long n)
+{
+    const unsigned char *x = xs, x0 = *xs, *y = ys;
+    enum {char_size = 2};
+
+    for (n -= m; n > 0; n -= char_size, y += char_size) {
+	if (x0 == *y && memcmp(x+1, y+1, m-1) == 0)
+	    return y - ys;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static inline long
+rb_memsearch_qchar(const unsigned char *xs, long m, const unsigned char *ys, long n)
+{
+    const unsigned char *x = xs, x0 = *xs, *y = ys;
+    enum {char_size = 4};
+
+    for (n -= m; n > 0; n -= char_size, y += char_size) {
+	if (x0 == *y && memcmp(x+1, y+1, m-1) == 0)
+	    return y - ys;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
 long
 rb_memsearch(const void *x0, long m, const void *y0, long n, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
@@ -243,15 +269,21 @@ rb_memsearch(const void *x0, long m, const void *y0, long n, rb_encoding *enc)
 	else
 	    return -1;
     }
-    else if (m <= SIZEOF_VALUE) {
-	return rb_memsearch_ss(x0, m, y0, n);
+    else if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) == 1) {
+	if (m <= SIZEOF_VALUE) {
+	    return rb_memsearch_ss(x0, m, y0, n);
+	}
+	else if (enc == rb_utf8_encoding()){
+	    return rb_memsearch_qs_utf8(x0, m, y0, n);
+	}
     }
-    else if (enc == rb_utf8_encoding()){
-	return rb_memsearch_qs_utf8(x0, m, y0, n);
+    else if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) == 2) {
+	return rb_memsearch_wchar(x0, m, y0, n);
     }
-    else {
-	return rb_memsearch_qs(x0, m, y0, n);
+    else if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) == 4) {
+	return rb_memsearch_qchar(x0, m, y0, n);
     }
+    return rb_memsearch_qs(x0, m, y0, n);
 }
 
 #define REG_LITERAL FL_USER5
@@ -1698,20 +1730,16 @@ match_captures(VALUE match)
 static int
 name_to_backref_number(struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp, const char* name, const char* name_end)
 {
-    int num;
-
-    num = onig_name_to_backref_number(RREGEXP(regexp)->ptr,
+    return onig_name_to_backref_number(RREGEXP(regexp)->ptr,
 	(const unsigned char* )name, (const unsigned char* )name_end, regs);
-    if (num >= 1) {
-	return num;
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE s = rb_str_new(name, (long )(name_end - name));
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: %s",
-				 StringValuePtr(s));
-    }
+}
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+NORETURN(static void name_to_backref_error(VALUE name));
+static void
+name_to_backref_error(VALUE name)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: % "PRIsVALUE,
+	     name);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1761,17 +1789,16 @@ match_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE match)
 
 	    switch (TYPE(idx)) {
 	      case T_SYMBOL:
-		p = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(idx));
-		goto name_to_backref;
-		break;
+		idx = rb_id2str(SYM2ID(idx));
+		/* fall through */
 	      case T_STRING:
 		p = StringValuePtr(idx);
-
-	      name_to_backref:
-		num = name_to_backref_number(RMATCH_REGS(match),
-					     RMATCH(match)->regexp, p, p + strlen(p));
+		if (!rb_enc_compatible(RREGEXP(RMATCH(match)->regexp)->src, idx) ||
+		    (num = name_to_backref_number(RMATCH_REGS(match), RMATCH(match)->regexp,
+						  p, p + RSTRING_LEN(idx))) < 1) {
+		    name_to_backref_error(idx);
+		}
 		return rb_reg_nth_match(num, match);
-		break;
 
 	      default:
 		break;
@@ -3380,7 +3407,12 @@ rb_reg_regsub(VALUE str, VALUE src, struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp)
                     name_end += c == -1 ? mbclen(name_end, e, str_enc) : clen;
                 }
                 if (name_end < e) {
-                    no = name_to_backref_number(regs, regexp, name, name_end);
+		    VALUE n = rb_str_subseq(str, (long)(name - RSTRING_PTR(str)),
+					    (long)(name_end - name));
+		    if (!rb_enc_compatible(RREGEXP(regexp)->src, n) ||
+			(no = name_to_backref_number(regs, regexp, name, name_end)) < 1) {
+			name_to_backref_error(n);
+		    }
                     p = s = name_end + clen;
                     break;
                 }
diff --git a/regcomp.c b/regcomp.c
index 705e0faad774ee..15d71f4906fe0c 100644
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -4495,6 +4495,9 @@ concat_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* left, OptAncInfo* right,
   if (right_len == 0) {
     to->right_anchor |= left->right_anchor;
   }
+  else {
+    to->right_anchor |= (left->right_anchor & ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT);
+  }
 }
 
 static int
@@ -5068,7 +5071,8 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
     case ANCHOR_END_BUF:
     case ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF:
     case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
-    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND: /* just for (?<=x).* */
+    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:	/* just for (?<=x).* */
+    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:	/* just for (?!x).* */
       add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, NANCHOR(node)->type);
       break;
 
@@ -5091,7 +5095,6 @@ optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
       }
       break;
 
-    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
     case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
       break;
     }
@@ -5357,7 +5360,8 @@ set_optimize_info_from_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* scan_env)
         ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION | ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR | ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_ML |
         ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND);
 
-  reg->anchor |= opt.anc.right_anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF);
+  reg->anchor |= opt.anc.right_anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF |
+	ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT);
 
   if (reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF)) {
     reg->anchor_dmin = opt.len.min;
diff --git a/regerror.c b/regerror.c
index 9c94d230180ad2..d32b50d12b62c1 100644
--- a/regerror.c
+++ b/regerror.c
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ onig_error_code_to_format(OnigPosition code)
     p = "too short multibyte code string"; break;
   case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER:
     p = "too big backref number"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_CAPTURE_GROUPS:
+    p = "too many capture groups are specified"; break;
   case ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF:
 #ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
     p = "invalid backref number/name"; break;
diff --git a/regexec.c b/regexec.c
index 997849695e5ab5..6c5ba577606081 100644
--- a/regexec.c
+++ b/regexec.c
@@ -444,9 +444,26 @@ onig_region_copy(OnigRegion* to, OnigRegion* from)
 
 
 
-#define STACK_INIT(alloc_addr, ptr_num, stack_num)  do {\
-  if (msa->stack_p) {\
+#define MAX_PTR_NUM 100
+
+#define STACK_INIT(alloc_addr, heap_addr, ptr_num, stack_num)  do {\
+  if (ptr_num > MAX_PTR_NUM) {\
+    alloc_addr = (char* )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num));\
+    heap_addr  = alloc_addr;\
+    if (msa->stack_p) {\
+      stk_alloc = (OnigStackType* )(msa->stack_p);\
+      stk_base  = stk_alloc;\
+      stk       = stk_base;\
+      stk_end   = stk_base + msa->stack_n;\
+    } else {\
+      stk_alloc = (OnigStackType* )xalloca(sizeof(OnigStackType) * (stack_num));\
+      stk_base  = stk_alloc;\
+      stk       = stk_base;\
+      stk_end   = stk_base + (stack_num);\
+    }\
+  } else if (msa->stack_p) {\
     alloc_addr = (char* )xalloca(sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num));\
+    heap_addr  = NULL;\
     stk_alloc  = (OnigStackType* )(msa->stack_p);\
     stk_base   = stk_alloc;\
     stk        = stk_base;\
@@ -455,6 +472,7 @@ onig_region_copy(OnigRegion* to, OnigRegion* from)
   else {\
     alloc_addr = (char* )xalloca(sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num)\
 		       + sizeof(OnigStackType) * (stack_num));\
+    heap_addr  = NULL;\
     stk_alloc  = (OnigStackType* )(alloc_addr + sizeof(OnigStackIndex) * (ptr_num));\
     stk_base   = stk_alloc;\
     stk        = stk_base;\
@@ -529,7 +547,11 @@ stack_double(OnigStackType** arg_stk_base, OnigStackType** arg_stk_end,
 #define STACK_ENSURE(n)	do {\
   if (stk_end - stk < (n)) {\
     int r = stack_double(&stk_base, &stk_end, &stk, stk_alloc, msa);\
-    if (r != 0) { STACK_SAVE; return r; } \
+    if (r != 0) {\
+      STACK_SAVE;\
+      if (xmalloc_base) xfree(xmalloc_base);\
+      return r;\
+    }\
   }\
 } while(0)
 
@@ -1325,6 +1347,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   UChar *p = reg->p;
   UChar *pkeep;
   char *alloca_base;
+  char *xmalloc_base = NULL;
   OnigStackType *stk_alloc, *stk_base, *stk, *stk_end;
   OnigStackType *stkp; /* used as any purpose. */
   OnigStackIndex si;
@@ -1340,7 +1363,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   /* Stack #0 is used to store the pattern itself and used for (?R), \g<0>, etc. */
   n = reg->num_repeat + (reg->num_mem + 1) * 2;
 
-  STACK_INIT(alloca_base, n, INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE);
+  STACK_INIT(alloca_base, xmalloc_base, n, INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE);
   pop_level = reg->stack_pop_level;
   num_mem = reg->num_mem;
   repeat_stk = (OnigStackIndex* )alloca_base;
@@ -1354,7 +1377,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
   /* Stack #0 not is used. */
   n = reg->num_repeat + reg->num_mem * 2;
 
-  STACK_INIT(alloca_base, n, INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE);
+  STACK_INIT(alloca_base, xmalloc_base, n, INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE);
   pop_level = reg->stack_pop_level;
   num_mem = reg->num_mem;
   repeat_stk = (OnigStackIndex* )alloca_base;
@@ -2916,20 +2939,24 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 
  finish:
   STACK_SAVE;
+  if (xmalloc_base) xfree(xmalloc_base);
   return best_len;
 
 #ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
  stack_error:
   STACK_SAVE;
+  if (xmalloc_base) xfree(xmalloc_base);
   return ONIGERR_STACK_BUG;
 #endif
 
  bytecode_error:
   STACK_SAVE;
+  if (xmalloc_base) xfree(xmalloc_base);
   return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE;
 
  unexpected_bytecode_error:
   STACK_SAVE;
+  if (xmalloc_base) xfree(xmalloc_base);
   return ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE;
 }
 
@@ -4157,7 +4184,7 @@ onig_search_gpos(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
             prev = s;
             s += enclen(reg->enc, s, end);
 
-            if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND) == 0) {
+            if ((reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND | ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT)) == 0) {
               while (!ONIGENC_IS_MBC_NEWLINE_EX(reg->enc, prev, str, end, reg->options, 0)
                      && s < range) {
                 prev = s;
diff --git a/regparse.c b/regparse.c
index 774ee0a9601853..ecf39ad1cf3faf 100644
--- a/regparse.c
+++ b/regparse.c
@@ -978,6 +978,8 @@ scan_env_add_mem_entry(ScanEnv* env)
   Node** p;
 
   need = env->num_mem + 1;
+  if (need > ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_GROUP_NUM)
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_CAPTURE_GROUPS;
   if (need >= SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE) {
     if (env->mem_alloc <= need) {
       if (IS_NULL(env->mem_nodes_dynamic)) {
@@ -5291,30 +5293,23 @@ set_quantifier(Node* qnode, Node* target, int group, ScanEnv* env)
 #ifdef USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR
       if (!IS_QUANTIFIER_BY_NUMBER(qn) && !IS_QUANTIFIER_BY_NUMBER(qnt) &&
 	  IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT)) {
-        UChar buf[WARN_BUFSIZE];
-
         switch (ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]) {
         case RQ_ASIS:
           break;
 
         case RQ_DEL:
-          if (onig_verb_warn != onig_null_warn) {
-            onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, env->enc,
-                                 env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
-                                 (UChar* )"redundant nested repeat operator");
-            (*onig_verb_warn)((char* )buf);
+          if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
+              onig_syntax_warn(env, "regular expression has redundant nested repeat operator '%s'",
+                               PopularQStr[targetq_num]);
           }
           goto warn_exit;
           break;
 
         default:
-          if (onig_verb_warn != onig_null_warn) {
-            onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, env->enc,
-                                       env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
-            (UChar* )"nested repeat operator %s and %s was replaced with '%s'",
-            PopularQStr[targetq_num], PopularQStr[nestq_num],
-            ReduceQStr[ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]]);
-            (*onig_verb_warn)((char* )buf);
+          if (onig_warn != onig_null_warn) {
+              onig_syntax_warn(env, "nested repeat operator '%s' and '%s' was replaced with '%s' in regular expression",
+                               PopularQStr[targetq_num], PopularQStr[nestq_num],
+                               ReduceQStr[ReduceTypeTable[targetq_num][nestq_num]]);
           }
           goto warn_exit;
           break;
diff --git a/signal.c b/signal.c
index 96277e322cd449..346d68d7587f16 100644
--- a/signal.c
+++ b/signal.c
@@ -343,6 +343,10 @@ ruby_default_signal(int sig)
     raise(sig);
 }
 
+static RETSIGTYPE sighandler(int sig);
+static int signal_ignored(int sig);
+static void signal_enque(int sig);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.kill(signal, pid, ...)    -> fixnum
@@ -429,6 +433,8 @@ rb_f_kill(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	break;
     }
 
+    if (argc <= 1) return INT2FIX(0);
+
     if (sig < 0) {
 	sig = -sig;
 	for (i=1; i<argc; i++) {
@@ -437,8 +443,48 @@ rb_f_kill(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	}
     }
     else {
+	const rb_pid_t self = (GET_THREAD() == GET_VM()->main_thread) ? getpid() : -1;
+	int wakeup = 0;
+
 	for (i=1; i<argc; i++) {
-	    ruby_kill(NUM2PIDT(argv[i]), sig);
+	    rb_pid_t pid = NUM2PIDT(argv[i]);
+
+	    if ((sig != 0) && (self != -1) && (pid == self)) {
+		int t;
+		/*
+		 * When target pid is self, many caller assume signal will be
+		 * delivered immediately and synchronously.
+		 */
+		switch (sig) {
+		  case SIGSEGV:
+#ifdef SIGBUS
+		  case SIGBUS:
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGKILL
+		  case SIGKILL:
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGSTOP
+		  case SIGSTOP:
+#endif
+		    ruby_kill(pid, sig);
+		    break;
+		  default:
+		    t = signal_ignored(sig);
+		    if (t) {
+			if (t < 0 && kill(pid, sig))
+			    rb_sys_fail(0);
+			break;
+		    }
+		    signal_enque(sig);
+		    wakeup = 1;
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (kill(pid, sig) < 0) {
+		rb_sys_fail(0);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (wakeup) {
+	    rb_threadptr_check_signal(GET_VM()->main_thread);
 	}
     }
     rb_thread_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_current());
@@ -543,7 +589,10 @@ ruby_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
 	    rb_bug_errno("sigaction", errno);
 	}
     }
-    return old.sa_handler;
+    if (old.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO)
+	return (sighandler_t)old.sa_sigaction;
+    else
+	return old.sa_handler;
 }
 
 sighandler_t
@@ -552,6 +601,17 @@ posix_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
     return ruby_signal(signum, handler);
 }
 
+#elif defined _WIN32
+static inline sighandler_t
+ruby_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
+{
+    if (signum == SIGKILL) {
+	errno = EINVAL;
+	return SIG_ERR;
+    }
+    return signal(signum, handler);
+}
+
 #else /* !POSIX_SIGNAL */
 #define ruby_signal(sig,handler) (/* rb_trap_accept_nativethreads[(sig)] = 0,*/ signal((sig),(handler)))
 #if 0 /* def HAVE_NATIVETHREAD */
@@ -567,11 +627,35 @@ ruby_nativethread_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
 #endif
 #endif
 
-static RETSIGTYPE
-sighandler(int sig)
+static int
+signal_ignored(int sig)
+{
+    sighandler_t func;
+#ifdef POSIX_SIGNAL
+    struct sigaction old;
+    (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(&old, sizeof(old));
+    if (sigaction(sig, NULL, &old) < 0) return FALSE;
+    func = old.sa_handler;
+#else
+    sighandler_t old = signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
+    signal(sig, old);
+    func = old;
+#endif
+    if (func == SIG_IGN) return 1;
+    return func == sighandler ? 0 : -1;
+}
+
+static void
+signal_enque(int sig)
 {
     ATOMIC_INC(signal_buff.cnt[sig]);
     ATOMIC_INC(signal_buff.size);
+}
+
+static RETSIGTYPE
+sighandler(int sig)
+{
+    signal_enque(sig);
     rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread();
 #if !defined(BSD_SIGNAL) && !defined(POSIX_SIGNAL)
     ruby_signal(sig, sighandler);
@@ -628,21 +712,56 @@ rb_get_next_signal(void)
 
 
 #if defined(USE_SIGALTSTACK) || defined(_WIN32)
+NORETURN(void ruby_thread_stack_overflow(rb_thread_t *th));
+#if defined(HAVE_UCONTEXT_H) && defined __linux__ && (defined __i386__ || defined __x86_64__)
+# define USE_UCONTEXT_REG 1
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_UCONTEXT_REG
+static void
+check_stack_overflow(const uintptr_t addr, const ucontext_t *ctx)
+{
+# if defined REG_RSP
+    const greg_t sp = ctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_RSP];
+# else
+    const greg_t sp = ctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_ESP];
+# endif
+    enum {pagesize = 4096};
+    const uintptr_t sp_page = (uintptr_t)sp / pagesize;
+    const uintptr_t fault_page = addr / pagesize;
+
+    /* SP in ucontext is not decremented yet when `push` failed, so
+     * the fault page can be the next. */
+    if (sp_page == fault_page || sp_page == fault_page + 1) {
+	rb_thread_t *th = ruby_current_thread;
+	if ((uintptr_t)th->tag->buf / pagesize == sp_page) {
+	    /* drop the last tag if it is close to the fault,
+	     * otherwise it can cause stack overflow again at the same
+	     * place. */
+	    th->tag = th->tag->prev;
+	}
+	ruby_thread_stack_overflow(th);
+    }
+}
+#else
 static void
 check_stack_overflow(const void *addr)
 {
     int ruby_stack_overflowed_p(const rb_thread_t *, const void *);
-    NORETURN(void ruby_thread_stack_overflow(rb_thread_t *th));
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_current_thread;
     if (ruby_stack_overflowed_p(th, addr)) {
 	ruby_thread_stack_overflow(th);
     }
 }
+#endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(0)
 #else
 #define FAULT_ADDRESS info->si_addr
-#define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(FAULT_ADDRESS)
+# ifdef USE_UCONTEXT_REG
+# define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow((uintptr_t)FAULT_ADDRESS, ctx)
+#else
+# define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(FAULT_ADDRESS)
+#endif
 #define MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS " at %p", FAULT_ADDRESS
 #endif
 #else
@@ -661,7 +780,8 @@ sigbus(int sig SIGINFO_ARG)
  * and it's delivered as SIGBUS instead of SIGSEGV to userland. It's crazy
  * wrong IMHO. but anyway we have to care it. Sigh.
  */
-#if defined __APPLE__
+    /* Seems Linux also delivers SIGBUS. */
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined __linux__
     CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW();
 #endif
     rb_bug("Bus Error" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
@@ -712,6 +832,15 @@ signal_exec(VALUE cmd, int safe, int sig)
     volatile unsigned long old_interrupt_mask = cur_th->interrupt_mask;
     int state;
 
+    /*
+     * workaround the following race:
+     * 1. signal_enque queues signal for execution
+     * 2. user calls trap(sig, "IGNORE"), setting SIG_IGN
+     * 3. rb_signal_exec runs on queued signal
+     */
+    if (IMMEDIATE_P(cmd))
+	return;
+
     cur_th->interrupt_mask |= TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK;
     TH_PUSH_TAG(cur_th);
     if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
@@ -863,7 +992,7 @@ trap_handler(VALUE *cmd, int sig)
 		if (strncmp(RSTRING_PTR(command), "SIG_IGN", 7) == 0) {
 sig_ign:
                     func = SIG_IGN;
-                    *cmd = 0;
+                    *cmd = Qtrue;
 		}
 		else if (strncmp(RSTRING_PTR(command), "SIG_DFL", 7) == 0) {
 sig_dfl:
@@ -944,10 +1073,13 @@ trap(int sig, sighandler_t func, VALUE command)
     oldcmd = vm->trap_list[sig].cmd;
     switch (oldcmd) {
       case 0:
+      case Qtrue:
 	if (oldfunc == SIG_IGN) oldcmd = rb_str_new2("IGNORE");
 	else if (oldfunc == sighandler) oldcmd = rb_str_new2("DEFAULT");
 	else oldcmd = Qnil;
 	break;
+      case Qnil:
+	break;
       case Qundef:
 	oldcmd = rb_str_new2("EXIT");
 	break;
diff --git a/spec/default.mspec b/spec/default.mspec
index c4b75f614aa3a3..e45526c7aceec0 100644
--- a/spec/default.mspec
+++ b/spec/default.mspec
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-load File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/rubyspec/ruby.1.9.mspec'
+load File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/rubyspec/default.mspec'
 class MSpecScript
   builddir = Dir.pwd
   srcdir = ENV['SRCDIR']
diff --git a/sprintf.c b/sprintf.c
index 97b2126422ae0d..59d3dde0178ade 100644
--- a/sprintf.c
+++ b/sprintf.c
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ sign_bits(int base, const char *p)
 } while (0)
 
 #define GETARG() (nextvalue != Qundef ? nextvalue : \
+		  GETNEXTARG())
+
+#define GETNEXTARG() ( \
     posarg == -1 ? \
     (rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unnumbered(%d) mixed with numbered", nextarg), 0) : \
     posarg == -2 ? \
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ sign_bits(int base, const char *p)
 	tmp = GETPOSARG(n); \
     } \
     else { \
-	tmp = GETARG(); \
+	tmp = GETNEXTARG(); \
 	p = t; \
     } \
     (val) = NUM2INT(tmp); \
diff --git a/st.c b/st.c
index 756f258bf533d7..37d0ebed904b67 100644
--- a/st.c
+++ b/st.c
@@ -428,9 +428,8 @@ find_entry(st_table *table, st_data_t key, st_index_t hash_val, st_index_t bin_p
 }
 
 static inline st_index_t
-find_packed_index(st_table *table, st_index_t hash_val, st_data_t key)
+find_packed_index_from(st_table *table, st_index_t hash_val, st_data_t key, st_index_t i)
 {
-    st_index_t i = 0;
     while (i < table->real_entries &&
 	   (PHASH(table, i) != hash_val || !EQUAL(table, key, PKEY(table, i)))) {
 	i++;
@@ -438,6 +437,12 @@ find_packed_index(st_table *table, st_index_t hash_val, st_data_t key)
     return i;
 }
 
+static inline st_index_t
+find_packed_index(st_table *table, st_index_t hash_val, st_data_t key)
+{
+    return find_packed_index_from(table, hash_val, key, 0);
+}
+
 #define collision_check 0
 
 int
@@ -997,9 +1002,10 @@ st_foreach_check(st_table *table, int (*func)(ANYARGS), st_data_t arg, st_data_t
 		if (PHASH(table, i) == 0 && PKEY(table, i) == never) {
 		    break;
 		}
-		i = find_packed_index(table, hash, key);
-		if (i == table->real_entries) {
-		    goto deleted;
+		i = find_packed_index_from(table, hash, key, i);
+		if (i >= table->real_entries) {
+		    i = find_packed_index(table, hash, key);
+		    if (i >= table->real_entries) goto deleted;
 		}
 		/* fall through */
 	      case ST_CONTINUE:
diff --git a/string.c b/string.c
index bd1e3bcfdd5cec..d9a9315c9dad22 100644
--- a/string.c
+++ b/string.c
@@ -1956,10 +1956,10 @@ rb_str_substr(VALUE str, long beg, long len)
     }
     else {
 	str2 = rb_str_new5(str, p, len);
-	rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(str2, str);
 	OBJ_INFECT(str2, str);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(str);
     }
+    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(str2, str);
 
     return str2;
 }
@@ -2034,8 +2034,8 @@ rb_str_resize(VALUE str, long len)
     independent = str_independent(str);
     ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAR(str);
     slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-
     {
+	long capa;
 	const int termlen = TERM_LEN(str);
 	if (STR_EMBED_P(str)) {
 	    if (len == slen) return str;
@@ -2061,13 +2061,12 @@ rb_str_resize(VALUE str, long len)
 	    if (len == slen) return str;
 	    str_make_independent_expand(str, len - slen);
 	}
-	else if (slen < len || (RSTRING(str)->as.heap.aux.capa - len) > (len < 1024 ? len : 1024)) {
+	else if ((capa = RSTRING(str)->as.heap.aux.capa) < len ||
+		 (capa - len) > (len < 1024 ? len : 1024)) {
 	    REALLOC_N(RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr, char, len + termlen);
-	}
-	else if (len == slen) return str;
-	if (!STR_NOCAPA_P(str)) {
 	    RSTRING(str)->as.heap.aux.capa = len;
 	}
+	else if (len == slen) return str;
 	RSTRING(str)->as.heap.len = len;
 	TERM_FILL(RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr + len, termlen); /* sentinel */
     }
@@ -2102,7 +2101,7 @@ str_buf_cat(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len)
     if (capa <= total) {
 	while (total > capa) {
 	    if (capa + termlen >= LONG_MAX / 2) {
-		capa = (total + 4095) / 4096;
+		capa = (total + 4095) / 4096 * 4096;
 		break;
 	    }
 	    capa = (capa + termlen) * 2;
@@ -4108,6 +4107,9 @@ rb_str_sub_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
  *  double-quoted string, both back-references must be preceded by an
  *  additional backslash. However, within +replacement+ the special match
  *  variables, such as <code>&$</code>, will not refer to the current match.
+ *  If +replacement+ is a String that looks like a pattern's capture group but
+ *  is actaully not a pattern capture group e.g. <code>"\\'"</code>, then it
+ *  will have to be preceded by two backslashes like so <code>"\\\\'"</code>.
  *
  *  If the second argument is a Hash, and the matched text is one of its keys,
  *  the corresponding value is the replacement string.
@@ -4561,13 +4563,14 @@ rb_str_reverse(VALUE str)
     rb_encoding *enc;
     VALUE rev;
     char *s, *e, *p;
-    int single = 1;
+    int cr;
 
     if (RSTRING_LEN(str) <= 1) return rb_str_dup(str);
     enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
     rev = rb_str_new5(str, 0, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     s = RSTRING_PTR(str); e = RSTRING_END(str);
     p = RSTRING_END(rev);
+    cr = ENC_CODERANGE(str);
 
     if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 1) {
 	if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
@@ -4575,21 +4578,22 @@ rb_str_reverse(VALUE str)
 		*--p = *s++;
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID) {
+	else if (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID) {
 	    while (s < e) {
 		int clen = rb_enc_fast_mbclen(s, e, enc);
 
-		if (clen > 1 || (*s & 0x80)) single = 0;
 		p -= clen;
 		memcpy(p, s, clen);
 		s += clen;
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
+	    cr = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc) ?
+		ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT : ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
 	    while (s < e) {
 		int clen = rb_enc_mbclen(s, e, enc);
 
-		if (clen > 1 || (*s & 0x80)) single = 0;
+		if (clen > 1 || (*s & 0x80)) cr = ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN;
 		p -= clen;
 		memcpy(p, s, clen);
 		s += clen;
@@ -4598,15 +4602,8 @@ rb_str_reverse(VALUE str)
     }
     STR_SET_LEN(rev, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     OBJ_INFECT(rev, str);
-    if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN) {
-	if (single) {
-	    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
-	}
-    }
-    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(rev, str);
+    str_enc_copy(rev, str);
+    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(rev, cr);
 
     return rev;
 }
@@ -6079,21 +6076,25 @@ rb_str_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
 {
     char table[TR_TABLE_SIZE];
     rb_encoding *enc = 0;
-    VALUE del = 0, nodel = 0;
+    VALUE del = 0, nodel = 0, tstr;
     char *s, *send;
     int i;
     int ascompat;
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	VALUE tstr = argv[i];
-	unsigned char c;
 
-	StringValue(tstr);
-	enc = rb_enc_check(str, tstr);
-	if (argc == 1 && RSTRING_LEN(tstr) == 1 && rb_enc_asciicompat(enc) &&
-	    (c = RSTRING_PTR(tstr)[0]) < 0x80 && !is_broken_string(str)) {
+    tstr = argv[0];
+    StringValue(tstr);
+    enc = rb_enc_check(str, tstr);
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	const char *ptstr;
+	if (RSTRING_LEN(tstr) == 1 && rb_enc_asciicompat(enc) &&
+	    (ptstr = RSTRING_PTR(tstr),
+	     ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(enc, (const unsigned char *)ptstr, (const unsigned char *)ptstr+1)) &&
+	    !is_broken_string(str)) {
 	    int n = 0;
+	    int clen;
+	    unsigned char c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(ptstr, ptstr+1, &clen, enc);
 
 	    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	    if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -6103,7 +6104,14 @@ rb_str_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
 	    }
 	    return INT2NUM(n);
 	}
-	tr_setup_table(tstr, table, i==0, &del, &nodel, enc);
+    }
+
+    tr_setup_table(tstr, table, TRUE, &del, &nodel, enc);
+    for (i=1; i<argc; i++) {
+	tstr = argv[i];
+	StringValue(tstr);
+	enc = rb_enc_check(str, tstr);
+	tr_setup_table(tstr, table, FALSE, &del, &nodel, enc);
     }
 
     s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
@@ -6224,15 +6232,10 @@ rb_str_split_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
     }
 
     enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
-    if (NIL_P(spat)) {
-	if (!NIL_P(rb_fs)) {
-	    spat = rb_fs;
-	    goto fs_set;
-	}
+    if (NIL_P(spat) && NIL_P(spat = rb_fs)) {
 	split_type = awk;
     }
     else {
-      fs_set:
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(spat, T_STRING)) {
 	    rb_encoding *enc2 = STR_ENC_GET(spat);
 
@@ -7068,15 +7071,18 @@ rb_str_chomp_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
  *  from the end of <i>str</i> (if present). If <code>$/</code> has not been
  *  changed from the default Ruby record separator, then <code>chomp</code> also
  *  removes carriage return characters (that is it will remove <code>\n</code>,
- *  <code>\r</code>, and <code>\r\n</code>).
- *
- *     "hello".chomp            #=> "hello"
- *     "hello\n".chomp          #=> "hello"
- *     "hello\r\n".chomp        #=> "hello"
- *     "hello\n\r".chomp        #=> "hello\n"
- *     "hello\r".chomp          #=> "hello"
- *     "hello \n there".chomp   #=> "hello \n there"
- *     "hello".chomp("llo")     #=> "he"
+ *  <code>\r</code>, and <code>\r\n</code>). If <code>$/</code> is an empty string,
+ *  it will remove all trailing newlines from the string.
+ *
+ *     "hello".chomp                #=> "hello"
+ *     "hello\n".chomp              #=> "hello"
+ *     "hello\r\n".chomp            #=> "hello"
+ *     "hello\n\r".chomp            #=> "hello\n"
+ *     "hello\r".chomp              #=> "hello"
+ *     "hello \n there".chomp       #=> "hello \n there"
+ *     "hello".chomp("llo")         #=> "he"
+ *     "hello\r\n\r\n".chomp('')    #=> "hello"
+ *     "hello\r\n\r\r\n".chomp('')  #=> "hello\r\n\r"
  */
 
 static VALUE
diff --git a/struct.c b/struct.c
index 2e026fbc7fdef5..e13473637beb19 100644
--- a/struct.c
+++ b/struct.c
@@ -86,6 +86,13 @@ rb_struct_members_m(VALUE obj)
     return rb_struct_s_members_m(rb_obj_class(obj));
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void not_a_member(ID id));
+static void
+not_a_member(ID id)
+{
+    rb_name_error(id, "`%"PRIsVALUE"' is not a struct member", QUOTE_ID(id));
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_struct_getmember(VALUE obj, ID id)
 {
@@ -100,7 +107,7 @@ rb_struct_getmember(VALUE obj, ID id)
 	    return RSTRUCT_GET(obj, i);
 	}
     }
-    rb_name_error(id, "%s is not struct member", rb_id2name(id));
+    not_a_member(id);
 
     UNREACHABLE;
 }
@@ -149,19 +156,19 @@ rb_struct_set(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
 {
     VALUE members, slot;
     long i, len;
+    ID fid = rb_frame_this_func();
 
     members = rb_struct_members(obj);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(members);
     rb_struct_modify(obj);
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
 	slot = RARRAY_AREF(members, i);
-	if (rb_id_attrset(SYM2ID(slot)) == rb_frame_this_func()) {
+	if (rb_id_attrset(SYM2ID(slot)) == fid) {
 	    RSTRUCT_SET(obj, i, val);
 	    return val;
 	}
     }
-    rb_name_error(rb_frame_this_func(), "`%s' is not a struct member",
-		  rb_id2name(rb_frame_this_func()));
+    not_a_member(fid);
 
     UNREACHABLE;
 }
diff --git a/test/-ext-/struct/test_member.rb b/test/-ext-/struct/test_member.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4e6295c218704a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/-ext-/struct/test_member.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require "-test-/struct"
+require_relative '../../ruby/envutil'
+
+class  Bug::Struct::Test_Member < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  S = Bug::Struct.new(:a)
+
+  def test_member_get
+    s = S.new(1)
+    assert_equal(1, s.get(:a))
+    assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /is not a struct member/) {s.get(:b)}
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(NameError, /\u{3042}/) {s.get(:"\u{3042}")}
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/-ext-/test_printf.rb b/test/-ext-/test_printf.rb
index 609af7ca7a7469..235865dbdc1198 100644
--- a/test/-ext-/test_printf.rb
+++ b/test/-ext-/test_printf.rb
@@ -181,4 +181,10 @@ def self.assertions_format_integer(format, type, **opts)
                                             zero: zr, width: width,
                                             prec: prec))
   }
+
+  def test_string_prec
+    assert_equal("a", Bug::Printf.("s", "a", prec: 3)[0])
+    assert_equal("  a", Bug::Printf.("s", "a", width: 3, prec: 3)[0])
+    assert_equal("a  ", Bug::Printf.("s", "a", minus: true, width: 3, prec: 3)[0])
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/-ext-/win32/test_dln.rb b/test/-ext-/win32/test_dln.rb
index 7c5fe61f59f75a..5573edc1e13690 100644
--- a/test/-ext-/win32/test_dln.rb
+++ b/test/-ext-/win32/test_dln.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'test/unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'rbconfig'
 require_relative '../../ruby/envutil'
 
 module Bug
@@ -8,6 +10,26 @@ def test_check_imported
         bug = '[Bug #6303]'
         assert_in_out_err(['-r-test-/win32/dln', '-eexit'], '', [], [], bug, timeout: 10)
       end
+
+      def test_nonascii_load
+        bug9699 = '[ruby-core:61845] [Bug #9699]'
+        so = "-test-/dln/empty." + RbConfig::CONFIG["DLEXT"]
+        so = $:.find {|d| d = ::File.join(d, so); break d if ::File.exist?(d)}
+        assert_not_nil(so)
+        Dir.mkdir(dir = ::File.join(testdir = Dir.mktmpdir("test"), "\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}"))
+        ::File.copy_stream(so, ::File.join(dir, ::File.basename(so)))
+        assert_separately(['-', bug9699, testdir, ::File.basename(so)], <<-'end;')
+          bug, dir, so = *ARGV
+          assert_nothing_raised(LoadError, bug) do
+            require ::File.join(dir, "\u{30c6 30b9 30c8}", so)
+          end
+        end;
+      ensure
+        ::File.unlink(::File.join(dir, ::File.basename(so))) rescue nil
+        Dir.rmdir(dir) rescue nil
+        Dir.rmdir(testdir) rescue nil
+      end
+
     end
   end
 end if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
diff --git a/test/csv/test_encodings.rb b/test/csv/test_encodings.rb
index 85ed21a9d69fad..4e2c60545db8d1 100755
--- a/test/csv/test_encodings.rb
+++ b/test/csv/test_encodings.rb
@@ -257,6 +257,14 @@ def test_encoding_is_upgraded_for_ascii_content_during_writing_as_needed
     assert_equal("UTF-8",      data.to_csv.encoding.name)
   end
 
+  def test_explicit_encoding
+    bug9766 = '[ruby-core:62113] [Bug #9766]'
+    s = CSV.generate(encoding: "Windows-31J") do |csv|
+      csv << ["foo".force_encoding("ISO-8859-1"), "\u3042"]
+    end
+    assert_equal(["foo,\u3042\n".encode(Encoding::Windows_31J), Encoding::Windows_31J], [s, s.encoding], bug9766)
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_parses(fields, encoding, options = { })
diff --git a/test/csv/test_features.rb b/test/csv/test_features.rb
index 9324af70962246..1746c0e4e295fd 100755
--- a/test/csv/test_features.rb
+++ b/test/csv/test_features.rb
@@ -74,6 +74,14 @@ def test_quote_char
     end
   end
 
+  def test_bug_8405
+    TEST_CASES.each do |test_case|
+      assert_equal( test_case.last.map { |t| t.tr('"', "|") unless t.nil? },
+                    CSV.parse_line( test_case.first.tr('"', "|"),
+                                    quote_char: "|" ) )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_csv_char_readers
     %w[col_sep row_sep quote_char].each do |reader|
       csv = CSV.new("abc,def", reader.to_sym => "|")
diff --git a/test/date/test_switch_hitter.rb b/test/date/test_switch_hitter.rb
index f18d76b393ac13..08e23015dcff60 100644
--- a/test/date/test_switch_hitter.rb
+++ b/test/date/test_switch_hitter.rb
@@ -312,6 +312,8 @@ def test_cmp
     assert_equal(-1, Date.new(2001,2,3) <=> Rational('4903888/2'))
     assert_equal(0, Date.new(2001,2,3) <=> Rational('4903887/2'))
     assert_equal(1, Date.new(2001,2,3) <=> Rational('4903886/2'))
+
+    assert_equal(-1, Date.new(-4713,11,1,Date::GREGORIAN) <=> Date.new(-4713,12,1,Date::GREGORIAN))
   end
 
   def test_eqeqeq
diff --git a/test/digest/test_digest.rb b/test/digest/test_digest.rb
index 86f9147428de2f..cf541a4626fd89 100755
--- a/test/digest/test_digest.rb
+++ b/test/digest/test_digest.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ def test_eq
 
     assert_equal(md1, md1.clone, self.class::ALGO)
 
+    bug9913 = '[ruby-core:62967] [Bug #9913]'
+    assert_not_equal(md1, nil, bug9913)
+
     md2 = self.class::ALGO.new
     md2 << "A"
 
diff --git a/test/etc/test_etc.rb b/test/etc/test_etc.rb
index c105122af12481..946be9bdf664db 100644
--- a/test/etc/test_etc.rb
+++ b/test/etc/test_etc.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 class TestEtc < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_getlogin
     s = Etc.getlogin
-    assert(s.is_a?(String) || s == nil, "getlogin must return a String or nil")
+    return if s == nil
+    assert(s.is_a?(String), "getlogin must return a String or nil")
+    assert_predicate(s, :valid_encoding?, "login name should be a valid string")
   end
 
   def test_passwd
diff --git a/test/fiddle/test_handle.rb b/test/fiddle/test_handle.rb
index cde3fa816dcef9..2007a191b6b8de 100644
--- a/test/fiddle/test_handle.rb
+++ b/test/fiddle/test_handle.rb
@@ -30,18 +30,23 @@ def test_static_sym_unknown
     end
 
     def test_static_sym
-      skip "Fiddle::Handle.sym is not supported" if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
       begin
         # Linux / Darwin / FreeBSD
         refute_nil Fiddle::Handle.sym('dlopen')
         assert_equal Fiddle::Handle.sym('dlopen'), Fiddle::Handle['dlopen']
+        return
       rescue
+      end
+
+      begin
         # NetBSD
-        require 'objspace'
-        refute_nil Fiddle::Handle.sym('Init_objspace')
-        assert_equal Fiddle::Handle.sym('Init_objspace'), Fiddle::Handle['Init_objspace']
+        require '-test-/dln/empty'
+        refute_nil Fiddle::Handle.sym('Init_empty')
+        assert_equal Fiddle::Handle.sym('Init_empty'), Fiddle::Handle['Init_empty']
+        return
+      rescue
       end
-    end
+    end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 
     def test_sym_closed_handle
       handle = Fiddle::Handle.new(LIBC_SO)
@@ -152,7 +157,11 @@ def test_NEXT
         # --- Ubuntu Linux 8.04 dlsym(3)
         handle = Handle::NEXT
         refute_nil handle['malloc']
+        return
       rescue
+      end
+
+      begin
         # BSD
         #
         # If dlsym() is called with the special handle RTLD_NEXT, then the search
@@ -166,14 +175,15 @@ def test_NEXT
         # interface, below, should be used, since getpid() is a function and not a
         # data object.)
         # --- FreeBSD 8.0 dlsym(3)
-        require 'objspace'
+        require '-test-/dln/empty'
         handle = Handle::NEXT
-        refute_nil handle['Init_objspace']
+        refute_nil handle['Init_empty']
+        return
+      rescue
       end
     end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 
     def test_DEFAULT
-      skip "Handle::DEFAULT is not supported" if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
       handle = Handle::DEFAULT
       refute_nil handle['malloc']
     end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
diff --git a/test/fiddle/test_import.rb b/test/fiddle/test_import.rb
index 62985cfcd30c3a..d06477bfa51502 100644
--- a/test/fiddle/test_import.rb
+++ b/test/fiddle/test_import.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,15 @@ def test_sizeof()
       assert_equal(LIBC::MyStruct.size(), LIBC.sizeof(LIBC::MyStruct.malloc()))
     end
 
+    Fiddle.constants.grep(/\ATYPE_(?!VOID\z)(.*)/) do
+      type = $&
+      size = Fiddle.const_get("SIZEOF_#{$1}")
+      name = $1.sub(/P\z/,"*").gsub(/_(?!T\z)/, " ").downcase
+      define_method("test_sizeof_#{name}") do
+        assert_equal(size, Fiddle::Importer.sizeof(name), type)
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_unsigned_result()
       d = (2 ** 31) + 1
 
diff --git a/test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb b/test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb
index c5f8734fead116..c409447def93e1 100644
--- a/test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb
+++ b/test/fileutils/test_fileutils.rb
@@ -390,7 +390,8 @@ def test_mv
 
     mkdir 'tmp/tmpdir'
     mkdir_p 'tmp/dest2/tmpdir'
-    assert_raise(Errno::EEXIST) {
+    assert_raise_with_message(Errno::EEXIST, %r' - tmp/dest2/tmpdir\z',
+                              '[ruby-core:68706] [Bug #11021]') {
       mv 'tmp/tmpdir', 'tmp/dest2'
     }
     mkdir 'tmp/dest2/tmpdir/junk'
@@ -420,6 +421,12 @@ def test_mv_symlink
     assert_raise(Errno::ELOOP) {
       mv 'tmp/symlink', 'tmp/symlink'
     }
+    # unexist symlink
+    File.symlink 'xxx', 'tmp/src'
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      mv 'tmp/src', 'tmp/dest'
+    }
+    assert_equal true, File.symlink?('tmp/dest')
   end if have_symlink?
 
   def test_mv_pathname
diff --git a/test/io/console/test_io_console.rb b/test/io/console/test_io_console.rb
index a9de376a2b5b9c..91e1c8b1624ca4 100644
--- a/test/io/console/test_io_console.rb
+++ b/test/io/console/test_io_console.rb
@@ -217,18 +217,22 @@ def test_winsize
   end
 
   if IO.console
+    def test_close
+      IO.console.close
+      assert_kind_of(IO, IO.console)
+      assert_nothing_raised(IOError) {IO.console.fileno}
+    end
+
     def test_sync
       assert(IO.console.sync, "console should be unbuffered")
     end
   else
+    def test_close
+      assert_equal(["true"], run_pty("IO.console.close; p IO.console.fileno >= 0"))
+    end
+
     def test_sync
-      r, w, pid = PTY.spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, "-rio/console", "-e", "p IO.console.class")
-    rescue RuntimeError
-      skip $!
-    else
-      con = r.gets.chomp
-      Process.wait(pid)
-      assert_match("File", con)
+      assert_equal(["true"], run_pty("p IO.console.sync"))
     end
   end
 
@@ -243,6 +247,24 @@ def helper
     m.close if m
     s.close if s
   end
+
+  def run_pty(src, n = 1)
+    r, w, pid = PTY.spawn(EnvUtil.rubybin, "-rio/console", "-e", src)
+  rescue RuntimeError
+    skip $!
+  else
+    result = []
+    n.times {result << r.gets.chomp}
+    Process.wait(pid)
+    if block_given?
+      yield result
+    else
+      result
+    end
+  ensure
+    r.close if r
+    w.close if w
+  end
 end if defined?(PTY) and defined?(IO::console)
 
 class TestIO_Console < Test::Unit::TestCase
diff --git a/test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb b/test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb
index 46097e00c69dcd..6d8b0442ae2000 100644
--- a/test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb
+++ b/test/io/wait/test_io_wait.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_nread
 
   def test_nread_buffered
     @w.syswrite ".\n!"
-    assert_equal ".\n", @r.read(2)
+    assert_equal ".\n", @r.gets
     assert_equal 1, @r.nread
   end
 
diff --git a/test/matrix/test_vector.rb b/test/matrix/test_vector.rb
index 18660df574d82e..ced774c490f85b 100644
--- a/test/matrix/test_vector.rb
+++ b/test/matrix/test_vector.rb
@@ -146,4 +146,9 @@ def test_rational_magnitude
     v = Vector[Rational(1,2), 0]
     assert_equal(0.5, v.norm)
   end
+
+  def test_cross_product
+    v = Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0]
+    assert_equal(Vector[0, 0, 1], v)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/minitest/test_minitest_unit.rb b/test/minitest/test_minitest_unit.rb
index 0f29614e87cfd7..207b12f6392ed6 100644
--- a/test/minitest/test_minitest_unit.rb
+++ b/test/minitest/test_minitest_unit.rb
@@ -197,11 +197,7 @@ def test_omg; assert true; end
   end
 
   def util_expand_bt bt
-    if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9.0' then
-      bt.map { |f| (f =~ /^\./) ? File.expand_path(f) : f }
-    else
-      bt
-    end
+    bt.map { |f| (f =~ /^\./) ? File.expand_path(f) : f }
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/test/mkmf/base.rb b/test/mkmf/base.rb
index ab1a0f04b7ee49..92825eecf7c47e 100644
--- a/test/mkmf/base.rb
+++ b/test/mkmf/base.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require 'test/unit'
 require 'mkmf'
 require 'tmpdir'
+require_relative '../ruby/envutil'
 
 $extout = '$(topdir)/'+RbConfig::CONFIG["EXTOUT"]
 RbConfig::CONFIG['topdir'] = CONFIG['topdir'] = File.expand_path(CONFIG['topdir'])
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ def write(s)
       @buffer << s if @out
     end
   end
+end
 
+module TestMkmf::Base
   attr_reader :stdout
 
   def mkmflog(msg)
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ def setup
     @tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir
     @curdir = Dir.pwd
     @mkmfobj = Object.new
-    @stdout = Capture.new
+    @stdout = TestMkmf::Capture.new
     Dir.chdir(@tmpdir)
     @quiet, Logging.quiet = Logging.quiet, true
     init_mkmf
@@ -127,3 +130,11 @@ def config_value(name)
     nil
   end
 end
+
+class TestMkmf
+  include TestMkmf::Base
+
+  def assert_separately(args, src, *rest)
+    super(args + ["-r#{__FILE__}"], "extend TestMkmf::Base; setup\n#{src}", *rest)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/mkmf/test_flags.rb b/test/mkmf/test_flags.rb
index 3bb278071a56b3..e49d474dc904f4 100644
--- a/test/mkmf/test_flags.rb
+++ b/test/mkmf/test_flags.rb
@@ -31,5 +31,26 @@ def test_valid_warnflags
       $warnflags = warnflags
       $extmk = val
     end
+
+    def test_try_ldflag_invalid_opt
+      assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+        assert(!try_ldflags("nosuch.c"), TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+        assert(have_devel?, TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_try_cflag_invalid_opt
+      assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+        assert(!try_cflags("nosuch.c"), TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+        assert(have_devel?, TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_try_cppflag_invalid_opt
+      assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+        assert(!try_cppflags("nosuch.c"), TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+        assert(have_devel?, TestMkmf::MKMFLOG)
+      end;
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb b/test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f9eefcd988a971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/net/ftp/test_buffered_socket.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require "net/ftp"
+require "test/unit"
+require "ostruct"
+require "stringio"
+
+class FTPTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_gets_empty
+    sock = create_buffered_socket("")
+    assert_equal(nil, sock.gets)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_one_line
+    sock = create_buffered_socket("foo\n")
+    assert_equal("foo\n", sock.gets)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_one_line_without_term
+    sock = create_buffered_socket("foo")
+    assert_equal("foo", sock.gets)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_two_lines
+    sock = create_buffered_socket("foo\nbar\n")
+    assert_equal("foo\n", sock.gets)
+    assert_equal("bar\n", sock.gets)
+  end
+
+  def test_gets_two_lines_without_term
+    sock = create_buffered_socket("foo\nbar")
+    assert_equal("foo\n", sock.gets)
+    assert_equal("bar", sock.gets)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def create_buffered_socket(s)
+    io = StringIO.new(s)
+    return Net::FTP::BufferedSocket.new(io)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb b/test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb
index f25e10747b8d37..423cfe8e9e2f29 100644
--- a/test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb
+++ b/test/net/ftp/test_ftp.rb
@@ -477,6 +477,46 @@ def test_list_fail
     end
   end
 
+  def test_open_data_port_fail_no_leak
+    commands = []
+    server = create_ftp_server { |sock|
+      sock.print("220 (test_ftp).\r\n")
+      commands.push(sock.gets)
+      sock.print("331 Please specify the password.\r\n")
+      commands.push(sock.gets)
+      sock.print("230 Login successful.\r\n")
+      commands.push(sock.gets)
+      sock.print("200 Switching to Binary mode.\r\n")
+      commands.push(sock.gets)
+      sock.print("200 Switching to ASCII mode.\r\n")
+      line = sock.gets
+      commands.push(line)
+      sock.print("421 Service not available, closing control connection.\r\n")
+      commands.push(sock.gets)
+      sock.print("200 Switching to Binary mode.\r\n")
+    }
+    begin
+      begin
+        ftp = Net::FTP.new
+        ftp.read_timeout = 0.2
+        ftp.connect(SERVER_ADDR, server.port)
+        ftp.login
+        assert_match(/\AUSER /, commands.shift)
+        assert_match(/\APASS /, commands.shift)
+        assert_equal("TYPE I\r\n", commands.shift)
+        assert_raise(Net::FTPTempError){ ftp.list }
+        assert_equal("TYPE A\r\n", commands.shift)
+        assert_match(/\APORT /, commands.shift)
+        assert_equal("TYPE I\r\n", commands.shift)
+        assert_equal(nil, commands.shift)
+      ensure
+        ftp.close if ftp
+      end
+    ensure
+      server.close
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_retrbinary_read_timeout_exceeded
     commands = []
     binary_data = (0..0xff).map {|i| i.chr}.join * 4 * 3
diff --git a/test/net/http/test_http.rb b/test/net/http/test_http.rb
index 6c847dba7e7cd6..60d9d761504f59 100644
--- a/test/net/http/test_http.rb
+++ b/test/net/http/test_http.rb
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@ def _test_request__uri_host(http)
   def test_send_request
     start {|http|
       _test_send_request__GET http
+      _test_send_request__HEAD http
       _test_send_request__POST http
     }
   end
@@ -588,6 +589,16 @@ def _test_send_request__GET(http)
     assert_equal $test_net_http_data, res.body
   end
 
+  def _test_send_request__HEAD(http)
+    res = http.send_request('HEAD', '/')
+    assert_kind_of Net::HTTPResponse, res
+    unless self.is_a?(TestNetHTTP_v1_2_chunked)
+      assert_not_nil res['content-length']
+      assert_equal $test_net_http_data.size, res['content-length'].to_i
+    end
+    assert_nil res.body
+  end
+
   def _test_send_request__POST(http)
     data = 'aaabbb cc ddddddddddd lkjoiu4j3qlkuoa'
     res = http.send_request('POST', '/', data, 'content-type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
diff --git a/test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb b/test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
index 974f8296cc08e2..404c7ae1fa8113 100644
--- a/test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
+++ b/test/net/http/test_httpresponse.rb
@@ -103,6 +103,34 @@ def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate
     end
   end
 
+  def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_uppercase
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Connection: close
+Content-Encoding: DEFLATE
+Content-Length: 13
+
+x\x9C\xCBH\xCD\xC9\xC9\a\x00\x06,\x02\x15
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    res.decode_content = true
+
+    body = nil
+
+    res.reading_body io, true do
+      body = res.read_body
+    end
+
+    if Net::HTTP::HAVE_ZLIB
+      assert_equal nil, res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal 'hello', body
+    else
+      assert_equal 'DEFLATE', res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal "x\x9C\xCBH\xCD\xC9\xC9\a\x00\x06,\x02\x15", body
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_chunked
     io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
@@ -209,6 +237,59 @@ def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_content_range
     assert_equal "\x1F\x8B\b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03", body
   end
 
+  def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_empty_body
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Connection: close
+Content-Encoding: deflate
+Content-Length: 0
+
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    res.decode_content = true
+
+    body = nil
+
+    res.reading_body io, true do
+      body = res.read_body
+    end
+
+    if Net::HTTP::HAVE_ZLIB
+      assert_equal nil, res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal '', body
+    else
+      assert_equal 'deflate', res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal '', body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_body_content_encoding_deflate_empty_body_no_length
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Connection: close
+Content-Encoding: deflate
+
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    res.decode_content = true
+
+    body = nil
+
+    res.reading_body io, true do
+      body = res.read_body
+    end
+
+    if Net::HTTP::HAVE_ZLIB
+      assert_equal nil, res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal '', body
+    else
+      assert_equal 'deflate', res['content-encoding']
+      assert_equal '', body
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_read_body_string
     io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
@@ -244,6 +325,65 @@ def test_uri_equals
     refute_same  uri, response.uri
   end
 
+  def test_ensure_zero_space_does_not_regress
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200OK
+Content-Length: 5
+Connection: close
+
+hello
+EOS
+
+    assert_raises Net::HTTPBadResponse do
+      Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_allow_trailing_space_after_status
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200\s
+Content-Length: 5
+Connection: close
+
+hello
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    assert_equal('1.1', res.http_version)
+    assert_equal('200', res.code)
+    assert_equal('', res.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_normal_status_line
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Content-Length: 5
+Connection: close
+
+hello
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    assert_equal('1.1', res.http_version)
+    assert_equal('200', res.code)
+    assert_equal('OK', res.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_allow_empty_reason_code
+    io = dummy_io(<<EOS)
+HTTP/1.1 200
+Content-Length: 5
+Connection: close
+
+hello
+EOS
+
+    res = Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(io)
+    assert_equal('1.1', res.http_version)
+    assert_equal('200', res.code)
+    assert_equal(nil, res.message)
+  end
+
 private
 
   def dummy_io(str)
diff --git a/test/net/http/test_https.rb b/test/net/http/test_https.rb
index 0a448dd95dbd4a..06a70fde83e963 100644
--- a/test/net/http/test_https.rb
+++ b/test/net/http/test_https.rb
@@ -73,12 +73,45 @@ def test_session_reuse
     http.get("/")
     http.finish # three times due to possible bug in OpenSSL 0.9.8
 
+    sid = http.instance_variable_get(:@ssl_session).id
+
     http.start
     http.get("/")
 
     socket = http.instance_variable_get(:@socket).io
 
     assert socket.session_reused?
+
+    assert_equal sid, http.instance_variable_get(:@ssl_session).id
+
+    http.finish
+  rescue SystemCallError
+    skip $!
+  end
+
+  def test_session_reuse_but_expire
+    http = Net::HTTP.new("localhost", config("port"))
+    http.use_ssl = true
+    http.verify_callback = Proc.new do |preverify_ok, store_ctx|
+      store_ctx.current_cert.to_der == config('ssl_certificate').to_der
+    end
+
+    http.ssl_timeout = -1
+    http.start
+    http.get("/")
+    http.finish
+
+    sid = http.instance_variable_get(:@ssl_session).id
+
+    http.start
+    http.get("/")
+
+    socket = http.instance_variable_get(:@socket).io
+    assert_equal false, socket.session_reused?
+
+    assert_not_equal sid, http.instance_variable_get(:@ssl_session).id
+
+    http.finish
   rescue SystemCallError
     skip $!
   end
diff --git a/test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb b/test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb
index cecc015133063f..0c650015f06c32 100644
--- a/test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb
+++ b/test/net/imap/test_imap_response_parser.rb
@@ -248,4 +248,27 @@ def test_capability
     assert_equal("CAPABILITY", response.name)
     assert_equal("AUTH=PLAIN", response.data.last)
   end
+
+  def test_mixed_boundry
+    parser = Net::IMAP::ResponseParser.new
+    response = parser.parse("* 2688 FETCH (UID 179161 BODYSTRUCTURE ((\"TEXT\" \"PLAIN\" (\"CHARSET\" \"iso-8859-1\") NIL NIL \"QUOTED-PRINTABLE\" 200 4 NIL NIL NIL)(\"MESSAGE\" \"DELIVERY-STATUS\" NIL NIL NIL \"7BIT\" 318 NIL NIL NIL)(\"MESSAGE\" \"RFC822\" NIL NIL NIL \"7BIT\" 2177 (\"Tue, 11 May 2010 18:28:16 -0400\" \"Re: Welcome letter\" ((\"David\" NIL \"info\" \"xxxxxxxx.si\")) ((\"David\" NIL \"info\" \"xxxxxxxx.si\")) ((\"David\" NIL \"info\" \"xxxxxxxx.si\")) ((\"Doretha\" NIL \"doretha.info\" \"xxxxxxxx.si\")) NIL NIL \"<AC1D15E06EA82F47BDE18E851CC32F330717704E@localdomain>\" \"<AANLkTikKMev1I73L2E7XLjRs67IHrEkb23f7ZPmD4S_9@localdomain>\") (\"MIXED\" (\"BOUNDARY\" \"000e0cd29212e3e06a0486590ae2\") NIL NIL) 37 NIL NIL NIL) \"REPORT\" (\"BOUNDARY\" \"16DuG.4XbaNOvCi.9ggvq.8Ipnyp3\" \"REPORT-TYPE\" \"delivery-status\") NIL NIL))\r\n")
+    empty_part = response.data.attr['BODYSTRUCTURE'].parts[2]
+    assert_equal(empty_part.lines, 37)
+    assert_equal(empty_part.body.media_type, 'MULTIPART')
+    assert_equal(empty_part.body.subtype, 'MIXED')
+    assert_equal(empty_part.body.param['BOUNDARY'], '000e0cd29212e3e06a0486590ae2')
+  end
+
+  # [Bug #11128]
+  def test_body_ext_mpart_without_lang
+    parser = Net::IMAP::ResponseParser.new
+    response = parser.parse("* 4 FETCH (BODY (((\"text\" \"plain\" (\"charset\" \"utf-8\") NIL NIL \"7bit\" 257 9 NIL NIL NIL NIL)(\"text\" \"html\" (\"charset\" \"utf-8\") NIL NIL \"quoted-printable\" 655 9 NIL NIL NIL NIL) \"alternative\" (\"boundary\" \"001a1137a5047848dd05157ddaa1\") NIL)(\"application\" \"pdf\" (\"name\" \"test.xml\" \"x-apple-part-url\" \"9D00D9A2-98AB-4EFB-85BA-FB255F8BF3D7\") NIL NIL \"base64\" 4383638 NIL (\"attachment\" (\"filename\" \"test.xml\")) NIL NIL) \"mixed\" (\"boundary\" \"001a1137a5047848e405157ddaa3\") NIL))\r\n")
+    assert_equal("FETCH", response.name)
+    body = response.data.attr["BODY"]
+    assert_equal(nil, body.parts[0].disposition)
+    assert_equal(nil, body.parts[0].language)
+    assert_equal("ATTACHMENT", body.parts[1].disposition.dsp_type)
+    assert_equal("test.xml", body.parts[1].disposition.param["FILENAME"])
+    assert_equal(nil, body.parts[1].language)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/net/protocol/test_protocol.rb b/test/net/protocol/test_protocol.rb
index f6ee4941cfe4ce..4453422552e9c1 100644
--- a/test/net/protocol/test_protocol.rb
+++ b/test/net/protocol/test_protocol.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,15 @@
 require "stringio"
 
 class TestProtocol < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_should_properly_dot_stuff_period_with_no_endline
+    bug9627 = '[ruby-core:61441] [Bug #9627]'
+    sio = StringIO.new("")
+    imio = Net::InternetMessageIO.new(sio)
+    email = "To: bob@aol.com\nlook, a period with no endline\n."
+    imio.write_message(email)
+    assert_equal("To: bob@aol.com\r\nlook, a period with no endline\r\n..\r\n.\r\n", sio.string, bug9627)
+  end
+
   def test_each_crlf_line
     assert_output('', '') do
       sio = StringIO.new("")
diff --git a/test/objspace/test_objspace.rb b/test/objspace/test_objspace.rb
index 42dc55de9f934f..8a15e1c765b9c8 100644
--- a/test/objspace/test_objspace.rb
+++ b/test/objspace/test_objspace.rb
@@ -234,6 +234,15 @@ def assert_dump_object(info, line)
     assert_match /"method":"#{loc.base_label}"/, info
   end
 
+  def test_dump_special_consts
+    # [ruby-core:69692] [Bug #11291]
+    assert_equal('{}', ObjectSpace.dump(nil))
+    assert_equal('{}', ObjectSpace.dump(true))
+    assert_equal('{}', ObjectSpace.dump(false))
+    assert_equal('{}', ObjectSpace.dump(0))
+    assert_equal('{}', ObjectSpace.dump(:foo))
+  end
+
   def test_dump_all
     entry = /"bytesize":11, "value":"TEST STRING", "encoding":"UTF-8", "file":"-", "line":4, "method":"dump_my_heap_please", "generation":/
 
@@ -266,4 +275,14 @@ def dump_my_heap_please
       File.unlink(output)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_dump_uninitialized_file
+    assert_in_out_err(%[-robjspace], <<-RUBY) do |(output), (error)|
+      puts ObjectSpace.dump(File.allocate)
+    RUBY
+      assert_nil error
+      assert_match /"type":"FILE"/, output
+      assert_not_match /"fd":/, output
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_cipher.rb b/test/openssl/test_cipher.rb
index 156fa2a9c96d5b..101a75a15baaab 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_cipher.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_cipher.rb
@@ -104,7 +104,12 @@ def test_ctr_if_exists
     def test_ciphers
       OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers.each{|name|
         next if /netbsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM && /idea|rc5/i =~ name
-        assert(OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher.new(name).is_a?(OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher))
+        begin
+          assert_kind_of(OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher, OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher.new(name))
+        rescue OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError => e
+          next if /wrap/ =~ name and e.message == 'wrap mode not allowed'
+          raise
+        end
       }
     end
 
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_pair.rb b/test/openssl/test_pair.rb
index 933f61292cf22c..e6af9b8c68f732 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_pair.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_pair.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 require 'socket'
 require_relative '../ruby/ut_eof'
 
-module SSLPair
+module OpenSSL::SSLPairM
   def server
     host = "127.0.0.1"
     port = 0
     ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new()
     ctx.ciphers = "ADH"
     ctx.tmp_dh_callback = proc { OpenSSL::TestUtils::TEST_KEY_DH1024 }
-    tcps = TCPServer.new(host, port)
+    tcps = create_tcp_server(host, port)
     ssls = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer.new(tcps, ctx)
     return ssls
   end
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def client(port)
     host = "127.0.0.1"
     ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new()
     ctx.ciphers = "ADH"
-    s = TCPSocket.new(host, port)
+    s = create_tcp_client(host, port)
     ssl = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, ctx)
     ssl.connect
     ssl.sync_close = true
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def ssl_pair
       ssls.close
       ns
     }
-    port = ssls.to_io.addr[1]
+    port = ssls.to_io.local_address.ip_port
     c = client(port)
     s = th.value
     if block_given?
@@ -56,10 +56,31 @@ def ssl_pair
   end
 end
 
-class OpenSSL::TestEOF1 < Test::Unit::TestCase
-  include TestEOF
-  include SSLPair
+module OpenSSL::SSLPair
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPairM
+
+  def create_tcp_server(host, port)
+    TCPServer.new(host, port)
+  end
+
+  def create_tcp_client(host, port)
+    TCPSocket.new(host, port)
+  end
+end
+
+module OpenSSL::SSLPairLowlevelSocket
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPairM
+
+  def create_tcp_server(host, port)
+    Addrinfo.tcp(host, port).listen
+  end
 
+  def create_tcp_client(host, port)
+    Addrinfo.tcp(host, port).connect
+  end
+end
+
+module OpenSSL::TestEOF1M
   def open_file(content)
     s1, s2 = ssl_pair
     Thread.new { s2 << content; s2.close }
@@ -67,10 +88,7 @@ def open_file(content)
   end
 end
 
-class OpenSSL::TestEOF2 < Test::Unit::TestCase
-  include TestEOF
-  include SSLPair
-
+module OpenSSL::TestEOF2M
   def open_file(content)
     s1, s2 = ssl_pair
     Thread.new { s1 << content; s1.close }
@@ -78,9 +96,7 @@ def open_file(content)
   end
 end
 
-class OpenSSL::TestPair < Test::Unit::TestCase
-  include SSLPair
-
+module OpenSSL::TestPairM
   def test_getc
     ssl_pair {|s1, s2|
       s1 << "a"
@@ -302,7 +318,40 @@ def test_connect_accept_nonblock
     sock1.close if sock1 && !sock1.closed?
     sock2.close if sock2 && !sock2.closed?
   end
+end
+
+class OpenSSL::TestEOF1 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestEOF
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPair
+  include OpenSSL::TestEOF1M
+end
+
+class OpenSSL::TestEOF1LowlevelSocket < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestEOF
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPairLowlevelSocket
+  include OpenSSL::TestEOF1M
+end
+
+class OpenSSL::TestEOF2 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestEOF
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPair
+  include OpenSSL::TestEOF2M
+end
+
+class OpenSSL::TestEOF2LowlevelSocket < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include TestEOF
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPairLowlevelSocket
+  include OpenSSL::TestEOF2M
+end
+
+class OpenSSL::TestPair < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPair
+  include OpenSSL::TestPairM
+end
 
+class OpenSSL::TestPairLowlevelSocket < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include OpenSSL::SSLPairLowlevelSocket
+  include OpenSSL::TestPairM
 end
 
 end
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_pkey_rsa.rb b/test/openssl/test_pkey_rsa.rb
index ce9bd60c2f1519..df0c6090cb3844 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_pkey_rsa.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_pkey_rsa.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_sign_verify
 
   def test_sign_verify_memory_leak
     bug9743 = '[ruby-core:62038] [Bug #9743]'
-    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-ropenssl], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, bug9743, rss: true)
+    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-ropenssl], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, bug9743, rss: true, timeout: 30)
     data = 'Sign me!'
     digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA512.new
     pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_sign_verify_memory_leak
     }
     CODE
 
-    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-ropenssl], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, bug9743, rss: true)
+    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-ropenssl], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, bug9743, rss: true, timeout: 30)
     data = 'Sign me!'
     digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA512.new
     pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048)
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_ssl.rb b/test/openssl/test_ssl.rb
index b743819518f7b5..aa61e385d50c6a 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_ssl.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_ssl.rb
@@ -284,6 +284,20 @@ def test_sslctx_set_params
     }
   end
 
+  def test_post_connect_check_with_anon_ciphers
+    sslerr = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
+
+    start_server(PORT, OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE, true, {use_anon_cipher: true}){|server, port|
+      ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      ctx.ciphers = "aNULL"
+      server_connect(port, ctx) { |ssl|
+        msg = "Peer verification enabled, but no certificate received. Anonymous cipher suite " \
+          "ADH-AES256-GCM-SHA384 was negotiated. Anonymous suites must be disabled to use peer verification."
+        assert_raise_with_message(sslerr,msg){ssl.post_connection_check("localhost.localdomain")}
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_post_connection_check
     sslerr = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
 
@@ -359,6 +373,156 @@ def test_verify_certificate_identity
     end
   end
 
+  def test_verify_hostname
+    assert_equal(true,  OpenSSL::SSL.verify_hostname("www.example.com", "*.example.com"))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_hostname("www.subdomain.example.com", "*.example.com"))
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_wildcard
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("foo", "x*"))
+    assert_equal(true,  OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("foo", "foo"))
+    assert_equal(true,  OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("foo", "f*"))
+    assert_equal(true,  OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("foo", "*"))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("abc*bcd", "abcd"))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("xn--qdk4b9b", "x*"))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("xn--qdk4b9b", "*--qdk4b9b"))
+    assert_equal(true,  OpenSSL::SSL.verify_wildcard("xn--qdk4b9b", "xn--qdk4b9b"))
+  end
+
+  # Comments in this test is excerpted from http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#page-27
+  def test_post_connection_check_wildcard_san
+    # case-insensitive ASCII comparison
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.1
+    #
+    # "..matching of the reference identifier against the presented identifier
+    # is performed by comparing the set of domain name labels using a
+    # case-insensitive ASCII comparison, as clarified by [DNS-CASE] (e.g.,
+    # "WWW.Example.Com" would be lower-cased to "www.example.com" for
+    # comparison purposes)
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*.example.com'), 'www.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*.Example.COM'), 'www.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*.example.com'), 'WWW.Example.COM'))
+    # 1.  The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in
+    #     which the wildcard character comprises a label other than the
+    #     left-most label (e.g., do not match bar.*.example.net).
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:www.*.com'), 'www.example.com'))
+    # 2.  If the wildcard character is the only character of the left-most
+    #     label in the presented identifier, the client SHOULD NOT compare
+    #     against anything but the left-most label of the reference
+    #     identifier (e.g., *.example.com would match foo.example.com but
+    #     not bar.foo.example.com or example.com).
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*.example.com'), 'foo.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*.example.com'), 'bar.foo.example.com'))
+    # 3.  The client MAY match a presented identifier in which the wildcard
+    #     character is not the only character of the label (e.g.,
+    #     baz*.example.net and *baz.example.net and b*z.example.net would
+    #     be taken to match baz1.example.net and foobaz.example.net and
+    #     buzz.example.net, respectively).  ...
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:baz*.example.com'), 'baz1.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*baz.example.com'), 'foobaz.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:b*z.example.com'), 'buzz.example.com'))
+    # Section 6.4.3 of RFC6125 states that client should NOT match identifier
+    # where wildcard is other than left-most label.
+    #
+    # Also implicitly mentions the wildcard character only in singular form,
+    # and discourages matching against more than one wildcard.
+    #
+    # See RFC 6125, section 7.2, subitem 2.
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*b*.example.com'), 'abc.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*b*.example.com'), 'ab.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:*b*.example.com'), 'bc.example.com'))
+    #                                ...  However, the client SHOULD NOT
+    #   attempt to match a presented identifier where the wildcard
+    #   character is embedded within an A-label or U-label [IDNA-DEFS] of
+    #   an internationalized domain name [IDNA-PROTO].
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:xn*.example.com'), 'xn1ca.example.com'))
+    # part of A-label
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:xn--*.example.com'), 'xn--1ca.example.com'))
+    # part of U-label
+    # dNSName in RFC5280 is an IA5String so U-label should NOT be allowed
+    # regardless of wildcard.
+    #
+    # See Section 7.2 of RFC 5280:
+    #   IA5String is limited to the set of ASCII characters.
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_san('DNS:á*.example.com'), 'á1.example.com'))
+  end
+
+  def test_post_connection_check_wildcard_cn
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*.example.com'), 'www.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*.Example.COM'), 'www.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*.example.com'), 'WWW.Example.COM'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('www.*.com'), 'www.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*.example.com'), 'foo.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*.example.com'), 'bar.foo.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('baz*.example.com'), 'baz1.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*baz.example.com'), 'foobaz.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('b*z.example.com'), 'buzz.example.com'))
+    # Section 6.4.3 of RFC6125 states that client should NOT match identifier
+    # where wildcard is other than left-most label.
+    #
+    # Also implicitly mentions the wildcard character only in singular form,
+    # and discourages matching against more than one wildcard.
+    #
+    # See RFC 6125, section 7.2, subitem 2.
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*b*.example.com'), 'abc.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*b*.example.com'), 'ab.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('*b*.example.com'), 'bc.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(true, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('xn*.example.com'), 'xn1ca.example.com'))
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('xn--*.example.com'), 'xn--1ca.example.com'))
+    # part of U-label
+    # Subject in RFC5280 states case-insensitive ASCII comparison.
+    #
+    # See Section 7.2 of RFC 5280:
+    #   IA5String is limited to the set of ASCII characters.
+    assert_equal(false, OpenSSL::SSL.verify_certificate_identity(
+      create_cert_with_name('á*.example.com'), 'á1.example.com'))
+  end
+
+  def create_cert_with_san(san)
+    ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new
+    cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
+    cert.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse("/DC=some/DC=site/CN=Some Site")
+    ext = ef.create_ext('subjectAltName', san)
+    cert.add_extension(ext)
+    cert
+  end
+
+  def create_cert_with_name(name)
+    cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
+    cert.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.new([['DC', 'some'], ['DC', 'site'], ['CN', name]])
+    cert
+  end
+
+
   # Create NULL byte SAN certificate
   def create_null_byte_SAN_certificate(critical = false)
     ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new
@@ -680,7 +844,7 @@ def server_connect(port, ctx=nil)
     ssl = ctx ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(sock, ctx) : OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(sock)
     ssl.sync_close = true
     ssl.connect
-    yield ssl
+    yield ssl if block_given?
   ensure
     ssl.close
   end
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_x509cert.rb b/test/openssl/test_x509cert.rb
index dd5751eb48b54b..a1922a10499dda 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_x509cert.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_x509cert.rb
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def test_extension
 
   end
 
-  def test_sign_and_verify
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_sha1
     cert = issue_cert(@ca, @rsa2048, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
                       nil, nil, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new)
     assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa1024))
@@ -134,7 +134,9 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa512) })
     cert.serial = 2
     assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_md5
     cert = issue_cert(@ca, @rsa2048, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
                       nil, nil, OpenSSL::Digest::MD5.new)
     assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa1024))
@@ -144,7 +146,10 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa512) })
     cert.subject = @ee1
     assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
+  rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError # RHEL7 disables MD5
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_dsa
     cert = issue_cert(@ca, @dsa512, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
                       nil, nil, OpenSSL::TestUtils::DSA_SIGNATURE_DIGEST.new)
     assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@rsa1024) })
@@ -153,19 +158,21 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(true,  cert.verify(@dsa512))
     cert.not_after = Time.now
     assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@dsa512))
+  end
 
-    begin
-      cert = issue_cert(@ca, @rsa2048, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
-                        nil, nil, OpenSSL::Digest::DSS1.new)
-      assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa1024))
-      assert_equal(true, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
-      assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa256) })
-      assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa512) })
-      cert.subject = @ee1
-      assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
-    rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError
-    end
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_dss1
+    cert = issue_cert(@ca, @rsa2048, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
+                      nil, nil, OpenSSL::Digest::DSS1.new)
+    assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa1024))
+    assert_equal(true, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
+    assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa256) })
+    assert_equal(false, certificate_error_returns_false { cert.verify(@dsa512) })
+    cert.subject = @ee1
+    assert_equal(false, cert.verify(@rsa2048))
+  rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_dsa_md5
     assert_raise(OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError){
       issue_cert(@ca, @dsa512, 1, Time.now, Time.now+3600, [],
                  nil, nil, OpenSSL::Digest::MD5.new)
diff --git a/test/openssl/test_x509req.rb b/test/openssl/test_x509req.rb
index e6c89c5e817eb2..d0b6a5725dda45 100644
--- a/test/openssl/test_x509req.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/test_x509req.rb
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def test_attr
     assert_equal(exts, get_ext_req(attrs[1].value))
   end
 
-  def test_sign_and_verify
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_sha1
     req = issue_csr(0, @dn, @rsa1024, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new)
     assert_equal(true,  req.verify(@rsa1024))
     assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa2048))
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa512) })
     req.version = 1
     assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa1024))
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_md5
     req = issue_csr(0, @dn, @rsa2048, OpenSSL::Digest::MD5.new)
     assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa1024))
     assert_equal(true,  req.verify(@rsa2048))
@@ -114,7 +116,10 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa512) })
     req.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse("/C=JP/CN=FooBar")
     assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa2048))
+  rescue OpenSSL::X509::RequestError # RHEL7 disables MD5
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_dsa
     req = issue_csr(0, @dn, @dsa512, OpenSSL::TestUtils::DSA_SIGNATURE_DIGEST.new)
     assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@rsa1024) })
     assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@rsa2048) })
@@ -122,18 +127,21 @@ def test_sign_and_verify
     assert_equal(true,  req.verify(@dsa512))
     req.public_key = @rsa1024.public_key
     assert_equal(false, req.verify(@dsa512))
+  end
 
-    begin
-      req = issue_csr(0, @dn, @rsa1024, OpenSSL::Digest::DSS1.new)
-      assert_equal(true,  req.verify(@rsa1024))
-      assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa2048))
-      assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa256) })
-      assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa512) })
-      req.version = 1
-      assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa1024))
-    rescue OpenSSL::X509::RequestError
-    end
+  def test_sign_and_verify_rsa_dss1
+    req = issue_csr(0, @dn, @rsa1024, OpenSSL::Digest::DSS1.new)
+    assert_equal(true,  req.verify(@rsa1024))
+    assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa2048))
+    assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa256) })
+    assert_equal(false, request_error_returns_false { req.verify(@dsa512) })
+    req.version = 1
+    assert_equal(false, req.verify(@rsa1024))
+  rescue OpenSSL::X509::RequestError
+    skip
+  end
 
+  def test_sign_and_verify_dsa_md5
     assert_raise(OpenSSL::X509::RequestError){
       issue_csr(0, @dn, @dsa512, OpenSSL::Digest::MD5.new) }
   end
diff --git a/test/openssl/utils.rb b/test/openssl/utils.rb
index ba9714b3fca171..da281610b664d0 100644
--- a/test/openssl/utils.rb
+++ b/test/openssl/utils.rb
@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ def server_loop(ctx, ssls, server_proc)
 
     def start_server(port0, verify_mode, start_immediately, args = {}, &block)
       ctx_proc = args[:ctx_proc]
+      use_anon_cipher = args.fetch(:use_anon_cipher, false)
       server_proc = args[:server_proc]
       server_proc ||= method(:readwrite_loop)
 
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ def start_server(port0, verify_mode, start_immediately, args = {}, &block)
       store.add_cert(@ca_cert)
       store.purpose = OpenSSL::X509::PURPOSE_SSL_CLIENT
       ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      ctx.ciphers = "ADH-AES256-GCM-SHA384" if use_anon_cipher
       ctx.cert_store = store
       #ctx.extra_chain_cert = [ ca_cert ]
       ctx.cert = @svr_cert
diff --git a/test/pathname/test_pathname.rb b/test/pathname/test_pathname.rb
index ec9dfa1d592443..557fae35bcf43e 100644
--- a/test/pathname/test_pathname.rb
+++ b/test/pathname/test_pathname.rb
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ def cleanpath_aggressive(path)
     defassert(:cleanpath_aggressive, '/',       '///a/../..')
   end
 
+  if DOSISH
+    defassert(:cleanpath_aggressive, 'c:/foo/bar', 'c:\\foo\\bar')
+  end
+
   def cleanpath_conservative(path)
     Pathname.new(path).cleanpath(true).to_s
   end
@@ -124,6 +128,10 @@ def cleanpath_conservative(path)
   defassert(:cleanpath_conservative, '/a',     '/../.././../a')
   defassert(:cleanpath_conservative, 'a/b/../../../../c/../d', 'a/b/../../../../c/../d')
 
+  if DOSISH
+    defassert(:cleanpath_conservative, 'c:/foo/bar', 'c:\\foo\\bar')
+  end
+
   if DOSISH_UNC
     defassert(:cleanpath_conservative, '//',     '//')
   else
@@ -1314,4 +1322,17 @@ def test_file_join
       assert_equal("foo/bar", File.join(Pathname.new("foo"), Pathname.new("bar").taint))
     }.call
   end
+
+  def test_relative_path_from_casefold
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #    do
+      module File::Constants
+        remove_const :FNM_SYSCASE
+        FNM_SYSCASE = FNM_CASEFOLD
+      end
+      require 'pathname'
+      foo = Pathname.new("fo\u{f6}")
+      bar = Pathname.new("b\u{e4}r".encode("ISO-8859-1"))
+      assert_instance_of(Pathname, foo.relative_path_from(bar))
+    end;
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/rdoc/test_rdoc_text.rb b/test/rdoc/test_rdoc_text.rb
index b0c464a659dd6a..a69989d15d6ab5 100644
--- a/test/rdoc/test_rdoc_text.rb
+++ b/test/rdoc/test_rdoc_text.rb
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ def test_expand_tabs
 
     assert_equal('.               .',
                  expand_tabs(".\t\t."), 'dot tab tab dot')
+
+    assert_equal('a       a',
+                 Timeout.timeout(1) {expand_tabs("\ra\ta")}, "carriage return")
   end
 
   def test_expand_tabs_encoding
diff --git a/test/resolv/test_addr.rb b/test/resolv/test_addr.rb
index e06c3c2a4cef79..b4718430cca5f0 100644
--- a/test/resolv/test_addr.rb
+++ b/test/resolv/test_addr.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def test_invalid_ipv4_address
 
   def test_invalid_byte_comment
     bug9273 = '[ruby-core:59239] [Bug #9273]'
-    Tempfile.create('resolv_test_addr_') do |tmpfile|
+    Tempfile.open('resolv_test_addr_') do |tmpfile|
       tmpfile.print("\xff\x00\x40")
       tmpfile.close
       hosts = Resolv::Hosts.new(tmpfile.path)
diff --git a/test/resolv/test_dns.rb b/test/resolv/test_dns.rb
index e07840f855a159..455e5d709e631b 100644
--- a/test/resolv/test_dns.rb
+++ b/test/resolv/test_dns.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,20 @@ def with_udp(host, port)
     end
   end
 
+  # [ruby-core:65836]
+  def test_resolve_with_2_ndots
+    conf = Resolv::DNS::Config.new :nameserver => ['127.0.0.1'], :ndots => 2
+    assert conf.single?
+
+    candidates = []
+    conf.resolv('example.com') { |candidate, *args|
+      candidates << candidate
+      raise Resolv::DNS::Config::NXDomain
+    }
+    n = Resolv::DNS::Name.create 'example.com.'
+    assert_equal n, candidates.last
+  end
+
   def test_query_ipv4_address
     begin
       OpenSSL
@@ -153,7 +167,7 @@ def test_no_server
 
   def test_invalid_byte_comment
     bug9273 = '[ruby-core:59239] [Bug #9273]'
-    Tempfile.create('resolv_test_dns_') do |tmpfile|
+    Tempfile.open('resolv_test_dns_') do |tmpfile|
       tmpfile.print("\xff\x00\x40")
       tmpfile.close
       assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError, bug9273) do
@@ -161,4 +175,24 @@ def test_invalid_byte_comment
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_dots_diffences
+    name1 = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("example.org")
+    name2 = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("ex.ampl.eo.rg")
+    assert_not_equal(name1, name2, "different dots")
+  end
+
+  def test_case_insensitive_name
+    bug10550 = '[ruby-core:66498] [Bug #10550]'
+    lower = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("ruby-lang.org")
+    upper = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("Ruby-Lang.org")
+    assert_equal(lower, upper, bug10550)
+  end
+
+  def test_ipv6_name
+    addr = Resolv::IPv6.new("\0"*16)
+    labels = addr.to_name.to_a
+    expected = (['0'] * 32 + ['ip6', 'arpa']).map {|label| Resolv::DNS::Label::Str.new(label) }
+    assert_equal(expected, labels)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/resolv/test_resource.rb b/test/resolv/test_resource.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7ec17e33e79f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/resolv/test_resource.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'resolv'
+
+class TestResolvResource < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    address = "192.168.0.1"
+    @name1 = Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A.new(address)
+    @name1.instance_variable_set(:@ttl, 100)
+    @name2 = Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A.new(address)
+  end
+
+  def test_equality
+    bug10857 = '[ruby-core:68128] [Bug #10857]'
+    assert_equal(@name1, @name2, bug10857)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    bug10857 = '[ruby-core:68128] [Bug #10857]'
+    assert_equal(@name1.hash, @name2.hash, bug10857)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/rexml/test_document.rb b/test/rexml/test_document.rb
index cec9452373882b..c5ac057e14e547 100644
--- a/test/rexml/test_document.rb
+++ b/test/rexml/test_document.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,50 @@ def test_new
 <member>
 &a;
 </member>
+EOF
+
+  XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_ENTITY = <<EOF
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE member [
+  <!ENTITY a "&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;">
+  <!ENTITY b "&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;">
+  <!ENTITY c "&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;">
+  <!ENTITY d "&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;">
+  <!ENTITY e "&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;">
+  <!ENTITY f "&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;">
+  <!ENTITY g "">
+]>
+<member>
+&a;
+</member>
+EOF
+
+  XML_WITH_NESTED_PARAMETER_ENTITY = <<EOF
+<!DOCTYPE root [
+  <!ENTITY % a "BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.BOOM.">
+  <!ENTITY % b "%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;">
+  <!ENTITY % c "%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;">
+  <!ENTITY % d "%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;">
+  <!ENTITY % e "%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;">
+  <!ENTITY % f "%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;">
+  <!ENTITY % g "%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;">
+  <!ENTITY test "test %g;">
+]>
+<cd></cd>
+EOF
+
+  XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_PARAMETER_ENTITY = <<EOF
+<!DOCTYPE root [
+  <!ENTITY % a "">
+  <!ENTITY % b "%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;%a;">
+  <!ENTITY % c "%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;%b;">
+  <!ENTITY % d "%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;%c;">
+  <!ENTITY % e "%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;%d;">
+  <!ENTITY % f "%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;%e;">
+  <!ENTITY % g "%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;%f;">
+  <!ENTITY test "test %g;">
+]>
+<cd></cd>
 EOF
 
   XML_WITH_4_ENTITY_EXPANSION = <<EOF
@@ -73,6 +117,18 @@ def test_entity_expansion_limit
     end
     assert_equal(101, doc.entity_expansion_count)
 
+    doc = REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_ENTITY)
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      doc.root.children.first.value
+    end
+    REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 100
+    assert_equal(100, REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit)
+    doc = REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_ENTITY)
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+      doc.root.children.first.value
+    end
+    assert_equal(101, doc.entity_expansion_count)
+
     REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 4
     doc = REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_4_ENTITY_EXPANSION)
     assert_equal("\na\na a\n<\n", doc.root.children.first.value)
@@ -85,6 +141,28 @@ def test_entity_expansion_limit
     REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 10000
   end
 
+  def test_entity_expansion_limit_for_parameter_entity
+    assert_raise(REXML::ParseException) do
+      REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_PARAMETER_ENTITY)
+    end
+    REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 100
+    assert_equal(100, REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit)
+    assert_raise(REXML::ParseException) do
+      REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_PARAMETER_ENTITY)
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(REXML::ParseException) do
+      REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_PARAMETER_ENTITY)
+    end
+    REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 100
+    assert_equal(100, REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit)
+    assert_raise(REXML::ParseException) do
+      REXML::Document.new(XML_WITH_NESTED_EMPTY_PARAMETER_ENTITY)
+    end
+  ensure
+    REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit = 10000
+  end
+
   def test_tag_in_cdata_with_not_ascii_only_but_ascii8bit_encoding_source
     tag = "<b>...</b>"
     message = "こんにちは、世界！" # Hello world! in Japanese
diff --git a/test/rexml/test_entity.rb b/test/rexml/test_entity.rb
index 7b9f39495f7780..ddb6f4565d4a05 100644
--- a/test/rexml/test_entity.rb
+++ b/test/rexml/test_entity.rb
@@ -122,6 +122,22 @@ def test_entity_string_limit
     end
   end
 
+  def test_entity_string_limit_for_parameter_entity
+    template = '<!DOCTYPE bomb [ <!ENTITY % a "^" > <!ENTITY bomb "$" > ]><root/>'
+    len      = 5120 # 5k per entity
+    template.sub!(/\^/, "B" * len)
+
+    # 10k is OK
+    entities = '%a;' * 2 # 5k entity * 2 = 10k
+    REXML::Document.new(template.sub(/\$/, entities))
+
+    # above 10k explodes
+    entities = '%a;' * 3 # 5k entity * 2 = 15k
+    assert_raises(REXML::ParseException) do
+      REXML::Document.new(template.sub(/\$/, entities))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_raw
     source = '<!DOCTYPE foo [
 <!ENTITY ent "replace">
diff --git a/test/ripper/test_scanner_events.rb b/test/ripper/test_scanner_events.rb
index 2474588f764547..d444bb1042a068 100644
--- a/test/ripper/test_scanner_events.rb
+++ b/test/ripper/test_scanner_events.rb
@@ -708,6 +708,10 @@ def test_tstring_content_HEREDOC
     assert_equal ["there\n""heredoc", "\n"],
                  scan('tstring_content', "<<""EOS\n""there\n""heredoc\#@foo\nEOS"),
                  bug7255
+    bug10392 = '[ruby-dev:48647] [Bug #10392]'
+    assert_equal [" E\n\n"],
+                 scan('tstring_content', "<<""'E'\n E\n\n"),
+                 bug10392
   end
 
   def test_heredoc_end
diff --git a/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb
index 087bc795f7822c..5413fa6062e579 100644
--- a/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/enc/test_euc_kr.rb
@@ -25,4 +25,12 @@ def test_mbc_case_fold
   def test_left_adjust_char_head
     assert_equal(s("\xa1\xa1"), s("\xa1\xa1\xa1\xa1").chop)
   end
+
+  def test_euro_sign
+    assert_equal("\u{20ac}", s("\xa2\xe6").encode("utf-8"))
+  end
+
+  def test_registered_mark
+    assert_equal("\u{00ae}", s("\xa2\xe7").encode("utf-8"))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/envutil.rb b/test/ruby/envutil.rb
index de66102621cebd..a6a9f70820051d 100644
--- a/test/ruby/envutil.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/envutil.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ def rubybin
   LANG_ENVS = %w"LANG LC_ALL LC_CTYPE"
 
   def invoke_ruby(args, stdin_data = "", capture_stdout = false, capture_stderr = false,
-                  encoding: nil, timeout: 10, reprieve: 1, **opt)
+                  encoding: nil, timeout: 10, reprieve: 1,
+                  stdout_filter: nil, stderr_filter: nil,
+                  **opt)
     in_c, in_p = IO.pipe
     out_p, out_c = IO.pipe if capture_stdout
     err_p, err_c = IO.pipe if capture_stderr && capture_stderr != :merge_to_stdout
@@ -84,6 +86,8 @@ def invoke_ruby(args, stdin_data = "", capture_stdout = false, capture_stderr =
       err_p.close if capture_stderr && capture_stderr != :merge_to_stdout
       Process.wait pid
       status = $?
+      stdout = stdout_filter.call(stdout) if stdout_filter
+      stderr = stderr_filter.call(stderr) if stderr_filter
       return stdout, stderr, status
     end
   ensure
@@ -156,6 +160,22 @@ def with_default_internal(enc)
   end
   module_function :with_default_internal
 
+  def labeled_module(name, &block)
+    Module.new do
+      singleton_class.class_eval {define_method(:to_s) {name}; alias inspect to_s}
+      class_eval(&block) if block
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :labeled_module
+
+  def labeled_class(name, superclass = Object, &block)
+    Class.new(superclass) do
+      singleton_class.class_eval {define_method(:to_s) {name}; alias inspect to_s}
+      class_eval(&block) if block
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :labeled_class
+
   if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
     DIAGNOSTIC_REPORTS_PATH = File.expand_path("~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports")
     DIAGNOSTIC_REPORTS_TIMEFORMAT = '%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S'
@@ -172,7 +192,7 @@ def self.diagnostic_reports(signame, cmd, pid, now)
           log = File.read(name) rescue next
           if /\AProcess:\s+#{cmd} \[#{pid}\]$/ =~ log
             File.unlink(name)
-            File.unlink("#{path}/.#{File.basename(name)}.plist")
+            File.unlink("#{path}/.#{File.basename(name)}.plist") rescue nil
             return log
           end
         end
@@ -251,9 +271,10 @@ def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, message = '', child_env: nil, **opt)
         pid = status.pid
         now = Time.now
         faildesc = proc do
-          signo = status.termsig
-          signame = Signal.signame(signo)
-          sigdesc = "signal #{signo}"
+          if signo = status.termsig
+            signame = Signal.signame(signo)
+            sigdesc = "signal #{signo}"
+          end
           log = EnvUtil.diagnostic_reports(signame, EnvUtil.rubybin, pid, now)
           if signame
             sigdesc = "SIG#{signame} (#{sigdesc})"
@@ -337,7 +358,7 @@ class Test::Unit::Runner
         args.insert((Hash === args.first ? 1 : 0), "--disable=gems", *$:.map {|l| "-I#{l}"})
         stdout, stderr, status = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(args, src, true, true, **opt)
         abort = status.coredump? || (status.signaled? && ABORT_SIGNALS.include?(status.termsig))
-        assert(!abort, FailDesc[status, stderr])
+        assert(!abort, FailDesc[status, nil, stderr])
         self._assertions += stdout[/^assertions=(\d+)/, 1].to_i
         begin
           res = Marshal.load(stdout.unpack("m")[0])
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_alias.rb b/test/ruby/test_alias.rb
index 956fdb41f05b0d..dec61f6d6315bc 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_alias.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_alias.rb
@@ -132,4 +132,66 @@ class StringIO
       GC.verify_internal_consistency
     }
   end
+
+  def test_cyclic_zsuper
+    bug9475 = '[ruby-core:60431] [Bug #9475]'
+
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo
+        "A"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Class.new do
+      include a
+      attr_reader :b
+
+      def foo
+        @b ||= 0
+        raise SystemStackError if (@b += 1) > 1
+        # "foo from B"
+        super + "B"
+      end
+    end
+
+    c = Class.new(b) do
+      alias orig_foo foo
+
+      def foo
+        # "foo from C"
+        orig_foo + "C"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b.class_eval do
+      alias orig_foo foo
+      attr_reader :b2
+
+      def foo
+        @b2 ||= 0
+        raise SystemStackError if (@b2 += 1) > 1
+        # "foo from B (again)"
+        orig_foo + "B2"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug9475) do
+      assert_equal("ABC", c.new.foo, bug9475)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_in_module
+    bug9663 = '[ruby-core:61635] [Bug #9663]'
+
+    assert_separately(['-', bug9663], <<-'end;')
+      bug = ARGV[0]
+
+      m = Module.new do
+        alias orig_to_s to_s
+      end
+
+      o = Object.new.extend(m)
+      assert_equal(o.to_s, o.orig_to_s, bug)
+    end;
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_array.rb b/test/ruby/test_array.rb
index 6ff304acb2b9da..f10023edfdc8aa 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_array.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_array.rb
@@ -2011,6 +2011,22 @@ def test_reject
     assert_equal([1, 3], [0, 1, 2, 3].reject {|x| x % 2 == 0 })
   end
 
+  def test_reject_with_callcc
+    respond_to?(:callcc, true) or require 'continuation'
+    bug9727 = '[ruby-dev:48101] [Bug #9727]'
+    cont = nil
+    a = [*1..10].reject do |i|
+      callcc {|c| cont = c} if !cont and i == 10
+      false
+    end
+    if a.size < 1000
+      a.unshift(:x)
+      cont.call
+    end
+    assert_equal(1000, a.size, bug9727)
+    assert_equal([:x, *1..10], a.uniq, bug9727)
+  end
+
   def test_zip
     assert_equal([[1, :a, "a"], [2, :b, "b"], [3, nil, "c"]],
       [1, 2, 3].zip([:a, :b], ["a", "b", "c", "d"]))
@@ -2275,6 +2291,15 @@ def test_combination2
     assert_equal(:called, (0..100).to_a.combination(50) { break :called }, "[ruby-core:29240] ... must be yielded even if 100C50 > signed integer")
   end
 
+  def test_combination_clear
+    bug9939 = '[ruby-core:63149] [Bug #9939]'
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;')
+      100_000.times {Array.new(1000)}
+      a = [*0..100]
+      a.combination(3) {|*,x| a.clear}
+    end;
+  end
+
   def test_product2
     a = (0..100).to_a
     assert_raise(RangeError) do
@@ -2389,7 +2414,7 @@ def test_rotate!
     assert_equal([], a.rotate!(13))
     assert_equal([], a.rotate!(-13))
     a = [].freeze
-    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /can't modify frozen/) {a.rotate!}
+    assert_raise_with_message(RuntimeError, /can\'t modify frozen/) {a.rotate!}
     a = [1,2,3]
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { a.rotate!(1, 1) }
   end
@@ -2428,4 +2453,56 @@ def test_bsearch_in_find_any_mode
 
     assert_include([4, 7], a.bsearch {|x| (2**100).coerce((1 - x / 4) * (2**100)).first })
   end
+
+  def test_shared_marking
+    reduce = proc do |s|
+      s.gsub(/(verify_internal_consistency_reachable_i:\sWB\smiss\s\S+\s\(T_ARRAY\)\s->\s)\S+\s\((proc|T_NONE)\)\n
+             \K(?:\1\S+\s\(\2\)\n)*/x) do
+        "...(snip #{$&.count("\n")} lines)...\n"
+      end
+    end
+    begin
+      assert_normal_exit(<<-EOS, '[Bug #9718]', timeout: 5, stdout_filter: reduce)
+      queue = []
+      50.times do
+        10_000.times do
+          queue << lambda{}
+        end
+        GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_sweep: true)
+        GC.verify_internal_consistency
+        queue.shift.call
+      end
+    EOS
+    rescue Timeout::Error => e
+      skip e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  sizeof_long = [0].pack("l!").size
+  sizeof_voidp = [""].pack("p").size
+  if sizeof_long < sizeof_voidp
+    ARY_MAX = (1<<(8*sizeof_long-1)) / sizeof_voidp - 1
+    Bug11235 = '[ruby-dev:49043] [Bug #11235]'
+
+    def test_push_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], <<-"end;")
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {0x1000.times {a.push(1)}}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_unshift_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], <<-"end;")
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {0x1000.times {a.unshift(1)}}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_splice_over_ary_max
+      assert_separately(['-', ARY_MAX.to_s, Bug11235], <<-"end;")
+        a = Array.new(ARGV[0].to_i)
+        assert_raise(IndexError, ARGV[1]) {a[0, 0] = Array.new(0x1000)}
+      end;
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb b/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb
index 1931df45c5c85d..f88bcac579d30b 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_autoload.rb
@@ -56,6 +56,32 @@ def test_autoload_p
     }
   end
 
+  def test_autoload_with_unqualified_file_name # [ruby-core:69206]
+    lp = $LOAD_PATH.dup
+    lf = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
+
+    Dir.mktmpdir('autoload') { |tmpdir|
+      $LOAD_PATH << tmpdir
+
+      Dir.chdir(tmpdir) do
+        eval <<-END
+          class ::Object
+            module A
+              autoload :C, 'b'
+            end
+          end
+        END
+
+        File.open('b.rb', 'w') {|file| file.puts 'module A; class C; end; end'}
+        assert_kind_of Class, ::A::C
+      end
+    }
+  ensure
+    $LOAD_PATH.replace lp
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace lf
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :A) if Object.const_defined?(:A)
+  end
+
   def test_require_explicit
     Tempfile.create(['autoload', '.rb']) {|file|
       file.puts 'class Object; AutoloadTest = 1; end'
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb b/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb
index 6ec13e4cc5f6ad..ed36fe95f63ec7 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_backtrace.rb
@@ -214,4 +214,31 @@ def test_thread_backtrace_locations_with_range
       q << true
     end
   end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_alias
+    obj = BasicObject.new
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) do
+      class << obj
+        alias foo bar
+      end
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_undef
+    obj = BasicObject.new
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) do
+      class << obj
+        undef foo
+      end
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
+
+  def test_core_backtrace_hash_merge
+    e = assert_raise(TypeError) do
+      {**nil}
+    end
+    assert_not_match(/\Acore#/, e.backtrace_locations[0].base_label)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb b/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb
index 30db5024cc1c89..d9c1f569164297 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_beginendblock.rb
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ def test_propagate_signaled
     ruby = EnvUtil.rubybin
     out = IO.popen(
       [ruby,
+       '-e', 'trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")',
        '-e', 'STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)',
        '-e', 'at_exit{Process.kill(:INT, $$); sleep 5 }']) {|f|
       timeout(10) {
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_call.rb b/test/ruby/test_call.rb
index 8f861d96a18b4a..5b81eb187ad1bd 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_call.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_call.rb
@@ -16,4 +16,19 @@ def test_call
     assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], aaa(1, 2, 3, 4))
     assert_equal([1, 2, 3, 4], aaa(1, *[2, 3, 4]))
   end
+
+  def test_callinfo
+    bug9622 = '[ruby-core:61422] [Bug #9622]'
+    o = Class.new do
+      def foo(*args)
+        bar(:foo, *args)
+      end
+      def bar(name)
+        name
+      end
+    end.new
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) {o.foo(100)}
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) {o.foo}
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, e.message, bug9622) {o.foo(100)}
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_env.rb b/test/ruby/test_env.rb
index 17c5d57d2582b2..ddbdcf24bcabd7 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_env.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_env.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'test/unit'
+require_relative 'envutil'
 
 class TestEnv < Test::Unit::TestCase
   IGNORE_CASE = /bccwin|mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -408,4 +409,127 @@ def test_win32_blocksize
       keys.each {|k| ENV.delete(k)}
     end
   end
+
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /bccwin|mswin|mingw/
+    def test_memory_leak_aset
+      bug9977 = '[ruby-dev:48323] [Bug #9977]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9977, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        v = (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV[k] = v}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_leak_select
+      bug9978 = '[ruby-dev:48325] [Bug #9978]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9978, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV.select {break}}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_crash_select
+      assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;')
+        1000.times {ENV["FOO#{i}"] = 'bar'}
+        ENV.select {ENV.clear}
+      end;
+    end
+
+    def test_memory_leak_shift
+      bug9983 = '[ruby-dev:48332] [Bug #9983]'
+      assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-'end;', "5_000.times(&doit)", bug9983, limit: 2.0)
+        ENV.clear
+        k = 'FOO'
+        v = (ENV[k] = 'bar'*5000 rescue 'bar'*1500)
+        doit = proc {ENV[k] = v; ENV.shift}
+        500.times(&doit)
+      end;
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_aref
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV["FOO".taint]
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_fetch
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.fetch("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_assoc
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.assoc("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_rassoc
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.rassoc("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_key
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.key("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_key_p
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.key?("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_value_p
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV.value?("FOO".taint)
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_aset_value
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV["FOO"] = "BAR".taint
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_taint_aset_key
+    assert_raise(SecurityError) do
+      proc do
+        $SAFE = 2
+        ENV["FOO".taint] = "BAR"
+      end.call
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_eval.rb b/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
index 2700aa33f383e9..28d797e2c8b181 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_eval.rb
@@ -484,4 +484,19 @@ def test_eval_location_fstring
 
     assert_same a, b
   end
+
+  def test_gced_binding_block
+    assert_normal_exit %q{
+      def m
+        binding
+      end
+      GC.stress = true
+      b = nil
+      tap do
+        b = m {}
+      end
+      0.times.to_a
+      b.eval('yield')
+    }, '[Bug #10368]'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_exception.rb b/test/ruby/test_exception.rb
index dfa428912e0e68..c3314568c13491 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_exception.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_exception.rb
@@ -78,6 +78,28 @@ def test_exception_ensure_2   # just duplication?
     assert(!bad)
   end
 
+  def test_errinfo_in_debug
+    bug9568 = EnvUtil.labeled_class("[ruby-core:61091] [Bug #9568]", RuntimeError) do
+      def to_s
+        require '\0'
+      rescue LoadError
+        self.class.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    err = EnvUtil.verbose_warning do
+      assert_raise(bug9568) do
+        $DEBUG, debug = true, $DEBUG
+        begin
+          raise bug9568
+        ensure
+          $DEBUG = debug
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    assert_include(err, bug9568.to_s)
+  end
+
   def test_break_ensure
     bad = true
     while true
@@ -488,6 +510,17 @@ def test_machine_stackoverflow
   rescue SystemStackError
   end
 
+  def test_machine_stackoverflow_by_define_method
+    bug9454 = '[ruby-core:60113] [Bug #9454]'
+    assert_separately([], <<-SRC)
+    assert_raise(SystemStackError, #{bug9454.dump}) {
+      define_method(:foo) {self.foo}
+      self.foo
+    }
+    SRC
+  rescue SystemStackError
+  end
+
   def test_cause
     msg = "[Feature #8257]"
     cause = nil
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb b/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
index a64a956afd73d8..c0f92ec820aac0 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_file_exhaustive.rb
@@ -447,6 +447,7 @@ def test_expand_path
       assert_equal(@file, File.expand_path(@file + "::$DATA"))
       assert_match(/\Ac:\//i, File.expand_path('c:'), '[ruby-core:31591]')
       assert_match(/\Ac:\//i, File.expand_path('c:foo', 'd:/bar'))
+      assert_match(/\Ae:\//i, File.expand_path('e:foo', 'd:/bar'))
       assert_match(%r'\Ac:/bar/foo\z'i, File.expand_path('c:foo', 'c:/bar'))
     end
     if DRIVE
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ def test_expand_path_memsize
     path = File.expand_path("/foo")
     assert_operator(ObjectSpace.memsize_of(path), :<=, path.bytesize, bug9934)
     path = File.expand_path("/a"*25)
-    assert_equal(51, ObjectSpace.memsize_of(path), bug9934)
+    assert_equal(path.bytesize+1, ObjectSpace.memsize_of(path), bug9934)
   end
 
   def test_expand_path_encoding
@@ -784,6 +785,12 @@ def test_expand_path_accepts_objects_that_have_a_to_path_method
     assert_equal("#{Dir.pwd}/a/b/c", File.expand_path(obj))
   end
 
+  def test_expand_path_with_drive_letter
+    bug10858 = '[ruby-core:68130] [Bug #10858]'
+    assert_match(%r'/bar/foo\z'i, File.expand_path('z:foo', 'bar'), bug10858)
+    assert_equal('z:/bar/foo', File.expand_path('z:foo', '/bar'), bug10858)
+  end if DRIVE
+
   def test_basename
     assert_equal(File.basename(@file).sub(/\.test$/, ""), File.basename(@file, ".test"))
     assert_equal("", s = File.basename(""))
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_float.rb b/test/ruby/test_float.rb
index b8b4da6f43f0a6..a959f60a6902a6 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_float.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_float.rb
@@ -619,4 +619,12 @@ def test_long_string
     assert_in_epsilon(10.0, ("1."+"1"*300000).to_f*9)
     end;
   end
+
+  def test_hash_0
+    bug10979 = '[ruby-core:68541] [Bug #10979]'
+    assert_equal(+0.0.hash, -0.0.hash)
+    assert_operator(+0.0, :eql?, -0.0)
+    h = {0.0 => bug10979}
+    assert_equal(bug10979, h[-0.0])
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_hash.rb b/test/ruby/test_hash.rb
index cbe55cc1f26899..0897fd851f5142 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_hash.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_hash.rb
@@ -1094,6 +1094,17 @@ def test_compare_by_identity
     assert_predicate(h.dup, :compare_by_identity?, bug8703)
   end
 
+  def test_same_key
+    bug9646 = '[ruby-dev:48047] [Bug #9646] Infinite loop at Hash#each'
+    h = @cls[a=[], 1]
+    a << 1
+    h[[]] = 2
+    a.clear
+    cnt = 0
+    r = h.each{ break nil if (cnt+=1) > 100 }
+    assert_not_nil(r,bug9646)
+  end
+
   class ObjWithHash
     def initialize(value, hash)
       @value = value
@@ -1258,8 +1269,14 @@ def eql?(other)
       end
     end
 
-    hash = {5 => bug9381}
-    assert_equal(bug9381, hash[wrapper.new(5)])
+    bad = [
+      5, true, false, nil,
+      0.0, 1.72723e-77,
+    ].select do |x|
+      hash = {x => bug9381}
+      hash[wrapper.new(x)] != bug9381
+    end
+    assert_empty(bad, bug9381)
   end
 
   class TestSubHash < TestHash
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_io.rb b/test/ruby/test_io.rb
index a6f2b14abedb72..18e37d6d0b03d2 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_io.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_io.rb
@@ -1122,6 +1122,8 @@ def test_dup_many
   def test_inspect
     with_pipe do |r, w|
       assert_match(/^#<IO:fd \d+>$/, r.inspect)
+      r.freeze
+      assert_match(/^#<IO:fd \d+>$/, r.inspect)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1224,6 +1226,14 @@ def test_read_buffer_error
       t.value
       assert_equal("", s)
     end
+    with_pipe do |r, w|
+      s = "xxx"
+      t = Thread.new {r.read(2, s)}
+      Thread.pass until t.stop?
+      t.kill
+      t.value
+      assert_equal("xxx", s)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_write_nonblock
@@ -1969,6 +1979,15 @@ def test_reopen_inherit
     }
   end
 
+  def test_reopen_stdio
+    mkcdtmpdir {
+      fname = 'bug11319'
+      File.write(fname, 'hello')
+      system(EnvUtil.rubybin, '-e', "STDOUT.reopen('#{fname}', 'w+')")
+      assert_equal('', File.read(fname))
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_reopen_mode
     feature7067 = '[ruby-core:47694]'
     make_tempfile {|t|
@@ -2743,6 +2762,21 @@ def test_std_fileno
     assert_equal(2, $stderr.fileno)
   end
 
+  def test_frozen_fileno
+    bug9865 = '[ruby-dev:48241] [Bug #9865]'
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      fd = r.fileno
+      assert_equal(fd, r.freeze.fileno, bug9865)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_autoclose
+    with_pipe do |r,w|
+      fd = r.fileno
+      assert_equal(true, r.freeze.autoclose?)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_sysread_locktmp
     bug6099 = '[ruby-dev:45297]'
     buf = " " * 100
@@ -2790,25 +2824,24 @@ def test_advise_pipe
 
   def assert_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
     bug6764 = '[ruby-core:46586]'
+    bug9847 = '[ruby-core:62643] [Bug #9847]'
     size = 28
     data = [*"a".."z", *"A".."Z"].shuffle.join("")
     t = Tempfile.new("test_io")
     t.write(data)
     t.close
-    w = Tempfile.new("test_io")
+    w = []
     assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug6764) do
+      buf = ''
       File.open(t.path, "r") do |r|
-        buf = ''
         while yield(r, size, buf)
-          w << buf
+          w << buf.dup
         end
       end
     end
-    w.close
-    assert_equal(data, w.open.read, bug6764)
+    assert_equal(data, w.join(""), bug9847)
   ensure
     t.close!
-    w.close!
   end
 
   def test_read_buffer_not_raise_shared_string_error
@@ -2872,7 +2905,7 @@ def test_io_select_with_many_files
       }
 
       IO.select(tempfiles)
-  }, bug8080
+    }, bug8080, timeout: 30
   end
 
   def test_read_32bit_boundary
@@ -2971,4 +3004,13 @@ def test_sysread_unlocktmp_ensure
   ensure
     t.kill
   end
+
+  def test_exception_at_close
+    bug10153 = '[ruby-core:64463] [Bug #10153] exception in close at the end of block'
+    assert_raise(Errno::EBADF, bug10153) do
+      IO.pipe do |r, w|
+        assert_nothing_raised {IO.open(w.fileno) {}}
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb b/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb
index 4e3f6c1926895c..5fe90b0ebf2aa2 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_iseq.rb
@@ -124,4 +124,11 @@ def test_label_fstring
            ISeq.of(c.instance_method(:foobar)).label
     assert_same a, b
   end
+
+  def test_invalid_source
+    bug11159 = '[ruby-core:69219] [Bug #11159]'
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {ISeq.compile(nil)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {ISeq.compile(:foo)}
+    assert_raise(TypeError, bug11159) {ISeq.compile(1)}
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb b/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb
index 03b93dbf0d0b58..13bac278f2e3f2 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_keyword.rb
@@ -327,6 +327,39 @@ def test_required_keyword
     assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /missing keyword/, bug8139) {o.bar}
   end
 
+  def test_required_keyword_with_newline
+    bug9669 = '[ruby-core:61658] [Bug #9669]'
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug9669) do
+      eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        def bug9669.foo a:
+          return a
+        end
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal(42, bug9669.foo(a: 42))
+    o = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug9669) do
+      eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        o = {
+          a:
+          1
+        }
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, o, bug9669)
+  end
+
+  def test_required_keyword_with_reserved
+    bug10279 = '[ruby-core:65211] [Bug #10279]'
+    h = nil
+    assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, bug10279) do
+      break eval(<<-'end;', nil, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        h = {a: if true then 42 end}
+      end;
+    end
+    assert_equal({a: 42}, h, bug10279)
+  end
+
   def test_block_required_keyword
     feature7701 = '[ruby-core:51454] [Feature #7701] required keyword argument'
     b = assert_nothing_raised(SyntaxError, feature7701) do
@@ -420,6 +453,40 @@ def foo(a, b, c=1, *d, e, f:2, **g)
     assert_equal([1, 2, 1, [], {:f=>5}, 2, {}], a.new.foo(1, 2, f:5), bug8993)
   end
 
+  def test_splat_keyword_nondestructive
+    bug9776 = '[ruby-core:62161] [Bug #9776]'
+
+    h = {a: 1}
+    assert_equal({a:1, b:2}, {**h, b:2})
+    assert_equal({a:1}, h, bug9776)
+
+    pr = proc {|**opt| next opt}
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, pr.call(**h))
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, pr.call(**h, b: 2))
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, h, bug9776)
+  end
+
+  def test_splat_hash_conversion
+    bug9898 = '[ruby-core:62921] [Bug #9898]'
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash() { a: 1 } end
+    assert_equal({a: 1}, m1(**o) {|x| break x}, bug9898)
+    o2 = Object.new
+    def o2.to_hash() { b: 2 } end
+    assert_equal({a: 1, b: 2}, m1(**o, **o2) {|x| break x}, bug9898)
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_hash_conversion
+    bug10016 = '[ruby-core:63593] [Bug #10016]'
+
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_hash() { k: 9 } end
+    assert_equal([1, 42, [], o, :key, {}, nil], f9(1, o))
+    assert_equal([1, 9], m1(1, o) {|a, k: 0| break [a, k]}, bug10016)
+    assert_equal([1, 9], m1(1, o, &->(a, k: 0) {break [a, k]}), bug10016)
+  end
+
   def test_gced_object_in_stack
     bug8964 = '[ruby-dev:47729] [Bug #8964]'
     assert_normal_exit %q{
@@ -438,4 +505,19 @@ def m(a: [])
       tap { prc.call }
     }, bug8964
   end
+
+  def test_unknown_keyword_with_block
+    bug10413 = '[ruby-core:65837] [Bug #10413]'
+    class << (o = Object.new)
+      def bar(k2: 'v2')
+      end
+
+      def foo
+        bar(k1: 1)
+      end
+    end
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unknown keyword: k1/, bug10413) {
+      o.foo {raise "unreachable"}
+    }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_literal.rb b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
index e4c35e03d9226f..6e5d41477e1065 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
@@ -193,7 +193,9 @@ def test_big_array_and_hash_literal
     assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("[#{(1..1_000_000).to_a.join(", ")}]").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
     assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("{#{(1..1_000_000).map{|n| "#{n} => x"}.join(', ')}}").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
     assert_normal_exit %q{GC.disable=true; x = nil; raise if eval("{#{(1..1_000_000).map{|n| "#{n} => #{n}"}.join(', ')}}").size != 1_000_000}, "", timeout: 300, child_env: %[--disable-gems]
+  end
 
+  def test_big_hash_literal
     bug7466 = '[ruby-dev:46658]'
     h = {
       0xFE042 => 0xE5CD,
@@ -328,6 +330,19 @@ def test_big_array_and_hash_literal
     }
     k = h.keys
     assert_equal([129, 0xFE331], [k.size, k.last], bug7466)
+
+    code = [
+      "h = {",
+      (1..128).map {|i| "#{i} => 0,"},
+      (129..140).map {|i| "#{i} => [],"},
+      "}",
+    ].join
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+      GC.stress = true
+      #{code}
+      GC.stress = false
+      assert_equal(140, h.size)
+    end;
   end
 
   def test_range
@@ -434,4 +449,14 @@ def test_float
     }
   end
 
+  def test_symbol_list
+    assert_equal([:foo, :bar], %i[foo bar])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo"], %i["foo])
+
+    x = 10
+    assert_equal([:foo, :b10], %I[foo b#{x}])
+    assert_equal([:"\"foo10"], %I["foo#{x}])
+
+    assert_ruby_status(["--disable-gems", "--dump=parsetree"], "%I[foo bar]")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb b/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb
index b9b85b21293afb..8dc54e5f4b964b 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_m17n.rb
@@ -1037,6 +1037,11 @@ def test_count
     assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError){s.count(a("\xa3\xb0"))}
   end
 
+  def test_count_sjis_trailing_byte
+    bug10078 = '[ruby-dev:48442] [Bug #10078]'
+    assert_equal(0, s("\x98\x61").count("a"), bug10078)
+  end
+
   def test_delete
     assert_equal(1, e("\xa1\xa2").delete("z").length)
     s = e("\xa3\xb0\xa3\xb1\xa3\xb2\xa3\xb3\xa3\xb4")
@@ -1127,7 +1132,12 @@ def test_casecmp
   end
 
   def test_reverse
-    assert_equal(u("\xf0jihgfedcba"), u("abcdefghij\xf0").reverse)
+    bug11387 = '[ruby-dev:49189] [Bug #11387]'
+    s1 = u("abcdefghij\xf0")
+    s2 = s1.reverse
+    assert_not_predicate(s1, :valid_encoding?, bug11387)
+    assert_equal(u("\xf0jihgfedcba"), s2)
+    assert_not_predicate(s2, :valid_encoding?, bug11387)
   end
 
   def test_reverse_bang
@@ -1216,6 +1226,9 @@ def test_split
     each_encoding("abc,def", ",", "abc", "def") do |str, sep, *expected|
       assert_equal(expected, str.split(sep, -1))
     end
+    each_encoding("abc\0def", "\0", "abc", "def") do |str, sep, *expected|
+      assert_equal(expected, str.split(sep, -1))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_nonascii_method_name
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb b/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb
index 446ceccc4ae17d..55bfe3955303d1 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_m17n_comb.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def encdumpargs(args)
     r
   end
 
-  def assert_enccall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
+  def encdumpcall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
     desc = ''
     if String === recv
       desc << encdump(recv)
@@ -110,6 +110,11 @@ def assert_enccall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
     if block
       desc << ' {}'
     end
+    desc
+  end
+
+  def assert_enccall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
+    desc = encdumpcall(recv, meth, *args, &block)
     result = nil
     assert_nothing_raised(desc) {
       result = recv.send(meth, *args, &block)
@@ -709,12 +714,13 @@ def test_str_dup
 
   def test_str_count
     combination(STRINGS, STRINGS) {|s1, s2|
+      desc = proc {encdumpcall(s1, :count, s2)}
       if !s1.valid_encoding? || !s2.valid_encoding?
-        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.count(s2) }
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError, Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.count(s2) }
         next
       end
       if !s1.ascii_only? && !s2.ascii_only? && s1.encoding != s2.encoding
-        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError) { s1.count(s2) }
+        assert_raise(Encoding::CompatibilityError, desc) { s1.count(s2) }
         next
       end
       n = enccall(s1, :count, s2)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb b/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb
index 126efc8ae691e1..967aa37723f908 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_marshal.rb
@@ -246,6 +246,17 @@ def test_symbol2
     assert_equal(ary, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(ary)), bug2548)
   end
 
+  def test_symlink_in_ivar
+    bug10991 = '[ruby-core:68587] [Bug #10991]'
+    sym = Marshal.load("\x04\x08" +
+                       "I" ":\x0bKernel" +
+                       ("\x06" +
+                        ("I" ":\x07@a" +
+                         ("\x06" ":\x07@b" "e;\x0""o:\x0bObject""\x0")) +
+                        "0"))
+    assert_equal(:Kernel, sym, bug10991)
+  end
+
   ClassUTF8 = eval("class R\u{e9}sum\u{e9}; self; end")
 
   iso_8859_1 = Encoding::ISO_8859_1
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_method.rb b/test/ruby/test_method.rb
index 2e3c2ae8b07317..f478e114867663 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_method.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_method.rb
@@ -660,6 +660,7 @@ def test___dir__
     assert_equal(__dir__, eval("__dir__", binding), bug8436)
     bug8662 = '[ruby-core:56099] [Bug #8662]'
     assert_equal("arbitrary", eval("__dir__", binding, "arbitrary/file.rb"), bug8662)
+    assert_equal("arbitrary", Object.new.instance_eval("__dir__", "arbitrary/file.rb"), bug8662)
   end
 
   def test_alias_owner
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_module.rb b/test/ruby/test_module.rb
index f89071c10f270b..9910e261d536cd 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_module.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_module.rb
@@ -375,6 +375,25 @@ def foo
     assert_equal(:ok, Object.new.extend(m).foo, bug9535)
   end
 
+  def test_initialize_copy_empty
+    bug9813 = '[ruby-dev:48182] [Bug #9813]'
+    m = Module.new do
+      def x
+      end
+      const_set(:X, 1)
+      @x = 2
+    end
+    assert_equal([:x], m.instance_methods)
+    assert_equal([:@x], m.instance_variables)
+    assert_equal([:X], m.constants)
+    m.module_eval do
+      initialize_copy(Module.new)
+    end
+    assert_empty(m.instance_methods, bug9813)
+    assert_empty(m.instance_variables, bug9813)
+    assert_empty(m.constants, bug9813)
+  end
+
   def test_dup
     bug6454 = '[ruby-core:45132]'
 
@@ -1559,17 +1578,11 @@ def test_prepend_module_ancestors
   end
 
   def labeled_module(name, &block)
-    Module.new do
-      singleton_class.class_eval {define_method(:to_s) {name}; alias inspect to_s}
-      class_eval(&block) if block
-    end
+    EnvUtil.labeled_module(name, &block)
   end
 
   def labeled_class(name, superclass = Object, &block)
-    Class.new(superclass) do
-      singleton_class.class_eval {define_method(:to_s) {name}; alias inspect to_s}
-      class_eval(&block) if block
-    end
+    EnvUtil.labeled_class(name, superclass, &block)
   end
 
   def test_prepend_instance_methods_false
@@ -1695,6 +1708,17 @@ def hello
     assert_equal('hello!', foo.new.hello, bug9236)
   end
 
+  def test_prepend_call_super
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+      bug10847 = '[ruby-core:68093] [Bug #10847]'
+      module M; end
+      Float.prepend M
+      assert_nothing_raised(SystemStackError, bug10847) do
+        0.3.numerator
+      end
+    end;
+  end
+
   def test_class_variables
     m = Module.new
     m.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 1)
@@ -1944,6 +1968,30 @@ def foo; end
     }
   end
 
+  def test_inspect_segfault
+    bug_10282 = '[ruby-core:65214] [Bug #10282]'
+    assert_separately [], <<-RUBY
+      module ShallowInspect
+        def shallow_inspect
+          "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      module InspectIsShallow
+        include ShallowInspect
+        alias_method :inspect, :shallow_inspect
+      end
+
+      class A
+      end
+
+      A.prepend InspectIsShallow
+
+      expect = "#<Method: A(Object)#inspect(shallow_inspect)>"
+      assert_equal expect, A.new.method(:inspect).inspect, "#{bug_10282}"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_top_method_is_private(method)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb b/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb
index f2c1a51ba20df2..98fabc4e136911 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_numeric.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'test/unit'
+require_relative 'envutil'
 
 class TestNumeric < Test::Unit::TestCase
   class DummyNumeric < Numeric
@@ -14,6 +15,23 @@ def test_coerce
     assert_equal(Float, b.class)
 
     assert_raise(TypeError) { -Numeric.new }
+
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::UTF_8) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1+:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1&:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1|:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:\u{3042}/) {1^:"\u{3042}"}
+    end
+    EnvUtil.with_default_external(Encoding::US_ASCII) do
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1+:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1&:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1|:"\u{3042}"}
+      assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /:"\\u3042"/) {1^:"\u{3042}"}
+    end
+
+    bug10711 = '[ruby-core:67405] [Bug #10711]'
+    exp = "1.2 can't be coerced into Fixnum"
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, exp, bug10711) { 1 & 1.2 }
   end
 
   def test_dummynumeric
@@ -223,6 +241,8 @@ def assert_step(expected, (from, *args), inf: false)
   end
 
   def test_step
+    i, bignum = 32, 1 << 30
+    bignum <<= (i <<= 1) - 32 until bignum.is_a?(Bignum)
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 1, 0) { } }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 1, 0).size }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.step(10, 0) { } }
@@ -238,6 +258,25 @@ def test_step
     assert_nothing_raised { 1.step(by: nil) }
     assert_nothing_raised { 1.step(by: nil).size }
 
+    bug9811 = '[ruby-dev:48177] [Bug #9811]'
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, foo: nil) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, foo: nil).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, to: 11) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, to: 11).size }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, 1, by: 11) {} }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, bug9811) { 1.step(10, 1, by: 11).size }
+
+    assert_equal(bignum*2+1, (-bignum).step(bignum, 1).size)
+    assert_equal(bignum*2, (-bignum).step(bignum-1, 1).size)
+
+    assert_equal(10+1, (0.0).step(10.0, 1.0).size)
+
+    i, bigflo = 1, bignum.to_f
+    i <<= 1 until (bigflo - i).to_i < bignum
+    bigflo -= i >> 1
+    assert_equal(bigflo.to_i, (0.0).step(bigflo-1.0, 1.0).size)
+    assert_operator((0.0).step(bignum.to_f, 1.0).size, :>=, bignum) # may loose precision
+
     assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, 10]
     assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, to: 10]
     assert_step [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [1, to: 10, by: nil]
@@ -248,19 +287,35 @@ def test_step
     assert_step [10, 8, 6, 4, 2], [10, to: 1, by: -2]
     assert_step [1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0], [1.0, 10.0, 2.0]
     assert_step [1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0], [1.0, to: 10.0, by: 2.0]
-    assert_step [1], [1, 10, 2**32]
-    assert_step [1], [1, to: 10, by: 2**32]
+    assert_step [1], [1, 10, bignum]
+    assert_step [1], [1, to: 10, by: bignum]
 
+    assert_step [], [2, 1, 3]
+    assert_step [], [-2, -1, -3]
     assert_step [3, 3, 3, 3], [3, by: 0], inf: true
-    assert_step [10], [10, 1, -(2**32)]
+    assert_step [3, 3, 3, 3], [3, by: 0, to: 42], inf: true
+    assert_step [10], [10, 1, -bignum]
 
     assert_step [], [1, 0, Float::INFINITY]
     assert_step [], [0, 1, -Float::INFINITY]
-    assert_step [10], [10, to: 1, by: -(2**32)]
+    assert_step [10], [10, to: 1, by: -bignum]
 
     assert_step [10, 11, 12, 13], [10], inf: true
     assert_step [10, 9, 8, 7], [10, by: -1], inf: true
     assert_step [10, 9, 8, 7], [10, by: -1, to: nil], inf: true
+
+    assert_step [42, 42, 42, 42], [42, by: 0, to: -Float::INFINITY], inf: true
+    assert_step [42, 42, 42, 42], [42, by: 0, to: 42.5], inf: true
+    assert_step [4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2], [4.2, by: 0.0], inf: true
+    assert_step [4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2], [4.2, by: -0.0], inf: true
+    assert_step [42.0, 42.0, 42.0, 42.0], [42, by: 0.0, to: 44], inf: true
+    assert_step [42.0, 42.0, 42.0, 42.0], [42, by: 0.0, to: 0], inf: true
+    assert_step [42.0, 42.0, 42.0, 42.0], [42, by: -0.0, to: 44], inf: true
+
+    assert_step [bignum]*4, [bignum, by: 0], inf: true
+    assert_step [bignum]*4, [bignum, by: 0.0], inf: true
+    assert_step [bignum]*4, [bignum, by: 0, to: bignum+1], inf: true
+    assert_step [bignum]*4, [bignum, by: 0, to: 0], inf: true
   end
 
   def test_num2long
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_object.rb b/test/ruby/test_object.rb
index 1d6c6e30230ca4..596bddf1e59ce0 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_object.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_object.rb
@@ -298,6 +298,15 @@ def (Object.new).object_id; end
       $VERBOSE = false
       def (Object.new).__send__; end
     INPUT
+
+    bug10421 = '[ruby-dev:48691] [Bug #10421]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["1"], [], bug10421)
+      $VERBOSE = false
+      class C < BasicObject
+        def object_id; 1; end
+      end
+      puts C.new.object_id
+    INPUT
   end
 
   def test_remove_method
@@ -805,4 +814,14 @@ def test_type_error_message
     assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, "can't convert Array into Integer") {Integer([42])}
     assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, 'no implicit conversion of Array into Integer') {[].first([42])}
   end
+
+  def test_copied_ivar_memory_leak
+    bug10191 = '[ruby-core:64700] [Bug #10191]'
+    assert_no_memory_leak([], <<-"end;", <<-"end;", bug10191, rss: true, timeout: 60, limit: 2.5)
+      def (a = Object.new).set; @v = nil; end
+      num = 500_000
+    end;
+      num.times {a.clone.set}
+    end;
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb b/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb
index a4198f8ed426a8..6eb7c8b2059313 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_objectspace.rb
@@ -98,4 +98,11 @@ def test_each_object
     }
     End
   end
+
+  def test_each_object_recursive_key
+    assert_normal_exit(<<-'end;', '[ruby-core:66742] [Bug #10579]')
+      h = {["foo"]=>nil}
+      p Thread.current[:__recursive_key__]
+    end;
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_pack.rb b/test/ruby/test_pack.rb
index 3f0931bdc0cfb2..8cfa517c1fd871 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_pack.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_pack.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # coding: US-ASCII
 require 'test/unit'
+require_relative '../ruby/envutil'
 
 class TestPack < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_pack
@@ -550,6 +551,14 @@ def test_pack_unpack_m
     assert_equal(["\0"], "AA\n".unpack("m"))
     assert_equal(["\0"], "AA=\n".unpack("m"))
     assert_equal(["\0\0"], "AAA\n".unpack("m"))
+
+    bug10019 = '[ruby-core:63604] [Bug #10019]'
+    size = ((4096-4)/4*3+1)
+    assert_separately(%W[- #{size} #{bug10019}], <<-'end;')
+      size = ARGV.shift.to_i
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      assert_equal(size, ["a"*size].pack("m#{size+2}").unpack("m")[0].size, bug)
+    end;
   end
 
   def test_pack_unpack_m0
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_parse.rb b/test/ruby/test_parse.rb
index 863d37909647c8..1bea4d0918ec9f 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_parse.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_parse.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # coding: US-ASCII
 require 'test/unit'
 require 'stringio'
+require_relative 'envutil'
 
 class TestParse < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -658,8 +659,11 @@ def test_invalid_class_variable
   end
 
   def test_invalid_char
+    bug10117 = '[ruby-core:64243] [Bug #10117]'
+    invalid_char = /Invalid char `\\x01'/
     x = 1
-    assert_equal(1, eval("\x01x"))
+    assert_in_out_err(%W"-e \x01x", "", [], invalid_char, bug10117)
+    assert_syntax_error("\x01x", invalid_char, bug10117)
     assert_equal(nil, eval("\x04x"))
   end
 
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb b/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb
index 34f231ad8c9e0e..bcea91bebb6239 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_pipe.rb
@@ -13,4 +13,17 @@ def open_file(content)
       r.close
     end
   end
+  class WithConversion < self
+    def open_file(content)
+      r, w = IO.pipe
+      w << content
+      w.close
+      r.set_encoding("us-ascii:utf-8")
+      begin
+        yield r
+      ensure
+        r.close
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_proc.rb b/test/ruby/test_proc.rb
index 1c8a053cca84fe..06f137fdd1ca46 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_proc.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_proc.rb
@@ -202,7 +202,10 @@ def m_block_given?
   def test_method_to_proc
     b = block()
     assert_equal "OK", b.call
-    assert_instance_of(Binding, b.binding, '[ruby-core:25589]')
+    b = b.binding
+    assert_instance_of(Binding, b, '[ruby-core:25589]')
+    bug10432 = '[ruby-core:65919] [Bug #10432]'
+    assert_same(self, b.eval("self"), bug10432)
   end
 
   def test_block_given_method
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_process.rb b/test/ruby/test_process.rb
index ecfb417b117510..5a82547af14258 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_process.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_process.rb
@@ -606,6 +606,16 @@ def test_execopts_redirect
     }
   end
 
+  def test_execopts_redirect_nonascii_path
+    bug9946 = '[ruby-core:63185] [Bug #9946]'
+    with_tmpchdir {|d|
+      path = "t-\u{30c6 30b9 30c8 f6}.txt"
+      system(*ECHO["a"], out: path)
+      assert_file.for(bug9946).exist?(path)
+      assert_equal("a\n", File.read(path), bug9946)
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_execopts_redirect_dup2_child
     with_tmpchdir {|d|
       Process.wait spawn(RUBY, "-e", "STDERR.print 'err'; STDOUT.print 'out'",
@@ -1182,6 +1192,23 @@ def test_status
   end
 
   def test_status_kill
+    return unless Process.respond_to?(:kill)
+    return unless Signal.list.include?("KILL")
+
+    # assume the system supports signal if SIGQUIT is available
+    expected = Signal.list.include?("QUIT") ? [false, true, false, nil] : [true, false, false, true]
+
+    with_tmpchdir do
+      write_file("foo", "Process.kill(:KILL, $$); exit(42)")
+      system(RUBY, "foo")
+      s = $?
+      assert_equal(expected,
+                   [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?],
+                   "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?]")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_status_quit
     return unless Process.respond_to?(:kill)
     return unless Signal.list.include?("QUIT")
 
@@ -1196,16 +1223,14 @@ def test_status_kill
       end
       t = Time.now
       s = $?
-      assert_equal([false, true, false],
-                   [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?],
-                   "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?]")
+      assert_equal([false, true, false, nil],
+                   [s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?],
+                   "[s.exited?, s.signaled?, s.stopped?, s.success?]")
       assert_send(
         [["#<Process::Status: pid #{ s.pid } SIGQUIT (signal #{ s.termsig })>",
           "#<Process::Status: pid #{ s.pid } SIGQUIT (signal #{ s.termsig }) (core dumped)>"],
          :include?,
          s.inspect])
-      assert_equal(false, s.exited?)
-      assert_equal(nil, s.success?)
       EnvUtil.diagnostic_reports("QUIT", RUBY, pid, t)
     end
   end
@@ -1238,6 +1263,29 @@ def test_waitall
     end
   end
 
+  def test_wait_exception
+    bug11340 = '[ruby-dev:49176] [Bug #11340]'
+    t0 = t1 = nil
+    IO.popen([RUBY, '-e', 'puts;STDOUT.flush;Thread.start{gets;exit};sleep(3)'], 'r+') do |f|
+      pid = f.pid
+      f.gets
+      t0 = Time.now
+      th = Thread.start(Thread.current) do |main|
+        Thread.pass until main.stop?
+        main.raise Interrupt
+      end
+      begin
+        assert_raise(Interrupt) {Process.wait(pid)}
+      ensure
+        th.kill.join
+      end
+      t1 = Time.now
+      f.puts
+    end
+    assert_operator(t1 - t0, :<, 3,
+                    ->{"#{bug11340}: #{t1-t0} seconds to interrupt Process.wait"})
+  end
+
   def test_abort
     with_tmpchdir do
       s = run_in_child("abort")
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_range.rb b/test/ruby/test_range.rb
index 41107e094a4df6..293818516d6cfe 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_range.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_range.rb
@@ -278,6 +278,14 @@ def test_eqq
     assert_not_operator(0..10, :===, 11)
   end
 
+  def test_eqq_time
+    bug11113 = '[ruby-core:69052] [Bug #11113]'
+    t = Time.now
+    assert_nothing_raised(TypeError, bug11113) {
+      assert_operator(t..(t+10), :===, t+5)
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_include
     assert_include("a".."z", "c")
     assert_not_include("a".."z", "5")
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
index d535c474241d5d..b116dbbf62f048 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
@@ -1152,6 +1152,280 @@ def m
     INPUT
   end
 
+  def test_refine_basic_object
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10106 = '[ruby-core:64166] [Bug #10106]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine BasicObject do
+        def foo
+          1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug10106) {Object.new.foo}
+    end;
+
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10707 = '[ruby-core:67389] [Bug #10707]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine BasicObject do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert(methods, bug10707)
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10707) {method(:foo)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_change_refined_new_method_visibility
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10706 = '[ruby-core:67387] [Bug #10706]'
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine Object do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10706) {private(:foo)}
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_alias_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10731 = '[ruby-core:67523] [Bug #10731]'
+
+    class C
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+        end
+
+        def bar
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10731) do
+      class C
+        alias foo bar
+      end
+    end
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_refined_method_defined
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10753 = '[ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]'
+
+    c = Class.new do
+      def refined_public; end
+      def refined_protected; end
+      def refined_private; end
+
+      public :refined_public
+      protected :refined_protected
+      private :refined_private
+    end
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      refine(c) do
+        def refined_public; end
+        def refined_protected; end
+        def refined_private; end
+
+        public :refined_public
+        protected :refined_protected
+        private :refined_private
+      end
+    end
+
+    using m
+
+    assert_equal(true, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(true, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(true, c.private_method_defined?(:refined_private), bug10753)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_undefined_refined_method_defined
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10753 = '[ruby-core:67656] [Bug #10753]'
+
+    c = Class.new
+
+    m = Module.new do
+      refine(c) do
+        def undefined_refined_public; end
+        def undefined_refined_protected; end
+        def undefined_refined_private; end
+        public :undefined_refined_public
+        protected :undefined_refined_protected
+        private :undefined_refined_private
+      end
+    end
+
+    using m
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.public_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.protected_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_public), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_protected), bug10753)
+    assert_equal(false, c.private_method_defined?(:undefined_refined_private), bug10753)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10765 = '[ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]'
+
+    class C
+      def foo
+        "C#foo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+          "RefinementBug#foo"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using RefinementBug
+
+    class C
+      remove_method :foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("RefinementBug#foo", C.new.foo, bug10765)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_undefined_refined_method
+    assert_separately([], <<-"end;")
+    bug10765 = '[ruby-core:67722] [Bug #10765]'
+
+    class C
+    end
+
+    module RefinementBug
+      refine C do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    using RefinementBug
+
+    assert_raise(NameError, bug10765) {
+      class C
+        remove_method :foo
+      end
+    }
+    end;
+  end
+
+  module NotIncludeSuperclassMethod
+    class X
+      def foo
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Y < X
+    end
+
+    module Bar
+      refine Y do
+        def foo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_methods_not_include_superclass_method
+    bug10826 = '[ruby-dev:48854] [Bug #10826]'
+    assert_not_include(NotIncludeSuperclassMethod::Y.instance_methods(false),
+                       :foo, bug10826)
+    assert_include(NotIncludeSuperclassMethod::Y.instance_methods(true),
+                   :foo, bug10826)
+  end
+
+  def test_call_refined_method_in_duplicate_module
+    bug10885 = '[ruby-dev:48878]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, [], [], bug10885)
+      module M
+        refine Object do
+          def raise
+            # do nothing
+          end
+        end
+
+        class << self
+          using M
+          def m0
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        using M
+        def M.m1
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      M.dup.m0
+      M.dup.m1
+    INPUT
+  end
+
+  def test_check_funcall_undefined
+    bug11117 = '[ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]'
+
+    x = Class.new
+    Module.new do
+      refine x do
+        def to_regexp
+          //
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11117) {
+      assert_nil(Regexp.try_convert(x.new))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_funcall_inherited
+    bug11117 = '[ruby-core:69064] [Bug #11117]'
+
+    Module.new {refine(Dir) {def to_s; end}}
+    x = Class.new(Dir).allocate
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug11117) {
+      x.inspect
+    }
+  end
+
   private
 
   def eval_using(mod, s)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
index cff2bb6d1f5707..bef770b9236306 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
@@ -142,6 +142,31 @@ def test_named_capture
     assert_equal("fbazo", s)
   end
 
+  def test_named_capture_with_nul
+    bug9902 = '[ruby-dev:48275] [Bug #9902]'
+
+    m = /(?<a>.*)/.match("foo")
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["a\0foo"]}
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["a\0foo".to_sym]}
+
+    m = Regexp.new("(?<foo\0bar>.*)").match("xxx")
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["foo"]}
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9902) {m["foo".to_sym]}
+    assert_nothing_raised(IndexError, bug9902) {
+      assert_equal("xxx", m["foo\0bar"], bug9902)
+      assert_equal("xxx", m["foo\0bar".to_sym], bug9902)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_named_capture_nonascii
+    bug9903 = '[ruby-dev:48278] [Bug #9903]'
+
+    key = "\xb1\xb2".force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
+    m = /(?<#{key}>.*)/.match("xxx")
+    assert_equal("xxx", m[key])
+    assert_raise(IndexError, bug9903) {m[key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::Shift_JIS)]}
+  end
+
   def test_assign_named_capture
     assert_equal("a", eval('/(?<foo>.)/ =~ "a"; foo'))
     assert_equal("a", eval('foo = 1; /(?<foo>.)/ =~ "a"; foo'))
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_require.rb b/test/ruby/test_require.rb
index 3bd327c8517607..562f0c13eaf078 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_require.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_require.rb
@@ -307,6 +307,28 @@ def test_load2  # [ruby-core:25039]
     }
   end
 
+  def test_load_ospath
+    bug = '[ruby-list:49994] path in ospath'
+    base = "test_load\u{3042 3044 3046 3048 304a}".encode(Encoding::Windows_31J)
+    path = nil
+    Tempfile.create([base, ".rb"]) do |t|
+      path = t.path
+
+      assert_raise_with_message(LoadError, /#{base}/) {
+        load(File.join(File.dirname(path), base))
+      }
+
+      t.puts "warn 'ok'"
+      t.close
+      assert_include(path, base)
+      assert_warn("ok\n", bug) {
+        assert_nothing_raised(LoadError, bug) {
+          load(path)
+        }
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_tainted_loadpath
     Tempfile.create(["test_ruby_test_require", ".rb"]) {|t|
       abs_dir, file = File.split(t.path)
@@ -665,4 +687,18 @@ def test_require_with_loaded_features_pop
       INPUT
     }
   end
+
+  def test_loading_fifo_threading
+    Tempfile.create(%w'fifo .rb') {|f|
+      f.close
+      File.unlink(f.path)
+      File.mkfifo(f.path)
+      assert_separately(["-", f.path], <<-END, timeout: 3)
+      th = Thread.current
+      Thread.start {begin sleep(0.001) end until th.stop?; th.raise(IOError)}
+      assert_raise(IOError) {load(ARGV[0])}
+      END
+    }
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  end unless /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb b/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb
index ba25f8a489da74..b6be5011cd971b 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb
@@ -527,6 +527,7 @@ module SEGVTest
       \[NOTE\]\n
       You\smay\shave\sencountered\sa\sbug\sin\sthe\sRuby\sinterpreter\sor\sextension\slibraries.\n
       Bug\sreports\sare\swelcome.\n
+      (?:.*\n)?
       For\sdetails:\shttp:\/\/.*\.ruby-lang\.org/.*\n
       \n
       (?:#{additional})
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb b/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb
index b106ea5494315c..722228d0a1f2ab 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_settracefunc.rb
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ def test_trace_defined_method
 
     [["c-return", 3, :set_trace_func, Kernel],
      ["line", 6, __method__, self.class],
-     ["call", 6, :foobar, FooBar],
+     ["call", 1, :foobar, FooBar],
      ["return", 6, :foobar, FooBar],
      ["line", 7, __method__, self.class],
      ["c-call", 7, :set_trace_func, Kernel]].each{|e|
@@ -1066,4 +1066,306 @@ def test_a_return
       :b_return
     ], events)
   end
+
+  def test_const_missing
+    bug59398 = '[ruby-core:59398]'
+    events = []
+    assert !defined?(MISSING_CONSTANT_59398)
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return, :call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless tp.defined_class == Module
+      # rake/ext/module.rb aliases :const_missing and Ruby uses the aliased name
+      # but this only happens when running the full test suite
+      events << [tp.event,tp.method_id] if tp.method_id == :const_missing || tp.method_id == :rake_original_const_missing
+    }.enable{
+      MISSING_CONSTANT_59398 rescue nil
+    }
+    if events.map{|e|e[1]}.include?(:rake_original_const_missing)
+      assert_equal([
+        [:call, :const_missing],
+        [:c_call, :rake_original_const_missing],
+        [:c_return, :rake_original_const_missing],
+        [:return, :const_missing],
+      ], events, bug59398)
+    else
+      assert_equal([
+        [:c_call, :const_missing],
+        [:c_return, :const_missing]
+      ], events, bug59398)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AliasedRubyMethod
+    def foo; 1; end;
+    alias bar foo
+  end
+  def test_aliased_ruby_method
+    events = []
+    aliased = AliasedRubyMethod.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      aliased.bar
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:call, :foo],
+      [:return, :foo]
+    ], events, "should use original method name for tracing ruby methods")
+  end
+  class AliasedCMethod < Hash
+    alias original_size size
+    def size; original_size; end
+  end
+
+  def test_aliased_c_method
+    events = []
+    aliased = AliasedCMethod.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return, :c_call, :c_return){|tp|
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      aliased.size
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:call, :size],
+      [:c_call, :original_size],
+      [:c_return, :original_size],
+      [:return, :size]
+    ], events, "should use alias method name for tracing c methods")
+  end
+
+  def test_method_missing
+    bug59398 = '[ruby-core:59398]'
+    events = []
+    assert !respond_to?(:missing_method_59398)
+    TracePoint.new(:c_call, :c_return, :call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless tp.defined_class == BasicObject
+      # rake/ext/module.rb aliases :const_missing and Ruby uses the aliased name
+      # but this only happens when running the full test suite
+      events << [tp.event,tp.method_id] if tp.method_id == :method_missing
+    }.enable{
+      missing_method_59398 rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal([
+      [:c_call, :method_missing],
+      [:c_return, :method_missing]
+    ], events, bug59398)
+  end
+
+  class C9759
+    define_method(:foo){
+      raise
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_define_method_on_exception
+    events = []
+    obj = C9759.new
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable{
+      obj.foo rescue nil
+    }
+    assert_equal([[:call, :foo], [:return, :foo]], events, 'Bug #9759')
+
+    events = []
+    begin
+      set_trace_func(lambda{|event, file, lineno, mid, binding, klass|
+        next unless target_thread?
+        case event
+        when 'call', 'return'
+          events << [event, mid]
+        end
+      })
+      obj.foo rescue nil
+      set_trace_func(nil)
+
+      assert_equal([['call', :foo], ['return', :foo]], events, 'Bug #9759')
+    ensure
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive
+    assert_ruby_status [], %q{
+      stack = []
+      TracePoint.new(:c_call){|tp|
+        p 2
+        stack << tp.method_id
+      }.enable{
+        p 1
+      }
+      raise if stack != [:p, :hash, :inspect]
+    }, '[Bug #9940]'
+  end
+
+  def method_test_rescue_should_not_cause_b_return
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue
+      return
+    end
+  end
+
+  def method_test_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+    begin
+      raise
+    ensure
+      return
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rescue_and_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+    curr_thread = Thread.current
+    trace = TracePoint.new(:b_call, :b_return){
+      next if curr_thread != Thread.current
+      flunk("Should not reach here because there is no block.")
+    }
+
+    begin
+      trace.enable
+      method_test_rescue_should_not_cause_b_return
+      begin
+        method_test_ensure_should_not_cause_b_return
+      rescue
+        # ignore
+      end
+    ensure
+      trace.disable
+    end
+  end
+
+  define_method(:method_test_argument_error_on_bmethod){|correct_key: 1|}
+
+  def test_argument_error_on_bmethod
+    events = []
+    curr_thread = Thread.current
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      next if curr_thread != Thread.current
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable do
+      begin
+        method_test_argument_error_on_bmethod(wrong_key: 2)
+      rescue => e
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [], events # should be empty.
+  end
+
+  def method_prefix event
+    case event
+    when :call, :return
+      :n
+    when :c_call, :c_return
+      :c
+    when :b_call, :b_return
+      :b
+    end
+  end
+
+  def method_label tp
+    "#{method_prefix(tp.event)}##{tp.method_id}"
+  end
+
+  def assert_consistent_call_return message='', check_events: nil
+    check_events ||= %i(a_call a_return)
+    call_events = []
+    return_events = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(*check_events){|tp|
+      next unless target_thread?
+
+      case tp.event.to_s
+      when /call/
+        call_events << method_label(tp)
+      when /return/
+        return_events << method_label(tp)
+      end
+    }.enable do
+      yield
+    end
+
+    assert_equal false, call_events.empty?
+    assert_equal false, return_events.empty?
+    assert_equal call_events, return_events.reverse, message
+  end
+
+  def test_rb_rescue
+    events = []
+    curr_thread = Thread.current
+    TracePoint.new(:a_call, :a_return){|tp|
+      next if curr_thread != Thread.current
+      events << [tp.event, tp.method_id]
+    }.enable do
+      begin
+        -Numeric.new
+      rescue => e
+        # ignore
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [
+    [:b_call, :test_rb_rescue],
+      [:c_call, :new],
+        [:c_call, :initialize],
+        [:c_return, :initialize],
+      [:c_return, :new],
+      [:c_call, :-@],
+        [:c_call, :coerce],
+          [:c_call, :new],
+            [:c_call, :initialize],
+            [:c_return, :initialize],
+          [:c_return, :new],
+          [:c_call, :exception],
+          [:c_return, :exception],
+          [:c_call, :backtrace],
+          [:c_return, :backtrace],
+        [:c_return, :coerce],            # don't miss it!
+        [:c_call, :to_s],
+        [:c_return, :to_s],
+        [:c_call, :to_s],
+        [:c_return, :to_s],
+        [:c_call, :new],
+          [:c_call, :initialize],
+          [:c_return, :initialize],
+        [:c_return, :new],
+        [:c_call, :exception],
+        [:c_return, :exception],
+        [:c_call, :backtrace],
+        [:c_return, :backtrace],
+      [:c_return, :-@],
+      [:c_call, :===],
+      [:c_return, :===],
+    [:b_return, :test_rb_rescue]], events
+  end
+
+  def test_b_call_with_redo
+    assert_consistent_call_return do
+      i = 0
+      1.times{
+        break if (i+=1) > 10
+        redo
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Bug10724
+    def initialize
+      loop{return}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_throwing_return_with_finish_frame
+    target_th = Thread.current
+    evs = []
+
+    TracePoint.new(:call, :return){|tp|
+      return if Thread.current != target_th
+      evs << tp.event
+    }.enable{
+      a = Bug10724.new
+    }
+
+    assert_equal([:call, :return], evs)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_signal.rb b/test/ruby/test_signal.rb
index c7bcc4a375a745..d3e8f864c97fad 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_signal.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_signal.rb
@@ -255,9 +255,12 @@ def test_hup_me
     # that signal will be deliverd synchronously.
     # This ugly workaround was introduced to don't break
     # compatibility against silly example codes.
+    assert_separately([], <<-RUBY)
+    trap(:HUP, "DEFAULT")
     assert_raise(SignalException) {
       Process.kill('HUP', Process.pid)
     }
+    RUBY
     bug8137 = '[ruby-dev:47182] [Bug #8137]'
     assert_nothing_raised(bug8137) {
       Timeout.timeout(1) {
@@ -265,4 +268,27 @@ def test_hup_me
       }
     }
   end if Process.respond_to?(:kill) and Signal.list.key?('HUP')
+
+  def test_ignored_interrupt
+    bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48203] [Bug #9820]'
+    assert_separately(['-', bug9820], <<-'end;') #    begin
+      bug = ARGV.shift
+      trap(:INT, "IGNORE")
+      assert_nothing_raised(SignalException, bug) do
+        Process.kill(:INT, $$)
+      end
+    end;
+
+    if trap = Signal.list['TRAP']
+      bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48592] [Bug #9820]'
+      status = assert_in_out_err(['-e', 'Process.kill(:TRAP, $$)'])
+      assert_predicate(status, :signaled?, bug9820)
+      assert_equal(trap, status.termsig, bug9820)
+    end
+
+    if Signal.list['CONT']
+      bug9820 = '[ruby-dev:48606] [Bug #9820]'
+      assert_ruby_status(['-e', 'Process.kill(:CONT, $$)'])
+    end
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:kill)
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb b/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb
index 80e69f7fda2f11..9fc3fd059fbe44 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_sprintf.rb
@@ -179,6 +179,10 @@ def test_invalid
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%!", 1) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%1$1$d", 1) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { sprintf("%0%") }
+
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unnumbered\(1\) mixed with numbered/) { sprintf("%1$*d", 3) }
+    assert_raise_with_message(ArgumentError, /unnumbered\(1\) mixed with numbered/) { sprintf("%1$.*d", 3) }
+
     verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
     assert_nothing_raised { sprintf("", 1) }
   ensure
@@ -190,8 +194,9 @@ def test_float
                  sprintf("%20.0f", 36893488147419107329.0))
     assert_equal(" Inf", sprintf("% 0e", 1.0/0.0), "moved from btest/knownbug")
     assert_equal("       -0.", sprintf("%#10.0f", -0.5), "[ruby-dev:42552]")
-    assert_equal("0x1p+2",   sprintf('%.0a', Float('0x1.fp+1')),   "[ruby-dev:42551]")
-    assert_equal("-0x1.0p+2", sprintf('%.1a', Float('-0x1.ffp+1')), "[ruby-dev:42551]")
+    # out of spec
+    #assert_equal("0x1p+2",   sprintf('%.0a', Float('0x1.fp+1')),   "[ruby-dev:42551]")
+    #assert_equal("-0x1.0p+2", sprintf('%.1a', Float('-0x1.ffp+1')), "[ruby-dev:42551]")
   end
 
   def test_float_hex
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_string.rb b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
index 7ce1c0666cf65a..4942621392500c 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_string.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
@@ -1179,6 +1179,11 @@ def test_slice
     assert_equal(S("Bar"), S("FooBar").slice(S("Bar")))
     assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(S("xyzzy")))
     assert_nil(S("FooBar").slice(S("plugh")))
+
+    bug9882 = '[ruby-core:62842] [Bug #9882]'
+    substr = S("\u{30c6 30b9 30c8 2019}#{bug9882}").slice(4..-1)
+    assert_equal(S(bug9882).hash, substr.hash, bug9882)
+    assert_predicate(substr, :ascii_only?, bug9882)
   end
 
   def test_slice!
@@ -2219,6 +2224,17 @@ def =~(str)
       assert_equal("foo", "" =~ //)
     RUBY
   end
+
+  def test_LSHIFT_neary_long_max
+    return unless @cls == String
+    assert_ruby_status([], <<-'end;', '[ruby-core:61886] [Bug #9709]', timeout: 60)
+      begin
+        a = "a" * 0x4000_0000
+        a << "a" * 0x1_0000
+      rescue NoMemoryError
+      end
+    end;
+  end
 end
 
 class TestString2 < TestString
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_super.rb b/test/ruby/test_super.rb
index 82d6e19ec4ba1c..6278e4b88a523d 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_super.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_super.rb
@@ -271,12 +271,12 @@ def test_double_include2
   end
 
   def test_super_in_instance_eval
-    super_class = Class.new {
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
       def foo
         return [:super, self]
       end
     }
-    sub_class = Class.new(super_class) {
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
       def foo
         x = Object.new
         x.instance_eval do
@@ -285,18 +285,18 @@ def foo
       end
     }
     obj = sub_class.new
-    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
       obj.foo
     end
   end
 
   def test_super_in_instance_eval_with_define_method
-    super_class = Class.new {
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
       def foo
         return [:super, self]
       end
     }
-    sub_class = Class.new(super_class) {
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
       define_method(:foo) do
         x = Object.new
         x.instance_eval do
@@ -305,18 +305,18 @@ def foo
       end
     }
     obj = sub_class.new
-    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
       obj.foo
     end
   end
 
   def test_super_in_orphan_block
-    super_class = Class.new {
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
       def foo
         return [:super, self]
       end
     }
-    sub_class = Class.new(super_class) {
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
       def foo
         x = Object.new
         lambda { super() }
@@ -327,12 +327,12 @@ def foo
   end
 
   def test_super_in_orphan_block_with_instance_eval
-    super_class = Class.new {
+    super_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Super\u{30af 30e9 30b9}") {
       def foo
         return [:super, self]
       end
     }
-    sub_class = Class.new(super_class) {
+    sub_class = EnvUtil.labeled_class("Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}", super_class) {
       def foo
         x = Object.new
         x.instance_eval do
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ def foo
       end
     }
     obj = sub_class.new
-    assert_raise(TypeError) do
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /Sub\u{30af 30e9 30b9}/) do
       obj.foo.call
     end
   end
@@ -453,4 +453,60 @@ def foo; super end
       m.call
     end
   end
+
+  def test_super_in_module_unbound_method
+    bug9721 = '[ruby-core:61936] [Bug #9721]'
+
+    a = Module.new do
+      def foo(result)
+        result << "A"
+      end
+    end
+
+    b = Module.new do
+      def foo(result)
+        result << "B"
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    um = b.instance_method(:foo)
+
+    m = um.bind(Object.new.extend(a))
+    result = []
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, bug9721) do
+      m.call(result)
+    end
+    assert_equal(%w[B A], result, bug9721)
+
+    bug9740 = '[ruby-core:62017] [Bug #9740]'
+
+    b.module_eval do
+      define_method(:foo) do |result|
+        um.bind(self).call(result)
+      end
+    end
+
+    result.clear
+    o = Object.new.extend(a).extend(b)
+    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, SystemStackError, bug9740) do
+      o.foo(result)
+    end
+    assert_equal(%w[B A], result, bug9721)
+  end
+
+  def test_from_eval
+    bug10263 = '[ruby-core:65122] [Bug #10263a]'
+    a = Class.new do
+      def foo
+        "A"
+      end
+    end
+    b = Class.new(a) do
+      def foo
+        binding.eval("super")
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal("A", b.new.foo, bug10263)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb b/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
index cac755a3903c48..cf38b5974ce9a0 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_syntax.rb
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ def test_newline_in_block_parameters
     end
   end
 
+  def test_do_block_in_cmdarg
+    bug9726 = '[ruby-core:61950] [Bug #9726]'
+    assert_valid_syntax("tap (proc do end)", __FILE__, bug9726)
+  end
+
   def test_keyword_rest
     bug5989 = '[ruby-core:42455]'
     assert_valid_syntax("def kwrest_test(**a) a; end", __FILE__, bug5989)
@@ -261,6 +266,16 @@ def test_do_block_in_call_args
     assert_valid_syntax("bar def foo; self.each do end end", bug9308)
   end
 
+  def test_do_block_in_lambda
+    bug11107 = '[ruby-core:69017] [Bug #11107]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('p ->() do a() do end end', bug11107)
+  end
+
+  def test_do_block_after_lambda
+    bug11380 = '[ruby-core:70067] [Bug #11380]'
+    assert_valid_syntax('p -> { :hello }, a: 1 do end', bug11380)
+  end
+
   def test_reserved_method_no_args
     bug6403 = '[ruby-dev:45626]'
     assert_valid_syntax("def self; :foo; end", __FILE__, bug6403)
@@ -397,6 +412,27 @@ def test_warning_for_cr
     end
   end
 
+  def test_error_message_encoding
+    bug10114 = '[ruby-core:64228] [Bug #10114]'
+    code = "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n" "def n \"\u{2208}\"; end"
+    assert_syntax_error(code, /def n "\u{2208}"; end/, bug10114)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_range_cmdarg
+    bug10957 = '[ruby-core:68477] [Bug #10957]'
+    assert_ruby_status(['-c', '-e', 'p ()..0'], "", bug10957)
+    assert_ruby_status(['-c', '-e', 'p ()...0'], "", bug10957)
+    assert_syntax_error('0..%w.', /unterminated string/, bug10957)
+    assert_syntax_error('0...%w.', /unterminated string/, bug10957)
+  end
+
+  def test_too_big_nth_ref
+    bug11192 = '[ruby-core:69393] [Bug #11192]'
+    assert_warn(/too big/, bug11192) do
+      eval('$99999999999999999')
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
   def not_label(x) @result = x; @not_label ||= nil end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_thread.rb b/test/ruby/test_thread.rb
index fedab8791ead49..6568b8dfbc3a05 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_thread.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_thread.rb
@@ -358,6 +358,24 @@ def test_status_and_stop_p
     c.kill if c
   end
 
+  def test_switch_while_busy_loop
+    bug1402 = "[ruby-dev:38319] [Bug #1402]"
+    flag = true
+    th = Thread.current
+    waiter = Thread.start {
+      sleep 0.1
+      flag = false
+      sleep 1
+      th.raise(bug1402)
+    }
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError, bug1402) do
+      nil while flag
+    end
+    assert(!flag, bug1402)
+  ensure
+    waiter.kill.join
+  end
+
   def test_safe_level
     ok = false
     t = Thread.new do
@@ -726,7 +744,7 @@ def test_thread_timer_and_interrupt
     bug5757 = '[ruby-dev:44985]'
     t0 = Time.now.to_f
     pid = nil
-    cmd = 'r,=IO.pipe; Thread.start {Thread.pass until Thread.main.stop?; puts; STDOUT.flush}; r.read'
+    cmd = 'Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT"); r,=IO.pipe; Thread.start {Thread.pass until Thread.main.stop?; puts; STDOUT.flush}; r.read'
     opt = {}
     opt[:new_pgroup] = true if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
     s, _err = EnvUtil.invoke_ruby(['-e', cmd], "", true, true, opt) do |in_p, out_p, err_p, cpid|
@@ -746,6 +764,7 @@ def test_thread_timer_and_interrupt
 
   def test_thread_join_in_trap
     assert_separately [], <<-'EOS'
+    Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")
     t0 = Thread.current
     assert_nothing_raised{
       t = Thread.new {Thread.pass until t0.stop?; Process.kill(:INT, $$)}
@@ -761,6 +780,7 @@ def test_thread_join_in_trap
 
   def test_thread_value_in_trap
     assert_separately [], <<-'EOS'
+    Signal.trap(:INT, "DEFAULT")
     t0 = Thread.current
     t = Thread.new {Thread.pass until t0.stop?; Process.kill(:INT, $$); :normal_end}
 
@@ -967,4 +987,25 @@ def test_blocking_mutex_unlocked_on_fork
     pid, status = Process.waitpid2(pid)
     assert_equal(false, status.success?, bug8433)
   end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+
+  def test_fork_in_thread
+    bug9751 = '[ruby-core:62070] [Bug #9751]'
+    f = nil
+    th = Thread.start do
+      unless f = IO.popen("-")
+        STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+        exit
+      end
+      Process.wait2(f.pid)
+    end
+    unless th.join(3)
+      Process.kill(:QUIT, f.pid)
+      Process.kill(:KILL, f.pid) unless th.join(1)
+    end
+    _, status = th.value
+    output = f.read
+    f.close
+    assert_not_predicate(status, :signaled?, FailDesc[status, bug9751, output])
+    assert_predicate(status, :success?, bug9751)
+  end if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_time.rb b/test/ruby/test_time.rb
index 744ac4c39f8b6d..d016812e3a5341 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_time.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_time.rb
@@ -311,6 +311,21 @@ def test_marshal_zone
     end
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_zone_gc
+    assert_separately(%w(--disable-gems), <<-'end;', timeout: 30)
+      ENV["TZ"] = "JST-9"
+      s = Marshal.dump(Time.now)
+      t = Marshal.load(s)
+      n = 0
+      done = 100000
+      while t.zone.dup == "JST" && n < done
+        n += 1
+      end
+      assert_equal done, n, "Bug #9652"
+      assert_equal "JST", t.zone, "Bug #9652"
+    end;
+  end
+
   def test_marshal_to_s
     t1 = Time.new(2011,11,8, 0,42,25, 9*3600)
     t2 = Time.at(Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(t1)))
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb b/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb
index bb69af87b48a43..533ceb3d8e0031 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_time_tz.rb
@@ -2,34 +2,43 @@
 
 class TestTimeTZ < Test::Unit::TestCase
   has_right_tz = true
+  has_lisbon_tz = true
   force_tz_test = ENV["RUBY_FORCE_TIME_TZ_TEST"] == "yes"
   case RUBY_PLATFORM
   when /linux/
     force_tz_test = true
   when /darwin|freebsd/
-    has_right_tz = false
+    has_lisbon_tz = false
     force_tz_test = true
   end
 
   if force_tz_test
-    def with_tz(tz)
-      old = ENV["TZ"]
-      begin
-        ENV["TZ"] = tz
-        yield
-      ensure
-        ENV["TZ"] = old
+    module Util
+      def with_tz(tz)
+        old = ENV["TZ"]
+        begin
+          ENV["TZ"] = tz
+          yield
+        ensure
+          ENV["TZ"] = old
+        end
       end
     end
   else
-    def with_tz(tz)
-      if ENV["TZ"] == tz
-        yield
+    module Util
+      def with_tz(tz)
+        if ENV["TZ"] == tz
+          yield
+        end
       end
     end
   end
 
   module Util
+    def have_tz_offset?(tz)
+      with_tz(tz) {!Time.now.utc_offset.zero?}
+    end
+
     def format_gmtoff(gmtoff, colon=false)
       if gmtoff < 0
         expected = "-"
@@ -72,14 +81,11 @@ def group_by(e, &block)
   include Util
   extend Util
 
-  if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9"
-    def time_to_s(t)
-      t.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ") + format_gmtoff(t.gmtoff)
-    end
-  else
-    def time_to_s(t)
-      t.to_s
-    end
+  has_right_tz &&= have_tz_offset?("right/America/Los_Angeles")
+  has_lisbon_tz &&= have_tz_offset?("Europe/Lisbon")
+
+  def time_to_s(t)
+    t.to_s
   end
 
 
@@ -153,7 +159,7 @@ def test_europe_lisbon
     with_tz(tz="Europe/Lisbon") {
       assert_equal("LMT", Time.new(-0x1_0000_0000_0000_0000).zone)
     }
-  end if has_right_tz
+  end if has_lisbon_tz
 
   def test_europe_moscow
     with_tz(tz="Europe/Moscow") {
@@ -200,35 +206,42 @@ def self.gen_test_name(hint)
     s.sub(/gen_/) { "gen" + "_#{hint}_".gsub(/[^0-9A-Za-z]+/, '_') }
   end
 
+  def self.parse_zdump_line(line)
+    return nil if /\A\#/ =~ line || /\A\s*\z/ =~ line
+    if /\A(\S+)\s+
+        \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+UTC?
+        \s+=\s+
+        \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+\S+
+        \s+isdst=\d+\s+gmtoff=(-?\d+)\n
+        \z/x !~ line
+      raise "unexpected zdump line: #{line.inspect}"
+    end
+    tz, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec, u_year,
+      l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec, l_year, gmtoff = $~.captures
+    u_year = u_year.to_i
+    u_mon = MON2NUM[u_mon]
+    u_day = u_day.to_i
+    u_hour = u_hour.to_i
+    u_min = u_min.to_i
+    u_sec = u_sec.to_i
+    l_year = l_year.to_i
+    l_mon = MON2NUM[l_mon]
+    l_day = l_day.to_i
+    l_hour = l_hour.to_i
+    l_min = l_min.to_i
+    l_sec = l_sec.to_i
+    gmtoff = gmtoff.to_i
+    [tz,
+     [u_year, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec],
+     [l_year, l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec],
+     gmtoff]
+  end
+
   def self.gen_zdump_test(data)
     sample = []
     data.each_line {|line|
-      next if /\A\#/ =~ line || /\A\s*\z/ =~ line
-      /\A(\S+)\s+
-       \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+UTC
-       \s+=\s+
-       \S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\s+(\d+)\s+\S+
-       \s+isdst=\d+\s+gmtoff=(-?\d+)\n
-       \z/x =~ line
-       tz, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec, u_year,
-         l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec, l_year, gmtoff = $~.captures
-      u_year = u_year.to_i
-      u_mon = MON2NUM[u_mon]
-      u_day = u_day.to_i
-      u_hour = u_hour.to_i
-      u_min = u_min.to_i
-      u_sec = u_sec.to_i
-      l_year = l_year.to_i
-      l_mon = MON2NUM[l_mon]
-      l_day = l_day.to_i
-      l_hour = l_hour.to_i
-      l_min = l_min.to_i
-      l_sec = l_sec.to_i
-      gmtoff = gmtoff.to_i
-      sample << [tz,
-                 [u_year, u_mon, u_day, u_hour, u_min, u_sec],
-                 [l_year, l_mon, l_day, l_hour, l_min, l_sec],
-                 gmtoff]
+      s = parse_zdump_line(line)
+      sample << s if s
     }
     sample.each {|tz, u, l, gmtoff|
       expected_utc = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC" % u
@@ -249,6 +262,7 @@ def self.gen_zdump_test(data)
         }
       }
     }
+
     group_by(sample) {|tz, _, _, _| tz }.each {|tz, a|
       a.each_with_index {|(_, u, l, gmtoff), i|
         expected = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s" % (l+[format_gmtoff(gmtoff)])
@@ -348,6 +362,45 @@ def self.gen_zdump_test(data)
 #right/Asia/Tokyo  Sat Dec 31 23:59:60 2005 UTC = Sun Jan  1 08:59:60 2006 JST isdst=0 gmtoff=32400
 right/Europe/Paris  Fri Jun 30 23:59:60 1972 UTC = Sat Jul  1 00:59:60 1972 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
 right/Europe/Paris  Wed Dec 31 23:59:60 2008 UTC = Thu Jan  1 00:59:60 2009 CET isdst=0 gmtoff=3600
+End
+
+  def self.gen_variational_zdump_test(hint, data)
+    sample = []
+    data.each_line {|line|
+      s = parse_zdump_line(line)
+      sample << s if s
+    }
+
+    define_method(gen_test_name(hint)) {
+      results = []
+      sample.each {|tz, u, l, gmtoff|
+        expected_utc = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC" % u
+        expected = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s" % (l+[format_gmtoff(gmtoff)])
+        mesg_utc = "TZ=#{tz} Time.utc(#{u.map {|arg| arg.inspect }.join(', ')})"
+        mesg = "#{mesg_utc}.localtime"
+        with_tz(tz) {
+          t = nil
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t = Time.utc(*u) }
+          assert_equal(expected_utc, time_to_s(t), mesg_utc)
+          assert_nothing_raised(mesg) { t.localtime }
+
+          results << [
+            expected == time_to_s(t),
+            gmtoff == t.gmtoff,
+            format_gmtoff(gmtoff) == t.strftime("%z"),
+            format_gmtoff(gmtoff, true) == t.strftime("%:z"),
+            format_gmtoff2(gmtoff) == t.strftime("%::z")
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+      assert_includes(results, [true, true, true, true, true])
+    }
+  end
+
+  # tzdata-2014g fixed the offset for lisbon from -0:36:32 to -0:36:45.
+  # [ruby-core:65058] [Bug #10245]
+  gen_variational_zdump_test "lisbon", <<'End' if has_lisbon_tz
 Europe/Lisbon  Mon Jan  1 00:36:31 1912 UTC = Sun Dec 31 23:59:59 1911 LMT isdst=0 gmtoff=-2192
+Europe/Lisbon  Mon Jan  1 00:36:44 1912 UT = Sun Dec 31 23:59:59 1911 LMT isdst=0 gmtoff=-2205
 End
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb b/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb
index 5f3f51a67675ba..d18953dc70cde7 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_transcode.rb
@@ -2091,4 +2091,31 @@ def test_valid_dummy_encoding
     assert_equal("\x00\x00\xFE\xFF\x00\x00\x00t\x00\x00\x00e\x00\x00\x00s\x00\x00\x00t", result.b, bug)
     end;
   end
+
+  def test_loading_race
+    assert_separately([], <<-'end;') #do
+      bug11277 = '[ruby-dev:49106] [Bug #11277]'
+      num = 2
+      th = (0...num).map do |i|
+        Thread.new {"\u3042".encode("EUC-JP")}
+      end
+      result = nil
+      assert_warning("", bug11277) do
+        assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError, bug11277) do
+          result = th.map(&:value)
+        end
+      end
+      expected = "\xa4\xa2".force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
+      assert_equal([expected]*num, result, bug11277)
+    end;
+  end
+
+  def test_universal_newline
+    bug11324 = '[ruby-core:69841] [Bug #11324]'
+    usascii = Encoding::US_ASCII
+    s = "A\nB\r\nC".force_encoding(usascii)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true), bug11324)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true, undef: :replace), bug11324)
+    assert_equal("A\nB\nC", s.encode(usascii, universal_newline: true, undef: :replace, replace: ''), bug11324)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_variable.rb b/test/ruby/test_variable.rb
index 32b3d6157325e9..b902288fdd043b 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_variable.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_variable.rb
@@ -83,6 +83,18 @@ def test_local_variables3
     end.call
   end
 
+  def test_shadowing_local_variables
+    bug9486 = '[ruby-core:60501] [Bug #9486]'
+    x = tap {|x| break local_variables}
+    assert_equal([:x, :bug9486, :x], x)
+  end
+
+  def test_shadowing_block_local_variables
+    bug9486 = '[ruby-core:60501] [Bug #9486]'
+    x = tap {|;x| break local_variables}
+    assert_equal([:x, :bug9486, :x], x)
+  end
+
   def test_global_variable_0
     assert_in_out_err(["-e", "$0='t'*1000;print $0"], "", /\At+\z/, [])
   end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_ext_cmake_builder.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_ext_cmake_builder.rb
index aaece6868b5bb4..a36be476befe11 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_ext_cmake_builder.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_ext_cmake_builder.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def setup
   def test_self_build
     File.open File.join(@ext, 'CMakeLists.txt'), 'w' do |cmakelists|
       cmakelists.write <<-eo_cmake
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6)
 install (FILES test.txt DESTINATION bin)
       eo_cmake
     end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb
index 79f3a58bfb07ef..d391b9073939cd 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_remote_fetcher.rb
@@ -163,6 +163,21 @@ def test_no_proxy
   end
 
   def test_api_endpoint
+    uri = URI.parse "http://example.com/foo"
+    target = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    target.expect :target, "gems.example.com"
+
+    dns = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    dns.expect :getresource, target, [String, Object]
+
+    fetch = Gem::RemoteFetcher.new nil, dns
+    assert_equal URI.parse("http://gems.example.com/foo"), fetch.api_endpoint(uri)
+
+    target.verify
+    dns.verify
+  end
+
+  def test_api_endpoint_ignores_trans_domain_values
     uri = URI.parse "http://gems.example.com/foo"
     target = MiniTest::Mock.new
     target.expect :target, "blah.com"
@@ -171,7 +186,37 @@ def test_api_endpoint
     dns.expect :getresource, target, [String, Object]
 
     fetch = Gem::RemoteFetcher.new nil, dns
-    assert_equal URI.parse("http://blah.com/foo"), fetch.api_endpoint(uri)
+    assert_equal URI.parse("http://gems.example.com/foo"), fetch.api_endpoint(uri)
+
+    target.verify
+    dns.verify
+  end
+
+  def test_api_endpoint_ignores_trans_domain_values_that_starts_with_original
+    uri = URI.parse "http://example.com/foo"
+    target = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    target.expect :target, "example.combadguy.com"
+
+    dns = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    dns.expect :getresource, target, [String, Object]
+
+    fetch = Gem::RemoteFetcher.new nil, dns
+    assert_equal URI.parse("http://example.com/foo"), fetch.api_endpoint(uri)
+
+    target.verify
+    dns.verify
+  end
+
+  def test_api_endpoint_ignores_trans_domain_values_that_end_with_original
+    uri = URI.parse "http://example.com/foo"
+    target = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    target.expect :target, "badexample.com"
+
+    dns = MiniTest::Mock.new
+    dns.expect :getresource, target, [String, Object]
+
+    fetch = Gem::RemoteFetcher.new nil, dns
+    assert_equal URI.parse("http://example.com/foo"), fetch.api_endpoint(uri)
 
     target.verify
     dns.verify
@@ -744,7 +789,7 @@ def start_ssl_server(config = {})
       server.mount_proc("/insecure_redirect") { |req, res|
         res.set_redirect(WEBrick::HTTPStatus::MovedPermanently, req.query['to'])
       }
-      server.ssl_context.tmp_dh_callback = proc { OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new 128 }
+      server.ssl_context.tmp_dh_callback = proc {|_, _, k| OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new(k) }
       t = Thread.new do
         begin
           server.start
diff --git a/test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb b/test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb
index 5bd7e2ab84b70d..bf1f35d058cc15 100644
--- a/test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb
+++ b/test/socket/test_addrinfo.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 end
 
 require "test/unit"
+require_relative "../ruby/envutil"
 
 class TestSocketAddrinfo < Test::Unit::TestCase
   HAS_UNIXSOCKET = defined?(UNIXSocket) && /cygwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ def test_socket_connect
     ai = Addrinfo.new(s1.getsockname)
     s2 = Socket.new(:INET, :STREAM, 0)
     s2.connect(ai)
-    s3, sender_addr = s1.accept
+    s3, _ = s1.accept
     s2.send("test-socket-connect", 0)
     assert_equal("test-socket-connect", s3.recv(100))
   ensure
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ def test_socket_connect_nonblock
       rescue Errno::EISCONN
       end
     end
-    s3, sender_addr = s1.accept
+    s3, _ = s1.accept
     s2.send("test-socket-connect-nonblock", 0)
     assert_equal("test-socket-connect-nonblock", s3.recv(100))
   ensure
@@ -468,6 +469,17 @@ def test_marshal
     assert_equal(ai1.canonname, ai2.canonname)
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_memory_leak
+    bug11051 = '[ruby-dev:48923] [Bug #11051]'
+    assert_no_memory_leak(%w[-rsocket], <<-PREP, <<-CODE, bug11051, rss: true)
+    d = Marshal.dump(Addrinfo.tcp("127.0.0.1", 80))
+    1000.times {Marshal.load(d)}
+    PREP
+    GC.start
+    20_000.times {Marshal.load(d)}
+    CODE
+  end
+
   if Socket.const_defined?("AF_INET6") && Socket::AF_INET6.is_a?(Integer)
 
     def test_addrinfo_new_inet6
diff --git a/test/socket/test_nonblock.rb b/test/socket/test_nonblock.rb
index e395a0ad319814..882e438deb81c0 100644
--- a/test/socket/test_nonblock.rb
+++ b/test/socket/test_nonblock.rb
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ def test_udp_recvfrom_nonblock
     mesg, inet_addr = u1.recvfrom_nonblock(100)
     assert_equal(4, inet_addr.length)
     assert_equal("aaa", mesg)
-    af, port, host, addr = inet_addr
-    u2_port, u2_addr = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(u2.getsockname)
+    _, port, _, _ = inet_addr
+    u2_port, _ = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(u2.getsockname)
     assert_equal(u2_port, port)
     assert_raise(IO::WaitReadable) { u1.recvfrom_nonblock(100) }
     u2.send("", 0, u1.getsockname)
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ def test_socket_recvfrom_nonblock
     IO.select [s1]
     mesg, sockaddr = s1.recvfrom_nonblock(100)
     assert_equal("aaa", mesg)
-    port, addr = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(sockaddr)
-    s2_port, s2_addr = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(s2.getsockname)
+    port, _ = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(sockaddr)
+    s2_port, _ = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(s2.getsockname)
     assert_equal(s2_port, port)
   ensure
     s1.close if s1
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def test_socket_recvfrom_nonblock
 
   def tcp_pair
     serv = TCPServer.new("127.0.0.1", 0)
-    af, port, host, addr = serv.addr
+    _, port, _, addr = serv.addr
     c = TCPSocket.new(addr, port)
     s = serv.accept
     if block_given?
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ def test_recv_nonblock_error
 
   def test_connect_nonblock_error
     serv = TCPServer.new("127.0.0.1", 0)
-    af, port, host, addr = serv.addr
+    _, port, _, _ = serv.addr
     c = Socket.new(:INET, :STREAM)
     begin
       c.connect_nonblock(Socket.sockaddr_in(port, "127.0.0.1"))
@@ -284,7 +284,6 @@ def test_accept_nonblock_error
     serv = Socket.new(:INET, :STREAM)
     serv.bind(Socket.sockaddr_in(0, "127.0.0.1"))
     serv.listen(5)
-    port = serv.local_address.ip_port
     begin
       s, _ = serv.accept_nonblock
     rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
diff --git a/test/socket/test_socket.rb b/test/socket/test_socket.rb
index 5d2d0aee263853..73801811e1e566 100644
--- a/test/socket/test_socket.rb
+++ b/test/socket/test_socket.rb
@@ -359,7 +359,6 @@ def test_udp_server
             # Mac OS X may sets IFDISABLED as FreeBSD does
             ulSIOCGIFFLAGS = 3223349521
             ulSIOCGIFINFO_IN6 = 3224398156
-            ulSIOCGIFAFLAG_IN6 = 3240126793
             ulIFF_POINTOPOINT = 0x10
             ulND6_IFF_IFDISABLED = 8
             in6_ondireq = ifr_name
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@ def test_udp_server
               raise "no response from #{ai.inspect} #{nd6options}ping=#{ping_p}"
             end
             msg2, addr = s.recvmsg
-            msg2, remote_address, local_address = Marshal.load(msg2)
+            msg2, _, _ = Marshal.load(msg2)
             assert_equal(msg1, msg2)
             assert_equal(ai.ip_address, addr.ip_address)
           }
@@ -454,7 +453,7 @@ def test_timestamp
       Addrinfo.udp("127.0.0.1", 0).bind {|s2|
         s1.setsockopt(:SOCKET, :TIMESTAMP, true)
         s2.send "a", 0, s1.local_address
-        msg, addr, rflags, stamp = s1.recvmsg
+        msg, _, _, stamp = s1.recvmsg
         assert_equal("a", msg)
         assert(stamp.cmsg_is?(:SOCKET, :TIMESTAMP))
       }
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ def test_timestampns
           return
         end
         s2.send "a", 0, s1.local_address
-        msg, addr, rflags, stamp = s1.recvmsg
+        msg, _, _, stamp = s1.recvmsg
         assert_equal("a", msg)
         assert(stamp.cmsg_is?(:SOCKET, :TIMESTAMPNS))
       }
@@ -503,7 +502,7 @@ def test_bintime
       Addrinfo.udp("127.0.0.1", 0).bind {|s2|
         s1.setsockopt(:SOCKET, :BINTIME, true)
         s2.send "a", 0, s1.local_address
-        msg, addr, rflags, stamp = s1.recvmsg
+        msg, _, _, stamp = s1.recvmsg
         assert_equal("a", msg)
         assert(stamp.cmsg_is?(:SOCKET, :BINTIME))
       }
diff --git a/test/socket/test_unix.rb b/test/socket/test_unix.rb
index f10c5efaf84018..a6879bbfe4b28c 100644
--- a/test/socket/test_unix.rb
+++ b/test/socket/test_unix.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def test_fd_passing_n
         end
         assert_equal(1, ret)
         ret = s2.recvmsg(:scm_rights=>true)
-        data, srcaddr, flags, *ctls = ret
+        _, _, _, *ctls = ret
         recv_io_ary = []
         ctls.each {|ctl|
           next if ctl.level != Socket::SOL_SOCKET || ctl.type != Socket::SCM_RIGHTS
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def test_fd_passing_n2
         end
         assert_equal(1, ret)
         ret = s2.recvmsg(:scm_rights=>true)
-        data, srcaddr, flags, *ctls = ret
+        _, _, _, *ctls = ret
         recv_io_ary = []
         ctls.each {|ctl|
           next if ctl.level != Socket::SOL_SOCKET || ctl.type != Socket::SCM_RIGHTS
@@ -422,7 +422,6 @@ def test_unix_socket_pair_with_block
   end
 
   def test_unix_socket_pair_close_on_exec
-    pair = nil
     UNIXSocket.pair {|s1, s2|
       assert(s1.close_on_exec?)
       assert(s2.close_on_exec?)
@@ -465,7 +464,7 @@ def test_getcred_ucred
     Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
       sockpath = "#{d}/sock"
       serv = Socket.unix_server_socket(sockpath)
-      c = Socket.unix(sockpath)
+      Socket.unix(sockpath)
       s, = serv.accept
       cred = s.getsockopt(:SOCKET, :PEERCRED)
       inspect = cred.inspect
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ def test_getcred_xucred
     Dir.mktmpdir {|d|
       sockpath = "#{d}/sock"
       serv = Socket.unix_server_socket(sockpath)
-      c = Socket.unix(sockpath)
+      Socket.unix(sockpath)
       s, = serv.accept
       cred = s.getsockopt(0, Socket::LOCAL_PEERCRED)
       inspect = cred.inspect
@@ -499,7 +498,7 @@ def test_sendcred_ucred
       s, = serv.accept
       s.setsockopt(:SOCKET, :PASSCRED, 1)
       c.print "a"
-      msg, cliend_ai, rflags, cred = s.recvmsg
+      msg, _, _, cred = s.recvmsg
       inspect = cred.inspect
       assert_equal("a", msg)
       assert_match(/ pid=#{$$} /, inspect)
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ def test_sendcred_sockcred
       s, = serv.accept
       s.setsockopt(0, Socket::LOCAL_CREDS, 1)
       c.print "a"
-      msg, cliend_ai, rflags, cred = s.recvmsg
+      msg, _, _, cred = s.recvmsg
       assert_equal("a", msg)
       inspect = cred.inspect
       assert_match(/ uid=#{Process.uid} /, inspect)
@@ -537,7 +536,7 @@ def test_sendcred_cmsgcred
       c = Socket.unix(sockpath)
       s, = serv.accept
       c.sendmsg("a", 0, nil, [:SOCKET, Socket::SCM_CREDS, ""])
-      msg, cliend_ai, rflags, cred = s.recvmsg
+      msg, _, _, cred = s.recvmsg
       assert_equal("a", msg)
       inspect = cred.inspect
       assert_match(/ pid=#{$$} /, inspect)
diff --git a/test/stringio/test_stringio.rb b/test/stringio/test_stringio.rb
index f29322b393d95f..07d89d16e10743 100644
--- a/test/stringio/test_stringio.rb
+++ b/test/stringio/test_stringio.rb
@@ -119,6 +119,36 @@ def o.to_s; "baz"; end
     f.close unless f.closed?
   end
 
+  def test_write_infection
+    bug9769 = '[ruby-dev:48118] [Bug #9769]'
+    s = "".untaint
+    f = StringIO.new(s, "w")
+    f.print("bar".taint)
+    f.close
+    assert_predicate(s, :tainted?, bug9769)
+  ensure
+    f.close unless f.closed?
+  end
+
+  def test_write_encoding
+    s = "".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+    f = StringIO.new(s)
+    f.print("\u{3053 3093 306b 3061 306f ff01}".b)
+    assert_equal(Encoding::UTF_8, s.encoding, "honor the original encoding over ASCII-8BIT")
+  end
+
+  def test_set_encoding
+    bug10285 = '[ruby-core:65240] [Bug #10285]'
+    f = StringIO.new()
+    f.set_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    f.write("quz \x83 mat".b)
+    s = "foo \x97 bar".force_encoding(Encoding::WINDOWS_1252)
+    assert_nothing_raised(Encoding::CompatibilityError, bug10285) {
+      f.write(s)
+    }
+    assert_equal(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, f.string.encoding, bug10285)
+  end
+
   def test_mode_error
     f = StringIO.new("", "r")
     assert_raise(IOError) { f.write("foo") }
@@ -419,6 +449,22 @@ def test_putc
     assert_equal("foo123", s)
   end
 
+  def test_putc_nonascii
+    s = ""
+    f = StringIO.new(s, "w")
+    f.putc("\u{3042}")
+    f.putc(0x3044)
+    f.close
+    assert_equal("\u{3042}D", s)
+
+    s = "foo"
+    f = StringIO.new(s, "a")
+    f.putc("\u{3042}")
+    f.putc(0x3044)
+    f.close
+    assert_equal("foo\u{3042}D", s)
+  end
+
   def test_read
     f = StringIO.new("\u3042\u3044")
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { f.read(-1) }
diff --git a/test/test_time.rb b/test/test_time.rb
index 582e60b8ae01e4..12c8589209be3b 100644
--- a/test/test_time.rb
+++ b/test/test_time.rb
@@ -404,6 +404,17 @@ def test_strptime
     assert_equal(3600, Time.strptime('0 +0100', '%s %z').utc_offset)
   end
 
+  def test_strptime_s_N
+    assert_equal(Time.at(1, 500000), Time.strptime("1.5", "%s.%N"))
+    assert_equal(Time.at(-2, 500000), Time.strptime("-1.5", "%s.%N"))
+    t = Time.strptime("1.000000000001", "%s.%N")
+    assert_equal(1, t.to_i)
+    assert_equal(Rational("0.000000000001"), t.subsec)
+    t = Time.strptime("-1.000000000001", "%s.%N")
+    assert_equal(-2, t.to_i)
+    assert_equal(1-Rational("0.000000000001"), t.subsec)
+  end
+
   def test_nsec
     assert_equal(123456789, Time.xmlschema("2000-01-01T00:00:00.123456789+00:00").tv_nsec)
     assert_equal(123456789, Time.parse("2000-01-01T00:00:00.123456789+00:00").tv_nsec)
diff --git a/test/test_timeout.rb b/test/test_timeout.rb
index 117c1402fa3e43..e4eba7f902b7f3 100644
--- a/test/test_timeout.rb
+++ b/test/test_timeout.rb
@@ -11,17 +11,11 @@ def test_queue
   end
 
   def test_timeout
-    flag = true
-    Thread.start {
-      sleep 0.01
-      flag = false
-    }
-    assert_nothing_raised("[ruby-dev:38319]") do
-      Timeout.timeout(1) {
-        Thread.pass while flag
+    assert_raise(Timeout::Error) do
+      Timeout.timeout(0.1) {
+        nil while true
       }
     end
-    assert !flag, "[ruby-dev:38319]"
   end
 
   def test_cannot_convert_into_time_interval
@@ -69,9 +63,9 @@ def initialize(msg) super end
   end
 
   def test_exit_exception
-    assert_raise_with_message(Timeout::ExitException, "boon") do
-      Timeout.timeout(10, Timeout::ExitException) do
-        raise Timeout::ExitException, "boon"
+    assert_raise_with_message(Timeout::Error, "boon") do
+      Timeout.timeout(10, Timeout::Error) do
+        raise Timeout::Error, "boon"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -86,4 +80,21 @@ def o.each
       Timeout.timeout(0.01) {e.next}
     end
   end
+
+  def test_handle_interrupt
+    bug11344 = '[ruby-dev:49179] [Bug #11344]'
+    ok = false
+    assert_raise(Timeout::Error) {
+      Thread.handle_interrupt(Timeout::Error => :never) {
+        Timeout.timeout(0.01) {
+          sleep 0.2
+          ok = true
+          Thread.handle_interrupt(Timeout::Error => :on_blocking) {
+            sleep 0.2
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert(ok, bug11344)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/testunit/test_parallel.rb b/test/testunit/test_parallel.rb
index 7dce42f0a94564..6276aac8bd0204 100644
--- a/test/testunit/test_parallel.rb
+++ b/test/testunit/test_parallel.rb
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ def test_p
     def test_done
       timeout(10) do
         @worker_in.puts "run #{TESTS}/ptest_forth.rb test"
-        i = 0
-        6.times { @worker_out.gets }
+        7.times { @worker_out.gets }
         buf = @worker_out.gets
         assert_match(/^done (.+?)$/, buf)
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ def test_done
 
         result = Marshal.load($1.chomp.unpack("m")[0])
 
-        assert_equal(4, result[0])
+        assert_equal(5, result[0])
         assert_equal(2, result[1])
         assert_kind_of(Array,result[2])
         assert_kind_of(Array,result[3])
@@ -107,7 +106,8 @@ def test_done
         assert_kind_of(Array,result[2][1])
         assert_kind_of(MiniTest::Assertion,result[2][0][2])
         assert_kind_of(MiniTest::Skip,result[2][1][2])
-        assert_kind_of(Exception, result[2][2][2])
+        assert_kind_of(MiniTest::Skip,result[2][2][2])
+        assert_kind_of(Exception, result[2][3][2])
         assert_equal(result[5], "TestE")
       end
     end
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def test_ignore_jzero
     def test_should_run_all_without_any_leaks
       spawn_runner
       buf = timeout(10){@test_out.read}
-      assert_match(/^[SFE\.]{8}$/,buf)
+      assert_match(/^[SFE\.]{9}$/,buf)
     end
 
     def test_should_retry_failed_on_workers
diff --git a/test/testunit/tests_for_parallel/ptest_forth.rb b/test/testunit/tests_for_parallel/ptest_forth.rb
index ad5a7f34ce8ea5..46c88da5191a1e 100644
--- a/test/testunit/tests_for_parallel/ptest_forth.rb
+++ b/test/testunit/tests_for_parallel/ptest_forth.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ def test_always_fail
     assert_equal(0,1)
   end
 
+  def test_skip_after_unknown_error
+    begin
+      raise UnknownError, "unknown error"
+    rescue
+      skip "after raise"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_unknown_error
     raise UnknownError, "unknown error"
   end
diff --git a/test/thread/test_cv.rb b/test/thread/test_cv.rb
index 9a9b407a5b1968..53f3261390e24e 100644
--- a/test/thread/test_cv.rb
+++ b/test/thread/test_cv.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 require_relative '../ruby/envutil'
 
 class TestConditionVariable < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_initialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      ConditionVariable.allocate.wait(nil)
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_condvar_signal_and_wait
     mutex = Mutex.new
     condvar = ConditionVariable.new
@@ -188,4 +194,27 @@ def test_condvar_empty_broadcast
 
     assert_nothing_raised(Exception) { mutex.synchronize {condvar.broadcast} }
   end
+
+  def test_dup
+    bug9440 = '[ruby-core:59961] [Bug #9440]'
+    condvar = ConditionVariable.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9440) do
+      condvar.dup
+    end
+  end
+
+  (DumpableCV = ConditionVariable.dup).class_eval {remove_method :marshal_dump}
+
+  def test_dump
+    bug9674 = '[ruby-core:61677] [Bug #9674]'
+    condvar = ConditionVariable.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{ConditionVariable}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(condvar)
+    end
+
+    condvar = DumpableCV.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /internal Array/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(condvar)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/thread/test_queue.rb b/test/thread/test_queue.rb
index c99475d8dc872d..c33cb6dc8adfd9 100644
--- a/test/thread/test_queue.rb
+++ b/test/thread/test_queue.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,18 @@
 require_relative '../ruby/envutil'
 
 class TestQueue < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_queue_initialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      Queue.allocate.push(nil)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_sized_queue_initialized
+    assert_raise(TypeError) {
+      SizedQueue.allocate.push(nil)
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_queue
     grind(5, 1000, 15, Queue)
   end
@@ -207,4 +219,32 @@ def test_queue_thread_raise
       timeout(1) { th2.join }
     end
   end
+
+  def test_dup
+    bug9440 = '[ruby-core:59961] [Bug #9440]'
+    q = Queue.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError, bug9440) do
+      q.dup
+    end
+  end
+
+  (DumpableQueue = Queue.dup).class_eval {remove_method :marshal_dump}
+
+  def test_dump
+    bug9674 = '[ruby-core:61677] [Bug #9674]'
+    q = Queue.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{Queue}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(q)
+    end
+
+    sq = SizedQueue.new(1)
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /#{SizedQueue}/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(sq)
+    end
+
+    q = DumpableQueue.new
+    assert_raise_with_message(TypeError, /internal Array/, bug9674) do
+      Marshal.dump(q)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/uri/test_generic.rb b/test/uri/test_generic.rb
index b5b1fc1c2637c3..c9e3576a8036a5 100644
--- a/test/uri/test_generic.rb
+++ b/test/uri/test_generic.rb
@@ -741,12 +741,26 @@ def test_ipv6
   end
 
   def test_build
-    URI::Generic.build(['http', nil, 'example.com', 80, nil, '/foo', nil, nil, nil])
+    u = URI::Generic.build(['http', nil, 'example.com', 80, nil, '/foo', nil, nil, nil])
+    assert_equal('http://example.com:80/foo', u.to_s)
+
+    u = URI::Generic.build(:scheme => "http", :host => "::1", :path => "/bar/baz")
+    assert_equal("http://[::1]/bar/baz", u.to_s)
+    assert_equal("[::1]", u.host)
+    assert_equal("::1", u.hostname)
+
+    u = URI::Generic.build(:scheme => "http", :host => "[::1]", :path => "/bar/baz")
+    assert_equal("http://[::1]/bar/baz", u.to_s)
+    assert_equal("[::1]", u.host)
+    assert_equal("::1", u.hostname)
   end
 
   def test_build2
-    URI::Generic.build2(path: "/foo bar/baz")
-    URI::Generic.build2(['http', nil, 'example.com', 80, nil, '/foo bar' , nil, nil, nil])
+    u = URI::Generic.build2(path: "/foo bar/baz")
+    assert_equal('/foo%20bar/baz', u.to_s)
+
+    u = URI::Generic.build2(['http', nil, 'example.com', 80, nil, '/foo bar' , nil, nil, nil])
+    assert_equal('http://example.com:80/foo%20bar', u.to_s)
   end
 
   # 192.0.2.0/24 is TEST-NET.  [RFC3330]
diff --git a/test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb b/test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb
index 5b96223da80851..10b6add1474d1b 100644
--- a/test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb
+++ b/test/webrick/test_filehandler.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,6 @@ def test_non_disclosure_name
 
   def test_directory_traversal
     config = { :DocumentRoot => File.dirname(__FILE__), }
-    this_file = File.basename(__FILE__)
     TestWEBrick.start_httpserver(config) do |server, addr, port, log|
       http = Net::HTTP.new(addr, port)
       req = Net::HTTP::Get.new("/../../")
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ def test_directory_traversal
   def test_unwise_in_path
     if windows?
       config = { :DocumentRoot => File.dirname(__FILE__), }
-      this_file = File.basename(__FILE__)
       TestWEBrick.start_httpserver(config) do |server, addr, port, log|
         http = Net::HTTP.new(addr, port)
         req = Net::HTTP::Get.new("/..%5c..")
diff --git a/test/xmlrpc/test_features.rb b/test/xmlrpc/test_features.rb
index 89c91f2afe42fa..48bb0d4c2154fe 100644
--- a/test/xmlrpc/test_features.rb
+++ b/test/xmlrpc/test_features.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ def test_nil_create
 
       XMLRPC::Config.module_eval {remove_const(:ENABLE_NIL_CREATE)}
       XMLRPC::Config.const_set(:ENABLE_NIL_CREATE, false)
-      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { str = c.methodCall("test", *@params) }
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { c.methodCall("test", *@params) }
 
       XMLRPC::Config.module_eval {remove_const(:ENABLE_NIL_CREATE)}
       XMLRPC::Config.const_set(:ENABLE_NIL_CREATE, true)
-      assert_nothing_raised { str = c.methodCall("test", *@params) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { c.methodCall("test", *@params) }
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/test/zlib/test_zlib.rb b/test/zlib/test_zlib.rb
index 3122e7769ef7b2..bb76c23a1f55c2 100644
--- a/test/zlib/test_zlib.rb
+++ b/test/zlib/test_zlib.rb
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def test_closed_p
       assert_equal(false, z.closed?)
       z << "foo"
       assert_equal(false, z.closed?)
-      s = z.finish
+      z.finish
       assert_equal(false, z.closed?)
       z.close
       assert_equal(true, z.closed?)
@@ -309,9 +309,6 @@ def test_inflate
     def test_inflate_partial_input
       deflated = Zlib::Deflate.deflate "\0"
 
-      a = deflated[0...2]
-      b = deflated[2..-1]
-
       z = Zlib::Inflate.new
 
       inflated = ""
@@ -700,6 +697,11 @@ def test_rewind
           assert_equal("foo", f.read)
           f.rewind
           assert_equal("foo", f.read)
+
+          f.rewind
+          bytes = []
+          f.each_byte { |b| bytes << b }
+          assert_equal "foo".bytes.to_a, bytes, '[Bug #10101]'
         end
         open(t.path, "rb") do |f|
           gz = Zlib::GzipReader.new(f)
diff --git a/thread.c b/thread.c
index 0e743c68e0da43..605ac60c0820c8 100644
--- a/thread.c
+++ b/thread.c
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ static inline void blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_regio
 
 #ifdef __ia64
 #define RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_REGISTER_STACK(th)          \
-    do{(th)->machine_register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();}while(0)
+    do{(th)->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();}while(0)
 #else
 #define RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_REGISTER_STACK(th)
 #endif
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ static inline void blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_regio
     do {							\
 	FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;					\
 	RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_REGISTER_STACK(th);			\
-	setjmp((th)->machine_regs);				\
-	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&(th)->machine_stack_end);	\
+	setjmp((th)->machine.regs);				\
+	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&(th)->machine.stack_end);	\
     } while (0)
 
 #define GVL_UNLOCK_BEGIN() do { \
@@ -465,9 +465,9 @@ thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(void *th_ptr)
 {
     rb_thread_t *th = th_ptr;
     th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
-    th->machine_stack_start = th->machine_stack_end = 0;
+    th->machine.stack_start = th->machine.stack_end = 0;
 #ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine_register_stack_start = th->machine_register_stack_end = 0;
+    th->machine.register_stack_start = th->machine.register_stack_end = 0;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start, VALUE *register_stack_s
 
     ruby_thread_set_native(th);
 
-    th->machine_stack_start = stack_start;
+    th->machine.stack_start = stack_start;
 #ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine_register_stack_start = register_stack_start;
+    th->machine.register_stack_start = register_stack_start;
 #endif
     thread_debug("thread start: %p\n", (void *)th);
 
@@ -569,6 +569,9 @@ thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start, VALUE *register_stack_s
 	thread_debug("thread end: %p\n", (void *)th);
 
 	main_th = th->vm->main_thread;
+	if (main_th == th) {
+	    ruby_stop(0);
+	}
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(errinfo, T_OBJECT)) {
 	    /* treat with normal error object */
 	    rb_threadptr_raise(main_th, 1, &errinfo);
@@ -913,10 +916,14 @@ thread_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *     thr.value   -> obj
  *
- *  Waits for +thr+ to complete, using #join, and returns its value.
+ *  Waits for +thr+ to complete, using #join, and returns its value or raises
+ *  the exception which terminated the thread.
  *
  *     a = Thread.new { 2 + 2 }
  *     a.value   #=> 4
+ *
+ *     b = Thread.new { raise 'something went wrong' }
+ *     b.value   #=> RuntimeError: something went wrong
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2743,22 +2750,25 @@ rb_thread_inspect(VALUE thread)
     return str;
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE thread, ID id)
+static VALUE
+threadptr_local_aref(rb_thread_t *th, ID id)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th;
     st_data_t val;
 
-    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
-    if (!th->local_storage) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-    if (st_lookup(th->local_storage, id, &val)) {
+    if (th->local_storage && st_lookup(th->local_storage, id, &val)) {
 	return (VALUE)val;
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE thread, ID id)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th;
+    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
+    return threadptr_local_aref(th, id);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *      thr[sym]   -> obj or nil
@@ -2827,26 +2837,35 @@ rb_thread_aref(VALUE thread, VALUE key)
     return rb_thread_local_aref(thread, id);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE thread, ID id, VALUE val)
+static VALUE
+threadptr_local_aset(rb_thread_t *th, ID id, VALUE val)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th;
-    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
-
-    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
-	rb_error_frozen("thread locals");
-    }
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
 	if (!th->local_storage) return Qnil;
 	st_delete_wrap(th->local_storage, id);
 	return Qnil;
     }
+    else {
     if (!th->local_storage) {
 	th->local_storage = st_init_numtable();
     }
     st_insert(th->local_storage, id, val);
     return val;
 }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE thread, ID id, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th;
+    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
+
+    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
+	rb_error_frozen("thread locals");
+    }
+
+    return threadptr_local_aset(th, id, val);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -4748,6 +4767,8 @@ ident_hash_new(void)
     return hash;
 }
 
+ID rb_frame_last_func(void);
+
 /*
  * Returns the current "recursive list" used to detect recursion.
  * This list is a hash table, unique for the current thread and for
@@ -4755,10 +4776,9 @@ ident_hash_new(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-recursive_list_access(void)
+recursive_list_access(VALUE sym)
 {
     volatile VALUE hash = rb_thread_local_aref(rb_thread_current(), recursive_key);
-    VALUE sym = ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func());
     VALUE list;
     if (NIL_P(hash) || !RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH)) {
 	hash = ident_hash_new();
@@ -4775,6 +4795,20 @@ recursive_list_access(void)
     return list;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_threadptr_reset_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    VALUE old = threadptr_local_aref(th, recursive_key);
+    threadptr_local_aset(th, recursive_key, Qnil);
+    return old;
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_restore_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE old)
+{
+    threadptr_local_aset(th, recursive_key, old);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns Qtrue iff obj_id (or the pair <obj, paired_obj>) is already
  * in the recursion list.
@@ -4846,25 +4880,23 @@ recursive_push(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
  * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
  */
 
-static void
+static int
 recursive_pop(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
 {
     if (paired_obj) {
 	VALUE pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef);
 	if (pair_list == Qundef) {
-	    VALUE symname = rb_inspect(ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()));
-	    VALUE thrname = rb_inspect(rb_thread_current());
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl pair_list for %s in %s",
-		     StringValuePtr(symname), StringValuePtr(thrname));
+	    return 0;
 	}
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)) {
 	    rb_hash_delete(pair_list, paired_obj);
 	    if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(pair_list)) {
-		return; /* keep hash until is empty */
+		return 1; /* keep hash until is empty */
 	    }
 	}
     }
     rb_hash_delete(list, obj);
+    return 1;
 }
 
 struct exec_recursive_params {
@@ -4898,9 +4930,11 @@ static VALUE
 exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE pairid, VALUE arg, int outer)
 {
     VALUE result = Qundef;
+    const ID mid = rb_frame_last_func();
+    const VALUE sym = mid ? ID2SYM(mid) : ID2SYM(idNULL);
     struct exec_recursive_params p;
     int outermost;
-    p.list = recursive_list_access();
+    p.list = recursive_list_access(sym);
     p.objid = rb_obj_id(obj);
     p.obj = obj;
     p.pairid = pairid;
@@ -4922,8 +4956,8 @@ exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE pairid, VALUE
 	    recursive_push(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);
 	    recursive_push(p.list, p.objid, p.pairid);
 	    result = rb_catch_protect(p.list, exec_recursive_i, (VALUE)&p, &state);
-	    recursive_pop(p.list, p.objid, p.pairid);
-	    recursive_pop(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);
+	    if (!recursive_pop(p.list, p.objid, p.pairid)) goto invalid;
+	    if (!recursive_pop(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0)) goto invalid;
 	    if (state) JUMP_TAG(state);
 	    if (result == p.list) {
 		result = (*func)(obj, arg, TRUE);
@@ -4936,7 +4970,12 @@ exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE pairid, VALUE
 		result = (*func)(obj, arg, FALSE);
 	    }
 	    POP_TAG();
-	    recursive_pop(p.list, p.objid, p.pairid);
+	    if (!recursive_pop(p.list, p.objid, p.pairid)) {
+	      invalid:
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl pair_list "
+			 "for %+"PRIsVALUE" in %+"PRIsVALUE,
+			 sym, rb_thread_current());
+	    }
 	    if (state) JUMP_TAG(state);
 	}
     }
@@ -5291,13 +5330,12 @@ ruby_kill(rb_pid_t pid, int sig)
 {
     int err;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
 
     /*
      * When target pid is self, many caller assume signal will be
      * delivered immediately and synchronously.
      */
-    if ((sig != 0) && (th == vm->main_thread) && (pid == getpid())) {
+    {
 	GVL_UNLOCK_BEGIN();
 	native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
 	err = kill(pid, sig);
@@ -5305,9 +5343,7 @@ ruby_kill(rb_pid_t pid, int sig)
 	native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
 	GVL_UNLOCK_END();
     }
-    else {
-	err = kill(pid, sig);
-    }
-    if (err < 0)
+    if (err < 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail(0);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/thread_pthread.c b/thread_pthread.c
index aa2c49e949ab9d..ed4880c40c69b2 100644
--- a/thread_pthread.c
+++ b/thread_pthread.c
@@ -648,6 +648,48 @@ space_size(size_t stack_size)
     }
 }
 
+#ifdef __linux__
+static __attribute__((noinline)) void
+reserve_stack(volatile char *limit, size_t size)
+{
+# ifdef C_ALLOCA
+#   error needs alloca()
+# endif
+    struct rlimit rl;
+    volatile char buf[0x100];
+    enum {stack_check_margin = 0x1000}; /* for -fstack-check */
+
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    if (!getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rl) && rl.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY)
+	return;
+
+    if (size < stack_check_margin) return;
+    size -= stack_check_margin;
+
+    size -= sizeof(buf); /* margin */
+    if (IS_STACK_DIR_UPPER()) {
+	const volatile char *end = buf + sizeof(buf);
+	limit += size;
+	if (limit > end) {
+	    size = limit - end;
+	    limit = alloca(size);
+	    limit[stack_check_margin+size-1] = 0;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	limit -= size;
+	if (buf > limit) {
+	    limit = alloca(buf - limit);
+	    limit -= stack_check_margin;
+	    limit[0] = 0;
+	}
+    }
+}
+#else
+# define reserve_stack(limit, size) ((void)(limit), (void)(size))
+#endif
+
 #undef ruby_init_stack
 /* Set stack bottom of Ruby implementation.
  *
@@ -661,6 +703,19 @@ ruby_init_stack(volatile VALUE *addr
     )
 {
     native_main_thread.id = pthread_self();
+#if MAINSTACKADDR_AVAILABLE
+    if (native_main_thread.stack_maxsize) return;
+    {
+	void* stackaddr;
+	size_t size;
+	if (get_main_stack(&stackaddr, &size) == 0) {
+	    native_main_thread.stack_maxsize = size;
+	    native_main_thread.stack_start = stackaddr;
+	    reserve_stack(stackaddr, size);
+	    return;
+	}
+    }
+#endif
 #ifdef STACK_END_ADDRESS
     native_main_thread.stack_start = STACK_END_ADDRESS;
 #else
@@ -676,18 +731,6 @@ ruby_init_stack(volatile VALUE *addr
         (VALUE*)bsp < native_main_thread.register_stack_start) {
         native_main_thread.register_stack_start = (VALUE*)bsp;
     }
-#endif
-#if MAINSTACKADDR_AVAILABLE
-    if (native_main_thread.stack_maxsize) return;
-    {
-	void* stackaddr;
-	size_t size;
-	if (get_main_stack(&stackaddr, &size) == 0) {
-	    native_main_thread.stack_maxsize = size;
-	    native_main_thread.stack_start = stackaddr;
-	    return;
-	}
-    }
 #endif
     {
 #if defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT)
@@ -749,8 +792,8 @@ native_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
     rb_nativethread_id_t curr = pthread_self();
 
     if (pthread_equal(curr, native_main_thread.id)) {
-	th->machine_stack_start = native_main_thread.stack_start;
-	th->machine_stack_maxsize = native_main_thread.stack_maxsize;
+	th->machine.stack_start = native_main_thread.stack_start;
+	th->machine.stack_maxsize = native_main_thread.stack_maxsize;
     }
     else {
 #ifdef STACKADDR_AVAILABLE
@@ -758,11 +801,11 @@ native_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
 	size_t size;
 
 	if (get_stack(&start, &size) == 0) {
-	    th->machine_stack_start = start;
-	    th->machine_stack_maxsize = size;
+	    th->machine.stack_start = start;
+	    th->machine.stack_maxsize = size;
 	}
 #elif defined get_stack_of
-	if (!th->machine_stack_maxsize) {
+	if (!th->machine.stack_maxsize) {
 	    native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
 	    native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
 	}
@@ -771,9 +814,9 @@ native_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
 #endif
     }
 #ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine_register_stack_start = native_main_thread.register_stack_start;
-    th->machine_stack_maxsize /= 2;
-    th->machine_register_stack_maxsize = th->machine_stack_maxsize;
+    th->machine.register_stack_start = native_main_thread.register_stack_start;
+    th->machine.stack_maxsize /= 2;
+    th->machine.register_stack_maxsize = th->machine.stack_maxsize;
 #endif
     return 0;
 }
@@ -800,7 +843,7 @@ thread_start_func_1(void *th_ptr)
 	native_thread_init(th);
 	/* run */
 #if defined USE_NATIVE_THREAD_INIT
-	thread_start_func_2(th, th->machine_stack_start, rb_ia64_bsp());
+	thread_start_func_2(th, th->machine.stack_start, rb_ia64_bsp());
 #else
 	thread_start_func_2(th, &stack_start, rb_ia64_bsp());
 #endif
@@ -922,10 +965,10 @@ native_thread_create(rb_thread_t *th)
 	const size_t stack_size = th->vm->default_params.thread_machine_stack_size;
 	const size_t space = space_size(stack_size);
 
-        th->machine_stack_maxsize = stack_size - space;
+        th->machine.stack_maxsize = stack_size - space;
 #ifdef __ia64
-        th->machine_stack_maxsize /= 2;
-        th->machine_register_stack_maxsize = th->machine_stack_maxsize;
+        th->machine.stack_maxsize /= 2;
+        th->machine.register_stack_maxsize = th->machine.stack_maxsize;
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_INIT
@@ -948,8 +991,8 @@ native_thread_create(rb_thread_t *th)
 #ifdef get_stack_of
 	if (!err) {
 	    get_stack_of(th->thread_id,
-			 &th->machine_stack_start,
-			 &th->machine_stack_maxsize);
+			 &th->machine.stack_start,
+			 &th->machine.stack_maxsize);
 	}
 	native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
 #endif
@@ -1558,15 +1601,24 @@ ruby_stack_overflowed_p(const rb_thread_t *th, const void *addr)
     const size_t water_mark = 1024 * 1024;
     STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
 
-    if (th) {
-	size = th->machine_stack_maxsize;
-	base = (char *)th->machine_stack_start - STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size);
-    }
 #ifdef STACKADDR_AVAILABLE
-    else if (get_stack(&base, &size) == 0) {
-	STACK_DIR_UPPER((void)(base = (char *)base + size), (void)0);
+    if (get_stack(&base, &size) == 0) {
+# ifdef __APPLE__
+	if (pthread_equal(th->thread_id, native_main_thread.id)) {
+	    struct rlimit rlim;
+	    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim) == 0 && rlim.rlim_cur > size) {
+		size = (size_t)rlim.rlim_cur;
+	    }
+	}
+# endif
+	base = (char *)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(+size, -size);
     }
+    else
 #endif
+    if (th) {
+	size = th->machine.stack_maxsize;
+	base = (char *)th->machine.stack_start - STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size);
+    }
     else {
 	return 0;
     }
diff --git a/thread_win32.c b/thread_win32.c
index 9f851867c8cbf2..aea3fc20ac7579 100644
--- a/thread_win32.c
+++ b/thread_win32.c
@@ -571,8 +571,8 @@ native_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
     size = end - base;
     space = size / 5;
     if (space > 1024*1024) space = 1024*1024;
-    th->machine_stack_start = (VALUE *)end - 1;
-    th->machine_stack_maxsize = size - space;
+    th->machine.stack_start = (VALUE *)end - 1;
+    th->machine.stack_maxsize = size - space;
 }
 
 #ifndef InterlockedExchangePointer
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ thread_start_func_1(void *th_ptr)
     thread_debug("thread created (th: %p, thid: %p, event: %p)\n", th,
 		 th->thread_id, th->native_thread_data.interrupt_event);
 
-    thread_start_func_2(th, th->machine_stack_start, rb_ia64_bsp());
+    thread_start_func_2(th, th->machine.stack_start, rb_ia64_bsp());
 
     w32_close_handle(thread_id);
     thread_debug("thread deleted (th: %p)\n", th);
@@ -754,6 +754,18 @@ ruby_stack_overflowed_p(const rb_thread_t *th, const void *addr)
     return rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW);
 }
 
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+LONG WINAPI
+rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler(struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *exception)
+{
+    if (exception->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW) {
+	rb_thread_raised_set(GET_THREAD(), RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW);
+	raise(SIGSEGV);
+    }
+    return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifdef RUBY_ALLOCA_CHKSTK
 void
 ruby_alloca_chkstk(size_t len, void *sp)
diff --git a/time.c b/time.c
index c01ca743d59a02..5ad1035c4deb99 100644
--- a/time.c
+++ b/time.c
@@ -2350,6 +2350,10 @@ time_timespec(VALUE num, int interval)
 	    d = modf(RFLOAT_VALUE(num), &f);
 	    if (d >= 0) {
 		t.tv_nsec = (int)(d*1e9+0.5);
+		if (t.tv_nsec >= 1000000000) {
+		    t.tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
+		    f += 1;
+		}
 	    }
 	    else if ((t.tv_nsec = (int)(-d*1e9+0.5)) > 0) {
 		t.tv_nsec = 1000000000 - t.tv_nsec;
@@ -4805,7 +4809,9 @@ end_submicro: ;
 	time_fixoff(time);
     }
     if (!NIL_P(zone)) {
+	zone = rb_str_new_frozen(zone);
 	tobj->vtm.zone = RSTRING_PTR(zone);
+	rb_ivar_set(time, id_zone, zone);
     }
 
     return time;
diff --git a/tool/config.guess b/tool/config.guess
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000000..dbfb9786cb6f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tool/config.guess
@@ -0,0 +1,1421 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+# Attempt to guess a canonical system name.
+#   Copyright 1992-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+timestamp='2015-01-01'
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+# As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
+# distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
+# configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
+# the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that
+# program.  This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+# of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
+#
+# Originally written by Per Bothner; maintained since 2000 by Ben Elliston.
+#
+# You can get the latest version of this script from:
+# http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.guess;hb=HEAD
+#
+# Please send patches to <config-patches@gnu.org>.
+
+
+me=`echo "$0" | sed -e 's,.*/,,'`
+
+usage="\
+Usage: $0 [OPTION]
+
+Output the configuration name of the system \`$me' is run on.
+
+Operation modes:
+  -h, --help         print this help, then exit
+  -t, --time-stamp   print date of last modification, then exit
+  -v, --version      print version number, then exit
+
+Report bugs and patches to <config-patches@gnu.org>."
+
+version="\
+GNU config.guess ($timestamp)
+
+Originally written by Per Bothner.
+Copyright 1992-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."
+
+help="
+Try \`$me --help' for more information."
+
+# Parse command line
+while test $# -gt 0 ; do
+  case $1 in
+    --time-stamp | --time* | -t )
+       echo "$timestamp" ; exit ;;
+    --version | -v )
+       echo "$version" ; exit ;;
+    --help | --h* | -h )
+       echo "$usage"; exit ;;
+    -- )     # Stop option processing
+       shift; break ;;
+    - )	# Use stdin as input.
+       break ;;
+    -* )
+       echo "$me: invalid option $1$help" >&2
+       exit 1 ;;
+    * )
+       break ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+if test $# != 0; then
+  echo "$me: too many arguments$help" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+trap 'exit 1' 1 2 15
+
+# CC_FOR_BUILD -- compiler used by this script. Note that the use of a
+# compiler to aid in system detection is discouraged as it requires
+# temporary files to be created and, as you can see below, it is a
+# headache to deal with in a portable fashion.
+
+# Historically, `CC_FOR_BUILD' used to be named `HOST_CC'. We still
+# use `HOST_CC' if defined, but it is deprecated.
+
+# Portable tmp directory creation inspired by the Autoconf team.
+
+set_cc_for_build='
+trap "exitcode=\$?; (rm -f \$tmpfiles 2>/dev/null; rmdir \$tmp 2>/dev/null) && exit \$exitcode" 0 ;
+trap "rm -f \$tmpfiles 2>/dev/null; rmdir \$tmp 2>/dev/null; exit 1" 1 2 13 15 ;
+: ${TMPDIR=/tmp} ;
+ { tmp=`(umask 077 && mktemp -d "$TMPDIR/cgXXXXXX") 2>/dev/null` && test -n "$tmp" && test -d "$tmp" ; } ||
+ { test -n "$RANDOM" && tmp=$TMPDIR/cg$$-$RANDOM && (umask 077 && mkdir $tmp) ; } ||
+ { tmp=$TMPDIR/cg-$$ && (umask 077 && mkdir $tmp) && echo "Warning: creating insecure temp directory" >&2 ; } ||
+ { echo "$me: cannot create a temporary directory in $TMPDIR" >&2 ; exit 1 ; } ;
+dummy=$tmp/dummy ;
+tmpfiles="$dummy.c $dummy.o $dummy.rel $dummy" ;
+case $CC_FOR_BUILD,$HOST_CC,$CC in
+ ,,)    echo "int x;" > $dummy.c ;
+	for c in cc gcc c89 c99 ; do
+	  if ($c -c -o $dummy.o $dummy.c) >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
+	     CC_FOR_BUILD="$c"; break ;
+	  fi ;
+	done ;
+	if test x"$CC_FOR_BUILD" = x ; then
+	  CC_FOR_BUILD=no_compiler_found ;
+	fi
+	;;
+ ,,*)   CC_FOR_BUILD=$CC ;;
+ ,*,*)  CC_FOR_BUILD=$HOST_CC ;;
+esac ; set_cc_for_build= ;'
+
+# This is needed to find uname on a Pyramid OSx when run in the BSD universe.
+# (ghazi@noc.rutgers.edu 1994-08-24)
+if (test -f /.attbin/uname) >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
+	PATH=$PATH:/.attbin ; export PATH
+fi
+
+UNAME_MACHINE=`(uname -m) 2>/dev/null` || UNAME_MACHINE=unknown
+UNAME_RELEASE=`(uname -r) 2>/dev/null` || UNAME_RELEASE=unknown
+UNAME_SYSTEM=`(uname -s) 2>/dev/null`  || UNAME_SYSTEM=unknown
+UNAME_VERSION=`(uname -v) 2>/dev/null` || UNAME_VERSION=unknown
+
+case "${UNAME_SYSTEM}" in
+Linux|GNU|GNU/*)
+	# If the system lacks a compiler, then just pick glibc.
+	# We could probably try harder.
+	LIBC=gnu
+
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	cat <<-EOF > $dummy.c
+	#include <features.h>
+	#if defined(__UCLIBC__)
+	LIBC=uclibc
+	#elif defined(__dietlibc__)
+	LIBC=dietlibc
+	#else
+	LIBC=gnu
+	#endif
+	EOF
+	eval `$CC_FOR_BUILD -E $dummy.c 2>/dev/null | grep '^LIBC' | sed 's, ,,g'`
+	;;
+esac
+
+# Note: order is significant - the case branches are not exclusive.
+
+case "${UNAME_MACHINE}:${UNAME_SYSTEM}:${UNAME_RELEASE}:${UNAME_VERSION}" in
+    *:NetBSD:*:*)
+	# NetBSD (nbsd) targets should (where applicable) match one or
+	# more of the tuples: *-*-netbsdelf*, *-*-netbsdaout*,
+	# *-*-netbsdecoff* and *-*-netbsd*.  For targets that recently
+	# switched to ELF, *-*-netbsd* would select the old
+	# object file format.  This provides both forward
+	# compatibility and a consistent mechanism for selecting the
+	# object file format.
+	#
+	# Note: NetBSD doesn't particularly care about the vendor
+	# portion of the name.  We always set it to "unknown".
+	sysctl="sysctl -n hw.machine_arch"
+	UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH=`(/sbin/$sysctl 2>/dev/null || \
+	    /usr/sbin/$sysctl 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)`
+	case "${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}" in
+	    armeb) machine=armeb-unknown ;;
+	    arm*) machine=arm-unknown ;;
+	    sh3el) machine=shl-unknown ;;
+	    sh3eb) machine=sh-unknown ;;
+	    sh5el) machine=sh5le-unknown ;;
+	    *) machine=${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}-unknown ;;
+	esac
+	# The Operating System including object format, if it has switched
+	# to ELF recently, or will in the future.
+	case "${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}" in
+	    arm*|i386|m68k|ns32k|sh3*|sparc|vax)
+		eval $set_cc_for_build
+		if echo __ELF__ | $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null \
+			| grep -q __ELF__
+		then
+		    # Once all utilities can be ECOFF (netbsdecoff) or a.out (netbsdaout).
+		    # Return netbsd for either.  FIX?
+		    os=netbsd
+		else
+		    os=netbsdelf
+		fi
+		;;
+	    *)
+		os=netbsd
+		;;
+	esac
+	# The OS release
+	# Debian GNU/NetBSD machines have a different userland, and
+	# thus, need a distinct triplet. However, they do not need
+	# kernel version information, so it can be replaced with a
+	# suitable tag, in the style of linux-gnu.
+	case "${UNAME_VERSION}" in
+	    Debian*)
+		release='-gnu'
+		;;
+	    *)
+		release=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-_].*/\./'`
+		;;
+	esac
+	# Since CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-KERNEL-OPERATING_SYSTEM:
+	# contains redundant information, the shorter form:
+	# CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-OPERATING_SYSTEM is used.
+	echo "${machine}-${os}${release}"
+	exit ;;
+    *:Bitrig:*:*)
+	UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH=`arch | sed 's/Bitrig.//'`
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}-unknown-bitrig${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:OpenBSD:*:*)
+	UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH=`arch | sed 's/OpenBSD.//'`
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}-unknown-openbsd${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:ekkoBSD:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-ekkobsd${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:SolidBSD:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-solidbsd${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    macppc:MirBSD:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-unknown-mirbsd${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:MirBSD:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-mirbsd${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    alpha:OSF1:*:*)
+	case $UNAME_RELEASE in
+	*4.0)
+		UNAME_RELEASE=`/usr/sbin/sizer -v | awk '{print $3}'`
+		;;
+	*5.*)
+		UNAME_RELEASE=`/usr/sbin/sizer -v | awk '{print $4}'`
+		;;
+	esac
+	# According to Compaq, /usr/sbin/psrinfo has been available on
+	# OSF/1 and Tru64 systems produced since 1995.  I hope that
+	# covers most systems running today.  This code pipes the CPU
+	# types through head -n 1, so we only detect the type of CPU 0.
+	ALPHA_CPU_TYPE=`/usr/sbin/psrinfo -v | sed -n -e 's/^  The alpha \(.*\) processor.*$/\1/p' | head -n 1`
+	case "$ALPHA_CPU_TYPE" in
+	    "EV4 (21064)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alpha" ;;
+	    "EV4.5 (21064)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alpha" ;;
+	    "LCA4 (21066/21068)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alpha" ;;
+	    "EV5 (21164)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev5" ;;
+	    "EV5.6 (21164A)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev56" ;;
+	    "EV5.6 (21164PC)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphapca56" ;;
+	    "EV5.7 (21164PC)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphapca57" ;;
+	    "EV6 (21264)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev6" ;;
+	    "EV6.7 (21264A)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev67" ;;
+	    "EV6.8CB (21264C)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev68" ;;
+	    "EV6.8AL (21264B)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev68" ;;
+	    "EV6.8CX (21264D)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev68" ;;
+	    "EV6.9A (21264/EV69A)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev69" ;;
+	    "EV7 (21364)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev7" ;;
+	    "EV7.9 (21364A)")
+		UNAME_MACHINE="alphaev79" ;;
+	esac
+	# A Pn.n version is a patched version.
+	# A Vn.n version is a released version.
+	# A Tn.n version is a released field test version.
+	# A Xn.n version is an unreleased experimental baselevel.
+	# 1.2 uses "1.2" for uname -r.
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-dec-osf`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/^[PVTX]//' | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'`
+	# Reset EXIT trap before exiting to avoid spurious non-zero exit code.
+	exitcode=$?
+	trap '' 0
+	exit $exitcode ;;
+    Alpha\ *:Windows_NT*:*)
+	# How do we know it's Interix rather than the generic POSIX subsystem?
+	# Should we change UNAME_MACHINE based on the output of uname instead
+	# of the specific Alpha model?
+	echo alpha-pc-interix
+	exit ;;
+    21064:Windows_NT:50:3)
+	echo alpha-dec-winnt3.5
+	exit ;;
+    Amiga*:UNIX_System_V:4.0:*)
+	echo m68k-unknown-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    *:[Aa]miga[Oo][Ss]:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-amigaos
+	exit ;;
+    *:[Mm]orph[Oo][Ss]:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-morphos
+	exit ;;
+    *:OS/390:*:*)
+	echo i370-ibm-openedition
+	exit ;;
+    *:z/VM:*:*)
+	echo s390-ibm-zvmoe
+	exit ;;
+    *:OS400:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-ibm-os400
+	exit ;;
+    arm:RISC*:1.[012]*:*|arm:riscix:1.[012]*:*)
+	echo arm-acorn-riscix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    arm*:riscos:*:*|arm*:RISCOS:*:*)
+	echo arm-unknown-riscos
+	exit ;;
+    SR2?01:HI-UX/MPP:*:* | SR8000:HI-UX/MPP:*:*)
+	echo hppa1.1-hitachi-hiuxmpp
+	exit ;;
+    Pyramid*:OSx*:*:* | MIS*:OSx*:*:* | MIS*:SMP_DC-OSx*:*:*)
+	# akee@wpdis03.wpafb.af.mil (Earle F. Ake) contributed MIS and NILE.
+	if test "`(/bin/universe) 2>/dev/null`" = att ; then
+		echo pyramid-pyramid-sysv3
+	else
+		echo pyramid-pyramid-bsd
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    NILE*:*:*:dcosx)
+	echo pyramid-pyramid-svr4
+	exit ;;
+    DRS?6000:unix:4.0:6*)
+	echo sparc-icl-nx6
+	exit ;;
+    DRS?6000:UNIX_SV:4.2*:7* | DRS?6000:isis:4.2*:7*)
+	case `/usr/bin/uname -p` in
+	    sparc) echo sparc-icl-nx7; exit ;;
+	esac ;;
+    s390x:SunOS:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    sun4H:SunOS:5.*:*)
+	echo sparc-hal-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    sun4*:SunOS:5.*:* | tadpole*:SunOS:5.*:*)
+	echo sparc-sun-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    i86pc:AuroraUX:5.*:* | i86xen:AuroraUX:5.*:*)
+	echo i386-pc-auroraux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    i86pc:SunOS:5.*:* | i86xen:SunOS:5.*:*)
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	SUN_ARCH="i386"
+	# If there is a compiler, see if it is configured for 64-bit objects.
+	# Note that the Sun cc does not turn __LP64__ into 1 like gcc does.
+	# This test works for both compilers.
+	if [ "$CC_FOR_BUILD" != 'no_compiler_found' ]; then
+	    if (echo '#ifdef __amd64'; echo IS_64BIT_ARCH; echo '#endif') | \
+		(CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null) | \
+		grep IS_64BIT_ARCH >/dev/null
+	    then
+		SUN_ARCH="x86_64"
+	    fi
+	fi
+	echo ${SUN_ARCH}-pc-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    sun4*:SunOS:6*:*)
+	# According to config.sub, this is the proper way to canonicalize
+	# SunOS6.  Hard to guess exactly what SunOS6 will be like, but
+	# it's likely to be more like Solaris than SunOS4.
+	echo sparc-sun-solaris3`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    sun4*:SunOS:*:*)
+	case "`/usr/bin/arch -k`" in
+	    Series*|S4*)
+		UNAME_RELEASE=`uname -v`
+		;;
+	esac
+	# Japanese Language versions have a version number like `4.1.3-JL'.
+	echo sparc-sun-sunos`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/-/_/'`
+	exit ;;
+    sun3*:SunOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-sun-sunos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    sun*:*:4.2BSD:*)
+	UNAME_RELEASE=`(sed 1q /etc/motd | awk '{print substr($5,1,3)}') 2>/dev/null`
+	test "x${UNAME_RELEASE}" = "x" && UNAME_RELEASE=3
+	case "`/bin/arch`" in
+	    sun3)
+		echo m68k-sun-sunos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+		;;
+	    sun4)
+		echo sparc-sun-sunos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+		;;
+	esac
+	exit ;;
+    aushp:SunOS:*:*)
+	echo sparc-auspex-sunos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    # The situation for MiNT is a little confusing.  The machine name
+    # can be virtually everything (everything which is not
+    # "atarist" or "atariste" at least should have a processor
+    # > m68000).  The system name ranges from "MiNT" over "FreeMiNT"
+    # to the lowercase version "mint" (or "freemint").  Finally
+    # the system name "TOS" denotes a system which is actually not
+    # MiNT.  But MiNT is downward compatible to TOS, so this should
+    # be no problem.
+    atarist[e]:*MiNT:*:* | atarist[e]:*mint:*:* | atarist[e]:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    atari*:*MiNT:*:* | atari*:*mint:*:* | atarist[e]:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *falcon*:*MiNT:*:* | *falcon*:*mint:*:* | *falcon*:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    milan*:*MiNT:*:* | milan*:*mint:*:* | *milan*:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-milan-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    hades*:*MiNT:*:* | hades*:*mint:*:* | *hades*:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-hades-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:*MiNT:*:* | *:*mint:*:* | *:*TOS:*:*)
+	echo m68k-unknown-mint${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    m68k:machten:*:*)
+	echo m68k-apple-machten${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    powerpc:machten:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-apple-machten${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    RISC*:Mach:*:*)
+	echo mips-dec-mach_bsd4.3
+	exit ;;
+    RISC*:ULTRIX:*:*)
+	echo mips-dec-ultrix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    VAX*:ULTRIX*:*:*)
+	echo vax-dec-ultrix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    2020:CLIX:*:* | 2430:CLIX:*:*)
+	echo clipper-intergraph-clix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    mips:*:*:UMIPS | mips:*:*:RISCos)
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	sed 's/^	//' << EOF >$dummy.c
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#include <stdio.h>  /* for printf() prototype */
+	int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
+#else
+	int main (argc, argv) int argc; char *argv[]; {
+#endif
+	#if defined (host_mips) && defined (MIPSEB)
+	#if defined (SYSTYPE_SYSV)
+	  printf ("mips-mips-riscos%ssysv\n", argv[1]); exit (0);
+	#endif
+	#if defined (SYSTYPE_SVR4)
+	  printf ("mips-mips-riscos%ssvr4\n", argv[1]); exit (0);
+	#endif
+	#if defined (SYSTYPE_BSD43) || defined(SYSTYPE_BSD)
+	  printf ("mips-mips-riscos%sbsd\n", argv[1]); exit (0);
+	#endif
+	#endif
+	  exit (-1);
+	}
+EOF
+	$CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c &&
+	  dummyarg=`echo "${UNAME_RELEASE}" | sed -n 's/\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p'` &&
+	  SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy $dummyarg` &&
+	    { echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"; exit; }
+	echo mips-mips-riscos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    Motorola:PowerMAX_OS:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-motorola-powermax
+	exit ;;
+    Motorola:*:4.3:PL8-*)
+	echo powerpc-harris-powermax
+	exit ;;
+    Night_Hawk:*:*:PowerMAX_OS | Synergy:PowerMAX_OS:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-harris-powermax
+	exit ;;
+    Night_Hawk:Power_UNIX:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-harris-powerunix
+	exit ;;
+    m88k:CX/UX:7*:*)
+	echo m88k-harris-cxux7
+	exit ;;
+    m88k:*:4*:R4*)
+	echo m88k-motorola-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    m88k:*:3*:R3*)
+	echo m88k-motorola-sysv3
+	exit ;;
+    AViiON:dgux:*:*)
+	# DG/UX returns AViiON for all architectures
+	UNAME_PROCESSOR=`/usr/bin/uname -p`
+	if [ $UNAME_PROCESSOR = mc88100 ] || [ $UNAME_PROCESSOR = mc88110 ]
+	then
+	    if [ ${TARGET_BINARY_INTERFACE}x = m88kdguxelfx ] || \
+	       [ ${TARGET_BINARY_INTERFACE}x = x ]
+	    then
+		echo m88k-dg-dgux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	    else
+		echo m88k-dg-dguxbcs${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	    fi
+	else
+	    echo i586-dg-dgux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    M88*:DolphinOS:*:*)	# DolphinOS (SVR3)
+	echo m88k-dolphin-sysv3
+	exit ;;
+    M88*:*:R3*:*)
+	# Delta 88k system running SVR3
+	echo m88k-motorola-sysv3
+	exit ;;
+    XD88*:*:*:*) # Tektronix XD88 system running UTekV (SVR3)
+	echo m88k-tektronix-sysv3
+	exit ;;
+    Tek43[0-9][0-9]:UTek:*:*) # Tektronix 4300 system running UTek (BSD)
+	echo m68k-tektronix-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    *:IRIX*:*:*)
+	echo mips-sgi-irix`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/-/_/g'`
+	exit ;;
+    ????????:AIX?:[12].1:2)   # AIX 2.2.1 or AIX 2.1.1 is RT/PC AIX.
+	echo romp-ibm-aix     # uname -m gives an 8 hex-code CPU id
+	exit ;;               # Note that: echo "'`uname -s`'" gives 'AIX '
+    i*86:AIX:*:*)
+	echo i386-ibm-aix
+	exit ;;
+    ia64:AIX:*:*)
+	if [ -x /usr/bin/oslevel ] ; then
+		IBM_REV=`/usr/bin/oslevel`
+	else
+		IBM_REV=${UNAME_VERSION}.${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	fi
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-aix${IBM_REV}
+	exit ;;
+    *:AIX:2:3)
+	if grep bos325 /usr/include/stdio.h >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		eval $set_cc_for_build
+		sed 's/^		//' << EOF >$dummy.c
+		#include <sys/systemcfg.h>
+
+		main()
+			{
+			if (!__power_pc())
+				exit(1);
+			puts("powerpc-ibm-aix3.2.5");
+			exit(0);
+			}
+EOF
+		if $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy`
+		then
+			echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"
+		else
+			echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2.5
+		fi
+	elif grep bos324 /usr/include/stdio.h >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2.4
+	else
+		echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    *:AIX:*:[4567])
+	IBM_CPU_ID=`/usr/sbin/lsdev -C -c processor -S available | sed 1q | awk '{ print $1 }'`
+	if /usr/sbin/lsattr -El ${IBM_CPU_ID} | grep ' POWER' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		IBM_ARCH=rs6000
+	else
+		IBM_ARCH=powerpc
+	fi
+	if [ -x /usr/bin/lslpp ] ; then
+		IBM_REV=`/usr/bin/lslpp -Lqc bos.rte.libc |
+			   awk -F: '{ print $3 }' | sed s/[0-9]*$/0/`
+	else
+		IBM_REV=${UNAME_VERSION}.${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	fi
+	echo ${IBM_ARCH}-ibm-aix${IBM_REV}
+	exit ;;
+    *:AIX:*:*)
+	echo rs6000-ibm-aix
+	exit ;;
+    ibmrt:4.4BSD:*|romp-ibm:BSD:*)
+	echo romp-ibm-bsd4.4
+	exit ;;
+    ibmrt:*BSD:*|romp-ibm:BSD:*)            # covers RT/PC BSD and
+	echo romp-ibm-bsd${UNAME_RELEASE}   # 4.3 with uname added to
+	exit ;;                             # report: romp-ibm BSD 4.3
+    *:BOSX:*:*)
+	echo rs6000-bull-bosx
+	exit ;;
+    DPX/2?00:B.O.S.:*:*)
+	echo m68k-bull-sysv3
+	exit ;;
+    9000/[34]??:4.3bsd:1.*:*)
+	echo m68k-hp-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    hp300:4.4BSD:*:* | 9000/[34]??:4.3bsd:2.*:*)
+	echo m68k-hp-bsd4.4
+	exit ;;
+    9000/[34678]??:HP-UX:*:*)
+	HPUX_REV=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*.[0B]*//'`
+	case "${UNAME_MACHINE}" in
+	    9000/31? )            HP_ARCH=m68000 ;;
+	    9000/[34]?? )         HP_ARCH=m68k ;;
+	    9000/[678][0-9][0-9])
+		if [ -x /usr/bin/getconf ]; then
+		    sc_cpu_version=`/usr/bin/getconf SC_CPU_VERSION 2>/dev/null`
+		    sc_kernel_bits=`/usr/bin/getconf SC_KERNEL_BITS 2>/dev/null`
+		    case "${sc_cpu_version}" in
+		      523) HP_ARCH="hppa1.0" ;; # CPU_PA_RISC1_0
+		      528) HP_ARCH="hppa1.1" ;; # CPU_PA_RISC1_1
+		      532)                      # CPU_PA_RISC2_0
+			case "${sc_kernel_bits}" in
+			  32) HP_ARCH="hppa2.0n" ;;
+			  64) HP_ARCH="hppa2.0w" ;;
+			  '') HP_ARCH="hppa2.0" ;;   # HP-UX 10.20
+			esac ;;
+		    esac
+		fi
+		if [ "${HP_ARCH}" = "" ]; then
+		    eval $set_cc_for_build
+		    sed 's/^		//' << EOF >$dummy.c
+
+		#define _HPUX_SOURCE
+		#include <stdlib.h>
+		#include <unistd.h>
+
+		int main ()
+		{
+		#if defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS)
+		    long bits = sysconf(_SC_KERNEL_BITS);
+		#endif
+		    long cpu  = sysconf (_SC_CPU_VERSION);
+
+		    switch (cpu)
+			{
+			case CPU_PA_RISC1_0: puts ("hppa1.0"); break;
+			case CPU_PA_RISC1_1: puts ("hppa1.1"); break;
+			case CPU_PA_RISC2_0:
+		#if defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS)
+			    switch (bits)
+				{
+				case 64: puts ("hppa2.0w"); break;
+				case 32: puts ("hppa2.0n"); break;
+				default: puts ("hppa2.0"); break;
+				} break;
+		#else  /* !defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS) */
+			    puts ("hppa2.0"); break;
+		#endif
+			default: puts ("hppa1.0"); break;
+			}
+		    exit (0);
+		}
+EOF
+		    (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c 2>/dev/null) && HP_ARCH=`$dummy`
+		    test -z "$HP_ARCH" && HP_ARCH=hppa
+		fi ;;
+	esac
+	if [ ${HP_ARCH} = "hppa2.0w" ]
+	then
+	    eval $set_cc_for_build
+
+	    # hppa2.0w-hp-hpux* has a 64-bit kernel and a compiler generating
+	    # 32-bit code.  hppa64-hp-hpux* has the same kernel and a compiler
+	    # generating 64-bit code.  GNU and HP use different nomenclature:
+	    #
+	    # $ CC_FOR_BUILD=cc ./config.guess
+	    # => hppa2.0w-hp-hpux11.23
+	    # $ CC_FOR_BUILD="cc +DA2.0w" ./config.guess
+	    # => hppa64-hp-hpux11.23
+
+	    if echo __LP64__ | (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null) |
+		grep -q __LP64__
+	    then
+		HP_ARCH="hppa2.0w"
+	    else
+		HP_ARCH="hppa64"
+	    fi
+	fi
+	echo ${HP_ARCH}-hp-hpux${HPUX_REV}
+	exit ;;
+    ia64:HP-UX:*:*)
+	HPUX_REV=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*.[0B]*//'`
+	echo ia64-hp-hpux${HPUX_REV}
+	exit ;;
+    3050*:HI-UX:*:*)
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	sed 's/^	//' << EOF >$dummy.c
+	#include <unistd.h>
+	int
+	main ()
+	{
+	  long cpu = sysconf (_SC_CPU_VERSION);
+	  /* The order matters, because CPU_IS_HP_MC68K erroneously returns
+	     true for CPU_PA_RISC1_0.  CPU_IS_PA_RISC returns correct
+	     results, however.  */
+	  if (CPU_IS_PA_RISC (cpu))
+	    {
+	      switch (cpu)
+		{
+		  case CPU_PA_RISC1_0: puts ("hppa1.0-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break;
+		  case CPU_PA_RISC1_1: puts ("hppa1.1-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break;
+		  case CPU_PA_RISC2_0: puts ("hppa2.0-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break;
+		  default: puts ("hppa-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break;
+		}
+	    }
+	  else if (CPU_IS_HP_MC68K (cpu))
+	    puts ("m68k-hitachi-hiuxwe2");
+	  else puts ("unknown-hitachi-hiuxwe2");
+	  exit (0);
+	}
+EOF
+	$CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy` &&
+		{ echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"; exit; }
+	echo unknown-hitachi-hiuxwe2
+	exit ;;
+    9000/7??:4.3bsd:*:* | 9000/8?[79]:4.3bsd:*:* )
+	echo hppa1.1-hp-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    9000/8??:4.3bsd:*:*)
+	echo hppa1.0-hp-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    *9??*:MPE/iX:*:* | *3000*:MPE/iX:*:*)
+	echo hppa1.0-hp-mpeix
+	exit ;;
+    hp7??:OSF1:*:* | hp8?[79]:OSF1:*:* )
+	echo hppa1.1-hp-osf
+	exit ;;
+    hp8??:OSF1:*:*)
+	echo hppa1.0-hp-osf
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:OSF1:*:*)
+	if [ -x /usr/sbin/sysversion ] ; then
+	    echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-osf1mk
+	else
+	    echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-osf1
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    parisc*:Lites*:*:*)
+	echo hppa1.1-hp-lites
+	exit ;;
+    C1*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C1*:*)
+	echo c1-convex-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    C2*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C2*:*)
+	if getsysinfo -f scalar_acc
+	then echo c32-convex-bsd
+	else echo c2-convex-bsd
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    C34*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C34*:*)
+	echo c34-convex-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    C38*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C38*:*)
+	echo c38-convex-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    C4*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C4*:*)
+	echo c4-convex-bsd
+	exit ;;
+    CRAY*Y-MP:*:*:*)
+	echo ymp-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    CRAY*[A-Z]90:*:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} \
+	| sed -e 's/CRAY.*\([A-Z]90\)/\1/' \
+	      -e y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ \
+	      -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    CRAY*TS:*:*:*)
+	echo t90-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    CRAY*T3E:*:*:*)
+	echo alphaev5-cray-unicosmk${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    CRAY*SV1:*:*:*)
+	echo sv1-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    *:UNICOS/mp:*:*)
+	echo craynv-cray-unicosmp${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/'
+	exit ;;
+    F30[01]:UNIX_System_V:*:* | F700:UNIX_System_V:*:*)
+	FUJITSU_PROC=`uname -m | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'`
+	FUJITSU_SYS=`uname -p | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/\///'`
+	FUJITSU_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/ /_/'`
+	echo "${FUJITSU_PROC}-fujitsu-${FUJITSU_SYS}${FUJITSU_REL}"
+	exit ;;
+    5000:UNIX_System_V:4.*:*)
+	FUJITSU_SYS=`uname -p | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/\///'`
+	FUJITSU_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/ /_/'`
+	echo "sparc-fujitsu-${FUJITSU_SYS}${FUJITSU_REL}"
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:BSD/386:*:* | i*86:BSD/OS:*:* | *:Ascend\ Embedded/OS:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    sparc*:BSD/OS:*:*)
+	echo sparc-unknown-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:BSD/OS:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:FreeBSD:*:*)
+	UNAME_PROCESSOR=`/usr/bin/uname -p`
+	case ${UNAME_PROCESSOR} in
+	    amd64)
+		echo x86_64-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;;
+	    *)
+		echo ${UNAME_PROCESSOR}-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;;
+	esac
+	exit ;;
+    i*:CYGWIN*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-cygwin
+	exit ;;
+    *:MINGW64*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mingw64
+	exit ;;
+    *:MINGW*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mingw32
+	exit ;;
+    *:MSYS*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-msys
+	exit ;;
+    i*:windows32*:*)
+	# uname -m includes "-pc" on this system.
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-mingw32
+	exit ;;
+    i*:PW*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-pw32
+	exit ;;
+    *:Interix*:*)
+	case ${UNAME_MACHINE} in
+	    x86)
+		echo i586-pc-interix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+		exit ;;
+	    authenticamd | genuineintel | EM64T)
+		echo x86_64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+		exit ;;
+	    IA64)
+		echo ia64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE}
+		exit ;;
+	esac ;;
+    [345]86:Windows_95:* | [345]86:Windows_98:* | [345]86:Windows_NT:*)
+	echo i${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mks
+	exit ;;
+    8664:Windows_NT:*)
+	echo x86_64-pc-mks
+	exit ;;
+    i*:Windows_NT*:* | Pentium*:Windows_NT*:*)
+	# How do we know it's Interix rather than the generic POSIX subsystem?
+	# It also conflicts with pre-2.0 versions of AT&T UWIN. Should we
+	# UNAME_MACHINE based on the output of uname instead of i386?
+	echo i586-pc-interix
+	exit ;;
+    i*:UWIN*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-uwin
+	exit ;;
+    amd64:CYGWIN*:*:* | x86_64:CYGWIN*:*:*)
+	echo x86_64-unknown-cygwin
+	exit ;;
+    p*:CYGWIN*:*)
+	echo powerpcle-unknown-cygwin
+	exit ;;
+    prep*:SunOS:5.*:*)
+	echo powerpcle-unknown-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    *:GNU:*:*)
+	# the GNU system
+	echo `echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}|sed -e 's,[-/].*$,,'`-unknown-${LIBC}`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's,/.*$,,'`
+	exit ;;
+    *:GNU/*:*:*)
+	# other systems with GNU libc and userland
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-`echo ${UNAME_SYSTEM} | sed 's,^[^/]*/,,' | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'``echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'`-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:Minix:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-minix
+	exit ;;
+    aarch64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    aarch64_be:Linux:*:*)
+	UNAME_MACHINE=aarch64_be
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    alpha:Linux:*:*)
+	case `sed -n '/^cpu model/s/^.*: \(.*\)/\1/p' < /proc/cpuinfo` in
+	  EV5)   UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev5 ;;
+	  EV56)  UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev56 ;;
+	  PCA56) UNAME_MACHINE=alphapca56 ;;
+	  PCA57) UNAME_MACHINE=alphapca56 ;;
+	  EV6)   UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev6 ;;
+	  EV67)  UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev67 ;;
+	  EV68*) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev68 ;;
+	esac
+	objdump --private-headers /bin/sh | grep -q ld.so.1
+	if test "$?" = 0 ; then LIBC="gnulibc1" ; fi
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    arc:Linux:*:* | arceb:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    arm*:Linux:*:*)
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	if echo __ARM_EABI__ | $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null \
+	    | grep -q __ARM_EABI__
+	then
+	    echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	else
+	    if echo __ARM_PCS_VFP | $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null \
+		| grep -q __ARM_PCS_VFP
+	    then
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}eabi
+	    else
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}eabihf
+	    fi
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    avr32*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    cris:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-axis-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    crisv32:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-axis-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    frv:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    hexagon:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    ia64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    m32r*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    m68*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    mips:Linux:*:* | mips64:Linux:*:*)
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	sed 's/^	//' << EOF >$dummy.c
+	#undef CPU
+	#undef ${UNAME_MACHINE}
+	#undef ${UNAME_MACHINE}el
+	#if defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(_MIPSEL) || defined(MIPSEL)
+	CPU=${UNAME_MACHINE}el
+	#else
+	#if defined(__MIPSEB__) || defined(__MIPSEB) || defined(_MIPSEB) || defined(MIPSEB)
+	CPU=${UNAME_MACHINE}
+	#else
+	CPU=
+	#endif
+	#endif
+EOF
+	eval `$CC_FOR_BUILD -E $dummy.c 2>/dev/null | grep '^CPU'`
+	test x"${CPU}" != x && { echo "${CPU}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}"; exit; }
+	;;
+    openrisc*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo or1k-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    or32:Linux:*:* | or1k*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    padre:Linux:*:*)
+	echo sparc-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    parisc64:Linux:*:* | hppa64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo hppa64-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    parisc:Linux:*:* | hppa:Linux:*:*)
+	# Look for CPU level
+	case `grep '^cpu[^a-z]*:' /proc/cpuinfo 2>/dev/null | cut -d' ' -f2` in
+	  PA7*) echo hppa1.1-unknown-linux-${LIBC} ;;
+	  PA8*) echo hppa2.0-unknown-linux-${LIBC} ;;
+	  *)    echo hppa-unknown-linux-${LIBC} ;;
+	esac
+	exit ;;
+    ppc64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo powerpc64-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    ppc:Linux:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    ppc64le:Linux:*:*)
+	echo powerpc64le-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    ppcle:Linux:*:*)
+	echo powerpcle-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    s390:Linux:*:* | s390x:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    sh64*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    sh*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    sparc:Linux:*:* | sparc64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    tile*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    vax:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-dec-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    x86_64:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    xtensa*:Linux:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-${LIBC}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:DYNIX/ptx:4*:*)
+	# ptx 4.0 does uname -s correctly, with DYNIX/ptx in there.
+	# earlier versions are messed up and put the nodename in both
+	# sysname and nodename.
+	echo i386-sequent-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:UNIX_SV:4.2MP:2.*)
+	# Unixware is an offshoot of SVR4, but it has its own version
+	# number series starting with 2...
+	# I am not positive that other SVR4 systems won't match this,
+	# I just have to hope.  -- rms.
+	# Use sysv4.2uw... so that sysv4* matches it.
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv4.2uw${UNAME_VERSION}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:OS/2:*:*)
+	# If we were able to find `uname', then EMX Unix compatibility
+	# is probably installed.
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-os2-emx
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:XTS-300:*:STOP)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-stop
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:atheos:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-atheos
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:syllable:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-syllable
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:LynxOS:2.*:* | i*86:LynxOS:3.[01]*:* | i*86:LynxOS:4.[02]*:*)
+	echo i386-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:*DOS:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-msdosdjgpp
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:*:4.*:* | i*86:SYSTEM_V:4.*:*)
+	UNAME_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed 's/\/MP$//'`
+	if grep Novell /usr/include/link.h >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-univel-sysv${UNAME_REL}
+	else
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv${UNAME_REL}
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:*:5:[678]*)
+	# UnixWare 7.x, OpenUNIX and OpenServer 6.
+	case `/bin/uname -X | grep "^Machine"` in
+	    *486*)	     UNAME_MACHINE=i486 ;;
+	    *Pentium)	     UNAME_MACHINE=i586 ;;
+	    *Pent*|*Celeron) UNAME_MACHINE=i686 ;;
+	esac
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}${UNAME_SYSTEM}${UNAME_VERSION}
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:*:3.2:*)
+	if test -f /usr/options/cb.name; then
+		UNAME_REL=`sed -n 's/.*Version //p' </usr/options/cb.name`
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-isc$UNAME_REL
+	elif /bin/uname -X 2>/dev/null >/dev/null ; then
+		UNAME_REL=`(/bin/uname -X|grep Release|sed -e 's/.*= //')`
+		(/bin/uname -X|grep i80486 >/dev/null) && UNAME_MACHINE=i486
+		(/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pentium' >/dev/null) \
+			&& UNAME_MACHINE=i586
+		(/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pent *II' >/dev/null) \
+			&& UNAME_MACHINE=i686
+		(/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pentium Pro' >/dev/null) \
+			&& UNAME_MACHINE=i686
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sco$UNAME_REL
+	else
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv32
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    pc:*:*:*)
+	# Left here for compatibility:
+	# uname -m prints for DJGPP always 'pc', but it prints nothing about
+	# the processor, so we play safe by assuming i586.
+	# Note: whatever this is, it MUST be the same as what config.sub
+	# prints for the "djgpp" host, or else GDB configury will decide that
+	# this is a cross-build.
+	echo i586-pc-msdosdjgpp
+	exit ;;
+    Intel:Mach:3*:*)
+	echo i386-pc-mach3
+	exit ;;
+    paragon:*:*:*)
+	echo i860-intel-osf1
+	exit ;;
+    i860:*:4.*:*) # i860-SVR4
+	if grep Stardent /usr/include/sys/uadmin.h >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
+	  echo i860-stardent-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} # Stardent Vistra i860-SVR4
+	else # Add other i860-SVR4 vendors below as they are discovered.
+	  echo i860-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}  # Unknown i860-SVR4
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    mini*:CTIX:SYS*5:*)
+	# "miniframe"
+	echo m68010-convergent-sysv
+	exit ;;
+    mc68k:UNIX:SYSTEM5:3.51m)
+	echo m68k-convergent-sysv
+	exit ;;
+    M680?0:D-NIX:5.3:*)
+	echo m68k-diab-dnix
+	exit ;;
+    M68*:*:R3V[5678]*:*)
+	test -r /sysV68 && { echo 'm68k-motorola-sysv'; exit; } ;;
+    3[345]??:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??A:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??,*:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??/*:*:4.0:3.0 | 4400:*:4.0:3.0 | 4850:*:4.0:3.0 | SKA40:*:4.0:3.0 | SDS2:*:4.0:3.0 | SHG2:*:4.0:3.0 | S7501*:*:4.0:3.0)
+	OS_REL=''
+	test -r /etc/.relid \
+	&& OS_REL=.`sed -n 's/[^ ]* [^ ]* \([0-9][0-9]\).*/\1/p' < /etc/.relid`
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \
+	  && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; }
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep entium >/dev/null \
+	  && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ;;
+    3[34]??:*:4.0:* | 3[34]??,*:*:4.0:*)
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \
+	  && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4; exit; } ;;
+    NCR*:*:4.2:* | MPRAS*:*:4.2:*)
+	OS_REL='.3'
+	test -r /etc/.relid \
+	    && OS_REL=.`sed -n 's/[^ ]* [^ ]* \([0-9][0-9]\).*/\1/p' < /etc/.relid`
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \
+	    && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; }
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep entium >/dev/null \
+	    && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; }
+	/bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep pteron >/dev/null \
+	    && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ;;
+    m68*:LynxOS:2.*:* | m68*:LynxOS:3.0*:*)
+	echo m68k-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    mc68030:UNIX_System_V:4.*:*)
+	echo m68k-atari-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    TSUNAMI:LynxOS:2.*:*)
+	echo sparc-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    rs6000:LynxOS:2.*:*)
+	echo rs6000-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    PowerPC:LynxOS:2.*:* | PowerPC:LynxOS:3.[01]*:* | PowerPC:LynxOS:4.[02]*:*)
+	echo powerpc-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SM[BE]S:UNIX_SV:*:*)
+	echo mips-dde-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    RM*:ReliantUNIX-*:*:*)
+	echo mips-sni-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    RM*:SINIX-*:*:*)
+	echo mips-sni-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    *:SINIX-*:*:*)
+	if uname -p 2>/dev/null >/dev/null ; then
+		UNAME_MACHINE=`(uname -p) 2>/dev/null`
+		echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-sni-sysv4
+	else
+		echo ns32k-sni-sysv
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    PENTIUM:*:4.0*:*)	# Unisys `ClearPath HMP IX 4000' SVR4/MP effort
+			# says <Richard.M.Bartel@ccMail.Census.GOV>
+	echo i586-unisys-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    *:UNIX_System_V:4*:FTX*)
+	# From Gerald Hewes <hewes@openmarket.com>.
+	# How about differentiating between stratus architectures? -djm
+	echo hppa1.1-stratus-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    *:*:*:FTX*)
+	# From seanf@swdc.stratus.com.
+	echo i860-stratus-sysv4
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:VOS:*:*)
+	# From Paul.Green@stratus.com.
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-stratus-vos
+	exit ;;
+    *:VOS:*:*)
+	# From Paul.Green@stratus.com.
+	echo hppa1.1-stratus-vos
+	exit ;;
+    mc68*:A/UX:*:*)
+	echo m68k-apple-aux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    news*:NEWS-OS:6*:*)
+	echo mips-sony-newsos6
+	exit ;;
+    R[34]000:*System_V*:*:* | R4000:UNIX_SYSV:*:* | R*000:UNIX_SV:*:*)
+	if [ -d /usr/nec ]; then
+		echo mips-nec-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	else
+		echo mips-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	fi
+	exit ;;
+    BeBox:BeOS:*:*)	# BeOS running on hardware made by Be, PPC only.
+	echo powerpc-be-beos
+	exit ;;
+    BeMac:BeOS:*:*)	# BeOS running on Mac or Mac clone, PPC only.
+	echo powerpc-apple-beos
+	exit ;;
+    BePC:BeOS:*:*)	# BeOS running on Intel PC compatible.
+	echo i586-pc-beos
+	exit ;;
+    BePC:Haiku:*:*)	# Haiku running on Intel PC compatible.
+	echo i586-pc-haiku
+	exit ;;
+    x86_64:Haiku:*:*)
+	echo x86_64-unknown-haiku
+	exit ;;
+    SX-4:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx4-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SX-5:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx5-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SX-6:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx6-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SX-7:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx7-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SX-8:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx8-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    SX-8R:SUPER-UX:*:*)
+	echo sx8r-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    Power*:Rhapsody:*:*)
+	echo powerpc-apple-rhapsody${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:Rhapsody:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-apple-rhapsody${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:Darwin:*:*)
+	UNAME_PROCESSOR=`uname -p` || UNAME_PROCESSOR=unknown
+	eval $set_cc_for_build
+	if test "$UNAME_PROCESSOR" = unknown ; then
+	    UNAME_PROCESSOR=powerpc
+	fi
+	if test `echo "$UNAME_RELEASE" | sed -e 's/\..*//'` -le 10 ; then
+	    if [ "$CC_FOR_BUILD" != 'no_compiler_found' ]; then
+		if (echo '#ifdef __LP64__'; echo IS_64BIT_ARCH; echo '#endif') | \
+		    (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null) | \
+		    grep IS_64BIT_ARCH >/dev/null
+		then
+		    case $UNAME_PROCESSOR in
+			i386) UNAME_PROCESSOR=x86_64 ;;
+			powerpc) UNAME_PROCESSOR=powerpc64 ;;
+		    esac
+		fi
+	    fi
+	elif test "$UNAME_PROCESSOR" = i386 ; then
+	    # Avoid executing cc on OS X 10.9, as it ships with a stub
+	    # that puts up a graphical alert prompting to install
+	    # developer tools.  Any system running Mac OS X 10.7 or
+	    # later (Darwin 11 and later) is required to have a 64-bit
+	    # processor. This is not true of the ARM version of Darwin
+	    # that Apple uses in portable devices.
+	    UNAME_PROCESSOR=x86_64
+	fi
+	echo ${UNAME_PROCESSOR}-apple-darwin${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:procnto*:*:* | *:QNX:[0123456789]*:*)
+	UNAME_PROCESSOR=`uname -p`
+	if test "$UNAME_PROCESSOR" = "x86"; then
+		UNAME_PROCESSOR=i386
+		UNAME_MACHINE=pc
+	fi
+	echo ${UNAME_PROCESSOR}-${UNAME_MACHINE}-nto-qnx${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:QNX:*:4*)
+	echo i386-pc-qnx
+	exit ;;
+    NEO-?:NONSTOP_KERNEL:*:*)
+	echo neo-tandem-nsk${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    NSE-*:NONSTOP_KERNEL:*:*)
+	echo nse-tandem-nsk${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    NSR-?:NONSTOP_KERNEL:*:*)
+	echo nsr-tandem-nsk${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:NonStop-UX:*:*)
+	echo mips-compaq-nonstopux
+	exit ;;
+    BS2000:POSIX*:*:*)
+	echo bs2000-siemens-sysv
+	exit ;;
+    DS/*:UNIX_System_V:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-${UNAME_SYSTEM}-${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:Plan9:*:*)
+	# "uname -m" is not consistent, so use $cputype instead. 386
+	# is converted to i386 for consistency with other x86
+	# operating systems.
+	if test "$cputype" = "386"; then
+	    UNAME_MACHINE=i386
+	else
+	    UNAME_MACHINE="$cputype"
+	fi
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-plan9
+	exit ;;
+    *:TOPS-10:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-unknown-tops10
+	exit ;;
+    *:TENEX:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-unknown-tenex
+	exit ;;
+    KS10:TOPS-20:*:* | KL10:TOPS-20:*:* | TYPE4:TOPS-20:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-dec-tops20
+	exit ;;
+    XKL-1:TOPS-20:*:* | TYPE5:TOPS-20:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-xkl-tops20
+	exit ;;
+    *:TOPS-20:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-unknown-tops20
+	exit ;;
+    *:ITS:*:*)
+	echo pdp10-unknown-its
+	exit ;;
+    SEI:*:*:SEIUX)
+	echo mips-sei-seiux${UNAME_RELEASE}
+	exit ;;
+    *:DragonFly:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-dragonfly`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'`
+	exit ;;
+    *:*VMS:*:*)
+	UNAME_MACHINE=`(uname -p) 2>/dev/null`
+	case "${UNAME_MACHINE}" in
+	    A*) echo alpha-dec-vms ; exit ;;
+	    I*) echo ia64-dec-vms ; exit ;;
+	    V*) echo vax-dec-vms ; exit ;;
+	esac ;;
+    *:XENIX:*:SysV)
+	echo i386-pc-xenix
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:skyos:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-skyos`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}` | sed -e 's/ .*$//'
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:rdos:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-rdos
+	exit ;;
+    i*86:AROS:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-aros
+	exit ;;
+    x86_64:VMkernel:*:*)
+	echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-esx
+	exit ;;
+esac
+
+cat >&2 <<EOF
+$0: unable to guess system type
+
+This script, last modified $timestamp, has failed to recognize
+the operating system you are using. It is advised that you
+download the most up to date version of the config scripts from
+
+  http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.guess;hb=HEAD
+and
+  http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.sub;hb=HEAD
+
+If the version you run ($0) is already up to date, please
+send the following data and any information you think might be
+pertinent to <config-patches@gnu.org> in order to provide the needed
+information to handle your system.
+
+config.guess timestamp = $timestamp
+
+uname -m = `(uname -m) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown`
+uname -r = `(uname -r) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown`
+uname -s = `(uname -s) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown`
+uname -v = `(uname -v) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown`
+
+/usr/bin/uname -p = `(/usr/bin/uname -p) 2>/dev/null`
+/bin/uname -X     = `(/bin/uname -X) 2>/dev/null`
+
+hostinfo               = `(hostinfo) 2>/dev/null`
+/bin/universe          = `(/bin/universe) 2>/dev/null`
+/usr/bin/arch -k       = `(/usr/bin/arch -k) 2>/dev/null`
+/bin/arch              = `(/bin/arch) 2>/dev/null`
+/usr/bin/oslevel       = `(/usr/bin/oslevel) 2>/dev/null`
+/usr/convex/getsysinfo = `(/usr/convex/getsysinfo) 2>/dev/null`
+
+UNAME_MACHINE = ${UNAME_MACHINE}
+UNAME_RELEASE = ${UNAME_RELEASE}
+UNAME_SYSTEM  = ${UNAME_SYSTEM}
+UNAME_VERSION = ${UNAME_VERSION}
+EOF
+
+exit 1
+
+# Local variables:
+# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+# time-stamp-start: "timestamp='"
+# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d"
+# time-stamp-end: "'"
+# End:
diff --git a/tool/config.sub b/tool/config.sub
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000000..6d2e94c8bf9ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tool/config.sub
@@ -0,0 +1,1807 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+# Configuration validation subroutine script.
+#   Copyright 1992-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+timestamp='2015-01-01'
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+# As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
+# distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
+# configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
+# the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that
+# program.  This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+# of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
+
+
+# Please send patches to <config-patches@gnu.org>.
+#
+# Configuration subroutine to validate and canonicalize a configuration type.
+# Supply the specified configuration type as an argument.
+# If it is invalid, we print an error message on stderr and exit with code 1.
+# Otherwise, we print the canonical config type on stdout and succeed.
+
+# You can get the latest version of this script from:
+# http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.sub;hb=HEAD
+
+# This file is supposed to be the same for all GNU packages
+# and recognize all the CPU types, system types and aliases
+# that are meaningful with *any* GNU software.
+# Each package is responsible for reporting which valid configurations
+# it does not support.  The user should be able to distinguish
+# a failure to support a valid configuration from a meaningless
+# configuration.
+
+# The goal of this file is to map all the various variations of a given
+# machine specification into a single specification in the form:
+#	CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-OPERATING_SYSTEM
+# or in some cases, the newer four-part form:
+#	CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-KERNEL-OPERATING_SYSTEM
+# It is wrong to echo any other type of specification.
+
+me=`echo "$0" | sed -e 's,.*/,,'`
+
+usage="\
+Usage: $0 [OPTION] CPU-MFR-OPSYS
+       $0 [OPTION] ALIAS
+
+Canonicalize a configuration name.
+
+Operation modes:
+  -h, --help         print this help, then exit
+  -t, --time-stamp   print date of last modification, then exit
+  -v, --version      print version number, then exit
+
+Report bugs and patches to <config-patches@gnu.org>."
+
+version="\
+GNU config.sub ($timestamp)
+
+Copyright 1992-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."
+
+help="
+Try \`$me --help' for more information."
+
+# Parse command line
+while test $# -gt 0 ; do
+  case $1 in
+    --time-stamp | --time* | -t )
+       echo "$timestamp" ; exit ;;
+    --version | -v )
+       echo "$version" ; exit ;;
+    --help | --h* | -h )
+       echo "$usage"; exit ;;
+    -- )     # Stop option processing
+       shift; break ;;
+    - )	# Use stdin as input.
+       break ;;
+    -* )
+       echo "$me: invalid option $1$help"
+       exit 1 ;;
+
+    *local*)
+       # First pass through any local machine types.
+       echo $1
+       exit ;;
+
+    * )
+       break ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+case $# in
+ 0) echo "$me: missing argument$help" >&2
+    exit 1;;
+ 1) ;;
+ *) echo "$me: too many arguments$help" >&2
+    exit 1;;
+esac
+
+# Separate what the user gave into CPU-COMPANY and OS or KERNEL-OS (if any).
+# Here we must recognize all the valid KERNEL-OS combinations.
+maybe_os=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\2/'`
+case $maybe_os in
+  nto-qnx* | linux-gnu* | linux-android* | linux-dietlibc | linux-newlib* | \
+  linux-musl* | linux-uclibc* | uclinux-uclibc* | uclinux-gnu* | kfreebsd*-gnu* | \
+  knetbsd*-gnu* | netbsd*-gnu* | \
+  kopensolaris*-gnu* | \
+  storm-chaos* | os2-emx* | rtmk-nova*)
+    os=-$maybe_os
+    basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\1/'`
+    ;;
+  android-linux)
+    os=-linux-android
+    basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\1/'`-unknown
+    ;;
+  *)
+    basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/-[^-]*$//'`
+    if [ $basic_machine != $1 ]
+    then os=`echo $1 | sed 's/.*-/-/'`
+    else os=; fi
+    ;;
+esac
+
+### Let's recognize common machines as not being operating systems so
+### that things like config.sub decstation-3100 work.  We also
+### recognize some manufacturers as not being operating systems, so we
+### can provide default operating systems below.
+case $os in
+	-sun*os*)
+		# Prevent following clause from handling this invalid input.
+		;;
+	-dec* | -mips* | -sequent* | -encore* | -pc532* | -sgi* | -sony* | \
+	-att* | -7300* | -3300* | -delta* | -motorola* | -sun[234]* | \
+	-unicom* | -ibm* | -next | -hp | -isi* | -apollo | -altos* | \
+	-convergent* | -ncr* | -news | -32* | -3600* | -3100* | -hitachi* |\
+	-c[123]* | -convex* | -sun | -crds | -omron* | -dg | -ultra | -tti* | \
+	-harris | -dolphin | -highlevel | -gould | -cbm | -ns | -masscomp | \
+	-apple | -axis | -knuth | -cray | -microblaze*)
+		os=
+		basic_machine=$1
+		;;
+	-bluegene*)
+		os=-cnk
+		;;
+	-sim | -cisco | -oki | -wec | -winbond)
+		os=
+		basic_machine=$1
+		;;
+	-scout)
+		;;
+	-wrs)
+		os=-vxworks
+		basic_machine=$1
+		;;
+	-chorusos*)
+		os=-chorusos
+		basic_machine=$1
+		;;
+	-chorusrdb)
+		os=-chorusrdb
+		basic_machine=$1
+		;;
+	-hiux*)
+		os=-hiuxwe2
+		;;
+	-sco6)
+		os=-sco5v6
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco5)
+		os=-sco3.2v5
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco4)
+		os=-sco3.2v4
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco3.2.[4-9]*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's/sco3.2./sco3.2v/'`
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco3.2v[4-9]*)
+		# Don't forget version if it is 3.2v4 or newer.
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco5v6*)
+		# Don't forget version if it is 3.2v4 or newer.
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-sco*)
+		os=-sco3.2v2
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-udk*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-isc)
+		os=-isc2.2
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-clix*)
+		basic_machine=clipper-intergraph
+		;;
+	-isc*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'`
+		;;
+	-lynx*178)
+		os=-lynxos178
+		;;
+	-lynx*5)
+		os=-lynxos5
+		;;
+	-lynx*)
+		os=-lynxos
+		;;
+	-ptx*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-sequent/'`
+		;;
+	-windowsnt*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's/windowsnt/winnt/'`
+		;;
+	-psos*)
+		os=-psos
+		;;
+	-mint | -mint[0-9]*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-atari
+		os=-mint
+		;;
+esac
+
+# Decode aliases for certain CPU-COMPANY combinations.
+case $basic_machine in
+	# Recognize the basic CPU types without company name.
+	# Some are omitted here because they have special meanings below.
+	1750a | 580 \
+	| a29k \
+	| aarch64 | aarch64_be \
+	| alpha | alphaev[4-8] | alphaev56 | alphaev6[78] | alphapca5[67] \
+	| alpha64 | alpha64ev[4-8] | alpha64ev56 | alpha64ev6[78] | alpha64pca5[67] \
+	| am33_2.0 \
+	| arc | arceb \
+	| arm | arm[bl]e | arme[lb] | armv[2-8] | armv[3-8][lb] | armv7[arm] \
+	| avr | avr32 \
+	| be32 | be64 \
+	| bfin \
+	| c4x | c8051 | clipper \
+	| d10v | d30v | dlx | dsp16xx \
+	| epiphany \
+	| fido | fr30 | frv | ft32 \
+	| h8300 | h8500 | hppa | hppa1.[01] | hppa2.0 | hppa2.0[nw] | hppa64 \
+	| hexagon \
+	| i370 | i860 | i960 | ia64 \
+	| ip2k | iq2000 \
+	| k1om \
+	| le32 | le64 \
+	| lm32 \
+	| m32c | m32r | m32rle | m68000 | m68k | m88k \
+	| maxq | mb | microblaze | microblazeel | mcore | mep | metag \
+	| mips | mipsbe | mipseb | mipsel | mipsle \
+	| mips16 \
+	| mips64 | mips64el \
+	| mips64octeon | mips64octeonel \
+	| mips64orion | mips64orionel \
+	| mips64r5900 | mips64r5900el \
+	| mips64vr | mips64vrel \
+	| mips64vr4100 | mips64vr4100el \
+	| mips64vr4300 | mips64vr4300el \
+	| mips64vr5000 | mips64vr5000el \
+	| mips64vr5900 | mips64vr5900el \
+	| mipsisa32 | mipsisa32el \
+	| mipsisa32r2 | mipsisa32r2el \
+	| mipsisa32r6 | mipsisa32r6el \
+	| mipsisa64 | mipsisa64el \
+	| mipsisa64r2 | mipsisa64r2el \
+	| mipsisa64r6 | mipsisa64r6el \
+	| mipsisa64sb1 | mipsisa64sb1el \
+	| mipsisa64sr71k | mipsisa64sr71kel \
+	| mipsr5900 | mipsr5900el \
+	| mipstx39 | mipstx39el \
+	| mn10200 | mn10300 \
+	| moxie \
+	| mt \
+	| msp430 \
+	| nds32 | nds32le | nds32be \
+	| nios | nios2 | nios2eb | nios2el \
+	| ns16k | ns32k \
+	| open8 | or1k | or1knd | or32 \
+	| pdp10 | pdp11 | pj | pjl \
+	| powerpc | powerpc64 | powerpc64le | powerpcle \
+	| pyramid \
+	| riscv32 | riscv64 \
+	| rl78 | rx \
+	| score \
+	| sh | sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[23]e | sh[34]eb | sheb | shbe | shle | sh[1234]le | sh3ele \
+	| sh64 | sh64le \
+	| sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \
+	| sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v \
+	| spu \
+	| tahoe | tic4x | tic54x | tic55x | tic6x | tic80 | tron \
+	| ubicom32 \
+	| v850 | v850e | v850e1 | v850e2 | v850es | v850e2v3 \
+	| visium \
+	| we32k \
+	| x86 | xc16x | xstormy16 | xtensa \
+	| z8k | z80)
+		basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown
+		;;
+	c54x)
+		basic_machine=tic54x-unknown
+		;;
+	c55x)
+		basic_machine=tic55x-unknown
+		;;
+	c6x)
+		basic_machine=tic6x-unknown
+		;;
+	leon|leon[3-9])
+		basic_machine=sparc-$basic_machine
+		;;
+	m6811 | m68hc11 | m6812 | m68hc12 | m68hcs12x | nvptx | picochip)
+		basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown
+		os=-none
+		;;
+	m88110 | m680[12346]0 | m683?2 | m68360 | m5200 | v70 | w65 | z8k)
+		;;
+	ms1)
+		basic_machine=mt-unknown
+		;;
+
+	strongarm | thumb | xscale)
+		basic_machine=arm-unknown
+		;;
+	xgate)
+		basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown
+		os=-none
+		;;
+	xscaleeb)
+		basic_machine=armeb-unknown
+		;;
+
+	xscaleel)
+		basic_machine=armel-unknown
+		;;
+
+	# We use `pc' rather than `unknown'
+	# because (1) that's what they normally are, and
+	# (2) the word "unknown" tends to confuse beginning users.
+	i*86 | x86_64)
+	  basic_machine=$basic_machine-pc
+	  ;;
+	# Object if more than one company name word.
+	*-*-*)
+		echo Invalid configuration \`$1\': machine \`$basic_machine\' not recognized 1>&2
+		exit 1
+		;;
+	# Recognize the basic CPU types with company name.
+	580-* \
+	| a29k-* \
+	| aarch64-* | aarch64_be-* \
+	| alpha-* | alphaev[4-8]-* | alphaev56-* | alphaev6[78]-* \
+	| alpha64-* | alpha64ev[4-8]-* | alpha64ev56-* | alpha64ev6[78]-* \
+	| alphapca5[67]-* | alpha64pca5[67]-* | arc-* | arceb-* \
+	| arm-*  | armbe-* | armle-* | armeb-* | armv*-* \
+	| avr-* | avr32-* \
+	| be32-* | be64-* \
+	| bfin-* | bs2000-* \
+	| c[123]* | c30-* | [cjt]90-* | c4x-* \
+	| c8051-* | clipper-* | craynv-* | cydra-* \
+	| d10v-* | d30v-* | dlx-* \
+	| elxsi-* \
+	| f30[01]-* | f700-* | fido-* | fr30-* | frv-* | fx80-* \
+	| h8300-* | h8500-* \
+	| hppa-* | hppa1.[01]-* | hppa2.0-* | hppa2.0[nw]-* | hppa64-* \
+	| hexagon-* \
+	| i*86-* | i860-* | i960-* | ia64-* \
+	| ip2k-* | iq2000-* \
+	| k1om-* \
+	| le32-* | le64-* \
+	| lm32-* \
+	| m32c-* | m32r-* | m32rle-* \
+	| m68000-* | m680[012346]0-* | m68360-* | m683?2-* | m68k-* \
+	| m88110-* | m88k-* | maxq-* | mcore-* | metag-* \
+	| microblaze-* | microblazeel-* \
+	| mips-* | mipsbe-* | mipseb-* | mipsel-* | mipsle-* \
+	| mips16-* \
+	| mips64-* | mips64el-* \
+	| mips64octeon-* | mips64octeonel-* \
+	| mips64orion-* | mips64orionel-* \
+	| mips64r5900-* | mips64r5900el-* \
+	| mips64vr-* | mips64vrel-* \
+	| mips64vr4100-* | mips64vr4100el-* \
+	| mips64vr4300-* | mips64vr4300el-* \
+	| mips64vr5000-* | mips64vr5000el-* \
+	| mips64vr5900-* | mips64vr5900el-* \
+	| mipsisa32-* | mipsisa32el-* \
+	| mipsisa32r2-* | mipsisa32r2el-* \
+	| mipsisa32r6-* | mipsisa32r6el-* \
+	| mipsisa64-* | mipsisa64el-* \
+	| mipsisa64r2-* | mipsisa64r2el-* \
+	| mipsisa64r6-* | mipsisa64r6el-* \
+	| mipsisa64sb1-* | mipsisa64sb1el-* \
+	| mipsisa64sr71k-* | mipsisa64sr71kel-* \
+	| mipsr5900-* | mipsr5900el-* \
+	| mipstx39-* | mipstx39el-* \
+	| mmix-* \
+	| mt-* \
+	| msp430-* \
+	| nds32-* | nds32le-* | nds32be-* \
+	| nios-* | nios2-* | nios2eb-* | nios2el-* \
+	| none-* | np1-* | ns16k-* | ns32k-* \
+	| open8-* \
+	| or1k*-* \
+	| orion-* \
+	| pdp10-* | pdp11-* | pj-* | pjl-* | pn-* | power-* \
+	| powerpc-* | powerpc64-* | powerpc64le-* | powerpcle-* \
+	| pyramid-* \
+	| rl78-* | romp-* | rs6000-* | rx-* \
+	| sh-* | sh[1234]-* | sh[24]a-* | sh[24]aeb-* | sh[23]e-* | sh[34]eb-* | sheb-* | shbe-* \
+	| shle-* | sh[1234]le-* | sh3ele-* | sh64-* | sh64le-* \
+	| sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \
+	| sparclite-* \
+	| sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \
+	| tahoe-* \
+	| tic30-* | tic4x-* | tic54x-* | tic55x-* | tic6x-* | tic80-* \
+	| tile*-* \
+	| tron-* \
+	| ubicom32-* \
+	| v850-* | v850e-* | v850e1-* | v850es-* | v850e2-* | v850e2v3-* \
+	| vax-* \
+	| visium-* \
+	| we32k-* \
+	| x86-* | x86_64-* | xc16x-* | xps100-* \
+	| xstormy16-* | xtensa*-* \
+	| ymp-* \
+	| z8k-* | z80-*)
+		;;
+	# Recognize the basic CPU types without company name, with glob match.
+	xtensa*)
+		basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown
+		;;
+	# Recognize the various machine names and aliases which stand
+	# for a CPU type and a company and sometimes even an OS.
+	386bsd)
+		basic_machine=i386-unknown
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	3b1 | 7300 | 7300-att | att-7300 | pc7300 | safari | unixpc)
+		basic_machine=m68000-att
+		;;
+	3b*)
+		basic_machine=we32k-att
+		;;
+	a29khif)
+		basic_machine=a29k-amd
+		os=-udi
+		;;
+	abacus)
+		basic_machine=abacus-unknown
+		;;
+	adobe68k)
+		basic_machine=m68010-adobe
+		os=-scout
+		;;
+	alliant | fx80)
+		basic_machine=fx80-alliant
+		;;
+	altos | altos3068)
+		basic_machine=m68k-altos
+		;;
+	am29k)
+		basic_machine=a29k-none
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	amd64)
+		basic_machine=x86_64-pc
+		;;
+	amd64-*)
+		basic_machine=x86_64-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	amdahl)
+		basic_machine=580-amdahl
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	amiga | amiga-*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-unknown
+		;;
+	amigaos | amigados)
+		basic_machine=m68k-unknown
+		os=-amigaos
+		;;
+	amigaunix | amix)
+		basic_machine=m68k-unknown
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	apollo68)
+		basic_machine=m68k-apollo
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	apollo68bsd)
+		basic_machine=m68k-apollo
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	aros)
+		basic_machine=i386-pc
+		os=-aros
+		;;
+	aux)
+		basic_machine=m68k-apple
+		os=-aux
+		;;
+	balance)
+		basic_machine=ns32k-sequent
+		os=-dynix
+		;;
+	blackfin)
+		basic_machine=bfin-unknown
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	blackfin-*)
+		basic_machine=bfin-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	bluegene*)
+		basic_machine=powerpc-ibm
+		os=-cnk
+		;;
+	c54x-*)
+		basic_machine=tic54x-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	c55x-*)
+		basic_machine=tic55x-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	c6x-*)
+		basic_machine=tic6x-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	c90)
+		basic_machine=c90-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	cegcc)
+		basic_machine=arm-unknown
+		os=-cegcc
+		;;
+	convex-c1)
+		basic_machine=c1-convex
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	convex-c2)
+		basic_machine=c2-convex
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	convex-c32)
+		basic_machine=c32-convex
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	convex-c34)
+		basic_machine=c34-convex
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	convex-c38)
+		basic_machine=c38-convex
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	cray | j90)
+		basic_machine=j90-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	craynv)
+		basic_machine=craynv-cray
+		os=-unicosmp
+		;;
+	cr16 | cr16-*)
+		basic_machine=cr16-unknown
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	crds | unos)
+		basic_machine=m68k-crds
+		;;
+	crisv32 | crisv32-* | etraxfs*)
+		basic_machine=crisv32-axis
+		;;
+	cris | cris-* | etrax*)
+		basic_machine=cris-axis
+		;;
+	crx)
+		basic_machine=crx-unknown
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	da30 | da30-*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-da30
+		;;
+	decstation | decstation-3100 | pmax | pmax-* | pmin | dec3100 | decstatn)
+		basic_machine=mips-dec
+		;;
+	decsystem10* | dec10*)
+		basic_machine=pdp10-dec
+		os=-tops10
+		;;
+	decsystem20* | dec20*)
+		basic_machine=pdp10-dec
+		os=-tops20
+		;;
+	delta | 3300 | motorola-3300 | motorola-delta \
+	      | 3300-motorola | delta-motorola)
+		basic_machine=m68k-motorola
+		;;
+	delta88)
+		basic_machine=m88k-motorola
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	dicos)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		os=-dicos
+		;;
+	djgpp)
+		basic_machine=i586-pc
+		os=-msdosdjgpp
+		;;
+	dpx20 | dpx20-*)
+		basic_machine=rs6000-bull
+		os=-bosx
+		;;
+	dpx2* | dpx2*-bull)
+		basic_machine=m68k-bull
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	ebmon29k)
+		basic_machine=a29k-amd
+		os=-ebmon
+		;;
+	elxsi)
+		basic_machine=elxsi-elxsi
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	encore | umax | mmax)
+		basic_machine=ns32k-encore
+		;;
+	es1800 | OSE68k | ose68k | ose | OSE)
+		basic_machine=m68k-ericsson
+		os=-ose
+		;;
+	fx2800)
+		basic_machine=i860-alliant
+		;;
+	genix)
+		basic_machine=ns32k-ns
+		;;
+	gmicro)
+		basic_machine=tron-gmicro
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	go32)
+		basic_machine=i386-pc
+		os=-go32
+		;;
+	h3050r* | hiux*)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hitachi
+		os=-hiuxwe2
+		;;
+	h8300hms)
+		basic_machine=h8300-hitachi
+		os=-hms
+		;;
+	h8300xray)
+		basic_machine=h8300-hitachi
+		os=-xray
+		;;
+	h8500hms)
+		basic_machine=h8500-hitachi
+		os=-hms
+		;;
+	harris)
+		basic_machine=m88k-harris
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	hp300-*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-hp
+		;;
+	hp300bsd)
+		basic_machine=m68k-hp
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	hp300hpux)
+		basic_machine=m68k-hp
+		os=-hpux
+		;;
+	hp3k9[0-9][0-9] | hp9[0-9][0-9])
+		basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k2[0-9][0-9] | hp9k31[0-9])
+		basic_machine=m68000-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k3[2-9][0-9])
+		basic_machine=m68k-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k6[0-9][0-9] | hp6[0-9][0-9])
+		basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k7[0-79][0-9] | hp7[0-79][0-9])
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k78[0-9] | hp78[0-9])
+		# FIXME: really hppa2.0-hp
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k8[67]1 | hp8[67]1 | hp9k80[24] | hp80[24] | hp9k8[78]9 | hp8[78]9 | hp9k893 | hp893)
+		# FIXME: really hppa2.0-hp
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k8[0-9][13679] | hp8[0-9][13679])
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		;;
+	hp9k8[0-9][0-9] | hp8[0-9][0-9])
+		basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp
+		;;
+	hppa-next)
+		os=-nextstep3
+		;;
+	hppaosf)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		os=-osf
+		;;
+	hppro)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	i370-ibm* | ibm*)
+		basic_machine=i370-ibm
+		;;
+	i*86v32)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'`
+		os=-sysv32
+		;;
+	i*86v4*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'`
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	i*86v)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'`
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	i*86sol2)
+		basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'`
+		os=-solaris2
+		;;
+	i386mach)
+		basic_machine=i386-mach
+		os=-mach
+		;;
+	i386-vsta | vsta)
+		basic_machine=i386-unknown
+		os=-vsta
+		;;
+	iris | iris4d)
+		basic_machine=mips-sgi
+		case $os in
+		    -irix*)
+			;;
+		    *)
+			os=-irix4
+			;;
+		esac
+		;;
+	isi68 | isi)
+		basic_machine=m68k-isi
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	leon-*|leon[3-9]-*)
+		basic_machine=sparc-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/-.*//'`
+		;;
+	m68knommu)
+		basic_machine=m68k-unknown
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	m68knommu-*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	m88k-omron*)
+		basic_machine=m88k-omron
+		;;
+	magnum | m3230)
+		basic_machine=mips-mips
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	merlin)
+		basic_machine=ns32k-utek
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	microblaze*)
+		basic_machine=microblaze-xilinx
+		;;
+	mingw64)
+		basic_machine=x86_64-pc
+		os=-mingw64
+		;;
+	mingw32)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		os=-mingw32
+		;;
+	mingw32ce)
+		basic_machine=arm-unknown
+		os=-mingw32ce
+		;;
+	miniframe)
+		basic_machine=m68000-convergent
+		;;
+	*mint | -mint[0-9]* | *MiNT | *MiNT[0-9]*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-atari
+		os=-mint
+		;;
+	mips3*-*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/mips3/mips64/'`
+		;;
+	mips3*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/mips3/mips64/'`-unknown
+		;;
+	monitor)
+		basic_machine=m68k-rom68k
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	morphos)
+		basic_machine=powerpc-unknown
+		os=-morphos
+		;;
+	moxiebox)
+		basic_machine=moxie-unknown
+		os=-moxiebox
+		;;
+	msdos)
+		basic_machine=i386-pc
+		os=-msdos
+		;;
+	ms1-*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/ms1-/mt-/'`
+		;;
+	msys)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		os=-msys
+		;;
+	mvs)
+		basic_machine=i370-ibm
+		os=-mvs
+		;;
+	nacl)
+		basic_machine=le32-unknown
+		os=-nacl
+		;;
+	ncr3000)
+		basic_machine=i486-ncr
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	netbsd386)
+		basic_machine=i386-unknown
+		os=-netbsd
+		;;
+	netwinder)
+		basic_machine=armv4l-rebel
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	news | news700 | news800 | news900)
+		basic_machine=m68k-sony
+		os=-newsos
+		;;
+	news1000)
+		basic_machine=m68030-sony
+		os=-newsos
+		;;
+	news-3600 | risc-news)
+		basic_machine=mips-sony
+		os=-newsos
+		;;
+	necv70)
+		basic_machine=v70-nec
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	next | m*-next )
+		basic_machine=m68k-next
+		case $os in
+		    -nextstep* )
+			;;
+		    -ns2*)
+		      os=-nextstep2
+			;;
+		    *)
+		      os=-nextstep3
+			;;
+		esac
+		;;
+	nh3000)
+		basic_machine=m68k-harris
+		os=-cxux
+		;;
+	nh[45]000)
+		basic_machine=m88k-harris
+		os=-cxux
+		;;
+	nindy960)
+		basic_machine=i960-intel
+		os=-nindy
+		;;
+	mon960)
+		basic_machine=i960-intel
+		os=-mon960
+		;;
+	nonstopux)
+		basic_machine=mips-compaq
+		os=-nonstopux
+		;;
+	np1)
+		basic_machine=np1-gould
+		;;
+	neo-tandem)
+		basic_machine=neo-tandem
+		;;
+	nse-tandem)
+		basic_machine=nse-tandem
+		;;
+	nsr-tandem)
+		basic_machine=nsr-tandem
+		;;
+	op50n-* | op60c-*)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-oki
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	openrisc | openrisc-*)
+		basic_machine=or32-unknown
+		;;
+	os400)
+		basic_machine=powerpc-ibm
+		os=-os400
+		;;
+	OSE68000 | ose68000)
+		basic_machine=m68000-ericsson
+		os=-ose
+		;;
+	os68k)
+		basic_machine=m68k-none
+		os=-os68k
+		;;
+	pa-hitachi)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-hitachi
+		os=-hiuxwe2
+		;;
+	paragon)
+		basic_machine=i860-intel
+		os=-osf
+		;;
+	parisc)
+		basic_machine=hppa-unknown
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	parisc-*)
+		basic_machine=hppa-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	pbd)
+		basic_machine=sparc-tti
+		;;
+	pbb)
+		basic_machine=m68k-tti
+		;;
+	pc532 | pc532-*)
+		basic_machine=ns32k-pc532
+		;;
+	pc98)
+		basic_machine=i386-pc
+		;;
+	pc98-*)
+		basic_machine=i386-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	pentium | p5 | k5 | k6 | nexgen | viac3)
+		basic_machine=i586-pc
+		;;
+	pentiumpro | p6 | 6x86 | athlon | athlon_*)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		;;
+	pentiumii | pentium2 | pentiumiii | pentium3)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		;;
+	pentium4)
+		basic_machine=i786-pc
+		;;
+	pentium-* | p5-* | k5-* | k6-* | nexgen-* | viac3-*)
+		basic_machine=i586-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	pentiumpro-* | p6-* | 6x86-* | athlon-*)
+		basic_machine=i686-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	pentiumii-* | pentium2-* | pentiumiii-* | pentium3-*)
+		basic_machine=i686-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	pentium4-*)
+		basic_machine=i786-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	pn)
+		basic_machine=pn-gould
+		;;
+	power)	basic_machine=power-ibm
+		;;
+	ppc | ppcbe)	basic_machine=powerpc-unknown
+		;;
+	ppc-* | ppcbe-*)
+		basic_machine=powerpc-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	ppcle | powerpclittle | ppc-le | powerpc-little)
+		basic_machine=powerpcle-unknown
+		;;
+	ppcle-* | powerpclittle-*)
+		basic_machine=powerpcle-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	ppc64)	basic_machine=powerpc64-unknown
+		;;
+	ppc64-*) basic_machine=powerpc64-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	ppc64le | powerpc64little | ppc64-le | powerpc64-little)
+		basic_machine=powerpc64le-unknown
+		;;
+	ppc64le-* | powerpc64little-*)
+		basic_machine=powerpc64le-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	ps2)
+		basic_machine=i386-ibm
+		;;
+	pw32)
+		basic_machine=i586-unknown
+		os=-pw32
+		;;
+	rdos | rdos64)
+		basic_machine=x86_64-pc
+		os=-rdos
+		;;
+	rdos32)
+		basic_machine=i386-pc
+		os=-rdos
+		;;
+	rom68k)
+		basic_machine=m68k-rom68k
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	rm[46]00)
+		basic_machine=mips-siemens
+		;;
+	rtpc | rtpc-*)
+		basic_machine=romp-ibm
+		;;
+	s390 | s390-*)
+		basic_machine=s390-ibm
+		;;
+	s390x | s390x-*)
+		basic_machine=s390x-ibm
+		;;
+	sa29200)
+		basic_machine=a29k-amd
+		os=-udi
+		;;
+	sb1)
+		basic_machine=mipsisa64sb1-unknown
+		;;
+	sb1el)
+		basic_machine=mipsisa64sb1el-unknown
+		;;
+	sde)
+		basic_machine=mipsisa32-sde
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	sei)
+		basic_machine=mips-sei
+		os=-seiux
+		;;
+	sequent)
+		basic_machine=i386-sequent
+		;;
+	sh)
+		basic_machine=sh-hitachi
+		os=-hms
+		;;
+	sh5el)
+		basic_machine=sh5le-unknown
+		;;
+	sh64)
+		basic_machine=sh64-unknown
+		;;
+	sparclite-wrs | simso-wrs)
+		basic_machine=sparclite-wrs
+		os=-vxworks
+		;;
+	sps7)
+		basic_machine=m68k-bull
+		os=-sysv2
+		;;
+	spur)
+		basic_machine=spur-unknown
+		;;
+	st2000)
+		basic_machine=m68k-tandem
+		;;
+	stratus)
+		basic_machine=i860-stratus
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	strongarm-* | thumb-*)
+		basic_machine=arm-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'`
+		;;
+	sun2)
+		basic_machine=m68000-sun
+		;;
+	sun2os3)
+		basic_machine=m68000-sun
+		os=-sunos3
+		;;
+	sun2os4)
+		basic_machine=m68000-sun
+		os=-sunos4
+		;;
+	sun3os3)
+		basic_machine=m68k-sun
+		os=-sunos3
+		;;
+	sun3os4)
+		basic_machine=m68k-sun
+		os=-sunos4
+		;;
+	sun4os3)
+		basic_machine=sparc-sun
+		os=-sunos3
+		;;
+	sun4os4)
+		basic_machine=sparc-sun
+		os=-sunos4
+		;;
+	sun4sol2)
+		basic_machine=sparc-sun
+		os=-solaris2
+		;;
+	sun3 | sun3-*)
+		basic_machine=m68k-sun
+		;;
+	sun4)
+		basic_machine=sparc-sun
+		;;
+	sun386 | sun386i | roadrunner)
+		basic_machine=i386-sun
+		;;
+	sv1)
+		basic_machine=sv1-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	symmetry)
+		basic_machine=i386-sequent
+		os=-dynix
+		;;
+	t3e)
+		basic_machine=alphaev5-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	t90)
+		basic_machine=t90-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	tile*)
+		basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown
+		os=-linux-gnu
+		;;
+	tx39)
+		basic_machine=mipstx39-unknown
+		;;
+	tx39el)
+		basic_machine=mipstx39el-unknown
+		;;
+	toad1)
+		basic_machine=pdp10-xkl
+		os=-tops20
+		;;
+	tower | tower-32)
+		basic_machine=m68k-ncr
+		;;
+	tpf)
+		basic_machine=s390x-ibm
+		os=-tpf
+		;;
+	udi29k)
+		basic_machine=a29k-amd
+		os=-udi
+		;;
+	ultra3)
+		basic_machine=a29k-nyu
+		os=-sym1
+		;;
+	v810 | necv810)
+		basic_machine=v810-nec
+		os=-none
+		;;
+	vaxv)
+		basic_machine=vax-dec
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	vms)
+		basic_machine=vax-dec
+		os=-vms
+		;;
+	vpp*|vx|vx-*)
+		basic_machine=f301-fujitsu
+		;;
+	vxworks960)
+		basic_machine=i960-wrs
+		os=-vxworks
+		;;
+	vxworks68)
+		basic_machine=m68k-wrs
+		os=-vxworks
+		;;
+	vxworks29k)
+		basic_machine=a29k-wrs
+		os=-vxworks
+		;;
+	w65*)
+		basic_machine=w65-wdc
+		os=-none
+		;;
+	w89k-*)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-winbond
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	xbox)
+		basic_machine=i686-pc
+		os=-mingw32
+		;;
+	xps | xps100)
+		basic_machine=xps100-honeywell
+		;;
+	xscale-* | xscalee[bl]-*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^xscale/arm/'`
+		;;
+	ymp)
+		basic_machine=ymp-cray
+		os=-unicos
+		;;
+	z8k-*-coff)
+		basic_machine=z8k-unknown
+		os=-sim
+		;;
+	z80-*-coff)
+		basic_machine=z80-unknown
+		os=-sim
+		;;
+	none)
+		basic_machine=none-none
+		os=-none
+		;;
+
+# Here we handle the default manufacturer of certain CPU types.  It is in
+# some cases the only manufacturer, in others, it is the most popular.
+	w89k)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-winbond
+		;;
+	op50n)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-oki
+		;;
+	op60c)
+		basic_machine=hppa1.1-oki
+		;;
+	romp)
+		basic_machine=romp-ibm
+		;;
+	mmix)
+		basic_machine=mmix-knuth
+		;;
+	rs6000)
+		basic_machine=rs6000-ibm
+		;;
+	vax)
+		basic_machine=vax-dec
+		;;
+	pdp10)
+		# there are many clones, so DEC is not a safe bet
+		basic_machine=pdp10-unknown
+		;;
+	pdp11)
+		basic_machine=pdp11-dec
+		;;
+	we32k)
+		basic_machine=we32k-att
+		;;
+	sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[34]eb | sh[1234]le | sh[23]ele)
+		basic_machine=sh-unknown
+		;;
+	sparc | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v)
+		basic_machine=sparc-sun
+		;;
+	cydra)
+		basic_machine=cydra-cydrome
+		;;
+	orion)
+		basic_machine=orion-highlevel
+		;;
+	orion105)
+		basic_machine=clipper-highlevel
+		;;
+	mac | mpw | mac-mpw)
+		basic_machine=m68k-apple
+		;;
+	pmac | pmac-mpw)
+		basic_machine=powerpc-apple
+		;;
+	*-unknown)
+		# Make sure to match an already-canonicalized machine name.
+		;;
+	*)
+		echo Invalid configuration \`$1\': machine \`$basic_machine\' not recognized 1>&2
+		exit 1
+		;;
+esac
+
+# Here we canonicalize certain aliases for manufacturers.
+case $basic_machine in
+	*-digital*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/digital.*/dec/'`
+		;;
+	*-commodore*)
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/commodore.*/cbm/'`
+		;;
+	*)
+		;;
+esac
+
+# Decode manufacturer-specific aliases for certain operating systems.
+
+if [ x"$os" != x"" ]
+then
+case $os in
+	# First match some system type aliases
+	# that might get confused with valid system types.
+	# -solaris* is a basic system type, with this one exception.
+	-auroraux)
+		os=-auroraux
+		;;
+	-solaris1 | -solaris1.*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|solaris1|sunos4|'`
+		;;
+	-solaris)
+		os=-solaris2
+		;;
+	-svr4*)
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	-unixware*)
+		os=-sysv4.2uw
+		;;
+	-gnu/linux*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|gnu/linux|linux-gnu|'`
+		;;
+	# First accept the basic system types.
+	# The portable systems comes first.
+	# Each alternative MUST END IN A *, to match a version number.
+	# -sysv* is not here because it comes later, after sysvr4.
+	-gnu* | -bsd* | -mach* | -minix* | -genix* | -ultrix* | -irix* \
+	      | -*vms* | -sco* | -esix* | -isc* | -aix* | -cnk* | -sunos | -sunos[34]*\
+	      | -hpux* | -unos* | -osf* | -luna* | -dgux* | -auroraux* | -solaris* \
+	      | -sym* | -kopensolaris* | -plan9* \
+	      | -amigaos* | -amigados* | -msdos* | -newsos* | -unicos* | -aof* \
+	      | -aos* | -aros* \
+	      | -nindy* | -vxsim* | -vxworks* | -ebmon* | -hms* | -mvs* \
+	      | -clix* | -riscos* | -uniplus* | -iris* | -rtu* | -xenix* \
+	      | -hiux* | -386bsd* | -knetbsd* | -mirbsd* | -netbsd* \
+	      | -bitrig* | -openbsd* | -solidbsd* \
+	      | -ekkobsd* | -kfreebsd* | -freebsd* | -riscix* | -lynxos* \
+	      | -bosx* | -nextstep* | -cxux* | -aout* | -elf* | -oabi* \
+	      | -ptx* | -coff* | -ecoff* | -winnt* | -domain* | -vsta* \
+	      | -udi* | -eabi* | -lites* | -ieee* | -go32* | -aux* \
+	      | -chorusos* | -chorusrdb* | -cegcc* \
+	      | -cygwin* | -msys* | -pe* | -psos* | -moss* | -proelf* | -rtems* \
+	      | -mingw32* | -mingw64* | -linux-gnu* | -linux-android* \
+	      | -linux-newlib* | -linux-musl* | -linux-uclibc* \
+	      | -uxpv* | -beos* | -mpeix* | -udk* | -moxiebox* \
+	      | -interix* | -uwin* | -mks* | -rhapsody* | -darwin* | -opened* \
+	      | -openstep* | -oskit* | -conix* | -pw32* | -nonstopux* \
+	      | -storm-chaos* | -tops10* | -tenex* | -tops20* | -its* \
+	      | -os2* | -vos* | -palmos* | -uclinux* | -nucleus* \
+	      | -morphos* | -superux* | -rtmk* | -rtmk-nova* | -windiss* \
+	      | -powermax* | -dnix* | -nx6 | -nx7 | -sei* | -dragonfly* \
+	      | -skyos* | -haiku* | -rdos* | -toppers* | -drops* | -es* | -tirtos*)
+	# Remember, each alternative MUST END IN *, to match a version number.
+		;;
+	-qnx*)
+		case $basic_machine in
+		    x86-* | i*86-*)
+			;;
+		    *)
+			os=-nto$os
+			;;
+		esac
+		;;
+	-nto-qnx*)
+		;;
+	-nto*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|nto|nto-qnx|'`
+		;;
+	-sim | -es1800* | -hms* | -xray | -os68k* | -none* | -v88r* \
+	      | -windows* | -osx | -abug | -netware* | -os9* | -beos* | -haiku* \
+	      | -macos* | -mpw* | -magic* | -mmixware* | -mon960* | -lnews*)
+		;;
+	-mac*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|mac|macos|'`
+		;;
+	-linux-dietlibc)
+		os=-linux-dietlibc
+		;;
+	-linux*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|linux|linux-gnu|'`
+		;;
+	-sunos5*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|sunos5|solaris2|'`
+		;;
+	-sunos6*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|sunos6|solaris3|'`
+		;;
+	-opened*)
+		os=-openedition
+		;;
+	-os400*)
+		os=-os400
+		;;
+	-wince*)
+		os=-wince
+		;;
+	-osfrose*)
+		os=-osfrose
+		;;
+	-osf*)
+		os=-osf
+		;;
+	-utek*)
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	-dynix*)
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	-acis*)
+		os=-aos
+		;;
+	-atheos*)
+		os=-atheos
+		;;
+	-syllable*)
+		os=-syllable
+		;;
+	-386bsd)
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	-ctix* | -uts*)
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	-nova*)
+		os=-rtmk-nova
+		;;
+	-ns2 )
+		os=-nextstep2
+		;;
+	-nsk*)
+		os=-nsk
+		;;
+	# Preserve the version number of sinix5.
+	-sinix5.*)
+		os=`echo $os | sed -e 's|sinix|sysv|'`
+		;;
+	-sinix*)
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	-tpf*)
+		os=-tpf
+		;;
+	-triton*)
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	-oss*)
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	-svr4)
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	-svr3)
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	-sysvr4)
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	# This must come after -sysvr4.
+	-sysv*)
+		;;
+	-ose*)
+		os=-ose
+		;;
+	-es1800*)
+		os=-ose
+		;;
+	-xenix)
+		os=-xenix
+		;;
+	-*mint | -mint[0-9]* | -*MiNT | -MiNT[0-9]*)
+		os=-mint
+		;;
+	-aros*)
+		os=-aros
+		;;
+	-zvmoe)
+		os=-zvmoe
+		;;
+	-dicos*)
+		os=-dicos
+		;;
+	-nacl*)
+		;;
+	-none)
+		;;
+	*)
+		# Get rid of the `-' at the beginning of $os.
+		os=`echo $os | sed 's/[^-]*-//'`
+		echo Invalid configuration \`$1\': system \`$os\' not recognized 1>&2
+		exit 1
+		;;
+esac
+else
+
+# Here we handle the default operating systems that come with various machines.
+# The value should be what the vendor currently ships out the door with their
+# machine or put another way, the most popular os provided with the machine.
+
+# Note that if you're going to try to match "-MANUFACTURER" here (say,
+# "-sun"), then you have to tell the case statement up towards the top
+# that MANUFACTURER isn't an operating system.  Otherwise, code above
+# will signal an error saying that MANUFACTURER isn't an operating
+# system, and we'll never get to this point.
+
+case $basic_machine in
+	score-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	spu-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	*-acorn)
+		os=-riscix1.2
+		;;
+	arm*-rebel)
+		os=-linux
+		;;
+	arm*-semi)
+		os=-aout
+		;;
+	c4x-* | tic4x-*)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	c8051-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	hexagon-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	tic54x-*)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	tic55x-*)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	tic6x-*)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	# This must come before the *-dec entry.
+	pdp10-*)
+		os=-tops20
+		;;
+	pdp11-*)
+		os=-none
+		;;
+	*-dec | vax-*)
+		os=-ultrix4.2
+		;;
+	m68*-apollo)
+		os=-domain
+		;;
+	i386-sun)
+		os=-sunos4.0.2
+		;;
+	m68000-sun)
+		os=-sunos3
+		;;
+	m68*-cisco)
+		os=-aout
+		;;
+	mep-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	mips*-cisco)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	mips*-*)
+		os=-elf
+		;;
+	or32-*)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	*-tti)	# must be before sparc entry or we get the wrong os.
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	sparc-* | *-sun)
+		os=-sunos4.1.1
+		;;
+	*-be)
+		os=-beos
+		;;
+	*-haiku)
+		os=-haiku
+		;;
+	*-ibm)
+		os=-aix
+		;;
+	*-knuth)
+		os=-mmixware
+		;;
+	*-wec)
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	*-winbond)
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	*-oki)
+		os=-proelf
+		;;
+	*-hp)
+		os=-hpux
+		;;
+	*-hitachi)
+		os=-hiux
+		;;
+	i860-* | *-att | *-ncr | *-altos | *-motorola | *-convergent)
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	*-cbm)
+		os=-amigaos
+		;;
+	*-dg)
+		os=-dgux
+		;;
+	*-dolphin)
+		os=-sysv3
+		;;
+	m68k-ccur)
+		os=-rtu
+		;;
+	m88k-omron*)
+		os=-luna
+		;;
+	*-next )
+		os=-nextstep
+		;;
+	*-sequent)
+		os=-ptx
+		;;
+	*-crds)
+		os=-unos
+		;;
+	*-ns)
+		os=-genix
+		;;
+	i370-*)
+		os=-mvs
+		;;
+	*-next)
+		os=-nextstep3
+		;;
+	*-gould)
+		os=-sysv
+		;;
+	*-highlevel)
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	*-encore)
+		os=-bsd
+		;;
+	*-sgi)
+		os=-irix
+		;;
+	*-siemens)
+		os=-sysv4
+		;;
+	*-masscomp)
+		os=-rtu
+		;;
+	f30[01]-fujitsu | f700-fujitsu)
+		os=-uxpv
+		;;
+	*-rom68k)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	*-*bug)
+		os=-coff
+		;;
+	*-apple)
+		os=-macos
+		;;
+	*-atari*)
+		os=-mint
+		;;
+	*)
+		os=-none
+		;;
+esac
+fi
+
+# Here we handle the case where we know the os, and the CPU type, but not the
+# manufacturer.  We pick the logical manufacturer.
+vendor=unknown
+case $basic_machine in
+	*-unknown)
+		case $os in
+			-riscix*)
+				vendor=acorn
+				;;
+			-sunos*)
+				vendor=sun
+				;;
+			-cnk*|-aix*)
+				vendor=ibm
+				;;
+			-beos*)
+				vendor=be
+				;;
+			-hpux*)
+				vendor=hp
+				;;
+			-mpeix*)
+				vendor=hp
+				;;
+			-hiux*)
+				vendor=hitachi
+				;;
+			-unos*)
+				vendor=crds
+				;;
+			-dgux*)
+				vendor=dg
+				;;
+			-luna*)
+				vendor=omron
+				;;
+			-genix*)
+				vendor=ns
+				;;
+			-mvs* | -opened*)
+				vendor=ibm
+				;;
+			-os400*)
+				vendor=ibm
+				;;
+			-ptx*)
+				vendor=sequent
+				;;
+			-tpf*)
+				vendor=ibm
+				;;
+			-vxsim* | -vxworks* | -windiss*)
+				vendor=wrs
+				;;
+			-aux*)
+				vendor=apple
+				;;
+			-hms*)
+				vendor=hitachi
+				;;
+			-mpw* | -macos*)
+				vendor=apple
+				;;
+			-*mint | -mint[0-9]* | -*MiNT | -MiNT[0-9]*)
+				vendor=atari
+				;;
+			-vos*)
+				vendor=stratus
+				;;
+		esac
+		basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed "s/unknown/$vendor/"`
+		;;
+esac
+
+echo $basic_machine$os
+exit
+
+# Local variables:
+# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+# time-stamp-start: "timestamp='"
+# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d"
+# time-stamp-end: "'"
+# End:
diff --git a/tool/config_files.rb b/tool/config_files.rb
index 676c355e059f94..9c2a4c7dabeb19 100644
--- a/tool/config_files.rb
+++ b/tool/config_files.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'open-uri'
 
-ConfigFiles = "http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=%s;hb=HEAD"
+ConfigFiles = "http://gcc.gnu.org/git/?p=gcc.git;a=blob_plain;f=%s;hb=HEAD"
 def ConfigFiles.download(name, dir = nil)
   data = URI(self % name).read
   file = dir ? File.join(dir, name) : name
diff --git a/tool/file2lastrev.rb b/tool/file2lastrev.rb
index 56e1b9f512a836..616c5f7fe446a6 100755
--- a/tool/file2lastrev.rb
+++ b/tool/file2lastrev.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ def self.output=(output)
   opts.on("--doxygen", "Doxygen format") do
     self.output = :doxygen
   end
+  opts.on("--modified", "modified time") do
+    self.output = :modified
+  end
   opts.on("-q", "--suppress_not_found") do
     @suppress_not_found = true
   end
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ def self.output=(output)
   abort "#{File.basename(Program)}: #{e.message}" unless @suppress_not_found
 else
   begin
-    last, changed = vcs.get_revisions(ARGV.shift)
+    last, changed, modified = vcs.get_revisions(ARGV.shift)
   rescue => e
     abort "#{File.basename(Program)}: #{e.message}" unless @suppress_not_found
     exit false
@@ -58,6 +61,8 @@ def self.output=(output)
   puts "#define RUBY_REVISION #{changed.to_i}"
 when :doxygen
   puts "r#{changed}/r#{last}"
+when :modified
+  puts modified.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z')
 else
   raise "unknown output format `#{@output}'"
 end
diff --git a/tool/vcs.rb b/tool/vcs.rb
index dbde58545ee868..cc744ca5ae8b89 100644
--- a/tool/vcs.rb
+++ b/tool/vcs.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # vcs
 
-require 'time'
-
 ENV.delete('PWD')
 
 unless File.respond_to? :realpath
@@ -45,7 +43,11 @@ def get_revisions(path)
     last, changed, modified, *rest = Dir.chdir(@srcdir) {self.class.get_revisions(path)}
     last or raise VCS::NotFoundError, "last revision not found"
     changed or raise VCS::NotFoundError, "changed revision not found"
-    modified &&= Time.parse(modified)
+    if modified
+      /\A(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\D(\d+):(\d+):(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\s*(?:Z|([-+]\d\d)(\d\d))\z/ =~ modified or
+        raise "unknown time format - #{modified}"
+      modified = Time.mktime(*($~[1..6] + [$7 ? "#{$7}:#{$8}" : "+00:00"]))
+    end
     return last, changed, modified, *rest
   end
 
@@ -96,16 +98,16 @@ class GIT < self
     register(".git")
 
     def self.get_revisions(path)
-      logcmd = %Q[git log -n1 --grep="^ *git-svn-id: .*@[0-9][0-9]* "]
+      logcmd = %Q[git log -n1 --date=iso --grep="^ *git-svn-id: .*@[0-9][0-9]* "]
       idpat = /git-svn-id: .*?@(\d+) \S+\Z/
       last = `#{logcmd}`[idpat, 1]
       if path
         log = `#{logcmd} "#{path}"`
         changed = log[idpat, 1]
-        modified = `git log --format=%ai -- #{path}`
       else
         changed = last
       end
+      modified = log[/^Date:\s+(.*)/, 1]
       [last, changed, modified]
     end
   end
diff --git a/transcode.c b/transcode.c
index 0182a205c2cc65..406301cb8cc8a6 100644
--- a/transcode.c
+++ b/transcode.c
@@ -372,15 +372,12 @@ load_transcoder_entry(transcoder_entry_t *entry)
         char *const path = RSTRING_PTR(fn);
 	const int safe = rb_safe_level();
 
-        entry->lib = NULL;
-
         memcpy(path, transcoder_lib_prefix, sizeof(transcoder_lib_prefix) - 1);
         memcpy(path + sizeof(transcoder_lib_prefix) - 1, lib, len);
         rb_str_set_len(fn, total_len);
         FL_UNSET(fn, FL_TAINT);
         OBJ_FREEZE(fn);
-        if (!rb_require_safe(fn, safe > 3 ? 3 : safe))
-            return NULL;
+        rb_require_safe(fn, safe > 3 ? 3 : safe);
     }
 
     if (entry->transcoder)
@@ -2204,7 +2201,7 @@ rb_econv_set_replacement(rb_econv_t *ec,
 
     encname2 = rb_econv_encoding_to_insert_output(ec);
 
-    if (encoding_equal(encname, encname2)) {
+    if (!*encname2 || encoding_equal(encname, encname2)) {
         str2 = xmalloc(len);
         MEMCPY(str2, str, unsigned char, len); /* xxx: str may be invalid */
         len2 = len;
diff --git a/util.c b/util.c
index b0f9030c42e9aa..d5d5de325a44d6 100644
--- a/util.c
+++ b/util.c
@@ -75,21 +75,25 @@ const signed char ruby_digit36_to_number_table[] = {
     /*f*/ -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
 };
 
-static unsigned long
-scan_digits(const char *str, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow)
+unsigned long
+ruby_scan_digits(const char *str, ssize_t len, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow)
 {
 
     const char *start = str;
     unsigned long ret = 0, x;
     unsigned long mul_overflow = (~(unsigned long)0) / base;
-    int c;
+
     *overflow = 0;
 
-    while ((c = (unsigned char)*str++) != '\0') {
-        int d = ruby_digit36_to_number_table[c];
+    if (!len) {
+	*retlen = 0;
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    do {
+	int d = ruby_digit36_to_number_table[(unsigned char)*str++];
         if (d == -1 || base <= d) {
-            *retlen = (str-1) - start;
-            return ret;
+	    break;
         }
         if (mul_overflow < ret)
             *overflow = 1;
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ scan_digits(const char *str, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow)
         ret += d;
         if (ret < x)
             *overflow = 1;
-    }
+    } while (len < 0 || --len);
     *retlen = (str-1) - start;
     return ret;
 }
@@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ ruby_strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, int base)
         b = base == 0 ? 10 : base;
     }
 
-    ret = scan_digits(str, b, &len, &overflow);
+    ret = ruby_scan_digits(str, -1, b, &len, &overflow);
 
     if (0 < len)
         subject_found = str+len;
diff --git a/variable.c b/variable.c
index e53dc8207fd397..e0d0eded8299b9 100644
--- a/variable.c
+++ b/variable.c
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ const_missing(VALUE klass, ID id)
 VALUE
 rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE klass, VALUE name)
 {
-    rb_frame_pop(); /* pop frame for "const_missing" */
+    rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame();
     uninitialized_constant(klass, rb_to_id(name));
 
     UNREACHABLE;
diff --git a/version.h b/version.h
index 5702aec34c0701..60581a0b461a7f 100644
--- a/version.h
+++ b/version.h
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#define RUBY_VERSION "2.1.2"
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_DATE "2014-05-08"
-#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL 95
+#define RUBY_VERSION "2.1.7"
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_DATE "2015-08-18"
+#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL 400
 
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_YEAR 2014
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_MONTH 5
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_DAY 8
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_YEAR 2015
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_MONTH 8
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_DAY 18
 
 #include "ruby/version.h"
 
diff --git a/vm.c b/vm.c
index 947b1811e500ac..8f3ac5e7c06cb2 100644
--- a/vm.c
+++ b/vm.c
@@ -277,6 +277,41 @@ vm_get_ruby_level_caller_cfp(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
     return 0;
 }
 
+void
+rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me = th->cfp->me;
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, th->cfp->self, me->called_id, me->klass, Qnil);
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, me->klass, me->called_id);
+    vm_pop_frame(th);
+}
+
+void
+rb_vm_rewind_cfp(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    /* check skipped frame */
+    while (th->cfp != cfp) {
+#if VMDEBUG
+	printf("skipped frame: %s\n", vm_frametype_name(th->cfp));
+#endif
+	if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(th->cfp) != VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC) {
+	    vm_pop_frame(th);
+	}
+	else { /* unlikely path */
+	    rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame();
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/* obsolete */
+void
+rb_frame_pop(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    vm_pop_frame(th);
+}
+
 /* at exit */
 
 void
@@ -653,6 +688,39 @@ rb_vm_make_proc(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_block_t *block, VALUE klass)
     return procval;
 }
 
+/* Binding */
+
+VALUE
+rb_vm_make_binding(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp)
+{
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(th, src_cfp);
+    rb_control_frame_t *ruby_level_cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, src_cfp);
+    VALUE bindval, envval;
+    rb_binding_t *bind;
+    VALUE blockprocval = 0;
+
+    if (cfp == 0 || ruby_level_cfp == 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Can't create Binding Object on top of Fiber.");
+    }
+
+    while (1) {
+	envval = vm_make_env_object(th, cfp, &blockprocval);
+	if (cfp == ruby_level_cfp) {
+	    break;
+	}
+	cfp = rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp));
+    }
+
+    bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
+    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
+    bind->env = envval;
+    bind->path = ruby_level_cfp->iseq->location.path;
+    bind->blockprocval = blockprocval;
+    bind->first_lineno = rb_vm_get_sourceline(ruby_level_cfp);
+
+    return bindval;
+}
+
 VALUE *
 rb_binding_add_dynavars(rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars)
 {
@@ -664,6 +732,7 @@ rb_binding_add_dynavars(rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars)
     NODE *node = 0;
     ID minibuf[4], *dyns = minibuf;
     VALUE idtmp = 0;
+    VALUE blockprocval = 0;
 
     if (dyncount < 0) return 0;
 
@@ -684,7 +753,8 @@ rb_binding_add_dynavars(rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars)
     ALLOCV_END(idtmp);
 
     vm_set_eval_stack(th, iseqval, 0, base_block);
-    bind->env = rb_vm_make_env_object(th, th->cfp);
+    bind->env = vm_make_env_object(th, th->cfp, &blockprocval);
+    bind->blockprocval = blockprocval;
     vm_pop_frame(th);
     GetEnvPtr(bind->env, env);
 
@@ -699,15 +769,17 @@ invoke_block_from_c(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_block_t *block,
 		    const rb_block_t *blockptr, const NODE *cref,
 		    VALUE defined_class)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(block->iseq))
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(block->iseq)) {
 	return Qnil;
+    }
     else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(block->iseq) != T_NODE) {
+	VALUE ret;
 	const rb_iseq_t *iseq = block->iseq;
 	const rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
 	int i, opt_pc, arg_size = iseq->arg_size;
-	int type = block_proc_is_lambda(block->proc) ?
-	  VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA : VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK;
-
+	int type = block_proc_is_lambda(block->proc) ? VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA : VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK;
+	const rb_method_entry_t *me = th->passed_bmethod_me;
+	th->passed_bmethod_me = 0;
 	cfp = th->cfp;
 
 	for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
@@ -717,19 +789,40 @@ invoke_block_from_c(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_block_t *block,
 	opt_pc = vm_yield_setup_args(th, iseq, argc, cfp->sp, blockptr,
 				     type == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA);
 
-	vm_push_frame(th, iseq, type | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH,
-		      self, defined_class,
-		      VM_ENVVAL_PREV_EP_PTR(block->ep),
-		      iseq->iseq_encoded + opt_pc,
-		      cfp->sp + arg_size, iseq->local_size - arg_size,
-		      th->passed_me, iseq->stack_max);
-	th->passed_me = 0;
+	if (me != 0) {
+	    /* bmethod */
+	    vm_push_frame(th, iseq, type | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH | VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD,
+			  self, defined_class,
+			  VM_ENVVAL_PREV_EP_PTR(block->ep),
+			  iseq->iseq_encoded + opt_pc,
+			  cfp->sp + arg_size, iseq->local_size - arg_size,
+			  me, iseq->stack_max);
+
+	    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, me->klass, me->called_id);
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_CALL, self, me->called_id, me->klass, Qnil);
+	}
+	else {
+	    vm_push_frame(th, iseq, type | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH,
+			  self, defined_class,
+			  VM_ENVVAL_PREV_EP_PTR(block->ep),
+			  iseq->iseq_encoded + opt_pc,
+			  cfp->sp + arg_size, iseq->local_size - arg_size,
+			  0, iseq->stack_max);
+	}
 
 	if (cref) {
 	    th->cfp->ep[-1] = (VALUE)cref;
 	}
 
-	return vm_exec(th);
+	ret = vm_exec(th);
+
+	if (me) {
+	    /* bmethod */
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, self, me->called_id, me->klass, ret);
+	    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, me->klass, me->called_id);
+	}
+
+	return ret;
     }
     else {
 	return vm_yield_with_cfunc(th, block, self, argc, argv, blockptr);
@@ -1185,12 +1278,37 @@ vm_frametype_name(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
       case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC:  return "ifunc";
       case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL:   return "eval";
       case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA: return "lambda";
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE: return "rescue";
       default:
 	rb_bug("unknown frame");
     }
 }
 #endif
 
+static void
+hook_before_rewind(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    switch (VM_FRAME_TYPE(th->cfp)) {
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD:
+	RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
+	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
+	break;
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK:
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA:
+	if (VM_FRAME_TYPE_BMETHOD_P(th->cfp)) {
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, th->cfp->self, th->cfp->me->called_id, th->cfp->me->klass, Qnil);
+	}
+	else {
+	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
+	}
+	break;
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS:
+	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_END, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
+	break;
+    }
+}
+
 /* evaluator body */
 
 /*                  finish
@@ -1289,7 +1407,6 @@ vm_frametype_name(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
   };
  */
 
-
 static VALUE
 vm_exec(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
@@ -1357,15 +1474,9 @@ vm_exec(rb_thread_t *th)
 			    }
 			}
 			if (!catch_iseqval) {
-			    result = GET_THROWOBJ_VAL(err);
 			    th->errinfo = Qnil;
-
-			    switch (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp)) {
-			      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA:
-				EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
-				break;
-			    }
-
+			    result = GET_THROWOBJ_VAL(err);
+			    hook_before_rewind(th, th->cfp);
 			    vm_pop_frame(th);
 			    goto finish_vme;
 			}
@@ -1489,7 +1600,7 @@ vm_exec(rb_thread_t *th)
 
 	    /* push block frame */
 	    cfp->sp[0] = err;
-	    vm_push_frame(th, catch_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK,
+	    vm_push_frame(th, catch_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE,
 			  cfp->self, cfp->klass,
 			  VM_ENVVAL_PREV_EP_PTR(cfp->ep),
 			  catch_iseq->iseq_encoded,
@@ -1504,20 +1615,7 @@ vm_exec(rb_thread_t *th)
 	}
 	else {
 	    /* skip frame */
-
-	    switch (VM_FRAME_TYPE(th->cfp)) {
-	      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD:
-		RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
-		EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
-		break;
-	      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK:
-	      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA:
-		EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
-		break;
-	      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS:
-		EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th, RUBY_EVENT_END, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qnil);
-		break;
-	    }
+	    hook_before_rewind(th, th->cfp);
 
 	    if (VM_FRAME_TYPE_FINISH_P(th->cfp)) {
 		vm_pop_frame(th);
@@ -1966,11 +2064,11 @@ rb_thread_mark(void *ptr)
 
 	rb_mark_tbl(th->local_storage);
 
-	if (GET_THREAD() != th && th->machine_stack_start && th->machine_stack_end) {
+	if (GET_THREAD() != th && th->machine.stack_start && th->machine.stack_end) {
 	    rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(th);
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE *)&th->machine_regs,
-				 (VALUE *)(&th->machine_regs) +
-				 sizeof(th->machine_regs) / sizeof(VALUE));
+	    rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE *)&th->machine.regs,
+				 (VALUE *)(&th->machine.regs) +
+				 sizeof(th->machine.regs) / sizeof(VALUE));
 	}
 
 	rb_vm_trace_mark_event_hooks(&th->event_hooks);
@@ -2171,7 +2269,11 @@ vm_define_method(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE iseqval,
 
 #define REWIND_CFP(expr) do { \
     rb_thread_t *th__ = GET_THREAD(); \
-    th__->cfp++; expr; th__->cfp--; \
+    VALUE *const curr_sp = (th__->cfp++)->sp; \
+    VALUE *const saved_sp = th__->cfp->sp; \
+    th__->cfp->sp = curr_sp; \
+    expr; \
+    (th__->cfp--)->sp = saved_sp; \
 } while (0)
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2227,46 +2329,62 @@ m_core_set_postexe(VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE core_hash_merge_ary(VALUE hash, VALUE ary);
+static VALUE core_hash_from_ary(VALUE ary);
+static VALUE core_hash_merge_kwd(int argc, VALUE *argv);
+
+static VALUE
+core_hash_merge(VALUE hash, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    long i;
+
+    assert(argc % 2 == 0);
+    for (i=0; i<argc; i+=2) {
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, argv[i], argv[i+1]);
+    }
+    return hash;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 m_core_hash_from_ary(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE hash;
+    REWIND_CFP(hash = core_hash_from_ary(ary));
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+core_hash_from_ary(VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-    int i;
 
     if (RUBY_DTRACE_HASH_CREATE_ENABLED()) {
 	RUBY_DTRACE_HASH_CREATE(RARRAY_LEN(ary), rb_sourcefile(), rb_sourceline());
     }
 
-    assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) % 2 == 0);
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i+=2) {
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, i+1));
-    }
-
-    return hash;
+    return core_hash_merge_ary(hash, ary);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 m_core_hash_merge_ary(VALUE self, VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 {
-    int i;
-
-    assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) % 2 == 0);
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i+=2) {
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, i+1));
-    }
+    REWIND_CFP(core_hash_merge_ary(hash, ary));
+    return hash;
+}
 
+static VALUE
+core_hash_merge_ary(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
+{
+    core_hash_merge(hash, RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
     return hash;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 m_core_hash_merge_ptr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
 {
-    int i;
     VALUE hash = argv[0];
 
-    for (i=1; i<argc; i+=2) {
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, argv[i], argv[i+1]);
-    }
+    REWIND_CFP(core_hash_merge(hash, argc-1, argv+1));
 
     return hash;
 }
@@ -2298,12 +2416,21 @@ kwcheck_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 
 static VALUE
 m_core_hash_merge_kwd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
+{
+    VALUE hash;
+    REWIND_CFP(hash = core_hash_merge_kwd(argc, argv));
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+core_hash_merge_kwd(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     VALUE hash, kw;
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     hash = argv[0];
     kw = argv[argc-1];
     kw = rb_convert_type(kw, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+    if (argc < 2) hash = kw;
     rb_hash_foreach(kw, argc < 2 ? kwcheck_i : kwmerge_i, hash);
     return hash;
 }
diff --git a/vm_core.h b/vm_core.h
index 08a09da61029e0..34a53f07fa8024 100644
--- a/vm_core.h
+++ b/vm_core.h
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ typedef struct rb_thread_struct {
     const rb_block_t *passed_block;
 
     /* for bmethod */
-    const rb_method_entry_t *passed_me;
+    const rb_method_entry_t *passed_bmethod_me;
 
     /* for cfunc */
     rb_call_info_t *passed_ci;
@@ -617,15 +617,17 @@ typedef struct rb_thread_struct {
     VALUE (*first_func)(ANYARGS);
 
     /* for GC */
-    VALUE *machine_stack_start;
-    VALUE *machine_stack_end;
-    size_t machine_stack_maxsize;
+    struct {
+	VALUE *stack_start;
+	VALUE *stack_end;
+	size_t stack_maxsize;
 #ifdef __ia64
-    VALUE *machine_register_stack_start;
-    VALUE *machine_register_stack_end;
-    size_t machine_register_stack_maxsize;
+	VALUE *register_stack_start;
+	VALUE *register_stack_end;
+	size_t register_stack_maxsize;
 #endif
-    jmp_buf machine_regs;
+	jmp_buf regs;
+    } machine;
     int mark_stack_len;
 
     /* statistics data for profiler */
@@ -724,6 +726,7 @@ extern const rb_data_type_t ruby_binding_data_type;
 typedef struct {
     VALUE env;
     VALUE path;
+    VALUE blockprocval;	/* for GC mark */
     unsigned short first_lineno;
 } rb_binding_t;
 
@@ -762,15 +765,18 @@ enum vm_special_object_type {
 #define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC  0x81
 #define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL   0x91
 #define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA 0xa1
-#define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK_BITS   8
+#define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE 0xb1
+#define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK_BITS 8
 #define VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK   (~(~0<<VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK_BITS))
 
 #define VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) ((cfp)->flag & VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK)
 
 /* other frame flag */
-#define VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED 0x0100
-#define VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH 0x0200
-#define VM_FRAME_TYPE_FINISH_P(cfp) (((cfp)->flag & VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH) != 0)
+#define VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED  0x0100
+#define VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH  0x0200
+#define VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD 0x0400
+#define VM_FRAME_TYPE_FINISH_P(cfp)  (((cfp)->flag & VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH) != 0)
+#define VM_FRAME_TYPE_BMETHOD_P(cfp) (((cfp)->flag & VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD) != 0)
 
 #define RUBYVM_CFUNC_FRAME_P(cfp) \
   (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC)
@@ -837,6 +843,7 @@ rb_block_t *rb_vm_control_frame_block_ptr(rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
 /* VM related object allocate functions */
 VALUE rb_thread_alloc(VALUE klass);
 VALUE rb_proc_alloc(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_binding_alloc(VALUE klass);
 
 /* for debug */
 extern void rb_vmdebug_stack_dump_raw(rb_thread_t *, rb_control_frame_t *);
@@ -857,6 +864,7 @@ int rb_thread_method_id_and_class(rb_thread_t *th, ID *idp, VALUE *klassp);
 VALUE rb_vm_invoke_proc(rb_thread_t *th, rb_proc_t *proc,
 			int argc, const VALUE *argv, const rb_block_t *blockptr);
 VALUE rb_vm_make_proc(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_block_t *block, VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_vm_make_binding(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp);
 VALUE rb_vm_make_env_object(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
 VALUE rb_binding_new_with_cfp(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp);
 VALUE *rb_binding_add_dynavars(rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars);
@@ -882,11 +890,14 @@ VALUE rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE obj, VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method);
 void rb_vm_stack_to_heap(rb_thread_t *th);
 void ruby_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th);
 int rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, ID *idp, VALUE *klassp);
+void rb_vm_rewind_cfp(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
 
 void rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th);
 
 int rb_autoloading_value(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE* value);
 
+void rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack(NODE *node, VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, NODE **new_cref_ptr);
+
 #define sysstack_error GET_VM()->special_exceptions[ruby_error_sysstack]
 
 #define RUBY_CONST_ASSERT(expr) (1/!!(expr)) /* expr must be a compile-time constant */
@@ -1028,6 +1039,9 @@ void rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_and_pop_frame(struct rb_trace_arg_struct *tra
 #define EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(th_, flag_, self_, id_, klass_, data_) \
   EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_ORIG(th_, flag_, self_, id_, klass_, data_, 1)
 
+VALUE rb_threadptr_reset_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_threadptr_restore_recursive_data(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE old);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
 int rb_thread_check_trap_pending(void);
diff --git a/vm_dump.c b/vm_dump.c
index f691e5afeae1fd..6caea9f5a57012 100644
--- a/vm_dump.c
+++ b/vm_dump.c
@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ control_frame_dump(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
       case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL:
 	magic = "EVAL";
 	break;
+      case VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE:
+	magic = "RESCUE";
+	break;
       case 0:
 	magic = "------";
 	break;
@@ -268,15 +271,17 @@ vm_stack_dump_each(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
 
     /* stack trace header */
 
-    if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD ||
-	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP ||
+    if (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD||
+	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP   ||
 	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK ||
 	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS ||
-	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_PROC ||
-	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA ||
+	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_PROC  ||
+	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_LAMBDA||
 	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC ||
 	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC ||
-	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL) {
+	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL  ||
+	VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE)
+      {
 
 	VALUE *ptr = ep - local_size;
 
diff --git a/vm_eval.c b/vm_eval.c
index c7d6f7331399ce..5abd8a518db88e 100644
--- a/vm_eval.c
+++ b/vm_eval.c
@@ -260,7 +260,8 @@ vm_call_super(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 	rb_bug("vm_call_super: should not be reached");
     }
 
-    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(cfp->klass);
+    klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(cfp->klass);
+    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     id = cfp->me->def->original_id;
     me = rb_method_entry(klass, id, &klass);
     if (!me) {
@@ -532,8 +533,13 @@ rb_method_call_status(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_method_entry_t *me, call_type sc
     int noex;
 
     if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
+      undefined:
 	return scope == CALL_VCALL ? NOEX_VCALL : 0;
     }
+    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
+	me = rb_resolve_refined_method(Qnil, me, NULL);
+	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) goto undefined;
+    }
     klass = me->klass;
     oid = me->def->original_id;
     noex = me->flag;
@@ -686,7 +692,7 @@ raise_method_missing(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj,
     {
 	exc = make_no_method_exception(exc, format, obj, argc, argv);
 	if (!(last_call_status & NOEX_MISSING)) {
-	    th->cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp);
+	    rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame();
 	}
 	rb_exc_raise(exc);
     }
@@ -986,6 +992,7 @@ rb_yield_splat(VALUE values)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not an array");
     }
     v = rb_yield_0(RARRAY_LENINT(tmp), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     return v;
 }
 
@@ -1089,19 +1096,7 @@ rb_iterate(VALUE (* it_proc) (VALUE), VALUE data1,
 		th->errinfo = Qnil;
 		retval = GET_THROWOBJ_VAL(err);
 
-		/* check skipped frame */
-		while (th->cfp != cfp) {
-#if VMDEBUG
-		    printf("skipped frame: %s\n", vm_frametype_name(th->cfp));
-#endif
-		    if (UNLIKELY(VM_FRAME_TYPE(th->cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC)) {
-			const rb_method_entry_t *me = th->cfp->me;
-			EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, th->cfp->self, me->called_id, me->klass, Qnil);
-			RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, me->klass, me->called_id);
-		    }
-
-		    th->cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp);
-		}
+		rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
 	    }
 	    else{
 		/* SDR(); printf("%p, %p\n", cdfp, escape_dfp); */
@@ -1112,10 +1107,11 @@ rb_iterate(VALUE (* it_proc) (VALUE), VALUE data1,
 	    VALUE *cep = cfp->ep;
 
 	    if (cep == escape_ep) {
+		rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
+
 		state = 0;
 		th->state = 0;
 		th->errinfo = Qnil;
-		th->cfp = cfp;
 		goto iter_retry;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1218,14 +1214,15 @@ eval_string_with_cref(VALUE self, VALUE src, VALUE scope, NODE *const cref_arg,
 	VALUE absolute_path = Qnil;
 	VALUE fname;
 
-	if (scope != Qnil) {
+	if (file != Qundef) {
+	    absolute_path = file;
+	}
+
+	if (!NIL_P(scope)) {
 	    bind = Check_TypedStruct(scope, &ruby_binding_data_type);
 	    {
 		envval = bind->env;
-		if (file != Qundef) {
-		    absolute_path = file;
-		}
-		else if (!NIL_P(bind->path)) {
+		if (NIL_P(absolute_path) && !NIL_P(bind->path)) {
 		    file = bind->path;
 		    line = bind->first_lineno;
 		    absolute_path = rb_current_realfilepath();
@@ -1271,6 +1268,7 @@ eval_string_with_cref(VALUE self, VALUE src, VALUE scope, NODE *const cref_arg,
 	    COPY_CREF(cref, orig_cref);
 	}
 	vm_set_eval_stack(th, iseqval, cref, base_block);
+	th->cfp->klass = CLASS_OF(base_block->self);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(crefval);
 
 	if (0) {		/* for debug */
@@ -1858,7 +1856,7 @@ rb_catch_protect(VALUE t, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE data, int *stateptr)
 	val = (*func)(tag, data, 1, (const VALUE *)&tag, Qnil);
     }
     else if (state == TAG_THROW && RNODE(th->errinfo)->u1.value == tag) {
-	th->cfp = saved_cfp;
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, saved_cfp);
 	val = th->tag->retval;
 	th->errinfo = Qnil;
 	state = 0;
diff --git a/vm_insnhelper.c b/vm_insnhelper.c
index 1228b3f4df6976..7a081d2b7406ec 100644
--- a/vm_insnhelper.c
+++ b/vm_insnhelper.c
@@ -200,16 +200,16 @@ lep_svar_set(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *lep, rb_num_t key, VALUE val)
 
     switch (key) {
       case 0:
-	svar->u1.value = val;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(svar, &svar->u1.value, val);
 	return;
       case 1:
-	svar->u2.value = val;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(svar, &svar->u2.value, val);
 	return;
       default: {
 	VALUE ary = svar->u3.value;
 
 	if (NIL_P(ary)) {
-	    svar->u3.value = ary = rb_ary_new();
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(svar, &svar->u3.value, ary = rb_ary_new());
 	}
 	rb_ary_store(ary, key - DEFAULT_SPECIAL_VAR_COUNT, val);
       }
@@ -278,6 +278,27 @@ rb_vm_get_cref(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const VALUE *ep)
     return cref;
 }
 
+void
+rb_vm_rewrite_cref_stack(NODE *node, VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass, NODE **new_cref_ptr)
+{
+    NODE *new_node;
+    while (node) {
+	if (node->nd_clss == old_klass) {
+	    new_node = NEW_CREF(new_klass);
+	    COPY_CREF_OMOD(new_node, node);
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(new_node, &new_node->nd_next, node->nd_next);
+	    *new_cref_ptr = new_node;
+	    return;
+	}
+	new_node = NEW_CREF(node->nd_clss);
+	COPY_CREF_OMOD(new_node, node);
+	node = node->nd_next;
+	*new_cref_ptr = new_node;
+	new_cref_ptr = &new_node->nd_next;
+    }
+    *new_cref_ptr = NULL;
+}
+
 static NODE *
 vm_cref_push(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE klass, int noex, rb_block_t *blockptr)
 {
@@ -1067,10 +1088,15 @@ vm_caller_setup_args(const rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_call_inf
 }
 
 static inline int
-vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int argc, int m, VALUE *orig_argv, VALUE *kwd)
+vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int argc, int m, VALUE *orig_argv, VALUE *kwd)
 {
     VALUE keyword_hash = 0, orig_hash;
     int optional = iseq->arg_keywords - iseq->arg_keyword_required;
+    VALUE *const sp = th->cfp->sp;
+    const int mark_stack_len = th->mark_stack_len;
+
+    th->cfp->sp += argc;
+    th->mark_stack_len -= argc;
 
     if (argc > m &&
 	!NIL_P(orig_hash = rb_check_hash_type(orig_argv[argc-1])) &&
@@ -1085,10 +1111,14 @@ vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int argc, int m, VALUE *orig_
     rb_get_kwargs(keyword_hash, iseq->arg_keyword_table, iseq->arg_keyword_required,
 		  (iseq->arg_keyword_check ? optional : -1-optional),
 		  NULL);
+
     if (!keyword_hash) {
 	keyword_hash = rb_hash_new();
     }
 
+    th->cfp->sp = sp;
+    th->mark_stack_len = mark_stack_len;
+
     *kwd = keyword_hash;
 
     return argc;
@@ -1111,7 +1141,7 @@ vm_callee_setup_arg_complex(rb_thread_t *th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const rb_iseq_t
 
     /* keyword argument */
     if (iseq->arg_keyword != -1) {
-	argc = vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(iseq, argc, min, orig_argv, &keyword_hash);
+	argc = vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(th, iseq, argc, min, orig_argv, &keyword_hash);
     }
 
     /* mandatory */
@@ -1196,23 +1226,33 @@ static VALUE vm_call_iseq_setup_2(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_c
 static inline VALUE vm_call_iseq_setup_normal(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_call_info_t *ci);
 static inline VALUE vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_call_info_t *ci);
 
-#define VM_CALLEE_SETUP_ARG(th, ci, iseq, argv, is_lambda) \
-    if (LIKELY((iseq)->arg_simple & 0x01)) { \
-	/* simple check */ \
-	if ((ci)->argc != (iseq)->argc) { \
-	    argument_error((iseq), ((ci)->argc), (iseq)->argc, (iseq)->argc); \
-	} \
-	(ci)->aux.opt_pc = 0; \
-	CI_SET_FASTPATH((ci), UNLIKELY((ci)->flag & VM_CALL_TAILCALL) ? vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall : vm_call_iseq_setup_normal, !(is_lambda) && !((ci)->me->flag & NOEX_PROTECTED)); \
-    } \
-    else { \
-	(ci)->aux.opt_pc = vm_callee_setup_arg_complex((th), (ci), (iseq), (argv)); \
+static inline void
+vm_callee_setup_arg(rb_thread_t *th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
+		    VALUE *argv, int is_lambda)
+{
+    if (LIKELY(iseq->arg_simple & 0x01)) {
+	/* simple check */
+	if (ci->argc != iseq->argc) {
+	    argument_error(iseq, ci->argc, iseq->argc, iseq->argc);
+	}
+	ci->aux.opt_pc = 0;
+	CI_SET_FASTPATH(ci,
+			(UNLIKELY(ci->flag & VM_CALL_TAILCALL) ?
+			 vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall :
+			 vm_call_iseq_setup_normal),
+			(!is_lambda &&
+			 !(ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) && /* argc may differ for each calls */
+			 !(ci->me->flag & NOEX_PROTECTED)));
+    }
+    else {
+	ci->aux.opt_pc = vm_callee_setup_arg_complex(th, ci, iseq, argv);
     }
+}
 
 static VALUE
 vm_call_iseq_setup(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_call_info_t *ci)
 {
-    VM_CALLEE_SETUP_ARG(th, ci, ci->me->def->body.iseq, cfp->sp - ci->argc, 0);
+    vm_callee_setup_arg(th, ci, ci->me->def->body.iseq, cfp->sp - ci->argc, 0);
     return vm_call_iseq_setup_2(th, cfp, ci);
 }
 
@@ -1583,17 +1623,11 @@ vm_call_bmethod_body(rb_thread_t *th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv)
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     VALUE val;
 
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, ci->me->klass, ci->me->called_id);
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_CALL, ci->recv, ci->me->called_id, ci->me->klass, Qnil);
-
     /* control block frame */
-    th->passed_me = ci->me;
+    th->passed_bmethod_me = ci->me;
     GetProcPtr(ci->me->def->body.proc, proc);
     val = vm_invoke_proc(th, proc, ci->recv, ci->defined_class, ci->argc, argv, ci->blockptr);
 
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN, ci->recv, ci->me->called_id, ci->me->klass, val);
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, ci->me->klass, ci->me->called_id);
-
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -1778,6 +1812,10 @@ vm_call_method(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *cfp, rb_call_info_t *ci)
 		klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
 	      zsuper_method_dispatch:
 		klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+		if (!klass) {
+		    ci->me = 0;
+		    goto start_method_dispatch;
+		}
 		ci_temp = *ci;
 		ci = &ci_temp;
 
@@ -2002,6 +2040,7 @@ vm_search_super_method(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp, rb_call_inf
     }
 
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(current_defined_class) != T_MODULE &&
+	BUILTIN_TYPE(current_defined_class) != T_ICLASS && /* bound UnboundMethod */
 	!FL_TEST(current_defined_class, RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT) &&
 	!rb_obj_is_kind_of(ci->recv, current_defined_class)) {
 	VALUE m = RB_TYPE_P(current_defined_class, T_ICLASS) ?
@@ -2009,8 +2048,8 @@ vm_search_super_method(rb_thread_t *th, rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp, rb_call_inf
 
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
 		 "self has wrong type to call super in this context: "
-		 "%s (expected %s)",
-		 rb_obj_classname(ci->recv), rb_class2name(m));
+		 "%"PRIsVALUE" (expected %"PRIsVALUE")",
+		 rb_obj_class(ci->recv), m);
     }
 
     switch (vm_search_superclass(GET_CFP(), iseq, sigval, ci)) {
@@ -2207,7 +2246,7 @@ vm_yield_setup_block_args(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_iseq_t * iseq,
 
     /* keyword argument */
     if (iseq->arg_keyword != -1) {
-	argc = vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(iseq, argc, min, argv, &keyword_hash);
+	argc = vm_callee_setup_keyword_arg(th, iseq, argc, min, argv, &keyword_hash);
     }
 
     for (i=argc; i<m; i++) {
@@ -2299,7 +2338,7 @@ vm_yield_setup_args(rb_thread_t * const th, const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	ci_entry.flag = 0;
 	ci_entry.argc = argc;
 	ci_entry.blockptr = (rb_block_t *)blockptr;
-	VM_CALLEE_SETUP_ARG(th, &ci_entry, iseq, argv, 1);
+	vm_callee_setup_arg(th, &ci_entry, iseq, argv, 1);
 	return ci_entry.aux.opt_pc;
     }
     else {
diff --git a/vm_method.c b/vm_method.c
index 5c26770ccf577f..7fbbf99f080a45 100644
--- a/vm_method.c
+++ b/vm_method.c
@@ -285,6 +285,7 @@ rb_free_method_entry(rb_method_entry_t *me)
     xfree(me);
 }
 
+static inline rb_method_entry_t *search_method(VALUE klass, ID id, VALUE *defined_class_ptr);
 static int rb_method_definition_eq(const rb_method_definition_t *d1, const rb_method_definition_t *d2);
 
 static inline rb_method_entry_t *
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ rb_method_entry_make(VALUE klass, ID mid, rb_method_type_t type,
     }
     /* check mid */
     if (mid == object_id || mid == id__send__) {
-	if (type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
+	if (type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ && search_method(klass, mid, 0)) {
 	    rb_warn("redefining `%s' may cause serious problems", rb_id2name(mid));
 	}
     }
@@ -670,8 +671,15 @@ rb_method_entry_get_without_cache(VALUE klass, ID id,
     VALUE defined_class;
     rb_method_entry_t *me = search_method(klass, id, &defined_class);
 
-    if (me && RB_TYPE_P(me->klass, T_ICLASS))
-	defined_class = me->klass;
+    if (me && me->klass) {
+	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(me->klass)) {
+	  case T_CLASS:
+	    if (RBASIC(klass)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) break;
+	    /* fall through */
+	  case T_ICLASS:
+	    defined_class = me->klass;
+	}
+    }
 
     if (ruby_running) {
 	struct rb_classext_struct *ext = RCLASS_EXT(klass);
@@ -730,12 +738,17 @@ get_original_method_entry(VALUE refinements,
 			  const rb_method_entry_t *me,
 			  VALUE *defined_class_ptr)
 {
+    VALUE super;
+
     if (me->def->body.orig_me) {
 	return me->def->body.orig_me;
     }
+    else if (!(super = RCLASS_SUPER(me->klass))) {
+	return 0;
+    }
     else {
 	rb_method_entry_t *tmp_me;
-	tmp_me = rb_method_entry(RCLASS_SUPER(me->klass), me->called_id,
+	tmp_me = rb_method_entry(super, me->called_id,
 				 defined_class_ptr);
 	return rb_resolve_refined_method(refinements, tmp_me,
 					 defined_class_ptr);
@@ -823,10 +836,12 @@ remove_method(VALUE klass, ID mid)
 
     if (!st_lookup(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), mid, &data) ||
 	!(me = (rb_method_entry_t *)data) ||
-	(!me->def || me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF)) {
+	(!me->def || me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF) ||
+        UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(me->def)) {
 	rb_name_error(mid, "method `%s' not defined in %s",
 		      rb_id2name(mid), rb_class2name(klass));
     }
+
     key = (st_data_t)mid;
     st_delete(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), &key, &data);
 
@@ -834,6 +849,10 @@ remove_method(VALUE klass, ID mid)
     rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(klass);
     rb_unlink_method_entry(me);
 
+    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
+	rb_add_refined_method_entry(klass, mid);
+    }
+
     CALL_METHOD_HOOK(self, removed, mid);
 }
 
@@ -902,7 +921,8 @@ rb_export_method(VALUE klass, ID name, rb_method_flag_t noex)
 	me = search_method(rb_cObject, name, &defined_class);
     }
 
-    if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
+    if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me) ||
+	UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(me->def)) {
 	rb_print_undef(klass, name, 0);
     }
 
@@ -1001,8 +1021,7 @@ rb_undef(VALUE klass, ID id)
     me = search_method(klass, id, 0);
 
     if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me) ||
-	(me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED &&
-	 UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me->def->body.orig_me))) {
+	UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(me->def)) {
 	const char *s0 = " class";
 	VALUE c = klass;
 
@@ -1133,7 +1152,7 @@ check_definition(VALUE mod, VALUE mid, rb_method_flag_t noex)
     const rb_method_entry_t *me;
     ID id = rb_check_id(&mid);
     if (!id) return Qfalse;
-    me = rb_method_entry(mod, id, 0);
+    me = rb_method_entry_without_refinements(mod, id, 0);
     if (me) {
 	if (VISI_CHECK(me->flag, noex))
 	    return Qtrue;
@@ -1348,7 +1367,8 @@ rb_alias(VALUE klass, ID name, ID def)
   again:
     orig_me = search_method(klass, def, &defined_class);
 
-    if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(orig_me)) {
+    if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(orig_me) ||
+	UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(orig_me->def)) {
 	if ((!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) ||
 	    (orig_me = search_method(rb_cObject, def, 0),
 	     UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(orig_me))) {
diff --git a/vm_trace.c b/vm_trace.c
index 81452997e94c64..2047d5aec8d44e 100644
--- a/vm_trace.c
+++ b/vm_trace.c
@@ -335,6 +335,7 @@ rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_orig(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg, int pop_p)
 	    trace_arg->self != rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore /* skip special methods. TODO: remove it. */) {
 	    const VALUE errinfo = th->errinfo;
 	    const int outer_state = th->state;
+	    const VALUE old_recursive = rb_threadptr_reset_recursive_data(th);
 	    int state = 0;
 	    th->state = 0;
 	    th->errinfo = Qnil;
@@ -355,6 +356,7 @@ rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_orig(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg, int pop_p)
 	  terminate:
 	    th->trace_arg = 0;
 	    th->vm->trace_running--;
+	    rb_threadptr_restore_recursive_data(th, old_recursive);
 
 	    if (state) {
 		if (pop_p) {
diff --git a/vsnprintf.c b/vsnprintf.c
index 5266927d7fb3b9..f272d73337327f 100644
--- a/vsnprintf.c
+++ b/vsnprintf.c
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ fp_begin:		_double = va_arg(ap, double);
 				 */
 				const char *p = (char *)memchr(cp, 0, prec);
 
-				if (p != NULL && (p - cp) > prec)
+				if (p != NULL && (p - cp) < prec)
 					size = (int)(p - cp);
 				else
 					size = prec;
diff --git a/win32/Makefile.sub b/win32/Makefile.sub
index d6289bc53d381f..e393b46253d8fc 100644
--- a/win32/Makefile.sub
+++ b/win32/Makefile.sub
@@ -377,6 +377,8 @@ VCSUP = $(VCS) rebase $(GITSVNREBASEOPTIONS)
 !else if exist($(srcdir)/.git)
 VCS = git
 VCSUP = $(VCS) pull $(GITPULLOPTIONS)
+!else
+VCSUP = rem
 !endif
 ruby_pc = $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)-$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).pc
 
diff --git a/win32/file.c b/win32/file.c
index 0c5fda96113e72..de66e8cb95f121 100644
--- a/win32/file.c
+++ b/win32/file.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include <winbase.h>
 #include <wchar.h>
@@ -415,6 +416,8 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 	else {
 	    /* determine if we ignore dir or not later */
 	    path_drive = wpath_pos[0];
+	    wpath_pos += 2;
+	    wpath_len -= 2;
 	}
     }
     else if (abs_mode == 0 && wpath_len >= 2 && wpath_pos[0] == L'~') {
@@ -505,15 +508,11 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 
     /* determine if we ignore dir or not */
     if (!ignore_dir && path_drive && dir_drive) {
-	if (towupper(path_drive) == towupper(dir_drive)) {
-	    /* exclude path drive letter to use dir */
-	    wpath_pos += 2;
-	    wpath_len -= 2;
-	}
-	else {
+	if (towupper(path_drive) != towupper(dir_drive)) {
 	    /* ignore dir since path drive is different from dir drive */
 	    ignore_dir = 1;
 	    wdir_len = 0;
+	    dir_drive = 0;
 	}
     }
 
@@ -544,6 +543,10 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 	buffer_pos[0] = L'\\';
 	buffer_pos++;
     }
+    else if (!dir_drive && path_drive) {
+	*buffer_pos++ = path_drive;
+	*buffer_pos++ = L':';
+    }
 
     if (wdir_len) {
 	/* tainted if dir is used and dir is tainted */
@@ -668,6 +671,14 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
     return result;
 }
 
+static void *
+loadopen_func(void *wpath)
+{
+    return (void *)CreateFileW(wpath, GENERIC_READ,
+			       FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+			       NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
+}
+
 int
 rb_file_load_ok(const char *path)
 {
@@ -684,9 +695,8 @@ rb_file_load_ok(const char *path)
 	ret = 0;
     }
     else {
-	HANDLE h = CreateFileW(wpath, GENERIC_READ,
-			       FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
-			       NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
+	HANDLE h = (HANDLE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(loadopen_func, (void *)wpath,
+						      RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
 	if (h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
 	    CloseHandle(h);
 	}
diff --git a/win32/win32.c b/win32/win32.c
index 2c888ae4c4a192..f19c097abdd16a 100644
--- a/win32/win32.c
+++ b/win32/win32.c
@@ -543,11 +543,15 @@ init_env(void)
 	if (!GetEnvironmentVariableW(L"USERNAME", env, numberof(env)) &&
 	    !GetUserNameW(env, (len = numberof(env), &len))) {
 	    NTLoginName = "<Unknown>";
-	    return;
 	}
-	set_env_val(L"USER");
+	else {
+	    set_env_val(L"USER");
+	    NTLoginName = rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr(CP_UTF8, env, -1, NULL);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	NTLoginName = rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr(CP_UTF8, env, -1, NULL);
     }
-    NTLoginName = strdup(rb_w32_getenv("USER"));
 
     if (!GetEnvironmentVariableW(TMPDIR, env, numberof(env)) &&
 	!GetEnvironmentVariableW(L"TMP", env, numberof(env)) &&
@@ -1197,8 +1201,8 @@ is_batch(const char *cmd)
 }
 
 static UINT filecp(void);
-static WCHAR *mbstr_to_wstr(UINT, const char *, int, long *);
-static char *wstr_to_mbstr(UINT, const WCHAR *, int, long *);
+#define mbstr_to_wstr rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr
+#define wstr_to_mbstr rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr
 #define acp_to_wstr(str, plen) mbstr_to_wstr(CP_ACP, str, -1, plen)
 #define wstr_to_acp(str, plen) wstr_to_mbstr(CP_ACP, str, -1, plen)
 #define filecp_to_wstr(str, plen) mbstr_to_wstr(filecp(), str, -1, plen)
@@ -1316,9 +1320,9 @@ w32_spawn(int mode, const char *cmd, const char *prog, UINT cp)
     }
 
     if (!e && shell && !(wshell = mbstr_to_wstr(cp, shell, -1, NULL))) e = E2BIG;
-    if (v2) ALLOCV_END(v2);
     if (cmd_sep) *cmd_sep = sep;
     if (!e && cmd && !(wcmd = mbstr_to_wstr(cp, cmd, -1, NULL))) e = E2BIG;
+    if (v2) ALLOCV_END(v2);
     if (v) ALLOCV_END(v);
 
     if (!e) {
@@ -1952,8 +1956,8 @@ filecp(void)
 }
 
 /* License: Ruby's */
-static char *
-wstr_to_mbstr(UINT cp, const WCHAR *wstr, int clen, long *plen)
+char *
+rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr(UINT cp, const WCHAR *wstr, int clen, long *plen)
 {
     char *ptr;
     int len = WideCharToMultiByte(cp, 0, wstr, clen, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
@@ -1968,8 +1972,8 @@ wstr_to_mbstr(UINT cp, const WCHAR *wstr, int clen, long *plen)
 }
 
 /* License: Ruby's */
-static WCHAR *
-mbstr_to_wstr(UINT cp, const char *str, int clen, long *plen)
+WCHAR *
+rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(UINT cp, const char *str, int clen, long *plen)
 {
     WCHAR *ptr;
     int len = MultiByteToWideChar(cp, 0, str, clen, NULL, 0);
@@ -3017,6 +3021,7 @@ rb_w32_accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, int *addrlen)
 	if (fd != -1) {
 	    r = accept(TO_SOCKET(s), addr, addrlen);
 	    if (r != INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		SetHandleInformation((HANDLE)r, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
 		MTHREAD_ONLY(EnterCriticalSection(&(_pioinfo(fd)->lock)));
 		_set_osfhnd(fd, r);
 		MTHREAD_ONLY(LeaveCriticalSection(&_pioinfo(fd)->lock));
@@ -3557,6 +3562,8 @@ open_ifs_socket(int af, int type, int protocol)
 		}
 		if (out == INVALID_SOCKET)
 		    out = WSASocket(af, type, protocol, NULL, 0, 0);
+		if (out != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		    SetHandleInformation((HANDLE)out, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
 	    }
 
 	    free(proto_buffers);
@@ -3790,6 +3797,7 @@ socketpair_internal(int af, int type, int protocol, SOCKET *sv)
 	    r = accept(svr, addr, &len);
 	    if (r == INVALID_SOCKET)
 		break;
+	    SetHandleInformation((HANDLE)r, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
 
 	    ret = 0;
 	} while (0);
@@ -4257,7 +4265,9 @@ waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *stat_loc, int options)
 
 	while (!(pid = poll_child_status(child, stat_loc))) {
 	    /* wait... */
-	    if (rb_w32_wait_events_blocking(&child->hProcess, 1, timeout) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
+	    int ret = rb_w32_wait_events_blocking(&child->hProcess, 1, timeout);
+	    if (ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1) return -1; /* maybe EINTR */
+	    if (ret != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
 		/* still active */
 		if (options & WNOHANG) {
 		    pid = 0;
@@ -4665,6 +4675,31 @@ rb_w32_getenv(const char *name)
     return w32_getenv(name, CP_ACP);
 }
 
+/* License: Ruby's */
+static DWORD
+get_volume_serial_number(const WCHAR *path)
+{
+    const DWORD share_mode = FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE;
+    const DWORD creation = OPEN_EXISTING;
+    const DWORD flags = FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS;
+    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION st = {0};
+    HANDLE h = CreateFileW(path, 0, share_mode, NULL, creation, flags, NULL);
+    BOOL ret;
+
+    if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) return 0;
+    ret = GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &st);
+    CloseHandle(h);
+    if (!ret) return 0;
+    return st.dwVolumeSerialNumber;
+}
+
+/* License: Ruby's */
+static int
+different_device_p(const WCHAR *oldpath, const WCHAR *newpath)
+{
+    return get_volume_serial_number(oldpath) != get_volume_serial_number(newpath);
+}
+
 /* License: Artistic or GPL */
 static int
 wrename(const WCHAR *oldpath, const WCHAR *newpath)
@@ -4688,8 +4723,14 @@ wrename(const WCHAR *oldpath, const WCHAR *newpath)
 	if (!MoveFileExW(oldpath, newpath, MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING | MOVEFILE_COPY_ALLOWED))
 	    res = -1;
 
-	if (res)
-	    errno = map_errno(GetLastError());
+	if (res) {
+	    DWORD e = GetLastError();
+	    if ((e == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) && (oldatts & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) &&
+		different_device_p(oldpath, newpath))
+		errno = EXDEV;
+	    else
+		errno = map_errno(e);
+	}
 	else
 	    SetFileAttributesW(newpath, oldatts);
     });
@@ -5916,7 +5957,7 @@ constat_reset(HANDLE h)
 {
     st_data_t data;
     struct constat *p;
-    if (!conlist) return;
+    if (!conlist || conlist == conlist_disabled) return;
     if (!st_lookup(conlist, (st_data_t)h, &data)) return;
     p = (struct constat *)data;
     p->vt100.state = constat_init;
@@ -6235,12 +6276,16 @@ rb_w32_close(int fd)
 }
 
 static int
-setup_overlapped(OVERLAPPED *ol, int fd)
+setup_overlapped(OVERLAPPED *ol, int fd, int iswrite)
 {
     memset(ol, 0, sizeof(*ol));
     if (!(_osfile(fd) & (FDEV | FPIPE))) {
 	LONG high = 0;
-	DWORD method = _osfile(fd) & FAPPEND ? FILE_END : FILE_CURRENT;
+	/* On mode:a, it can write only FILE_END.
+	 * On mode:a+, though it can write only FILE_END,
+	 * it can read from everywhere.
+	 */
+	DWORD method = ((_osfile(fd) & FAPPEND) && iswrite) ? FILE_END : FILE_CURRENT;
 	DWORD low = SetFilePointer((HANDLE)_osfhnd(fd), 0, &high, method);
 #ifndef INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER
 #define INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER ((DWORD)-1)
@@ -6337,7 +6382,7 @@ rb_w32_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t size)
 
     /* if have cancel_io, use Overlapped I/O */
     if (cancel_io) {
-	if (setup_overlapped(&ol, fd)) {
+	if (setup_overlapped(&ol, fd, FALSE)) {
 	    MTHREAD_ONLY(LeaveCriticalSection(&_pioinfo(fd)->lock));
 	    return -1;
 	}
@@ -6455,7 +6500,7 @@ rb_w32_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t size)
 
     /* if have cancel_io, use Overlapped I/O */
     if (cancel_io) {
-	if (setup_overlapped(&ol, fd)) {
+	if (setup_overlapped(&ol, fd, TRUE)) {
 	    MTHREAD_ONLY(LeaveCriticalSection(&_pioinfo(fd)->lock));
 	    return -1;
 	}
@@ -6958,6 +7003,19 @@ rb_w32_inet_ntop(int af, const void *addr, char *numaddr, size_t numaddr_len)
     return numaddr;
 }
 
+/* License: Ruby's */
+int WSAAPI
+rb_w32_inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst)
+{
+    typedef int (WSAAPI inet_pton_t)(int, const char*, void *);
+    inet_pton_t *pInetPton;
+    pInetPton = (inet_pton_t *)get_proc_address("ws2_32", "inet_pton", NULL);
+    if (pInetPton) {
+	return pInetPton(af, src, dst);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 /* License: Ruby's */
 char
 rb_w32_fd_is_text(int fd)