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添加了基础排序算法和二叉树的遍历
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README.md

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### :lollipop::lollipop::lollipop:全文持续更新中 ... :recycle::recycle::recycle:
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### 零、:rocket::rocket::rocket:数据结构与算法
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* [数据结构与算法 (第 01 篇) Java版:常见基础排序算法与复杂度](https://github.com/about-cloud/JavaCore/blob/master/resource/markdown/algorithm/BasicSorting.md)
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* [数据结构与算法 (第 02 篇) Java版:二叉树遍历的n种方法](https://github.com/about-cloud/JavaCore/blob/master/resource/markdown/algorithm/BinaryTreeTraversal.md)
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### 一、:bullettrain_side::railway_car::railway_car::railway_car:集合框架源码分析
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* [集合框架 (第 01 篇) 源码分析:Collection<E> 框架总览](https://github.com/about-cloud/JavaCore/blob/master/resource/markdown/collection/JavaCollections.md)
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* [集合框架 (第 02 篇) 源码分析:Map<K,V > 框架总览](https://github.com/about-cloud/JavaCore/blob/master/resource/markdown/collection/JavaMaps.md)
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* [集合框架 (第 03 篇) 源码分析:ArrayList<E>](https://github.com/about-cloud/JavaCore/blob/master/resource/markdown/collection/ArrayList.md)
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### 联系作者:flags:
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> :postbox:aboutcloud@163.com
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>
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> :dizzy:[https://www.FooVv.com](https://www.foovv.com)
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> :postbox:linkedme@qq.com
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>
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### 常见基础排序算法
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#### 排序算法分类
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![排序算法分类](https://i.loli.net/2019/06/10/5cfe3bf15a32392750.png)
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#### 时间复杂度
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| 排序算法 | 最好(时间复杂度) | 平均(时间复杂度) | 最坏(时间复杂度) | 稳定性 | 空间复杂度 |
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| ------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------ | -------------------------------- |
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| 冒泡排序 | **O**(n) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | 稳定 | **O**(1) |
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| **快速排序** | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | 不稳定 | **O**(log<sub>2</sub>n)~**O**(n) |
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| 直接插入排序 | **O**(n) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | 稳定 | **O**(1) |
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| **希尔排序** | **O**(n) | **O**(n<sup>1.3</sup>) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | 不稳定 | **O**(1) |
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| 简单选择排序 | **O**(n) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | **O**(n<sup>2</sup>) | 不稳定 | **O**(1) |
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| **堆排序** | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | 不稳定 | **O**(1) |
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| **归并排序** | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | **O**(n*log<sub>2</sub>n) | 稳定 | **O**(n) |
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| 基数排序 | **O**(d*(r+n)) | **O**(d*(r+n)) | **O**(d*(r+n)) | 稳定 | **O**(r*d+n) |
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#### 各种复杂度效率比较图
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```java
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O(1) < O(logn) < O(n) < O(nlogn) < O(n^2) < O(2^n) < O(n^3) < O(n^n)
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```
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![各种时间复杂度效率比较图](https://i.loli.net/2019/06/11/5cff235ba9b9a93703.jpg)
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**说明:** n 越大,越能体现算法效率。当 n 比较小时,复杂度会有一波小交叉,上图不考虑 n 比较小的情况。
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##### 1. 冒泡排序 ★☆☆☆☆
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```java
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public void bubbleSort(int[] array) {
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int temp;
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// 外层移动基准元素索引
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length - 1; i++) {
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// 内层对基准元素与之后的每个做比较,冒泡排序
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for (int j = i + 1; j < array.length; j++) {
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// 大的值,向上冒泡
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if ((temp = array[i]) > array[j]) {
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array[i] = array[j];
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array[j] = temp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 2. 快速排序 ★★★★★
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```java
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public void quickSort(int[] array, int left, int right) {
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if (left < right) {
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int i = left;
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int j = right;
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int temp = array[i];
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while (i < j) {
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while (i < j && array[j] >= temp) {
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j--;
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}
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if (i < j) {
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array[i++] = array[j];
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}
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while (i < j && array[i] <= temp) {
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i++;
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}
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if (i < j) {
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array[j--] = array[i];
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}
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array[i] = temp;
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quickSort(array, left, i - 1);
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quickSort(array, i + 1, right);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 3. 直接插入排序 ★★★☆☆
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```java
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public void insertionSort(int[] array) {
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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int temp = array[i];
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int j;
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for (j = i; j > 0 && array[j - 1] > temp; j--) {
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array[j] = array[j - 1];
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}
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if (array[j] > temp) {
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array[j] = temp;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 4. 希尔排序 ★★★☆☆
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```java
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public void shellSort(int[] array) {
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// 增量
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for (int d = array.length / 2; d > 0; d /= 2) {
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// 分组
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for (int x = 0; x < d; x++) {
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// 直接插入排序(第 x 组的第2个元素起步)
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for (int i = x + d; i < array.length; i += d) {
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int temp = array[i];
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int j = i;
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for (; j > d && array[j - d] > temp; j -= d) {
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array[j] = array[j - d];
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}
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if (array[j] > temp) {
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array[j] = temp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 5. 简单选择排序 ★★☆☆☆
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```java
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public void selectionSort(int[] array) {
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int minIndex;
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int temp;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length - 1; i++) {
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minIndex = i;
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for (int j = i + 1; j < array.length; j ++) {
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if (array[minIndex] > array[j]) {
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minIndex = j;
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}
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}
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if (minIndex > i) {
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temp = array[i];
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array[i] = array[minIndex];
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array[minIndex] = temp;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 6. 堆排序 ★★★★☆
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```java
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public void heapSort(int[] array) {
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for (int i = array.length / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
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adjustHeap(array, i, array.length);
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}
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for (int i = array.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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swap(array, 0, i);
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adjustHeap(array, 0, i);
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}
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}
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private void adjustHeap(int[] array, int i, int length) {
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int temp = array[i];
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for (int j = i * 2 + 1; j < length; j = j * 2 + 1) {
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if (j + 1 < length && array[j + 1] > array[j]) {
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j++;
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}
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if (array[j] > temp) {
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array[i] = array[j];
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i = j;
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} else {
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break;
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}
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}
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array[i] = temp;
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}
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private void swap(int[] array, int a, int b) {
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int temp = array[a];
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array[a] = array[b];
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array[b] = temp;
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}
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```
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##### 7. 归并排序 ★★★★☆
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```java
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public void mergeSort(int[] array) {
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int[] aux = new int[array.length];
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sort(array, 0, array.length - 1, aux);
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}
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private void sort(int[] array, int left, int right,int[] aux) {
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if (left < right) {
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int mid = (left + right) / 2;
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sort(array, left , mid, aux);
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sort(array, mid + 1, right, aux);
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merge(array, left, mid, right, aux);
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}
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}
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private void merge(int[] array, int left, int mid, int right, int[] aux){
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int l = left;
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int m = mid + 1;
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int t = 0;
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while (l <= mid && m <= right) {
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if (array[l] <= array[m]) {
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aux[t++] = array[l++];
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} else {
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aux[t++] = array[m++];
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}
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}
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// 填充剩余元素
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while (l <= mid) {
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aux[t++] = array[l++];
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}
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while (m <= right) {
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aux[t++] = array[m++];
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}
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t = 0;
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while (left <= right) {
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array[left++] = aux[t++];
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}
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}
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```
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### 二叉树的遍历 ★★★★★
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##### 0. TreeNode 结点
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```java
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private static class TreeNode<T> {
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T data;
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TreeNode left, right;
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TreeNode(T data) {
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this.data = data;
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}
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TreeNode() {
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}
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}
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```
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##### 1. 递归调用 (深度优先遍历) ★☆☆☆☆
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```java
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public void preorderTraversal(TreeNode node) {
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if (node == null) {
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return;
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}
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// 可调整前、中、后序遍历
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System.out.print(node.data);
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preorderTraversal(node.left);
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preorderTraversal(node.right);
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}
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```
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##### 2. 非递归遍历 - 基于栈 (深度优先遍历) ★★★☆☆
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```java
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public void preorderTraversalWithStack(TreeNode root) {
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Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
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TreeNode node = root;
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while (node != null || !stack.isEmpty()) {
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// 访问结点的数据,并且移动到左子结点
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while (node != null) {
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System.out.println(node.data);
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stack.push(node);
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node = node.left;
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}
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// 回溯,遍历右子结点
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if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
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node = stack.pop();
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node = node.right;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 3. 非递归遍历 - 基于队列 (层次遍历、广度优先遍历、O(n)) ★★★★☆
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```java
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public void levelorderTraversal(TreeNode root) {
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if (root == null) {
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return;
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}
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Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>();
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queue.offer(root);
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TreeNode node;
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// 遍历队列
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while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
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// 从队列头部取出一个结点
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node = queue.poll();
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System.out.println(node.data);
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// 将左右子结点放入队列尾部
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if (node.left != null) {
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queue.offer(node.left);
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}
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if (node.right != null) {
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queue.offer(node.right);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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##### 4. Morris Traversal(莫里斯遍历、O(n)) ★★★★☆
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```java
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public void morrisTraversal(TreeNode root) {
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TreeNode curr = root;
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TreeNode prev;
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while (curr != null) {
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// 向左子结点遍历
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if (curr.left != null) {
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prev = curr.left;
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while (prev.right != null && prev.right != curr) {
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prev = prev.right;
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}
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// 右子结点的回溯指针绑定
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if (prev.right == null) {
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prev.right = curr;
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curr = curr.left;
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} else {
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System.out.println(curr.data);
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prev.right = null;
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curr = curr.right;
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}
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// 向右子结点遍历
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} else {
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System.out.print(curr.data);
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curr = curr.right;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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