def distortion(sourceTextImage: VImage)(using arena: Arena) = {

  // add padding
  val inputVImg = timeStep("embed") {
    sourceTextImage.embed(
      10, // Adjust padding as needed
      10,
      sourceTextImage.getWidth() + 20, // Use source image dimensions
      sourceTextImage.getHeight() + 20
    )
  }


  val textLayerMapped = timeStep("text_mapped") {
    val w = inputVImg.getWidth()
    val h = inputVImg.getHeight()

    // Create an identity map (R=x, G=y)
    val identityMap = timeStep("identityMap") {
      VImage.xyz(arena, w, h)
    }

    // Generate noise for displacement (adjust sigma for distortion strength)
    val noise = timeStep("noiseMap") {
      VImage.gaussnoise(
        arena,
        w,
        h,
        VipsOption.Int(
          "sigma",
          2
        ), // Controls distortion intensity (reduced from 5)
        VipsOption.Int("mean", 0)
      )
    }

    // Create a 2-band displacement map (noise for x, 0 for y)
    val displacementMap = timeStep("displacementMap") {
      val zero = VImage
        .black(arena, w, h)
      VImage.bandjoin(arena, JList.of(noise, zero))
    }

    // Add displacement to the identity map
    val finalMap = timeStep("addDisplacement") {
      identityMap.add(displacementMap)
    }

    // Apply the map
    timeStep("mapim") {
      inputVImg.mapim(finalMap)
    }
  }

  val bg = timeStep("randomBg") {
    randomBg(textLayerMapped.getWidth(), textLayerMapped.getHeight())
  }

  // Group text processing steps or time individually if needed
  val textLayerFinal = timeStep("text_processing") {
    textLayerMapped
      .linear(
        JList.of(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5),
        JList.of(0.0)
      ) // Make text semi-transparent
      .cast(VipsBandFormat.FORMAT_UCHAR)
  }

  val out = timeStep("composite2") {
    bg.composite2(
      textLayerFinal,
      VipsBlendMode.BLEND_MODE_OVER
    )
  }
  out
}