diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 335542c79..f8852d215 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -417,9 +417,21 @@ server_params = StdioServerParameters(
     env=None # Optional environment variables
 )
 
+# Optional: create a sampling callback
+async def handle_sampling_message(message: types.CreateMessageRequestParams) -> types.CreateMessageResult:
+    return types.CreateMessageResult(
+        role="assistant",
+        content=types.TextContent(
+            type="text",
+            text="Hello, world! from model",
+        ),
+        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+        stopReason="endTurn",
+    )
+
 async def run():
     async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
-        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
+        async with ClientSession(read, write, sampling_callback=handle_sampling_message) as session:
             # Initialize the connection
             await session.initialize()
 
diff --git a/src/mcp/client/session.py b/src/mcp/client/session.py
index 27ca74d8c..caa8e0f2c 100644
--- a/src/mcp/client/session.py
+++ b/src/mcp/client/session.py
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 from datetime import timedelta
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable
 
 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
 from pydantic import AnyUrl
 
 import mcp.types as types
-from mcp.shared.session import BaseSession
+from mcp.shared.session import BaseSession, RequestResponder
 from mcp.shared.version import SUPPORTED_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS
 
+SamplingFnT = Callable[
+    [types.CreateMessageRequestParams], Awaitable[types.CreateMessageResult]
+]
+
 
 class ClientSession(
     BaseSession[
@@ -17,11 +22,14 @@ class ClientSession(
         types.ServerNotification,
     ]
 ):
+    sampling_callback: SamplingFnT | None = None
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         read_stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[types.JSONRPCMessage | Exception],
         write_stream: MemoryObjectSendStream[types.JSONRPCMessage],
         read_timeout_seconds: timedelta | None = None,
+        sampling_callback: SamplingFnT | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             read_stream,
@@ -30,8 +38,13 @@ def __init__(
             types.ServerNotification,
             read_timeout_seconds=read_timeout_seconds,
         )
+        self.sampling_callback = sampling_callback
 
     async def initialize(self) -> types.InitializeResult:
+        sampling = (
+            types.SamplingCapability() if self.sampling_callback is not None else None
+        )
+
         result = await self.send_request(
             types.ClientRequest(
                 types.InitializeRequest(
@@ -39,7 +52,7 @@ async def initialize(self) -> types.InitializeResult:
                     params=types.InitializeRequestParams(
                         protocolVersion=types.LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
                         capabilities=types.ClientCapabilities(
-                            sampling=None,
+                            sampling=sampling,
                             experimental=None,
                             roots=types.RootsCapability(
                                 # TODO: Should this be based on whether we
@@ -232,3 +245,13 @@ async def send_roots_list_changed(self) -> None:
                 )
             )
         )
+
+    async def _received_request(
+        self, responder: RequestResponder["types.ServerRequest", "types.ClientResult"]
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(responder.request.root, types.CreateMessageRequest):
+            if self.sampling_callback is not None:
+                response = await self.sampling_callback(responder.request.root.params)
+                client_response = types.ClientResult(root=response)
+                with responder:
+                    await responder.respond(client_response)
diff --git a/src/mcp/shared/memory.py b/src/mcp/shared/memory.py
index 72549925b..0900cfd87 100644
--- a/src/mcp/shared/memory.py
+++ b/src/mcp/shared/memory.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import anyio
 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
 
-from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession, SamplingFnT
 from mcp.server import Server
 from mcp.types import JSONRPCMessage
 
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ async def create_client_server_memory_streams() -> (
 async def create_connected_server_and_client_session(
     server: Server,
     read_timeout_seconds: timedelta | None = None,
+    sampling_callback: SamplingFnT | None = None,
     raise_exceptions: bool = False,
 ) -> AsyncGenerator[ClientSession, None]:
     """Creates a ClientSession that is connected to a running MCP server."""
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ async def create_connected_server_and_client_session(
                     read_stream=client_read,
                     write_stream=client_write,
                     read_timeout_seconds=read_timeout_seconds,
+                    sampling_callback=sampling_callback,
                 ) as client_session:
                     await client_session.initialize()
                     yield client_session
diff --git a/tests/client/test_sampling_callback.py b/tests/client/test_sampling_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f4ff30fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/client/test_sampling_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as create_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import (
+    CreateMessageRequestParams,
+    CreateMessageResult,
+    SamplingMessage,
+    TextContent,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_sampling_callback():
+    from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+
+    server = FastMCP("test")
+
+    callback_return = CreateMessageResult(
+        role="assistant",
+        content=TextContent(
+            type="text", text="This is a response from the sampling callback"
+        ),
+        model="test-model",
+        stopReason="endTurn",
+    )
+
+    async def sampling_callback(
+        message: CreateMessageRequestParams,
+    ) -> CreateMessageResult:
+        return callback_return
+
+    @server.tool("test_sampling")
+    async def test_sampling_tool(message: str):
+        value = await server.get_context().session.create_message(
+            messages=[
+                SamplingMessage(
+                    role="user", content=TextContent(type="text", text=message)
+                )
+            ],
+            max_tokens=100,
+        )
+        assert value == callback_return
+        return True
+
+    async with create_session(
+        server._mcp_server, sampling_callback=sampling_callback
+    ) as client_session:
+        # Make a request to trigger sampling callback
+        assert await client_session.call_tool(
+            "test_sampling", {"message": "Test message for sampling"}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/client/test_stdio.py b/tests/client/test_stdio.py
index 0bdec72d0..ba9461e6e 100644
--- a/tests/client/test_stdio.py
+++ b/tests/client/test_stdio.py
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
+import shutil
+
 import pytest
 
 from mcp.client.stdio import StdioServerParameters, stdio_client
 from mcp.types import JSONRPCMessage, JSONRPCRequest, JSONRPCResponse
 
+tee: str = shutil.which("tee")  # type: ignore
+assert tee is not None, "could not find tee command"
+
 
 @pytest.mark.anyio
 async def test_stdio_client():
-    server_parameters = StdioServerParameters(command="/usr/bin/tee")
+    server_parameters = StdioServerParameters(command=tee)
 
     async with stdio_client(server_parameters) as (read_stream, write_stream):
         # Test sending and receiving messages