diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py b/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
index 9f131a9110dccb..e93e3bfb61ae06 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import abc
 import builtins
 import contextlib
 import copy
@@ -5,7 +6,7 @@
 import operator
 import pickle
 import re
-from random import randrange, shuffle
+from random import randrange, shuffle, randint
 import struct
 import sys
 import unittest
@@ -729,6 +730,22 @@ def test_merge_operator(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             a |= "BAD"
 
+    def test_unstable_hash_should_not_abort_issue132461(self):
+        # OrderedDict should raise, not abort, when used with unstable-hash keys
+        large_num = 2**64
+
+        class WeirdBase(abc.ABCMeta):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return randint(0, large_num)
+
+        class weird_bytes(bytes, metaclass=WeirdBase):
+            pass
+
+        obj = self.OrderedDict()
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            for x in range(100):
+                obj.setdefault(weird_bytes, None)
+
     @support.cpython_only
     def test_ordered_dict_items_result_gc(self):
         # bpo-42536: OrderedDict.items's tuple-reuse speed trick breaks the GC's
diff --git a/Objects/odictobject.c b/Objects/odictobject.c
index 1412acb50ac5ff..ce10eb2ad3b985 100644
--- a/Objects/odictobject.c
+++ b/Objects/odictobject.c
@@ -1033,7 +1033,11 @@ OrderedDict_setdefault_impl(PyODictObject *self, PyObject *key,
         if (result == NULL) {
             if (PyErr_Occurred())
                 return NULL;
-            assert(_odict_find_node(self, key) == NULL);
+            if (_odict_find_node(self, key) != NULL) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                    "OrderedDict key appears to change its hash value over time");
+                return NULL;
+            }
             if (PyODict_SetItem((PyObject *)self, key, default_value) >= 0) {
                 result = Py_NewRef(default_value);
             }