function _sortperm_unstable!(idx, x, ranges, last_valid_range, ord, a; threads = true)

@_threadsfor threads for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

continue

end

ds_sort!(x, idx, rangestart, rangeend, a, ord)

end

end

function _sortperm_unstable_using_hpsort!(idx, x, ranges, last_valid_range, ord, a)

for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

continue

end

if rangeend - rangestart + 1 > Threads.nthreads()*2

hp_ds_sort!(x, idx, a, ord; lo = rangestart, hi = rangeend)

else

ds_sort!(x, idx, rangestart, rangeend, a, ord)

end

end

end

# NOT OK

# we should find starts here

function fast_sortperm_int_threaded!(x, original_P, copy_P, ranges, rangelen, minval, misatleft, last_valid_range, ::Val{T}) where T

starts = [T[] for i in 1:Threads.nthreads()]

Threads.@threads for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

# if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

# continue

# end

if misatleft

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_start_vals, rangeend - rangestart + 1)

append!(starts[Threads.threadid()], _start_vals .+ rangestart .- 1)

end

cnt = 1

flag = false

@inbounds for i in 1:length(starts)

for j in 1:length(starts[i])

ranges[cnt] = starts[i][j]

if cnt > 1 && ranges[cnt] < ranges[cnt - 1]

flag = true

end

cnt += 1

end

end

flag && sort!(view(ranges, 1:cnt-1))

return cnt - 1

end

function fast_sortperm_int_lm!(x, original_P, copy_P, ranges, rangelen, minval, misatleft, last_valid_range, ::Val{T}) where T

starts = T[]

for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

# if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

# continue

# end

if misatleft

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx_threaded_lm!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx_threaded_lm!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_start_vals, rangeend - rangestart + 1)

append!(starts, _start_vals .+ rangestart .- 1)

end

@inbounds for i in 1:length(starts)

ranges[i] = starts[i]

end

return length(starts)

end

function fast_sortperm_int!(x, original_P, copy_P, ranges, rangelen, minval, misatleft, last_valid_range, ::Val{T}) where T

starts = T[]

for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

# if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

# continue

# end

if misatleft

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx_threaded!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_start_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx_threaded!(x, original_P, copy_P, rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_start_vals, rangeend - rangestart + 1)

append!(starts, _start_vals .+ rangestart .- 1)

end

@inbounds for i in 1:length(starts)

ranges[i] = starts[i]

end

return length(starts)

end

function _sortperm_int!(idx, idx_cpy, x, ranges, where, last_valid_range, missingatleft, ord, a; threads = true)

@_threadsfor threads for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(x) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

if (rangeend - rangestart + 1) == 1

continue

end

_minval = stat_minimum(x, lo = rangestart, hi = rangeend)

if ismissing(_minval)

continue

else

minval::Int = _minval

end

maxval::Int = stat_maximum(x, lo = rangestart, hi = rangeend)

# the overflow is check before calling _sortperm_int!

rangelen = maxval - minval + 1

if rangelen < div(rangeend - rangestart + 1, 2)

if missingatleft

ds_sort_int_missatleft!(x, idx, idx_cpy, where[Threads.threadid()], rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval)

else

ds_sort_int_missatright!(x, idx, idx_cpy, where[Threads.threadid()], rangestart, rangeend, rangelen, minval)

end

else

ds_sort!(x, idx, rangestart, rangeend, a, ord)

end

end

end

function _apply_by_f_barrier(x::AbstractVector{T}, by, rev, threads) where T

needrev = rev

missat = :right

CT = Core.Compiler.return_type(_date_value∘by, Tuple{our_nonmissingtype(T)})

if CT == Bool

CT = Int8

end

CT = Union{Missing, CT}

# _temp = Vector{CT}(undef, length(x))

_temp = _our_vect_alloc(CT, length(x))

# we should make sure changing sign doesn't overflow

if rev && our_nonmissingtype(CT) <: Union{Bool, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64} && isless(typemin(our_nonmissingtype(CT)), threads ? hp_minimum(_date_value∘by, x) : stat_minimum(_date_value∘by, x))

_by = x-> -_date_value(by(x))

needrev = false

missat = :left

else

_by = x-> _date_value(by(x))

end

_temp, _by, needrev, missat

end

missatleftless(x, y) = isless(x, y)

missatleftless(::Missing, y) = true

missatleftless(x, ::Missing) = false

missatleftless(::Missing, ::Missing) = false

function _apply_by!(_temp, x::AbstractVector{T}, idx, _by, rev, needrev, missat, threads) where T

@_threadsfor threads for j in 1:length(x)

# if by(x) is Date or DateTime only grab its value

@inbounds _temp[j] = _by(x[idx[j]])

end

# it is beneficial to check if the value of floats can be converted to Int

# TODO rev=true should also be considered

intable = false

if !rev && eltype(_temp) <: Union{Missing, Float64}

intable = true

@_threadsfor threads for j in 1:length(x)

@inbounds _is_intable(_temp[j]) && !isequal(_temp[j], -0.0) ? true : (intable = false && break)

end

end

if !rev

return (_temp, ord(isless, identity, rev, Forward), :right, needrev, intable)

else

if missat == :left

return (_temp, ord(missatleftless, identity, needrev, Forward), missat, needrev, intable)

else

return (_temp, ord(isless, identity, needrev, Forward), missat, needrev, intable)

end

end

end

function _apply_by(x::AbstractVector, idx, by, rev; threads = true)

_temp, _by, needrev, missat = _apply_by_f_barrier(x, by, rev, threads)

_apply_by!(_temp, x, idx, _by, rev, needrev, missat, threads)

end

function _modify_poolarray_to_integer!(refs, trans; threads = true)

@inbounds @_threadsfor threads for i in 1:length(refs)

refs[i] = trans[refs[i]]

end

end

function _fast_path_modify_to_integer!(xrefs, perm; threads = true)

@inbounds @_threadsfor threads for i in 1:length(xrefs)

xrefs[i] = perm[xrefs[i]]

end

end

function _fill_idx_for_sort!(idx; threads = true)

@inbounds @_threadsfor threads for i in 1:length(idx)

idx[i] = i

end

end

function _check_memory_availability_for_hp_sort(x)

return 4*sizeof(x) < Base.Sys.free_memory()

end

function _fill_ranges_for_fast_int_sort!(ranges, _starts_vals)

for kk in 1:length(_starts_vals)

ranges[kk] = _starts_vals[kk] # TODO we don't need ranges here

end

end

# T is either Int32 or Int64 based on how many rows ds has

function ds_sort_perm(ds, colsidx, by::Vector{<:Function}, rev::Vector{Bool}, a::Base.Sort.Algorithm, ::Val{T}; skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true) where T

@assert length(colsidx) == length(by) == length(rev) "each col should have all information about lt, by, and rev"

stable = false

# arrary to keep the permutation of rows

if givenrange === nothing

if skipcol>0 && !skipcol_mkcopy

# make use of ds.perm space

idx = index(ds).perm

else

idx = Vector{T}(undef, nrow(ds))

end

_fill_idx_for_sort!(idx; threads = threads)

else

givenrange.idx isa UnitRange ? idx = collect(givenrange.idx) : idx = givenrange.idx

end

if givenrange === nothing

if skipcol>0

last_valid_range = index(ds).ngroups[]

else

last_valid_range::T = 1

end

else

last_valid_range = givenrange.lastvalid

end

# ranges keep the starts of blocks of sorted rows

# rangescpy is a copy which will be help to rearrange ranges in place

if givenrange === nothing

if skipcol>0

if skipcol_mkcopy

ranges = resize!(copy(index(ds).starts), nrow(ds))

else # make use of ds.starts

ranges = resize!(index(ds).starts, nrow(ds))

end

else

ranges = Vector{T}(undef, nrow(ds))

ranges[1] = 1

end

else

ranges = resize!(givenrange.starts, nrow(ds))

end

inbits = zeros(Bool, nrow(ds))

# rangescpy[1] = 1

# in case we have integer columns with few distinct values

int_permcpy = T[]

int_where = [T[] for _ in 1:Threads.nthreads()]

int_count = [T[] for _ in 1:Threads.nthreads()]

for i in 1:length(colsidx)

if i <= skipcol

continue

end

x = _columns(ds)[colsidx[i]]

# pooledarray are treating differently (or general case of poolable data)

if DataAPI.refpool(x) !== nothing

if by[i] == identity

_tmp = copy(x)

else

_tmp = map(by[i], x)

end

if givenrange === nothing

if i > 1

_tmp.refs .= _threaded_permute(_tmp.refs, idx; threads = threads)

end

else

_tmp.refs .= _threaded_permute(_tmp.refs, idx; threads = threads)

end

# collect here is to handle Categorical array.

if !notsortpaforjoin

if _tmp isa PooledArray

_fast_path_modify_to_integer!(_tmp.refs, invperm(sortperm(Dataset(x = DataAPI.refpool(_tmp), copycols = false), :, rev = rev[i], stable = false, alg = a)); threads = threads)

else

# This path is for Categorical array and must be optimised

levs = allowmissing(DataAPI.levels(_tmp))

push!(levs, missing)

rev[i] ? reverse!(levs) : nothing

aaa = map(x->get(DataAPI.invrefpool(_tmp), x, missing), levs)

trans = Dict{eltype(aaa), Int32}(aaa .=> 1:length(aaa))

_modify_poolarray_to_integer!(_tmp.refs, trans; threads = threads)

end

_tmp = _tmp.refs

else # this path is used for sorting (not correct sorting) refs which will be used in joining functions

_tmp = _tmp.refs

end

_ordr = ord(isless, identity, false, Forward)

_needrev = false

intable = false

_missat = :right

else

_tmp, _ordr, _missat, _needrev, intable= _apply_by(x, idx, by[i], rev[i]; threads = threads)

end

if !_needrev && (eltype(_tmp) <: Union{Missing, INTEGERS} || intable) && eltype(_tmp) !== Missing

# further check for fast integer sort

n = length(_tmp)

if n > 1

if threads

_minval = hp_minimum(_tmp)

else

_minval = stat_minimum(_tmp)

end

if ismissing(_minval)

continue

else

minval::Integer = _minval

end

if threads

maxval::Integer = hp_maximum(_tmp)

else

maxval = stat_maximum(_tmp)

end

rnglen = BigInt(maxval) - BigInt(minval) + 1

o1 = false

if rnglen < typemax(Int)

o1 = true

rangelen = Int(rnglen)

end

if o1 && maxval < typemax(Int) && (rangelen <= div(n,2))

if last_valid_range == 1 && (i==1 || issorted(idx))

#for many levels but not too many we use parallel version

if threads && Threads.nthreads() > 1 && nrow(ds) > Threads.nthreads() && rangelen > 100_000 && rangelen*Threads.nthreads() < n

if _missat == :left

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx_threaded!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx_threaded!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_starts_vals, n)

last_valid_range = length(_starts_vals)

_fill_ranges_for_fast_int_sort!(ranges, _starts_vals)

if length(colsidx) == 1

stable = true

end

continue

elseif threads && Threads.nthreads() > 1 && nrow(ds) > Threads.nthreads() && rangelen > 100_000

if _missat == :left

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx_threaded_lm!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx_threaded_lm!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_starts_vals, n)

last_valid_range = length(_starts_vals)

_fill_ranges_for_fast_int_sort!(ranges, _starts_vals)

if length(colsidx) == 1

stable = true

end

continue

else

if _missat == :left

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatleft_nopermx!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

else

_starts_vals = _ds_sort_int_missatright_nopermx!(_tmp, idx, rangelen, minval, Val(T))

end

_cleanup_starts!(_starts_vals, n)

last_valid_range = length(_starts_vals)

_fill_ranges_for_fast_int_sort!(ranges, _starts_vals)

if length(colsidx) == 1

stable = true

end

continue

end

else

resize!(int_permcpy, length(idx))

copy!(int_permcpy, idx)

if threads && last_valid_range < Threads.nthreads() && rangelen > 100_000

last_valid_range = fast_sortperm_int_lm!(_tmp, idx, int_permcpy, ranges, rangelen, minval, _missat == :left, last_valid_range, Val(T))

continue

end

# we should check if there are many observations in each group/ this version of int sort allocate where for every iteration

if threads && n/last_valid_range > max(2.0*rangelen,10^6) && rangelen*Threads.nthreads() < n/2 # if rangelen is not that much

last_valid_range = fast_sortperm_int_threaded!(_tmp, idx, int_permcpy, ranges, rangelen, minval, _missat == :left, last_valid_range, Val(T))

continue

else

for nt in 1:(threads ? Threads.nthreads() : 1)

resize!(int_where[nt], rangelen + 2)

end

_sortperm_int!(idx, int_permcpy, _tmp, ranges, int_where, last_valid_range, _missat == :left, _ordr, a; threads = threads)

end

end

else

if threads && last_valid_range == 1 && Threads.nthreads() > 1 && nrow(ds) > Threads.nthreads()

hp_ds_sort!(_tmp, idx, a, _ordr)

else

if threads && last_valid_range < floor(Int, log2(Threads.nthreads()))/2

_sortperm_unstable_using_hpsort!(idx, _tmp, ranges, last_valid_range, _ordr, a)

else

_sortperm_unstable!(idx, _tmp, ranges, last_valid_range, _ordr, a; threads = threads)

end

end

end

end

else

if threads && last_valid_range == 1 && Threads.nthreads() > 1 && nrow(ds) > Threads.nthreads()

hp_ds_sort!(_tmp, idx, a, _ordr)

else

# log2(thcnt) is used because of the current parallel sorting algorithm

if threads && last_valid_range < floor(Int, log2(Threads.nthreads()))/2

_sortperm_unstable_using_hpsort!(idx, _tmp, ranges, last_valid_range, _ordr, a)

else

_sortperm_unstable!(idx, _tmp, ranges, last_valid_range, _ordr, a; threads = threads)

end

end

end

# last_valid_range = _fill_starts!(ranges, _tmp, rangescpy, last_valid_range, _ordr, Val(T))

last_valid_range = _fill_starts_v2!(ranges, inbits, _tmp, last_valid_range, _ordr, Val(T); threads = threads)

last_valid_range == nrow(ds) && return (ranges, idx, last_valid_range, stable)

end

return (ranges, idx, last_valid_range, stable)

end

function _stablise_sort!(ranges, idx, last_valid_range, a; threads = true)

@_threadsfor threads for i in 1:last_valid_range

rangestart = ranges[i]

i == last_valid_range ? rangeend = length(idx) : rangeend = ranges[i+1] - 1

if (rangeend - rangestart) == 0

continue

end

# if QuickSort is selected we make sure the worst case scenario is not that much bad

if rangeend - rangestart + 1 > 1000

sort!(idx, rangestart, rangeend, MergeSort, Forward)

else

sort!(idx, rangestart, rangeend, a, Forward)

end

end

end

function _sortperm(ds, cols::MultiColumnIndex, rev::Vector{Bool}; a = HeapSortAlg(), mapformats = true, stable = true, skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true)

colsidx = index(parent(ds))[cols]

@assert length(colsidx) == length(rev) "`rev` argument must be the same as length of selected columns"

if _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, rev, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 0

return copy(_group_starts(ds)), 1:nrow(ds), _ngroups(ds)

end

if _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, rev, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 1

colsidx, ranges, last_valid_index = _find_starts_of_groups(ds, colsidx, nrow(ds) < typemax(Int32) ? Val(Int32) : Val(Int64), mapformats = mapformats, threads = threads)

if !skipcol_mkcopy

_fill_idx_for_sort!(_get_sort_perms(ds); threads = threads)

# make use of perm in original data (simply replace it with new one)

return ranges, _get_sort_perms(ds), last_valid_index

else

return ranges, 1:nrow(ds), last_valid_index

end

end

if skipcol == 0 && _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, rev, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 2

skipcol = length(_groupcols(ds))

end

if skipcol == -1 && _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, rev, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin) == 2

skipcol = length(_groupcols(ds))

end

by = Function[]

# TODO is it safe to refer to parents formats?

if mapformats

for j in 1:length(colsidx)

push!(by, getformat(parent(ds), colsidx[j]))

end

else

for j in 1:length(colsidx)

push!(by, identity)

end

end

ranges, idx, last_valid_range, isstable = ds_sort_perm(parent(ds), colsidx, by, rev, a, nrow(ds) < typemax(Int32) ? Val(Int32) : Val(Int64); skipcol = skipcol, skipcol_mkcopy = skipcol_mkcopy, notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange, threads = threads)

if stable && !isstable

if length(idx) == last_valid_range

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

else

_stablise_sort!(ranges, idx, last_valid_range, a, threads = threads)

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

end

else

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

end

end

function _sortperm(ds, cols::MultiColumnIndex, rev::Bool = false; a = HeapSortAlg(), mapformats = true, stable = true, skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true)

colsidx = index(parent(ds))[cols]

revs = repeat([rev], length(colsidx))

if _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, revs, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 0

return copy(_group_starts(ds)), 1:nrow(ds), _ngroups(ds)

end

if _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, revs, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 1

colsidx, ranges, last_valid_index = _find_starts_of_groups(ds, colsidx, nrow(ds) < typemax(Int32) ? Val(Int32) : Val(Int64), mapformats = mapformats, threads = threads)

if !skipcol_mkcopy

_fill_idx_for_sort!(_get_sort_perms(ds); threads = threads)

# make use of perm in original data (simply replace it with new one)

return ranges, _get_sort_perms(ds), last_valid_index

else

return ranges, 1:nrow(ds), last_valid_index

end

end

if skipcol == 0 && _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, revs, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange) == 2

skipcol = length(_groupcols(ds))

end

if skipcol == -1 && _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, revs, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin) == 2

skipcol = length(_groupcols(ds))

end

_sortperm(parent(ds), cols, revs; a = a , mapformats = mapformats, stable = stable, skipcol = skipcol, skipcol_mkcopy = skipcol_mkcopy, notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange, threads = threads)

end

_sortperm(ds, col::ColumnIndex, rev::Bool = false; a = HeapSortAlg(), mapformats = true, stable = true, skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true) = _sortperm(ds, [col], rev; a = a, mapformats = mapformats, stable = stable, skipcol = skipcol, skipcol_mkcopy = skipcol_mkcopy, notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange, threads = threads)

function _check_for_fast_sort(ds, colsidx, rev, mapformats; notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing)

scols = _sortedcols(ds)

revs = _get_rev(ds)

if revs isa Bool

revs = repeat([revs], length(scols))

end

fmt = _get_fmt(ds)

notsortpaforjoin && return -1

givenrange !== nothing && return -1

if colsidx == scols && rev == revs && mapformats == fmt

return 0

elseif length(colsidx) < length(scols)

if colsidx == view(scols, 1:length(colsidx)) && rev == view(revs, 1:length(colsidx)) && mapformats == fmt

return 1

end

elseif length(colsidx) > length(scols)

if view(colsidx, 1:length(scols)) == scols && view(rev, 1:length(scols)) == revs && mapformats == fmt

return 2

end

else

return -1

end

end

function _sortperm_v(ds::SubDataset, cols::MultiColumnIndex, rev = false; a = HeapSortAlg(), mapformats = true, stable = true, skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true)

colsidx = index(ds)[cols]

if rev isa AbstractVector

@assert length(rev) == length(colsidx) "length of rev and the number of selected columns must match"

revs = rev

else

revs = repeat([rev], length(colsidx))

end

by = Function[]

if mapformats

for j in 1:length(colsidx)

push!(by, getformat(ds, colsidx[j]))

end

else

for j in 1:length(colsidx)

push!(by, identity)

end

end

ranges, idx, last_valid_range, isstable = ds_sort_perm(ds, colsidx, by, revs, a, nrow(ds) < typemax(Int32) ? Val(Int32) : Val(Int64); skipcol = skipcol, skipcol_mkcopy = skipcol_mkcopy, notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange, threads = threads)

if stable && !isstable

if length(idx) == last_valid_range

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

else

_stablise_sort!(ranges, idx, last_valid_range, a; threads = threads)

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

end

else

return ranges, idx, last_valid_range

end

end

_sortperm_v(ds::SubDataset, col::ColumnIndex, rev = false; a = HeapSortAlg(), mapformats = true, stable = true, skipcol = 0, skipcol_mkcopy = true, notsortpaforjoin = false, givenrange = nothing, threads = true) = _sortperm_v(ds, [col], rev, a = a, mapformats = mapformats, stable = stable, skipcol = skipcol, skipcol_mkcopy = skipcol_mkcopy, notsortpaforjoin = notsortpaforjoin, givenrange = givenrange, threads = threads)