From 3ab66cd3aae5efa7420eeac26cb3cc517f275381 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= Date: Thu, 13 May 2021 14:56:41 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 001/667] Updated a link to text file --- README.md | 2 +- index.html | 2 +- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index c80d3b3e8..12c4031ca 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet =============================== -[Download text file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/master/README.md), [Buy PDF](https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view), [Fork me on GitHub](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet) or [Check out FAQ](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions). +[Download text file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/main/README.md), [Buy PDF](https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view), [Fork me on GitHub](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet) or [Check out FAQ](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions). ![Monty Python](web/image_888.jpeg) diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index ea5bfee0d..4b6f8010b 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ -

Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet

Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet


#Contents

ToC = {
     '1. Collections': [List, Dictionary, Set, Tuple, Range, Enumerate, Iterator, Generator],
     '2. Types':       [Type, String, Regular_Exp, Format, Numbers, Combinatorics, Datetime],

From cab456867b4a00e488804d8771a45769b9b75951 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 15 May 2021 15:03:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 002/667] OS commands, SQLite, Bytes

---
 README.md              | 17 ++++++++++-------
 index.html             | 21 ++++++++++++---------
 parse.js               |  2 +-
 pdf/index_for_pdf.html |  6 +++---
 web/script_2.js        |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 12c4031ca..1953f2927 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Contents
 **   ** **3. Syntax:** **         **  **[`Args`](#arguments)**__,__ **[`Inline`](#inline)**__,__ **[`Closure`](#closure)**__,__ **[`Decorator`](#decorator)**__,__ **[`Class`](#class)**__,__ **[`Duck_Type`](#duck-types)**__,__ **[`Enum`](#enum)**__,__ **[`Exception`](#exceptions)**__.__  
 **   ** **4. System:** **        **  **[`Exit`](#exit)**__,__ **[`Print`](#print)**__,__ **[`Input`](#input)**__,__ **[`Command_Line_Arguments`](#command-line-arguments)**__,__ **[`Open`](#open)**__,__ **[`Path`](#paths)**__,__ **[`OS_Commands`](#os-commands)**__.__  
 **   ** **5. Data:** **             **  **[`JSON`](#json)**__,__ **[`Pickle`](#pickle)**__,__ **[`CSV`](#csv)**__,__ **[`SQLite`](#sqlite)**__,__ **[`Bytes`](#bytes)**__,__ **[`Struct`](#struct)**__,__ **[`Array`](#array)**__,__ **[`Memory_View`](#memory-view)**__,__ **[`Deque`](#deque)**__.__  
-**   ** **6. Advanced:** **   **  **[`Threading`](#threading)**__,__ **[`Operator`](#operator)**__,__ **[`Introspection`](#introspection)**__,__ **[`Metaprograming`](#metaprograming)**__,__ **[`Eval`](#eval)**__,__ **[`Coroutines`](#coroutines)**__.__  
+**   ** **6. Advanced:** **   **  **[`Threading`](#threading)**__,__ **[`Operator`](#operator)**__,__ **[`Introspection`](#introspection)**__,__ **[`Metaprograming`](#metaprogramming)**__,__ **[`Eval`](#eval)**__,__ **[`Coroutines`](#coroutines)**__.__  
 **   ** **7. Libraries:** **      **  **[`Progress_Bar`](#progress-bar)**__,__ **[`Plot`](#plot)**__,__ **[`Table`](#table)**__,__ **[`Curses`](#curses)**__,__ **[`Logging`](#logging)**__,__ **[`Scraping`](#scraping)**__,__ **[`Web`](#web)**__,__ **[`Profile`](#profiling)**__,__  
 **                                 ** **[`NumPy`](#numpy)**__,__ **[`Image`](#image)**__,__ **[`Audio`](#audio)**__,__ **[`Games`](#pygame)**__,__ **[`Data`](#pandas)**__.__
 
@@ -1670,6 +1670,7 @@ import os, shutil
 ```python
 os.chdir()                    # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(, mode=0o777)        # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
+os.makedirs(, mode=0o777)     # Creates all directories in the path.
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -1850,13 +1851,14 @@ import sqlite3
 ### Write
 ```python
 .execute('')                       # Can raise a subclass of sqlite3.Error.
-.commit()                                 # Commits all transactions since last commit.
+.commit()                                 # Saves all changes since the last commit.
+.rollback()                               # Discards all changes since the last commit.
 ```
 
 #### Or:
 ```python
-with :
-    .execute('')
+with :                                    # Exits block with commit() or rollback(),
+    .execute('')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
 ```
 
 ### Placeholders
@@ -1901,7 +1903,7 @@ Bytes
  = b''                       # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff.
    = []               # Returns int in range from 0 to 255.
  = []               # Returns bytes even if it has only one element.
- = .join()  # Joins elements using bytes object as separator.
+ = .join()  # Joins elements using bytes as a separator.
 ```
 
 ### Encode
@@ -1950,6 +1952,7 @@ from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
  = iter_unpack('', )
 ```
 
+### Example
 ```python
 >>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
 b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
@@ -2160,8 +2163,8 @@ from inspect import signature
 ```
 
 
-Metaprograming
---------------
+Metaprogramming
+---------------
 **Code that generates code.**
 
 ### Type
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 4b6f8010b..820e0841e 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
     '3. Syntax':      [Args, Inline, Closure, Decorator, Class, Duck_Type, Enum, Exception],
     '4. System':      [Exit, Print, Input, Command_Line_Arguments, Open, Path, OS_Commands],
     '5. Data':        [JSON, Pickle, CSV, SQLite, Bytes, Struct, Array, Memory_View, Deque],
-    '6. Advanced':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],
+    '6. Advanced':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],
     '7. Libraries':   [Progress_Bar, Plot, Table, Curses, Logging, Scraping, Web, Profile,
                        NumPy, Image, Audio, Games, Data]
 }
@@ -1556,6 +1556,7 @@
 
 
os.chdir(<path>)                    # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(<path>, mode=0o777)        # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
+os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)     # Creates all directories in the path.
 

 
shutil.copy(from, to)               # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
 shutil.copytree(from, to)           # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
@@ -1686,11 +1687,12 @@
 
 
 
Write
<conn>.execute('<query>')                       # Can raise a subclass of sqlite3.Error.
-<conn>.commit()                                 # Commits all transactions since last commit.
+<conn>.commit()                                 # Saves all changes since the last commit.
+<conn>.rollback()                               # Discards all changes since the last commit.
 

 
-
Or:
with <conn>:
-    <conn>.execute('<query>')
+
Or:
with <conn>:                                    # Exits block with commit() or rollback(),
+    <conn>.execute('<query>')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
 

 
 
Placeholders
    
@@ -1724,7 +1726,7 @@
 
    #Bytes
    Bytes object is an immutable sequence of single bytes. Mutable version is called bytearray.
    <bytes> = b'<str>'                       # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff.
 <int>   = <bytes>[<index>]               # Returns int in range from 0 to 255.
 <bytes> = <bytes>[<slice>]               # Returns bytes even if it has only one element.
-<bytes> = <bytes>.join(<coll_of_bytes>)  # Joins elements using bytes object as separator.
+<bytes> = <bytes>.join(<coll_of_bytes>)  # Joins elements using bytes as a separator.
 
    
 
 
@@ -1761,11 +1763,12 @@
 <tuple>  = unpack('<format>', <bytes>)
 <tuples> = iter_unpack('<format>', <bytes>)
 

-
>>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
+
Example
>>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
 b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 >>> unpack('>hhl', b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03')
 (1, 2, 3)
-

+

+
 
Format
For standard type sizes start format string with:
    
 
  • '=' - native byte order (usually little-endian)
    • 
 
  • '<' - little-endian
    • 
@@ -1921,7 +1924,7 @@
 <memb> = <Param>.kind                      # Member of ParameterKind enum.
-

#Metaprograming

Code that generates code.

Type

Type is the root class. If only passed an object it returns its type (class). Otherwise it creates a new class.

<class> = type('<class_name>', <parents_tuple>, <attributes_dict>)
+

#Metaprogramming

Code that generates code.

Type

Type is the root class. If only passed an object it returns its type (class). Otherwise it creates a new class.

<class> = type('<class_name>', <parents_tuple>, <attributes_dict>)
@@ -2300,7 +2303,7 @@ right = [[0.1, 0.6, 0.8], [0.1, 0.6, 0.8], [0.1, 0.6, 0.8]] # Shape: (3, 3) <- !
-

3. If neither non-matching dimension has size 1, raise an error.

Example

For each point returns index of its nearest point ([0.1, 0.6, 0.8] => [1, 2, 1]):

>>> points = np.array([0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
+
3. If neither non-matching dimension has size 1, raise an error.
Example
For each point returns index of its nearest point ([0.1, 0.6, 0.8] => [1, 2, 1]):
>>> points = np.array([0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
  [ 0.1,  0.6,  0.8]
 >>> wrapped_points = points.reshape(3, 1)
 [[ 0.1],
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 2d56bc6d7..c760811a9 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ const TOC =
   '    \'3. Syntax\':      [Args, Inline, Closure, Decorator, Class, Duck_Type, Enum, Exception],\n' +
   '    \'4. System\':      [Exit, Print, Input, Command_Line_Arguments, Open, Path, OS_Commands],\n' +
   '    \'5. Data\':        [JSON, Pickle, CSV, SQLite, Bytes, Struct, Array, Memory_View, Deque],\n' +
-  '    \'6. Advanced\':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],\n' +
+  '    \'6. Advanced\':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],\n' +
   '    \'7. Libraries\':   [Progress_Bar, Plot, Table, Curses, Logging, Scraping, Web, Profile,\n' +
   '                       NumPy, Image, Audio, Games, Data]\n' +
   '}\n' +
diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
index 43ffa77b4..afd9e5c82 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ 
B

 
C

 
cache, 13

 callable, 17

-class, 4, 14-20, 31-32

+class, 4, 14-20, 31-32

 closure, 12-13

 collection, 4, 18, 19

 collections module, 2, 3, 4, 19, 29

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ 
M

 math module, 7

 memoryviews, 29

 metaclass attribute, 32

-metaprograming, 31-32

+metaprogramming, 31-32

 mysql library, 27  

 
N

 
namedtuples, 3

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ 
T

 threading module, 30

 time module, 34, 36

 tuples, 3, 4, 11

-type, 4, 31-32  

+type, 4, 31-32  

 
W

 
wave module, 40-41

 web, 36  
 
diff --git a/web/script_2.js b/web/script_2.js
index 97691b47b..efb56e947 100644
--- a/web/script_2.js
+++ b/web/script_2.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const TOC =
   '    \'3. Syntax\':      [Args, Inline, Closure, Decorator, Class, Duck_Type, Enum, Exception],\n' +
   '    \'4. System\':      [Exit, Print, Input, Command_Line_Arguments, Open, Path, OS_Commands],\n' +
   '    \'5. Data\':        [JSON, Pickle, CSV, SQLite, Bytes, Struct, Array, Memory_View, Deque],\n' +
-  '    \'6. Advanced\':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],\n' +
+  '    \'6. Advanced\':    [Threading, Operator, Introspection, Metaprograming, Eval, Coroutine],\n' +
   '    \'7. Libraries\':   [Progress_Bar, Plot, Table, Curses, Logging, Scraping, Web, Profile,\n' +
   '                       NumPy, Image, Audio, Games, Data]\n' +
   '}\n';
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ const TOC_MOBILE =
   '                       Memory_View, Deque],\n' +
   '    \'6. Advanced\':    [Threading, Operator,\n' +
   '                       Introspection,\n' +
-  '                       Metaprograming, Eval,\n' +
+  '                       Metaprograming, Eval,\n' +
   '                       Coroutine],\n' +
   '    \'7. Libraries\':   [Progress_Bar, Plot, Table,\n' +
   '                       Curses, Logging, Scraping,\n' +

From 606208ac68a2191d8281f3bfe1903e3233590908 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sun, 16 May 2021 14:36:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 003/667] Web, Profiling

---
 README.md                    | 15 +++++++--------
 index.html                   | 15 +++++++--------
 pdf/index_for_pdf.html       |  2 +-
 pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1953f2927..b30c92352 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2496,7 +2496,7 @@ def send_page(sport):
 
 ### REST Request
 ```python
-@post('/odds/')
+@post('//odds')
 def odds_handler(sport):
     team = request.forms.get('team')
     home_odds, away_odds = 2.44, 3.29
@@ -2510,7 +2510,7 @@ def odds_handler(sport):
 # $ pip3 install requests
 >>> import threading, requests
 >>> threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
->>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/odds/football'
+>>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/football/odds'
 >>> data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
 >>> response = requests.post(url, data=data)
 >>> response.json()
@@ -2577,11 +2577,10 @@ Line #         Mem usage      Increment   Line Contents
 ### Call Graph
 #### Generates a PNG image of a call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
 ```python
-# $ pip3 install pycallgraph
-from pycallgraph import output, PyCallGraph
+# $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
+from pycallgraph2 import output, PyCallGraph
 from datetime import datetime
-time_str = datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
-filename = f'profile-{time_str}.png'
+filename = f'profile-{datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
 drawer = output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
 with PyCallGraph(drawer):
     
@@ -2961,14 +2960,14 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
 ```
 
 ```python
-from pygame.transform import scale, …
+from pygame.transform import scale, ...
  = scale(, (width, height))         # Returns scaled surface.
  = rotate(, degrees)                # Returns rotated and scaled surface.
  = flip(, x_bool, y_bool)           # Returns flipped surface.
 ```
 
 ```python
-from pygame.draw import line, …
+from pygame.draw import line, ...
 line(, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width)  # Draws a line to the surface.
 arc(, color, , from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(, color, )
 rect(, color, )                     # Also: polygon(, color, points)
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 820e0841e..d8f6b6da2 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -2184,7 +2184,7 @@
     return template('<h1>{{title}}</h1>', title=sport)
 

 
-
REST Request
@post('/odds/<sport>')
+
REST Request
@post('/<sport>/odds')
 def odds_handler(sport):
     team = request.forms.get('team')
     home_odds, away_odds = 2.44, 3.29
@@ -2196,7 +2196,7 @@
 
Test:
# $ pip3 install requests
 >>> import threading, requests
 >>> threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
->>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/odds/football'
+>>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/football/odds'
 >>> data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
 >>> response = requests.post(url, data=data)
 >>> response.json()
@@ -2246,11 +2246,10 @@
      3        38.012 MiB      0.344 MiB       a = [*range(10000)]
      4        38.477 MiB      0.465 MiB       b = {*range(10000)}
 

-
Call Graph
Generates a PNG image of a call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
# $ pip3 install pycallgraph
-from pycallgraph import output, PyCallGraph
+
Call Graph
Generates a PNG image of a call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
# $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
+from pycallgraph2 import output, PyCallGraph
 from datetime import datetime
-time_str = datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
-filename = f'profile-{time_str}.png'
+filename = f'profile-{datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
 drawer = output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
 with PyCallGraph(drawer):
     <code_to_be_profiled>
@@ -2547,12 +2546,12 @@
 <Surf>.set_at((x, y), color)                    # Updates pixel.
 <Surf>.blit(<Surf>, (x, y))                     # Draws passed surface to the surface.
 

-
from pygame.transform import scale, …
+
from pygame.transform import scale, ...
 <Surf> = scale(<Surf>, (width, height))         # Returns scaled surface.
 <Surf> = rotate(<Surf>, degrees)                # Returns rotated and scaled surface.
 <Surf> = flip(<Surf>, x_bool, y_bool)           # Returns flipped surface.
 

-
from pygame.draw import line, …
+
from pygame.draw import line, ...
 line(<Surf>, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width)  # Draws a line to the surface.
 arc(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(<Surf>, color, <Rect>)
 rect(<Surf>, color, <Rect>)                     # Also: polygon(<Surf>, color, points)
diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
index afd9e5c82..192cb16f5 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ 
F

 
files, 22-29, 34, 46

 filter function, 11

 floats, 4, 6, 7

-format, 6-7

+format, 6-7, 37

 functools module, 11, 12, 13, 16

 futures, 30  

 
G

diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
index 84a1d47b8..5d9519c36 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ 
F

 
files, 22-29, 34, 46

 filter function, 11

 floats, 4, 6, 7

-format, 6-7

+format, 6-7, 37

 functools module, 11, 12, 13, 16

 futures, 30  

 
G


From a658334dfe5f5d49c6e8964577676f04972c59a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 19 May 2021 23:39:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 004/667] Regex, Format, Struct, Threading

---
 README.md  | 30 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 index.html | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b30c92352..a88494f3d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ import re
 
 ### Special Sequences
 * **By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless `'flags=re.ASCII'` argument is used.**
-* **As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to `'[\x00-\x7f]'` and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'`.**
+* **As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'`.**
 * **Use a capital letter for negation.**
 ```python
 '\d' == '[0-9]'                                # Matches decimal characters.
@@ -412,9 +412,10 @@ Format
 {:.<10}                                    # '......'
 {:0}                                       # ''
 ```
+* **Use `'{:{}[...]}'` to set options dynamically.**
+* **Adding `'!r'` before the colon converts object to string by calling its [repr()](#class) method.**
 
 ### Strings
-**`'!r'` calls object's [repr()](#class) method, instead of [str()](#class), to get a string.**
 ```python
 {'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
 {'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
@@ -1286,7 +1287,9 @@ Enum
 ----
 ```python
 from enum import Enum, auto
+```
 
+```python
 class (Enum):
      = 
      = , 
@@ -1857,7 +1860,7 @@ import sqlite3
 
 #### Or:
 ```python
-with :                                    # Exits block with commit() or rollback(),
+with :                                    # Exits the block with commit() or rollback(),
     .execute('')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
 ```
 
@@ -1940,7 +1943,7 @@ def write_bytes(filename, bytes_obj):
 Struct
 ------
 * **Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.**
-* **System’s native type sizes and byte order are used by default.**
+* **System’s type sizes and byte order are used by default.**
 
 ```python
 from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
@@ -1962,7 +1965,7 @@ b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 
 ### Format
 #### For standard type sizes start format string with:
-* **`'='` - native byte order (usually little-endian)**
+* **`'='` - system's byte order (usually little-endian)**
 * **`'<'` - little-endian**
 * **`'>'` - big-endian (also `'!'`)**
 
@@ -1998,7 +2001,7 @@ Memory View
 * **A sequence object that points to the memory of another object.**
 * **Each element can reference a single or multiple consecutive bytes, depending on format.**
 * **Order and number of elements can be changed with slicing.**
-* **Casting only works between char and other types and always uses native size and b. order.**
+* **Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes and byte order.**
 
 ```python
  = memoryview()  # Immutable if bytes, else mutable.
@@ -2052,10 +2055,10 @@ from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 
 ### Thread
 ```python
- = Thread(target=)           # Use `args=` to set arguments.
+ = Thread(target=)           # Use `args=` to set the arguments.
 .start()                               # Starts the thread.
- = .is_alive()                   # Checks if thread has finished executing.
-.join()                                # Waits for thread to finish.
+ = .is_alive()                   # Checks if the thread has finished executing.
+.join()                                # Waits for the thread to finish.
 ```
 * **Use `'kwargs='` to pass keyword arguments to the function.**
 * **Use `'daemon=True'`, or the program will not be able to exit while the thread is alive.**
@@ -2063,15 +2066,14 @@ from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 ### Lock
 ```python
  = RLock()                               # Lock that can only be released by the owner.
-.acquire()                               # Waits for lock to be available.
-.release()                               # Makes lock available again.
+.acquire()                               # Waits for the lock to be available.
+.release()                               # Makes the lock available again.
 ```
 
 #### Or:
 ```python
-lock = RLock()
-with lock:
-    ...
+with :                                   # Enters the block by calling acquire(),
+    ...                                        # and exits it with release().
 ```
 
 ### Semaphore, Event, Barrier
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index d8f6b6da2..4833a5e14 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
 
 
Special Sequences
    
 
  • By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless 'flags=re.ASCII' argument is used.
    • 
-
  • As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to '[\x00-\x7f]' and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'.
    • 
+
  • As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'.
    • 
 
  • Use a capital letter for negation.
    • 
 
'\d' == '[0-9]'                                # Matches decimal characters.
 '\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]'                         # Matches alphanumerics and underscore.
@@ -536,12 +536,15 @@
 {<el>:0}                                       # '<el>'
 

 
-
Strings
'!r' calls object's repr() method, instead of str(), to get a string.
{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
+
    
+
  • Use '{<el>:{<str/int/float>}[...]}' to set options dynamically.
    • 
+
  • Adding '!r' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.
    • 
+

+
Strings
{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
 {'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
 {'abcde':.3}                                   # 'abc'
 

 
-
 
Numbers
{ 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
 { 123456:10_}                                  # '   123_456'
 { 123456:+10}                                  # '   +123456'
@@ -1252,13 +1255,13 @@
 
  • Names of their required methods are stored in '<abc>.__abstractmethods__'.
    • 
 
 
    #Enum
    from enum import Enum, auto
+
    
 
-class <enum_name>(Enum):
+
    class <enum_name>(Enum):
     <member_name_1> = <value_1>
     <member_name_2> = <value_2_a>, <value_2_b>
     <member_name_3> = auto()
-
    
-
+
    
 
      
 
    • If there are no numeric values before auto(), it returns 1.
      • 
 
    • Otherwise it returns an increment of the last numeric value.
      • 
@@ -1691,7 +1694,7 @@
 <conn>.rollback()                               # Discards all changes since the last commit.
 
    
 
-
    Or:
    with <conn>:                                    # Exits block with commit() or rollback(),
+
    Or:
    with <conn>:                                    # Exits the block with commit() or rollback(),
     <conn>.execute('<query>')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
 
    
 
@@ -1754,7 +1757,7 @@
 
 
    #Struct
      
 
    • Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.
      • 
-
    • System’s native type sizes and byte order are used by default.
      • 
+
    • System’s type sizes and byte order are used by default.
      • 
 
    from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
 
    
 
@@ -1770,7 +1773,7 @@
 
    
 
 
    Format
    For standard type sizes start format string with:
      
-
    • '=' - native byte order (usually little-endian)
      • 
+
    • '=' - system's byte order (usually little-endian)
      • 
 
    • '<' - little-endian
      • 
 
    • '>' - big-endian (also '!')
      • 
 
    Integer types. Use a capital letter for unsigned type. Minimum and standard sizes are in brackets:
      
@@ -1803,7 +1806,7 @@
 
    • A sequence object that points to the memory of another object.
      • 
 
    • Each element can reference a single or multiple consecutive bytes, depending on format.
      • 
 
    • Order and number of elements can be changed with slicing.
      • 
-
    • Casting only works between char and other types and always uses native size and b. order.
      • 
+
    • Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes and byte order.
      • 
 
    <mview> = memoryview(<bytes/bytearray/array>)  # Immutable if bytes, else mutable.
 <real>  = <mview>[<index>]                     # Returns an int or a float.
 <mview> = <mview>[<slice>]                     # Mview with rearranged elements.
@@ -1841,10 +1844,10 @@
 
    
 
 
-
    Thread
    <Thread> = Thread(target=<function>)           # Use `args=<collection>` to set arguments.
+
    Thread
    <Thread> = Thread(target=<function>)           # Use `args=<collection>` to set the arguments.
 <Thread>.start()                               # Starts the thread.
-<bool> = <Thread>.is_alive()                   # Checks if thread has finished executing.
-<Thread>.join()                                # Waits for thread to finish.
+<bool> = <Thread>.is_alive()                   # Checks if the thread has finished executing.
+<Thread>.join()                                # Waits for the thread to finish.
 
    
 
 
      
@@ -1852,13 +1855,12 @@
 
    • Use 'daemon=True', or the program will not be able to exit while the thread is alive.
      • 
 
    
 
    Lock
    <lock> = RLock()                               # Lock that can only be released by the owner.
-<lock>.acquire()                               # Waits for lock to be available.
-<lock>.release()                               # Makes lock available again.
+<lock>.acquire()                               # Waits for the lock to be available.
+<lock>.release()                               # Makes the lock available again.
 
    
 
-
    Or:
    lock = RLock()
-with lock:
-    ...
+
    Or:
    with <lock>:                                   # Enters the block by calling acquire(),
+    ...                                        # and exits it with release().
 
    
 
 
    Semaphore, Event, Barrier
    <Semaphore> = Semaphore(value=1)               # Lock that can be acquired by 'value' threads.

From 52abd7b82b865922bcad1272be7fbd12f307b015 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 20 May 2021 11:58:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 005/667] Changed date

---
 index.html        | 4 ++--
 web/template.html | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 4833a5e14..bc15fc509 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -3005,7 +3005,7 @@
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/web/template.html b/web/template.html
index ab2864476..d508fa55b 100644
--- a/web/template.html
+++ b/web/template.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
   
    
 
   
 

From f3ea09fe8be31556402ab26f549145e6d445934a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 20 May 2021 12:54:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 006/667] Regex

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a88494f3d..19637c4ad 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ import re
 
 ### Special Sequences
 * **By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless `'flags=re.ASCII'` argument is used.**
-* **As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'`.**
+* **As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c-\x1f]'`.**
 * **Use a capital letter for negation.**
 ```python
 '\d' == '[0-9]'                                # Matches decimal characters.
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index bc15fc509..bc964be98 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
 
 
    Special Sequences
      
 
    • By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless 'flags=re.ASCII' argument is used.
      • 
-
    • As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'.
      • 
+
    • As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c-\x1f]'.
      • 
 
    • Use a capital letter for negation.
      • 
 
    '\d' == '[0-9]'                                # Matches decimal characters.
 '\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]'                         # Matches alphanumerics and underscore.

From f4d5399d2d58b2afb176c53bfb500d8fdf873133 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 20 May 2021 14:50:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 007/667] Updated remove_links.py script

---
 pdf/remove_links.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pdf/remove_links.py b/pdf/remove_links.py
index 2f97aef27..1dc54a4ed 100755
--- a/pdf/remove_links.py
+++ b/pdf/remove_links.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 
 MATCHES = {
     'Module operator provides functions itemgetter() and mul() that offer the same functionality as lambda expressions above.': 'Module \'operator\' (p. 31) provides functions itemgetter() and mul() that offer the same functionality as lambda expressions (p. 11) above.',
-    '\'!r\' calls object\'s repr() method, instead of str(), to get a string.': '\'!r\' calls object\'s repr() method, instead of str(), to get a string (p. 14).',
+    'Adding \'!r\' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.': 'Adding \'!r\' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method (p. 14).',
     'Default_factory can be any callable.': 'Default_factory can be any callable (p. 17).',
-    'Iterators returned by the iter() function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator.': 'Iterators returned by the iter() function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator (p. 3).',
+    'Sequence iterators returned by the iter() function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator.': 'Sequence iterators returned by the iter() function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator (p. 3).',
     'Objects returned by the itertools module, such as count, repeat and cycle.': 'Objects returned by the itertools module, such as count, repeat and cycle (p. 3).',
     'Generators returned by the generator functions and generator expressions.': 'Generators returned by the generator functions (p. 4) and generator expressions (p. 11).',
     'File objects returned by the open() function, etc.': 'File objects returned by the open() function (p. 22), etc.',

From de1f11380cdaa01f68bbe8f68261b3176c9024ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 20:03:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 008/667] Updated parse.js documentation

---
 .gitignore |  3 +++
 parse.js   | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8ffe08f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+node_modules/
+package-lock.json
+
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index c760811a9..69f53d0ea 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
 // Usage: node parse.js
+//
 // Script that creates index.html out of web/template.html and README.md.
 // It is written in JS because this code used to be executed on the client side.
-// To install dependencies run:
-// $ npm install -g jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs
-// If running on Mac and modules can't be found after installation add:
+// To install the Node.js and npm run:
+// $ sudo apt install nodejs npm  # On macOS use `brew install ...` instead.
+// To install dependencies globally, run:
+// $ npm install -g jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs@9.12.0
+// If running on macOS and modules can't be found after installation add:
 // export NODE_PATH=/usr/local/lib/node_modules
 // to the ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc file and run '$ bash'.
+// To avoid problems with permissions and path variables, install modules
+// into project's directory using:
+// $ npm install jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs@9.12.0
 
 
 const fs = require('fs');

From 6b23015f735d6080670dd358bb6f61cc9a828580 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 20:15:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 009/667] Updated parse.js documentation

---
 parse.js | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 69f53d0ea..aaba64012 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 // To avoid problems with permissions and path variables, install modules
 // into project's directory using:
 // $ npm install jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs@9.12.0
+// It is also advisable to add a script into .git/hooks directory, that will run 
+// this script before every commit. It should be named 'pre-commit' and it should
+// contain the following line: `./parse.js`.
 
 
 const fs = require('fs');

From 332bf7e913a7849943c77824425e4b30afe1876a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 00:58:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 010/667] Removed .gitignore

---
 .gitignore | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .gitignore

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index b8ffe08f2..000000000
--- a/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-node_modules/
-package-lock.json
-

From 1fa9a9939b3ebb086a041d1a021d89f372f308d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 2021 21:18:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 011/667] Parse.js now automatically updates the date of
 index.html

---
 index.html        |  6 +++---
 parse.js          | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++----
 web/template.html |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index bc964be98..e62fe063f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -3005,8 +3005,8 @@
  
 
   
 
   
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index aaba64012..ab5bdbe32 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -2,20 +2,25 @@
 // Usage: node parse.js
 //
 // Script that creates index.html out of web/template.html and README.md.
+//
 // It is written in JS because this code used to be executed on the client side.
 // To install the Node.js and npm run:
 // $ sudo apt install nodejs npm  # On macOS use `brew install ...` instead.
+//
 // To install dependencies globally, run:
 // $ npm install -g jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs@9.12.0
+//
 // If running on macOS and modules can't be found after installation add:
 // export NODE_PATH=/usr/local/lib/node_modules
 // to the ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc file and run '$ bash'.
+//
 // To avoid problems with permissions and path variables, install modules
 // into project's directory using:
 // $ npm install jsdom jquery showdown highlightjs@9.12.0
-// It is also advisable to add a script into .git/hooks directory, that will run 
-// this script before every commit. It should be named 'pre-commit' and it should
-// contain the following line: `./parse.js`.
+//
+// It is also advisable to add a Bash script into .git/hooks directory, that will
+// run this script before every commit. It should be named 'pre-commit' and it
+// should contain the following line: `./parse.js`.
 
 
 const fs = require('fs');
@@ -408,7 +413,8 @@ function main() {
   const html = getMd();
   initDom(html);
   modifyPage();
-  const template = readFile('web/template.html');
+  var template = readFile('web/template.html');
+  template = updateDate(template);
   const tokens = template.split('
    ');
   const text = `${tokens[0]} ${document.body.innerHTML} ${tokens[1]}`;
   writeToFile('index.html', text);
@@ -580,6 +586,18 @@ function removePlotImages() {
   $('img[alt="Covid Cases"]').remove();
 }
 
+
+function updateDate(template) {
+  const date = new Date();
+  const date_str = date.toLocaleString('en-us', {month: 'long', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric'});
+  template = template.replace('May 20, 2021', date_str);
+  template = template.replace('May 20, 2021', date_str);
+  return template;
+}
+
+
+// UTIL
+
 function readFile(filename) {
   try {  
     return fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
diff --git a/web/template.html b/web/template.html
index d508fa55b..8db5fe75e 100644
--- a/web/template.html
+++ b/web/template.html
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
 
   
 
   

From dd37505f3fc1c80bef73d9c5ec798a7dc49c550d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2021 01:22:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 012/667] Inline

---
 README.md  | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 index.html | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 19637c4ad..26e451a55 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -732,10 +732,10 @@ def f(x, *args, z, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3
 
 ### Other Uses
 ```python
- = [* [, ...]]
-  = {* [, ...]}
- = (*, [...])
- = {** [, ...]}
+  = [* [, ...]]
+   = {* [, ...]}
+ = (*, [...])
+  = {** [, ...]}
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -774,8 +774,8 @@ Inline
 
 ### Any, All
 ```python
- = any()                                # False if empty.
- = all(el[1] for el in )                # True if empty.
+ = any()                                # Is `bool(el)` True for any element.
+ = all()                                # Is True for all elements or empty.
 ```
 
 ### Conditional Expression
@@ -788,11 +788,11 @@ Inline
 ['zero', 1, 2, 3]
 ```
 
-### Namedtuple, Enum, Dataclass
+### Named Tuple, Enum, Dataclass
 ```python
 from collections import namedtuple
-Point     = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
-point     = Point(0, 0)
+Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
+point = Point(0, 0)
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -803,8 +803,8 @@ direction = Direction.n
 
 ```python
 from dataclasses import make_dataclass
-Creature  = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
-creature  = Creature(Point(0, 0), Direction.n)
+Creature = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
+creature = Creature(point, direction)
 ```
 
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index e62fe063f..6a3e2e703 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -786,10 +786,10 @@
 def f(*args, y, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
 def f(x, *args, z, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)
 
    
-
    Other Uses
    <list> = [*<collection> [, ...]]
-<set>  = {*<collection> [, ...]}
-<tup.> = (*<collection>, [...])
-<dict> = {**<dict> [, ...]}
+
    Other Uses
    <list>  = [*<collection> [, ...]]
+<set>   = {*<collection> [, ...]}
+<tuple> = (*<collection>, [...])
+<dict>  = {**<dict> [, ...]}
 
    
 
 
    head, *body, tail = <collection>
@@ -816,8 +816,8 @@
 
      
 
    • Reduce must be imported from functools module.
      • 
 
    
-
    Any, All
    <bool> = any(<collection>)                                # False if empty.
-<bool> = all(el[1] for el in <collection>)                # True if empty.
+
    Any, All
    <bool> = any(<collection>)                                # Is `bool(el)` True for any element.
+<bool> = all(<collection>)                                # Is True for all elements or empty.
 
    
 
 
    Conditional Expression
    <obj> = <exp_if_true> if <condition> else <exp_if_false>
@@ -826,9 +826,9 @@
 
    >>> [a if a else 'zero' for a in (0, 1, 2, 3)]
 ['zero', 1, 2, 3]
 
    
-
    Namedtuple, Enum, Dataclass
    from collections import namedtuple
-Point     = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
-point     = Point(0, 0)
+
    Named Tuple, Enum, Dataclass
    from collections import namedtuple
+Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
+point = Point(0, 0)
 
    
 
 
    from enum import Enum
@@ -836,8 +836,8 @@
 direction = Direction.n
 
    
 
    from dataclasses import make_dataclass
-Creature  = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
-creature  = Creature(Point(0, 0), Direction.n)
+Creature = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
+creature = Creature(point, direction)
 
    
 
    #Closure
    We have a closure in Python when:
      
 
    • A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then
      • 
@@ -3005,7 +3005,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 19eb97ccf52601e83651a5e918d2d96df9e078c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2021 04:12:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 013/667] String

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 26e451a55..79a3f9d10 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ String
 ```python
  = .split()                       # Splits on one or more whitespace characters.
  = .split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)  # Splits on 'sep' str at most 'maxsplit' times.
- = .splitlines(keepends=False)    # Splits on [\n\r\f\v\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85] and '\r\n'.
+ = .splitlines(keepends=False)    # Splits on [\n\r\f\v\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85…] and \r\n.
   = .join()       # Joins elements using string as a separator.
 ```
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6a3e2e703..7afc768d0 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@
 
 
      <list> = <str>.split()                       # Splits on one or more whitespace characters.
 <list> = <str>.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)  # Splits on 'sep' str at most 'maxsplit' times.
-<list> = <str>.splitlines(keepends=False)    # Splits on [\n\r\f\v\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85] and '\r\n'.
+<list> = <str>.splitlines(keepends=False)    # Splits on [\n\r\f\v\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85…] and \r\n.
 <str>  = <str>.join(<coll_of_strings>)       # Joins elements using string as a separator.
 
      
 
      <bool> = <sub_str> in <str>                  # Checks if string contains a substring.

From 7af8bec7c34403de4d7c80a316de2f2ee815eb7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 2 Oct 2021 03:05:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 014/667] Curses

---
 README.md  | 4 ++--
 index.html | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 79a3f9d10..57bbf577a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2383,8 +2383,8 @@ def main(screen):
     while ch != ascii.ESC:
         height, _ = screen.getmaxyx()
         screen.clear()
-        for y, a_path in enumerate(paths[first : first+height]):
-            screen.addstr(y, 0, a_path, A_REVERSE * (selected == first + y))
+        for y, filename in enumerate(paths[first : first+height]):
+            screen.addstr(y, 0, filename, A_REVERSE * (selected == first + y))
         ch = screen.getch()
         selected += (ch == KEY_DOWN) - (ch == KEY_UP)
         selected = max(0, min(len(paths)-1, selected))
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 7afc768d0..009e5f7b9 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -2093,8 +2093,8 @@
     while ch != ascii.ESC:
         height, _ = screen.getmaxyx()
         screen.clear()
-        for y, a_path in enumerate(paths[first : first+height]):
-            screen.addstr(y, 0, a_path, A_REVERSE * (selected == first + y))
+        for y, filename in enumerate(paths[first : first+height]):
+            screen.addstr(y, 0, filename, A_REVERSE * (selected == first + y))
         ch = screen.getch()
         selected += (ch == KEY_DOWN) - (ch == KEY_UP)
         selected = max(0, min(len(paths)-1, selected))
@@ -3005,7 +3005,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 6344398401ca3b9c6466a53e95d966ed398e57ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 2 Oct 2021 03:15:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 015/667] Fixed links at the top

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 57bbf577a..31722a497 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet
 ===============================
-[Download text file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/main/README.md), [Buy PDF](https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view), [Fork me on GitHub](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet) or [Check out FAQ](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions).
+Download text file, Buy PDF, Fork me on GitHub or Check out FAQ.
 
 
 ![Monty Python](web/image_888.jpeg)

From fd773050e35876500b810ad4a84d23870320dcb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 2 Oct 2021 03:20:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 016/667] Reverted link changes

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 31722a497..57bbf577a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet
 ===============================
-Download text file, Buy PDF, Fork me on GitHub or Check out FAQ.
+[Download text file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/main/README.md), [Buy PDF](https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view), [Fork me on GitHub](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet) or [Check out FAQ](https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions).
 
 
 ![Monty Python](web/image_888.jpeg)

From bbde7a70b58ff97b8706e3734794fee4bf346737 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2021 04:31:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 017/667] Format, Pygame

---
 README.md  |  8 +++++---
 index.html | 14 ++++++++------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 57bbf577a..7c213e3aa 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -412,18 +412,20 @@ Format
 {:.<10}                                    # '......'
 {:0}                                       # ''
 ```
-* **Use `'{:{}[...]}'` to set options dynamically.**
+* **Options can be generated dynamically: `f'{:{}[…]}'`.**
 * **Adding `'!r'` before the colon converts object to string by calling its [repr()](#class) method.**
 
 ### Strings
 ```python
-{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
+{'abcde':10}                                   # 'abcde     '
 {'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
 {'abcde':.3}                                   # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
 ```
 
 ### Numbers
 ```python
+{ 123456:10}                                   # '    123456'
 { 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
 { 123456:10_}                                  # '   123_456'
 { 123456:+10}                                  # '   +123456'
@@ -2950,7 +2952,7 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
 **Object for representing images.**
 ```python
  = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
- = pg.Surface((width, height), …)         # New RGB surface. Add `pg.SRCALPHA` for RGBA.
+ = pg.Surface((width, height) [, flags])  # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
  = pg.image.load('')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
  = .subsurface()              # Returns a subsurface.
 ```
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 009e5f7b9..1d802bbef 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -537,15 +537,17 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • Use '{<el>:{<str/int/float>}[...]}' to set options dynamically.
      • 
+
    • Options can be generated dynamically: f'{<el>:{<str/int>}[…]}'.
      • 
 
    • Adding '!r' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.
      • 
 
    
-
    Strings
    {'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
+
    Strings
    {'abcde':10}                                   # 'abcde     '
 {'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
 {'abcde':.3}                                   # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
 
    
 
-
    Numbers
    { 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
+
    Numbers
    { 123456:10}                                   # '    123456'
+{ 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
 { 123456:10_}                                  # '   123_456'
 { 123456:+10}                                  # '   +123456'
 {-123456:=10}                                  # '-   123456'
@@ -2538,7 +2540,7 @@
 <list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indexes of all colliding Rects.
 
    
 
    Surface
    Object for representing images.
    <Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
-<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height), …)         # New RGB surface. Add `pg.SRCALPHA` for RGBA.
+<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height) [, flags])  # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
 <Surf> = pg.image.load('<path>')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
 <Surf> = <Surf>.subsurface(<Rect>)              # Returns a subsurface.
 
    
@@ -3005,7 +3007,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From a9454ebabd0fab409d71eec41eea1a6eade84593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B0=AD=E4=B9=9D=E9=BC=8E?= <109224573@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Oct 2021 10:21:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 018/667] subprocess.run: encoding -> text=True

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7c213e3aa..94f8ada68 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ import os
 #### Sends '1 + 1' to the basic calculator and captures its output:
 ```python
 >>> from subprocess import run
->>> run('bc', input='1 + 1\n', capture_output=True, encoding='utf-8')
+>>> run('bc', input='1 + 1\n', capture_output=True, text=True)
 CompletedProcess(args='bc', returncode=0, stdout='2\n', stderr='')
 ```
 

From 2be9c2df86dfd98a8ece1bfed24a2d255785f3ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 7 Oct 2021 10:03:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 019/667] Format, Class, Enum, Exception

---
 README.md    | 20 ++++++++++----------
 index.html   | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 web/faq.html |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7c213e3aa..fde4a5d09 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -425,12 +425,12 @@ Format
 
 ### Numbers
 ```python
-{ 123456:10}                                   # '    123456'
-{ 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
-{ 123456:10_}                                  # '   123_456'
-{ 123456:+10}                                  # '   +123456'
-{-123456:=10}                                  # '-   123456'
-{ 123456: }                                    # ' 123456'
+{123456:10}                                    # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                                   # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                                   # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                                   # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                                  # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                                     # ' 123456'
 {-123456: }                                    # '-123456'
 ```
 
@@ -1031,6 +1031,7 @@ class :
     :  = 
     : list/dict/set = field(default_factory=list/dict/set)
 ```
+* **For arbitrary type use `'typing.Any'`.**
 * **Objects can be made sortable with `'order=True'` and immutable with `'frozen=True'`.**
 * **For object to be hashable, all attributes must be hashable and frozen must be True.**
 * **Function field() is needed because `': list = []'` would make a list that is shared among all instances.**
@@ -1333,9 +1334,9 @@ Cutlery = Enum('Cutlery', {'fork': 1, 'knife': 2, 'spoon': 3})
 ```python
 from functools import partial
 LogicOp = Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': partial(lambda l, r: l and r),
-                           'OR' : partial(lambda l, r: l or r)})
+                           'OR':  partial(lambda l, r: l or r)})
 ```
-* **Another solution in this particular case is to use functions and\_() and or\_() from the module [operator](#operator).**
+* **Member names are in all caps because trying to access a member that is named after a reserved keyword raises SyntaxError.**
 
 
 Exceptions
@@ -1362,7 +1363,7 @@ finally:
     
 ```
 * **Code inside the `'else'` block will only be executed if `'try'` block had no exceptions.**
-* **Code inside the `'finally'` block will always be executed.**
+* **Code inside the `'finally'` block will always be executed (unless a signal is received).**
 
 ### Catching Exceptions
 ```python
@@ -2131,7 +2132,6 @@ sorted_by_second = sorted(, key=op.itemgetter(1))
 sorted_by_both   = sorted(, key=op.itemgetter(1, 0))
 product_of_elems = functools.reduce(op.mul, )
 union_of_sets    = functools.reduce(op.or_, )
-LogicOp          = enum.Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': op.and_, 'OR': op.or_})
 last_el          = op.methodcaller('pop')()
 ```
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 1d802bbef..3326aeade 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -546,12 +546,12 @@
 {'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
 
    
 
-
    Numbers
    { 123456:10}                                   # '    123456'
-{ 123456:10,}                                  # '   123,456'
-{ 123456:10_}                                  # '   123_456'
-{ 123456:+10}                                  # '   +123456'
-{-123456:=10}                                  # '-   123456'
-{ 123456: }                                    # ' 123456'
+
    Numbers
    {123456:10}                                    # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                                   # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                                   # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                                   # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                                  # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                                     # ' 123456'
 {-123456: }                                    # '-123456'
 
    
 
@@ -1025,6 +1025,7 @@
 
 
 
      
+
    • For arbitrary type use 'typing.Any'.
      • 
 
    • Objects can be made sortable with 'order=True' and immutable with 'frozen=True'.
      • 
 
    • For object to be hashable, all attributes must be hashable and frozen must be True.
      • 
 
    • Function field() is needed because '<attr_name>: list = []' would make a list that is shared among all instances.
      • 
@@ -1291,11 +1292,11 @@
 
 
      User-defined functions cannot be values, so they must be wrapped:
      from functools import partial
 LogicOp = Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': partial(lambda l, r: l and r),
-                           'OR' : partial(lambda l, r: l or r)})
+                           'OR':  partial(lambda l, r: l or r)})
 
      
 
 
        
-
      • Another solution in this particular case is to use functions and_() and or_() from the module operator.
        • 
+
      • Member names are in all caps because trying to access a member that is named after a reserved keyword raises SyntaxError.
        • 
 
      
 
      #Exceptions
      Basic Example
      try:
     <code>
@@ -1318,7 +1319,7 @@
 
 
        
 
      • Code inside the 'else' block will only be executed if 'try' block had no exceptions.
        • 
-
      • Code inside the 'finally' block will always be executed.
        • 
+
      • Code inside the 'finally' block will always be executed (unless a signal is received).
        • 
 
      
 
      Catching Exceptions
      except <exception>:
 except <exception> as <name>:
@@ -1903,7 +1904,6 @@
 sorted_by_both   = sorted(<collection>, key=op.itemgetter(1, 0))
 product_of_elems = functools.reduce(op.mul, <collection>)
 union_of_sets    = functools.reduce(op.or_, <coll_of_sets>)
-LogicOp          = enum.Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': op.and_, 'OR': op.or_})
 last_el          = op.methodcaller('pop')(<list>)
 
      
 
      #Introspection
      Inspecting code at runtime.
      Variables
      <list> = dir()                             # Names of local variables (incl. functions).
@@ -3007,7 +3007,7 @@
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/web/faq.html b/web/faq.html
index 088ed6110..1c659c3c1 100644
--- a/web/faq.html
+++ b/web/faq.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
      Python 2 or Python 3?
      
-    Python 3.6 (Except for dataclasses and asyncio that require version 3.7).
+    Python 3.7
 

      
 
 
      What is the best way to use it?
      

From 85bbdb43d937a821556eb0a9dd0b1c6bba26c8ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 17:24:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 020/667] Path, SQLite, Synthesizer

---
 README.md  | 12 ++++++------
 index.html | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fde4a5d09..87e97d3e9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 ```
 
 ```python
- = .parent              # Returns Path without final component.
+ = .parent              # Returns Path without the final component.
   = .name                # Returns final component as a string.
   = .stem                # Returns final component without extension.
   = .suffix              # Returns final component's extension.
@@ -1864,11 +1864,11 @@ import sqlite3
 #### Or:
 ```python
 with :                                    # Exits the block with commit() or rollback(),
-    .execute('')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
+    .execute('')                   # depending on whether any exception occurred.
 ```
 
 ### Placeholders
-* **Passed values can be of type str, int, float, bytes, None, bool, datetime.date or datetime.datetme.**
+* **Passed values can be of type str, int, float, bytes, None, bool, datetime.date or datetime.datetime.**
 * **Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as [ISO formatted strings](#encode).**
 ```python
 .execute('', )         # Replaces '?'s in query with values.
@@ -2900,15 +2900,15 @@ Synthesizer
 import math, struct, simpleaudio
 from itertools import repeat, chain
 F  = 44100
-P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,,'
-P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,,'
+P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,'
+P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,'
 get_pause   = lambda seconds: repeat(0, int(seconds * F))
 sin_f       = lambda i, hz: math.sin(i * 2 * math.pi * hz / F)
 get_wave    = lambda hz, seconds: (sin_f(i, hz) for i in range(int(seconds * F)))
 get_hz      = lambda key: 8.176 * 2 ** (int(key) / 12)
 parse_note  = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:2]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8)
 get_samples = lambda note: get_wave(*parse_note(note)) if note else get_pause(1/8)
-samples_f   = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1}{P1}{P2}'.split(','))
+samples_f   = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(','))
 samples_b   = b''.join(struct.pack('
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@
 <Path> = Path.home()                # Returns user's home directory.
 <Path> = Path(__file__).resolve()   # Returns script's path if cwd wasn't changed.
 
      
-
      <Path> = <Path>.parent              # Returns Path without final component.
+
      <Path> = <Path>.parent              # Returns Path without the final component.
 <str>  = <Path>.name                # Returns final component as a string.
 <str>  = <Path>.stem                # Returns final component without extension.
 <str>  = <Path>.suffix              # Returns final component's extension.
@@ -1698,11 +1698,11 @@
 
      
 
 
      Or:
      with <conn>:                                    # Exits the block with commit() or rollback(),
-    <conn>.execute('<query>')                   # depending on whether an exception occurred.
+    <conn>.execute('<query>')                   # depending on whether any exception occurred.
 
      
 
 
      Placeholders
        
-
      • Passed values can be of type str, int, float, bytes, None, bool, datetime.date or datetime.datetme.
        • 
+
      • Passed values can be of type str, int, float, bytes, None, bool, datetime.date or datetime.datetime.
        • 
 
      • Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as ISO formatted strings.
        • 
 
      <conn>.execute('<query>', <list/tuple>)         # Replaces '?'s in query with values.
 <conn>.execute('<query>', <dict/namedtuple>)    # Replaces ':<key>'s with values.
@@ -2498,15 +2498,15 @@
 import math, struct, simpleaudio
 from itertools import repeat, chain
 F  = 44100
-P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,,'
-P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,,'
+P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,'
+P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,'
 get_pause   = lambda seconds: repeat(0, int(seconds * F))
 sin_f       = lambda i, hz: math.sin(i * 2 * math.pi * hz / F)
 get_wave    = lambda hz, seconds: (sin_f(i, hz) for i in range(int(seconds * F)))
 get_hz      = lambda key: 8.176 * 2 ** (int(key) / 12)
 parse_note  = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:2]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8)
 get_samples = lambda note: get_wave(*parse_note(note)) if note else get_pause(1/8)
-samples_f   = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1}{P1}{P2}'.split(','))
+samples_f   = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(','))
 samples_b   = b''.join(struct.pack('<h', int(f * 30000)) for f in samples_f)
 simpleaudio.play_buffer(samples_b, 1, 2, F)
 
      
@@ -3007,7 +3007,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 4c53f911818aa09712bb2784b2a8a9ac6de40d11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 8 Oct 2021 17:29:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 021/667] Parsed changes to OS Commands

---
 index.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 94671a3b8..c9fca8bde 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1579,7 +1579,7 @@
 
      
 
 
      Sends '1 + 1' to the basic calculator and captures its output:
      >>> from subprocess import run
->>> run('bc', input='1 + 1\n', capture_output=True, encoding='utf-8')
+>>> run('bc', input='1 + 1\n', capture_output=True, text=True)
 CompletedProcess(args='bc', returncode=0, stdout='2\n', stderr='')
 
      
 

From ac54ab1e1ff2ce8e02970f255ffb654ce7d31fb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 13 Oct 2021 10:42:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 022/667] Input, Pygame

---
 README.md  | 4 ++--
 index.html | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c08762812..bbed66a37 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ Input
 ```
 * **Trailing newline gets stripped.**
 * **Prompt string is printed to the standard output before reading input.**
-* **Raises EOFError when user hits EOF (ctrl-d/z) or input stream gets exhausted.**
+* **Raises EOFError when user hits EOF (ctrl-d/ctrl-z⏎) or input stream gets exhausted.**
 
 
 Command Line Arguments
@@ -2952,7 +2952,7 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
 **Object for representing images.**
 ```python
  = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
- = pg.Surface((width, height) [, flags])  # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
+ = pg.Surface((width, height), flags=0)   # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
  = pg.image.load('')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
  = .subsurface()              # Returns a subsurface.
 ```
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index c9fca8bde..14acf5f4b 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@
 
        
 
      • Trailing newline gets stripped.
        • 
 
      • Prompt string is printed to the standard output before reading input.
        • 
-
      • Raises EOFError when user hits EOF (ctrl-d/z) or input stream gets exhausted.
        • 
+
      • Raises EOFError when user hits EOF (ctrl-d/ctrl-z⏎) or input stream gets exhausted.
        • 
 
      
 
      #Command Line Arguments
      import sys
 scripts_path = sys.argv[0]
@@ -2540,7 +2540,7 @@
 <list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indexes of all colliding Rects.
 
      
 
      Surface
      Object for representing images.
      <Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
-<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height) [, flags])  # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
+<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height), flags=0)   # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
 <Surf> = pg.image.load('<path>')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
 <Surf> = <Surf>.subsurface(<Rect>)              # Returns a subsurface.
 
      
@@ -3007,7 +3007,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From dd2f928c29b7cc9c6c47831b317a93dbc4d63943 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2021 14:56:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 023/667] Added Imports

---
 README.md  | 11 +++++++++++
 index.html | 13 +++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bbed66a37..82b99f930 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -810,6 +810,17 @@ creature = Creature(point, direction)
 ```
 
 
+Imports
+-------
+```python
+import             # Imports a built-in or '.py'.
+import            # Imports a built-in or '/__init__.py'.
+import .  # Imports a built-in or '/.py'.
+```
+* **Package is a collection of multiple modules, but it can also define its own objects. Python treats any directory containing a file called `'__init__.py'` as a package.**
+* **Running `'import '` does not automatically provide access to package's modules unless they are imported in its init script.**
+
+
 Closure
 -------
 **We have a closure in Python when:**
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 14acf5f4b..a652a550e 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -841,6 +841,15 @@
 Creature = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
 creature = Creature(point, direction)
 
    
+
    #Imports
    import <module>            # Imports a built-in or '<module>.py'.
+import <package>           # Imports a built-in or '<package>/__init__.py'.
+import <package>.<module>  # Imports a built-in or '<package>/<module>.py'.
+
    
+
+
      
+
    • Package is a collection of multiple modules, but it can also define its own objects. Python treats any directory containing a file called '__init__.py' as a package.
      • 
+
    • Running 'import <package>' does not automatically provide access to package's modules unless they are imported in its init script.
      • 
+
    
 
    #Closure
    We have a closure in Python when:
      
 
    • A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then
      • 
 
    • the enclosing function returns the nested function.
      • 
@@ -3007,7 +3016,7 @@
  
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 

From f340968b233f60114eee58bed6f58e0993cf46aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 12:33:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 024/667] Updated index

---
 index.html                   | 4 ++--
 pdf/index_for_pdf.html       | 1 +
 pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html | 1 +
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index a652a550e..1372d41dc 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -3016,7 +3016,7 @@
  
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
index 192cb16f5..3593efe73 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ 
      H
      
 hexadecimal representation, 7, 8, 28  
      
 
      I
      
 
      image, 35, 39-40, 42-43
      
+imports, 12
      
 inline, 11-12, 15, 20
      
 input function, 22
      
 introspection, 31
      
diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
index 5d9519c36..1720a9692 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf_print.html
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ 
      H
      
 hexadecimal representation, 7, 8, 28  
      
 
      I
      
 
      image, 35, 39-40, 42-43
      
+imports, 12
      
 inline, 11-12, 15, 20
      
 input function, 22
      
 introspection, 31
      

From cae27c1fb3d6058749110dac65b166d9aeba33a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2021 17:18:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 025/667] Imports

---
 README.md  | 5 +++--
 index.html | 9 +++++----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 82b99f930..da01ea7b4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -817,8 +817,9 @@ import             # Imports a built-in or '.py'.
 import            # Imports a built-in or '/__init__.py'.
 import .  # Imports a built-in or '/.py'.
 ```
-* **Package is a collection of multiple modules, but it can also define its own objects. Python treats any directory containing a file called `'__init__.py'` as a package.**
-* **Running `'import '` does not automatically provide access to package's modules unless they are imported in its init script.**
+* **Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.**
+* **On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.**
+* **Running `'import '` does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.**
 
 
 Closure
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 1372d41dc..2e416ed7e 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -847,8 +847,9 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • Package is a collection of multiple modules, but it can also define its own objects. Python treats any directory containing a file called '__init__.py' as a package.
      • 
-
    • Running 'import <package>' does not automatically provide access to package's modules unless they are imported in its init script.
      • 
+
    • Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.
      • 
+
    • On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.
      • 
+
    • Running 'import <package>' does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Closure
    We have a closure in Python when: