Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Dec 1, 2015
Depression among children is a prevalent, distressing phenomenon. Children&am... more Depression among children is a prevalent, distressing phenomenon. Children's hope and negative attributional style are significant precursors for children's depressive symptoms. Thus, the aim of the current study is to examine parents' characteristics that contribute to children's attributional style and hope in a sample of 85 Israeli young elementary school age children (mean [SD] age, 6.70 [0.49] years) and their parents. Results demonstrated positive associations between both mothers' and fathers' positive attributional style and children's hope and positive attributional style; however, parents' hope was not associated with children's hope or with children's positive attributional style. Mothers' overprotectiveness and psychological control were negatively associated with children's hope and positive attributional style, whereas fathers' overprotectiveness was positively associated with these variables. Moreover, few parent and child sex effects were found with fathers' criticism associating negatively with boys' attributional style and hope and positively with girls' attributional style. Finally, our study demonstrated a possible advantage of the fit between mothers' and fathers' practices to children's positive attributional style and hope. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
The associations between self-perception and attachment orientations and three aspects of childre... more The associations between self-perception and attachment orientations and three aspects of children's competence within friendships were examined: Managing conflict, seeking support, and giving support. Questionnaires were completed by 260 4th-and 5thgrade students. Homeroom teachers reported on the children's social adjustment. Secure attachment orientation and positive self-perception were positively associated with prosocial friendship competencies, and negatively associated with disengaging strategies. By contrast, ambivalent attachment was related to accommodation strategy and to disengaging strategies in the context of seeking and giving support. Girls and boys showed different levels of competencies within friendships; the results also demonstrate that engaging and disengaging strategies might function differently for boys and girls, and reveal the moderating role of attachment. The role of culture in children's competencies and the implications for intervention for children with friendship difficulties are discussed.
The long-term effects of extreme war-related trauma on the second and the third generation of Hol... more The long-term effects of extreme war-related trauma on the second and the third generation of Holocaust survivors HS! were examined in 88 middle-class families. Differences in functioning between adult offspring of HS~HSO! and a comparison group, as well as the psychosocial functioning of adolescent grandchildren of HS, were studied. Degree of presence of Holocaust in the family was examined in families in which both parents were HSO, either mother or father was HSO, and neither parent was HSO. Mothers' Holocaust background was associated with higher levels of psychological distress and less positive parenting representations. In line with synergic~multiplicative! models of risk, adolescents in families where both parents were HSO perceived their mothers as less accepting and less encouraging independence, and reported less positive self-perceptions than their counterparts. They also perceived their fathers as less accepting and less encouraging independence, showed higher levels of ambivalent attachment style, and according to their peers, demonstrated poorer adjustment during military basic training than their fellow recruits from the one-parent HSO group. Parents and adolescents in the one-parent HSO group functioned similarly to others with no Holocaust background. Parenting variables mediated the association across generations between degree of Holocaust experience in the family of origin of the parents and ambivalent attachment style and self-perception of the adolescents. It is recommended that researchers and clinicians develop awareness of the possible traces of trauma in the second and the third generation despite their sound functioning in their daily lives.
Struggling with difficulties might result in changes that promote a higher level of functioning t... more Struggling with difficulties might result in changes that promote a higher level of functioning than previously exhibited. This chapter focuses on difficult experiences prior to the transition to parenthood, and the imagined and actual implications of these experiences on future parenting. Two studies focusing on the experience of stillbirth and traumatic labor highlight the contribution of the resolution of difficult experiences and attachment security to mothers’ functioning and parenting. Findings of Study 1 indicate that women who experienced stillbirth had higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance and higher levels of unresolved loss than the control group. Nevertheless, they described the loss as an event that strengthened them and made them better women and mothers. In Study 2, mothers with high levels of anxious or avoidant attachment tended to have a more traumatic perception of the childbirth experience. Support and attachment security buffered the adverse implications of a difficult birth experience. The studies reveal risk and protective factors in the normative stressful life event of the transition to parenthood, and factors that promote positive change and increased strength in the face of adversity.
Israeli society has a strong familial culture in conjunction with high levels of stress and massi... more Israeli society has a strong familial culture in conjunction with high levels of stress and massive immigration. In this chapter, I discuss relatedness and autonomy in parent-adolescent relationships. Israeli parents favor proximal parenting that might be more adequate in collectivistic cultural contexts and is especially crucial in dangerous and unpredictable environments. Closeness to parents, and heightened centrality of parents, is associated with favorable outcomes. Reduced parental authority and heightened permissiveness are also salient features. It is probably more difficult to exert parental authority when parents are highly involved and close to their children. I discuss possible sociological and psychological explanations for these characteristics.
Employing a quasi-experimental design, this study explored the long-term effects of different chi... more Employing a quasi-experimental design, this study explored the long-term effects of different childrearing ecological contexts. Participants were 131 adolescents (aged 16-18) from four groups: some who lived in a city, some from a kibbutz familial setting, some from a kibbutz communal setting, and a transitional group that included adolescents raised in a communal setting as young children who moved to a familial sleeping arrangement before the age of six. Adolescents' state of mind with regard to attachment and representations regarding separation were examined. Participants were administered the Adult Attachment Interview, the Separation Anxiety Test, and background questionnaires. The group raised in a communal setting in the kibbutz showed a higher incidence of nonautonomous attachment representations and less competent coping with imagined separations than did the other groups. By contrast, the transitional group was comparable to the city and the kibbutz familial groups. These results are discussed in light of the plasticity and adaptability of children to changed circumstances.
This study examined how parent–adolescent relationships are related to adolescent loneliness, int... more This study examined how parent–adolescent relationships are related to adolescent loneliness, interpersonal difficulties and school adjustment among Israeli Arabs. Two hundred and thirty‐one 11th graders (103 boys and 128 girls) and their homeroom teachers participated. Four groups of adolescents were identified according to parenting practice profiles: Adolescents in the harsh parenting group reported the highest levels of loneliness, those in the distant and mixed groups reported midway levels of loneliness, and those in the warm group showed the lowest degree of loneliness and the lowest levels of interpersonal problems. Overall, boys reported higher levels of peer‐related loneliness and lower levels of affinity for aloneness than girls. Gender interacted significantly with parenting group, with girls in the harsh parenting group exhibiting greater parent‐related loneliness and affinity for loneliness, while boys exhibited more peer‐related loneliness. The important role that parents play in their children's social adjustment is discussed in relation to gender and culture.
Elementary school children already show signs of problematic attitudes toward their body and dist... more Elementary school children already show signs of problematic attitudes toward their body and disturbed eating attitudes. This study examined the contribution of familial and social variables to children's eating behaviors and attitudes and body image. 225 third and fourth graders completed questionnaires regarding eating behaviors and attitudes, body image, parenting practices, security in the family, and idol worship. Homeroom teachers reported on children's adjustment. Children with insecure patterns in the family and those reporting high levels of parental psychological control and high levels of idol worship were found to exhibit more problematic eating behaviors and attitudes, and displayed a lower body image than their counterparts. Parental support was negatively related to eating attitudes and idolization was positively associated with eating attitudes only among girls. The findings highlight the importance of early screening of at-risk groups. By identifying children's specific vulnerabilities, therapists and educators can consider different foci in intervention.
Relatively little research has examined the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship, although t... more Relatively little research has examined the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship, although these relationships might play a more significant role than in the past, possibly impacting grandchildren’s development and the adjustment of both parties. This chapter reviews different theoretical perspectives related to this bond and presents the special flavor of this bond during emerging adulthood resulting from the different developmental trajectories of grandparents and grandchildren that mutually influence one another. Empirical findings demonstrating large variation both within and between families regarding frequency of contact and quality of the relations are presented, as well as various contextual and demographic variables that might mediate and moderate these variations. Finally, the importance of studying this bond, future research directions, and possible implications are discussed.
In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transitio... more In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transition to adulthood in becoming romantically committed and balancing romantic commitments and other aspects of life. The present study was conducted on a sample of 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 23 to 34 years. The study examined the role of personality attributes (dependency, self-criticism), parental support, and reflectivity concerning own family of origin in making a smoother transition to mature romantic engagement. Greater achievement of romantic goals and greater mastery in balancing family and work demands were predicted by low dependency or low self-criticism (assessed at age 23) and a high level of reflectivity (assessed at age 29). The distinctive role of reflectivity with regard to own family script and personality attributes for a smoother romantic transition in adulthood is discussed. In addition, the possible implications of the findings for intervention are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Self-silencing is a tendency to suppress the expression of thoughts and opinions from a romantic ... more Self-silencing is a tendency to suppress the expression of thoughts and opinions from a romantic partner due to the fear that this self-expression would lead to a dissolution of the relationship. The aim of the current study was to assess the longitudinal effects of self-silencing during adolescence and its change across time in the context of future romantic relationships at the age of 23. In the current study, the level of self-silencing was assessed among 144 adolescents (86 females) aged 16–18 years (mean age = 16.57 years). Seven years later at the age of 23, participants reported again on the level of self-silencing, the quality of their romantic relationships, and their ability to cope with romantic stressors. Employing regression analyses, results showed that self-silencing at age 16 predicted more concealment. In addition, changes in self-silencing over time explained the variance within future levels of concealment, partner support, relationship certainty, and posttraumatic growth. Embedded within a developmental framework, our results illuminate the importance of considering both initial levels of relational vulnerabilities and their change over time in future romantic relationships.
Objective: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopath... more Objective: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopathology and negative interpersonal outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were cross-sectional and have not addressed the role of possible changes in self-criticism across time for future outcomes. The current study investigated the degree to which changes in self-criticism during young adulthood precede better psychological outcomes beyond the contribution of their baseline levels. Method: A total of 168 Israeli emerging adults were followed for 12 years. Participants completed assessments of self-criticism at age 23, 24, 26.5, and 29, and of developmental tasks and psychological adaptation at age 35. Analyses assessed the extent to which the intercept and linear slope of self-criticism were associated with assessments of coping with age-related tasks and psychological well-being at age 35. Results: Findings indicated that decreases in self-criticism between the ages of 23 and 29 were associated with better coping with age-related task outcomes and psychological health at age 35. Conclusions: These findings are among the first to show that decreases in self-criticism serve as important precursors of coping with age-related tasks and psychological outcomes and point to the positive contributions of changes in personality attributes for future development.
Adolescent sexual behavior was examined within a health perspective. Assuming a developmental per... more Adolescent sexual behavior was examined within a health perspective. Assuming a developmental perspective, the current study investigated the associations between sexual behavior in either stable relationships or in casual encounters, and the quality of romantic relationships and affect 4 years later. Data were collected from 144 Israeli adolescents aged 16-18 years (mean age 16.57 years). Participants completed diary data over a period of 10 days and reported on the quality of their romantic encounters and their emotions, and on their sexual behavior in stable relationships or casual encounters. Four years later, they were asked to complete diary data again for 10 consecutive days and report on the quality of their romantic relationships and their positive and negative affect. Findings indicate that involvement in sexual behavior in stable romantic relationships was associated only with future romantic partner support. In contrast, earlier involvement in casual sexual behavior was associated with a number of future indices: lower partner support, greater negative affect as well as greater relationship tension, and dyadic hurtful behavior 4 years later. The differential role of sexuality within a stable relationship or casual encounters among adolescents for their future romantic development is discussed within a developmental framework.
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, Dec 14, 2016
Middle childhood is considered a sensitive phase for the development of both dependency and achie... more Middle childhood is considered a sensitive phase for the development of both dependency and achievement-related problems. In order to target efficient prevention and treatment, it is necessary to identify unique associations with possible precursors. This study hypothesized that children's dependency-related problems (i.e., separation anxiety and generalized anxiety) would uniquely relate to parental dependency-oriented psychological control and that children's achievement-related problems (i.e., extrinsic motivation and maladaptive perfectionism) would uniquely relate to parental achievement-oriented psychological control. The study included 180 elementary school children. Results showed that higher levels of children's separation anxiety uniquely related to more parental dependency-oriented psychological control, while higher levels of children's extrinsic motivation uniquely related to more parental achievementoriented psychological control. Contrary to the expectations, higher levels of children's maladaptive perfectionism were associated with both dimensions of parental psychological control, and children's generalized anxiety was not associated with any dimension. Study implications are discussed.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Dec 1, 2015
Depression among children is a prevalent, distressing phenomenon. Children&am... more Depression among children is a prevalent, distressing phenomenon. Children's hope and negative attributional style are significant precursors for children's depressive symptoms. Thus, the aim of the current study is to examine parents' characteristics that contribute to children's attributional style and hope in a sample of 85 Israeli young elementary school age children (mean [SD] age, 6.70 [0.49] years) and their parents. Results demonstrated positive associations between both mothers' and fathers' positive attributional style and children's hope and positive attributional style; however, parents' hope was not associated with children's hope or with children's positive attributional style. Mothers' overprotectiveness and psychological control were negatively associated with children's hope and positive attributional style, whereas fathers' overprotectiveness was positively associated with these variables. Moreover, few parent and child sex effects were found with fathers' criticism associating negatively with boys' attributional style and hope and positively with girls' attributional style. Finally, our study demonstrated a possible advantage of the fit between mothers' and fathers' practices to children's positive attributional style and hope. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
The associations between self-perception and attachment orientations and three aspects of childre... more The associations between self-perception and attachment orientations and three aspects of children's competence within friendships were examined: Managing conflict, seeking support, and giving support. Questionnaires were completed by 260 4th-and 5thgrade students. Homeroom teachers reported on the children's social adjustment. Secure attachment orientation and positive self-perception were positively associated with prosocial friendship competencies, and negatively associated with disengaging strategies. By contrast, ambivalent attachment was related to accommodation strategy and to disengaging strategies in the context of seeking and giving support. Girls and boys showed different levels of competencies within friendships; the results also demonstrate that engaging and disengaging strategies might function differently for boys and girls, and reveal the moderating role of attachment. The role of culture in children's competencies and the implications for intervention for children with friendship difficulties are discussed.
The long-term effects of extreme war-related trauma on the second and the third generation of Hol... more The long-term effects of extreme war-related trauma on the second and the third generation of Holocaust survivors HS! were examined in 88 middle-class families. Differences in functioning between adult offspring of HS~HSO! and a comparison group, as well as the psychosocial functioning of adolescent grandchildren of HS, were studied. Degree of presence of Holocaust in the family was examined in families in which both parents were HSO, either mother or father was HSO, and neither parent was HSO. Mothers' Holocaust background was associated with higher levels of psychological distress and less positive parenting representations. In line with synergic~multiplicative! models of risk, adolescents in families where both parents were HSO perceived their mothers as less accepting and less encouraging independence, and reported less positive self-perceptions than their counterparts. They also perceived their fathers as less accepting and less encouraging independence, showed higher levels of ambivalent attachment style, and according to their peers, demonstrated poorer adjustment during military basic training than their fellow recruits from the one-parent HSO group. Parents and adolescents in the one-parent HSO group functioned similarly to others with no Holocaust background. Parenting variables mediated the association across generations between degree of Holocaust experience in the family of origin of the parents and ambivalent attachment style and self-perception of the adolescents. It is recommended that researchers and clinicians develop awareness of the possible traces of trauma in the second and the third generation despite their sound functioning in their daily lives.
Struggling with difficulties might result in changes that promote a higher level of functioning t... more Struggling with difficulties might result in changes that promote a higher level of functioning than previously exhibited. This chapter focuses on difficult experiences prior to the transition to parenthood, and the imagined and actual implications of these experiences on future parenting. Two studies focusing on the experience of stillbirth and traumatic labor highlight the contribution of the resolution of difficult experiences and attachment security to mothers’ functioning and parenting. Findings of Study 1 indicate that women who experienced stillbirth had higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance and higher levels of unresolved loss than the control group. Nevertheless, they described the loss as an event that strengthened them and made them better women and mothers. In Study 2, mothers with high levels of anxious or avoidant attachment tended to have a more traumatic perception of the childbirth experience. Support and attachment security buffered the adverse implications of a difficult birth experience. The studies reveal risk and protective factors in the normative stressful life event of the transition to parenthood, and factors that promote positive change and increased strength in the face of adversity.
Israeli society has a strong familial culture in conjunction with high levels of stress and massi... more Israeli society has a strong familial culture in conjunction with high levels of stress and massive immigration. In this chapter, I discuss relatedness and autonomy in parent-adolescent relationships. Israeli parents favor proximal parenting that might be more adequate in collectivistic cultural contexts and is especially crucial in dangerous and unpredictable environments. Closeness to parents, and heightened centrality of parents, is associated with favorable outcomes. Reduced parental authority and heightened permissiveness are also salient features. It is probably more difficult to exert parental authority when parents are highly involved and close to their children. I discuss possible sociological and psychological explanations for these characteristics.
Employing a quasi-experimental design, this study explored the long-term effects of different chi... more Employing a quasi-experimental design, this study explored the long-term effects of different childrearing ecological contexts. Participants were 131 adolescents (aged 16-18) from four groups: some who lived in a city, some from a kibbutz familial setting, some from a kibbutz communal setting, and a transitional group that included adolescents raised in a communal setting as young children who moved to a familial sleeping arrangement before the age of six. Adolescents' state of mind with regard to attachment and representations regarding separation were examined. Participants were administered the Adult Attachment Interview, the Separation Anxiety Test, and background questionnaires. The group raised in a communal setting in the kibbutz showed a higher incidence of nonautonomous attachment representations and less competent coping with imagined separations than did the other groups. By contrast, the transitional group was comparable to the city and the kibbutz familial groups. These results are discussed in light of the plasticity and adaptability of children to changed circumstances.
This study examined how parent–adolescent relationships are related to adolescent loneliness, int... more This study examined how parent–adolescent relationships are related to adolescent loneliness, interpersonal difficulties and school adjustment among Israeli Arabs. Two hundred and thirty‐one 11th graders (103 boys and 128 girls) and their homeroom teachers participated. Four groups of adolescents were identified according to parenting practice profiles: Adolescents in the harsh parenting group reported the highest levels of loneliness, those in the distant and mixed groups reported midway levels of loneliness, and those in the warm group showed the lowest degree of loneliness and the lowest levels of interpersonal problems. Overall, boys reported higher levels of peer‐related loneliness and lower levels of affinity for aloneness than girls. Gender interacted significantly with parenting group, with girls in the harsh parenting group exhibiting greater parent‐related loneliness and affinity for loneliness, while boys exhibited more peer‐related loneliness. The important role that parents play in their children's social adjustment is discussed in relation to gender and culture.
Elementary school children already show signs of problematic attitudes toward their body and dist... more Elementary school children already show signs of problematic attitudes toward their body and disturbed eating attitudes. This study examined the contribution of familial and social variables to children's eating behaviors and attitudes and body image. 225 third and fourth graders completed questionnaires regarding eating behaviors and attitudes, body image, parenting practices, security in the family, and idol worship. Homeroom teachers reported on children's adjustment. Children with insecure patterns in the family and those reporting high levels of parental psychological control and high levels of idol worship were found to exhibit more problematic eating behaviors and attitudes, and displayed a lower body image than their counterparts. Parental support was negatively related to eating attitudes and idolization was positively associated with eating attitudes only among girls. The findings highlight the importance of early screening of at-risk groups. By identifying children's specific vulnerabilities, therapists and educators can consider different foci in intervention.
Relatively little research has examined the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship, although t... more Relatively little research has examined the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship, although these relationships might play a more significant role than in the past, possibly impacting grandchildren’s development and the adjustment of both parties. This chapter reviews different theoretical perspectives related to this bond and presents the special flavor of this bond during emerging adulthood resulting from the different developmental trajectories of grandparents and grandchildren that mutually influence one another. Empirical findings demonstrating large variation both within and between families regarding frequency of contact and quality of the relations are presented, as well as various contextual and demographic variables that might mediate and moderate these variations. Finally, the importance of studying this bond, future research directions, and possible implications are discussed.
In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transitio... more In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transition to adulthood in becoming romantically committed and balancing romantic commitments and other aspects of life. The present study was conducted on a sample of 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 23 to 34 years. The study examined the role of personality attributes (dependency, self-criticism), parental support, and reflectivity concerning own family of origin in making a smoother transition to mature romantic engagement. Greater achievement of romantic goals and greater mastery in balancing family and work demands were predicted by low dependency or low self-criticism (assessed at age 23) and a high level of reflectivity (assessed at age 29). The distinctive role of reflectivity with regard to own family script and personality attributes for a smoother romantic transition in adulthood is discussed. In addition, the possible implications of the findings for intervention are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Self-silencing is a tendency to suppress the expression of thoughts and opinions from a romantic ... more Self-silencing is a tendency to suppress the expression of thoughts and opinions from a romantic partner due to the fear that this self-expression would lead to a dissolution of the relationship. The aim of the current study was to assess the longitudinal effects of self-silencing during adolescence and its change across time in the context of future romantic relationships at the age of 23. In the current study, the level of self-silencing was assessed among 144 adolescents (86 females) aged 16–18 years (mean age = 16.57 years). Seven years later at the age of 23, participants reported again on the level of self-silencing, the quality of their romantic relationships, and their ability to cope with romantic stressors. Employing regression analyses, results showed that self-silencing at age 16 predicted more concealment. In addition, changes in self-silencing over time explained the variance within future levels of concealment, partner support, relationship certainty, and posttraumatic growth. Embedded within a developmental framework, our results illuminate the importance of considering both initial levels of relational vulnerabilities and their change over time in future romantic relationships.
Objective: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopath... more Objective: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopathology and negative interpersonal outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were cross-sectional and have not addressed the role of possible changes in self-criticism across time for future outcomes. The current study investigated the degree to which changes in self-criticism during young adulthood precede better psychological outcomes beyond the contribution of their baseline levels. Method: A total of 168 Israeli emerging adults were followed for 12 years. Participants completed assessments of self-criticism at age 23, 24, 26.5, and 29, and of developmental tasks and psychological adaptation at age 35. Analyses assessed the extent to which the intercept and linear slope of self-criticism were associated with assessments of coping with age-related tasks and psychological well-being at age 35. Results: Findings indicated that decreases in self-criticism between the ages of 23 and 29 were associated with better coping with age-related task outcomes and psychological health at age 35. Conclusions: These findings are among the first to show that decreases in self-criticism serve as important precursors of coping with age-related tasks and psychological outcomes and point to the positive contributions of changes in personality attributes for future development.
Adolescent sexual behavior was examined within a health perspective. Assuming a developmental per... more Adolescent sexual behavior was examined within a health perspective. Assuming a developmental perspective, the current study investigated the associations between sexual behavior in either stable relationships or in casual encounters, and the quality of romantic relationships and affect 4 years later. Data were collected from 144 Israeli adolescents aged 16-18 years (mean age 16.57 years). Participants completed diary data over a period of 10 days and reported on the quality of their romantic encounters and their emotions, and on their sexual behavior in stable relationships or casual encounters. Four years later, they were asked to complete diary data again for 10 consecutive days and report on the quality of their romantic relationships and their positive and negative affect. Findings indicate that involvement in sexual behavior in stable romantic relationships was associated only with future romantic partner support. In contrast, earlier involvement in casual sexual behavior was associated with a number of future indices: lower partner support, greater negative affect as well as greater relationship tension, and dyadic hurtful behavior 4 years later. The differential role of sexuality within a stable relationship or casual encounters among adolescents for their future romantic development is discussed within a developmental framework.
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, Dec 14, 2016
Middle childhood is considered a sensitive phase for the development of both dependency and achie... more Middle childhood is considered a sensitive phase for the development of both dependency and achievement-related problems. In order to target efficient prevention and treatment, it is necessary to identify unique associations with possible precursors. This study hypothesized that children's dependency-related problems (i.e., separation anxiety and generalized anxiety) would uniquely relate to parental dependency-oriented psychological control and that children's achievement-related problems (i.e., extrinsic motivation and maladaptive perfectionism) would uniquely relate to parental achievement-oriented psychological control. The study included 180 elementary school children. Results showed that higher levels of children's separation anxiety uniquely related to more parental dependency-oriented psychological control, while higher levels of children's extrinsic motivation uniquely related to more parental achievementoriented psychological control. Contrary to the expectations, higher levels of children's maladaptive perfectionism were associated with both dimensions of parental psychological control, and children's generalized anxiety was not associated with any dimension. Study implications are discussed.
Uploads
Papers by Miri Scharf