Marie Chieze
Address: Switzerland
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Papers by Marie Chieze
Methods: A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, primarily
through Pubmed, Embase, and CENTRAL. Interventional and prospective observational
studies on effects of seclusion and restraint on psychiatric inpatients were included. Main
search keywords were restraint, seclusion, psychiatry, effect, harm, efficiency, efficacy,
effectiveness, and quality of life.
Results: Thirty-five articles were included, out of 6,854 records. Studies on the effects
of seclusion and restraint in adult psychiatry comprise a wide range of outcomes and
designs. The identified literature provides some evidence that seclusion and restraint
have deleterious physical or psychological consequences. Estimation of post-traumatic
stress disorder incidence after intervention varies from 25% to 47% and, thus, is
not negligible, especially for patients with past traumatic experiences. Subjective
perception has high interindividual variability, mostly associated with negative emotions.
Effectiveness and adverse effects of seclusion and restraint seem to be similar.
Compared to other coercive measures (notably forced medication), seclusion seems
to be better accepted, while restraint seems to be less tolerated, possibly because of
the perception of seclusion as “non-invasive.” Therapeutic interaction appears to have
a positive influence on coercion perception.
Conclusion: Heterogeneity of the included studies limited drawing clear conclusions,
but the main results identified show negative effects of seclusion and restraint. These
interventions should be used with caution and as a last resort. Patients’ preferences
should be taken into account when deciding to apply these measures. The therapeutic
relationship could be a focus for improvement of effects and subjective perception of
coercion. In terms of methodology, studying coercive measures remains difficult but, in
the context of current research on coercion reduction, is needed to provide workable
baseline data and potential targets for interventions. Well-conducted prospective cohort
studies could be more feasible than randomized controlled trials for interventional studies.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, primarily
through Pubmed, Embase, and CENTRAL. Interventional and prospective observational
studies on effects of seclusion and restraint on psychiatric inpatients were included. Main
search keywords were restraint, seclusion, psychiatry, effect, harm, efficiency, efficacy,
effectiveness, and quality of life.
Results: Thirty-five articles were included, out of 6,854 records. Studies on the effects
of seclusion and restraint in adult psychiatry comprise a wide range of outcomes and
designs. The identified literature provides some evidence that seclusion and restraint
have deleterious physical or psychological consequences. Estimation of post-traumatic
stress disorder incidence after intervention varies from 25% to 47% and, thus, is
not negligible, especially for patients with past traumatic experiences. Subjective
perception has high interindividual variability, mostly associated with negative emotions.
Effectiveness and adverse effects of seclusion and restraint seem to be similar.
Compared to other coercive measures (notably forced medication), seclusion seems
to be better accepted, while restraint seems to be less tolerated, possibly because of
the perception of seclusion as “non-invasive.” Therapeutic interaction appears to have
a positive influence on coercion perception.
Conclusion: Heterogeneity of the included studies limited drawing clear conclusions,
but the main results identified show negative effects of seclusion and restraint. These
interventions should be used with caution and as a last resort. Patients’ preferences
should be taken into account when deciding to apply these measures. The therapeutic
relationship could be a focus for improvement of effects and subjective perception of
coercion. In terms of methodology, studying coercive measures remains difficult but, in
the context of current research on coercion reduction, is needed to provide workable
baseline data and potential targets for interventions. Well-conducted prospective cohort
studies could be more feasible than randomized controlled trials for interventional studies.