Papers by Arturo Solis Herrera
Global Research in Environment and Sustainability, 2024
Everything scientists can observe in the universe, from people to planets, is made of matter. Mat... more Everything scientists can observe in the universe, from people to planets, is made of matter. Matter is defined as any substance that has mass and occupies space. But there’s more to the universe than the matter we can see. Dark matter and dark energy are mysterious substances that affect and shape the cosmos, and scientists are still trying to figure them out. Invisible dark matter makes up most of the universe (96 %) – but we can only detect it from its gravitational effects. Galaxies in our universe seem to be achieving an impossible feat. They are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together; they should have torn themselves apart long ago. The same is true of galaxies in clusters, which leads scientists to believe that something we cannot see is at work. They think something we have yet to detect directly is giving these galaxies extra mass, generating the extra gravity they need to stay intact. This strange and unknown matter was called “dark matter” since it is not visible. The melanin of living beings and the dark matter of the universe share the same physical/chemical characteristics, including the unsuspected ability to transform the power of light into chemical energy, by dissociating water molecules, as in plants.
Life originated in anoxia, but paradoxically many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for surviv... more Life originated in anoxia, but paradoxically many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for expel CO 2 and acquiring oxygen to and from the environment, respectively. Thereby, Oxygen, a vital gas, and a lethal toxin, represents a trade-off with which all organisms have had a conflicted relationship. The study of oxygen movements in the tissues of the human body has been a matter of great interest ever since centuries. In the beginning of the past century, Dr. Christian Bohr and August Krogh's work on respiratory physiology and capillary modelling using mathematical models to calculate molecular transport in microcirculation, trying to determine the negative impact of lack of oxygen transport to tissues. Supposedly, computer simulation allowed investigation of the dynamic and non-linear characteristics of the systems. But the results have been and are contradictory. In Germany, Dietrich Werner Lubbers (1917-2005) obtained several patents related to designs for the study of gases in tissues. The aim of Dietrich Lübbers' research was to understand the entire pathway and regulation of oxygen transport from the blood into the mitochondria. Assessment of pO 2 histograms on most organs, revealed a remarkable similarity under physiological conditions: a Gaussian distribution always with less than 5% of values less than 5mmHg. Other studies detected changes in the concentrations of oxy-([HbO 2 ]) deoxy-([HHb]) and total haemoglobin ([HbT]=[HbO 2 ]þ [HHb]) measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) [1]. It has been shown that diabetic rats have markedly decreased oxygen availability in the kidney, supposedly resulting from increased oxygen consumption [2].
International journal of clinical studies and medical case reports, Apr 15, 2021
Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), May 3, 2021
Life originated in anoxia, but paradoxically many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for surviv... more Life originated in anoxia, but paradoxically many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for expel CO 2 and acquiring oxygen to and from the environment, respectively. Thereby, Oxygen, a vital gas, and a lethal toxin, represents a trade-off with which all organisms have had a conflicted relationship. The study of oxygen movements in the tissues of the human body has been a matter of great interest ever since centuries. In the beginning of the past century, Dr. Christian Bohr and August Krogh's work on respiratory physiology and capillary modelling using mathematical models to calculate molecular transport in microcirculation, trying to determine the negative impact of lack of oxygen transport to tissues. Supposedly, computer simulation allowed investigation of the dynamic and non-linear characteristics of the systems. But the results have been and are contradictory. In Germany, Dietrich Werner Lubbers (1917-2005) obtained several patents related to designs for the study of gases in tissues. The aim of Dietrich Lübbers' research was to understand the entire pathway and regulation of oxygen transport from the blood into the mitochondria. Assessment of pO 2 histograms on most organs, revealed a remarkable similarity under physiological conditions: a Gaussian distribution always with less than 5% of values less than 5mmHg. Other studies detected changes in the concentrations of oxy-([HbO 2 ]) deoxy-([HHb]) and total haemoglobin ([HbT]=[HbO 2 ]þ [HHb]) measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) [1]. It has been shown that diabetic rats have markedly decreased oxygen availability in the kidney, supposedly resulting from increased oxygen consumption [2].
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks, Jul 30, 2017
Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, Jun 19, 2013
Journal of Pulmonology Research & Reports, 2022
Oxygen seems of fundamental importance to survival. Thereby, transportation exchange, and regulat... more Oxygen seems of fundamental importance to survival. Thereby, transportation exchange, and regulation of necessary gases is critical. The prevalent dogma indicates that the exchange from atmospheric oxygen in the lungs is by simple diffusion, caused by the differential pressure of gases involved in respiration. Gases tend to move from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure one. Theoretically, at the end of the process, oxygen passes from the blood to the tissue fluid and carbon dioxide from tissue fluid into the blood. Apparently, blood stream is a well-developed system for the transportation of gases. However, our finding about the unsuspected intrinsic property of human body to dissociate the water molecule, breaks in thousand pieces the ancient dogma about living beings can absorbs atmospheric oxygen.
Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7, 2021
Bioenergetics, in biochemistry, is defined as the study of the continuously energy transformation... more Bioenergetics, in biochemistry, is defined as the study of the continuously energy transformation in biological systems. It is considered a branch of cell biology, biochemistry, and biophysics. Bioenergetics can be defined as field in biochemistry that concerns energy flow through living organisms and systems. So far, respiration, that is considered necessary for the survival of plants and animals, supposedly, cell uses oxygen to break down molecules, and during that process, complex organics molecules are broken down into simpler inorganic compounds and thus energy is released. The complex organic molecules and oxygen, needed for respiration and therefore for life, are replenished through the process of photosynthesis. In nature, the only continuously available source of radiant energy is sunlight. Thereby, in photosynthesis, this radiant energy is converted into chemical energy, with oxygen produced as by-product. Theoretically, only chlorophyll- containing plants and relative pigments, are able to convert solar energy into photochemical energy. However, our finding about the intrinsic property of melanin to transform visible and invisible light into chemical energy through the dissociation of the water molecule, breaks old paradigms creating new ones.
Dementia means a decline in power severe enough to interfere with existence. Alzheimer´s disease ... more Dementia means a decline in power severe enough to interfere with existence. Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is that the most typical form of dementia. Mental functions frequently impaired are: memory, language and communication, attention, concentration, reasoning and judgment, interpretation of seeing. Usually symptoms start out slowly and gradually deteriorate. state of mind is usually one in every of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer´s. Unfortunately, there's not a cure. So far, it's an error that the brain gets energy burning (oxidizing) glucose. However, among the contradictions inside that theory, we've got the very fact that glucose and oxygen aren't combined spontaneously within the blood or plasma, but until they're inside the cell, despite the mix of oxygen is abrupt and isn't easily controlled. The foregoing is simply a sample of the controversies which will be found in trying to elucidate the mechanisms by which glucose is that the source of energy. In...
The human retina's photoreceptor layer has some unique features. Their energy requirements ar... more The human retina's photoreceptor layer has some unique features. Their energy requirements are the highest in the organism; in proportion, rods and cones require 10-fold the energy consumed by the cerebral cortex, 6-fold more than the cardiac muscle, and 3-fold more than the renal cortex. Surprisingly, there are no blood vessels in the photoreceptor layer. So, where is the energy to this tissue coming from? In this article we will describe the hitherto unknown explanation. Human photosynthesis is the origin of life and it's placed at first in the sequence of all biochemical processes of life; any other function or reaction it's secondary to water dissociation and directly or indirectly are depending on the energy released by our hitherto unknown human photo-system.
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2022
: Exposure to environmental toxicants such as Arsenic (As) can result in As-induced alterations i... more : Exposure to environmental toxicants such as Arsenic (As) can result in As-induced alterations in immune regulators. Consequently, people who are more prone to viral infections like influenza A or B, H1N1, SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), and SARS CoV2 may devel-op a susceptibility to immune responses in their lungs. Our previous reports delineated the ability of QIAPI 1®, a melanin precursor, to dissociate water molecules with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy against central nervous system (CNS) diseases, retinopathy, and As-induced renal toxicity. Considering the commonalities of lung pathology of SARS CoV and As-induced toxicity, the aim of this study is to decipher the efficacy of QIAPI 1® against pentavalent As-induced lung toxicity by examining the pul-monary pathology. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was used for ascertaining the lung pathology in Wistar rat models. Animals were divided into 3 groups: control group, group treated with pentavalent As, and a group treated with pentavalent As and QIAPI 1®. There were no significant changes in lung histopathology in the control group as indicated by intact morphology. The As-treated group revealed damage to the histoarchitecture with pulmonary edema, interstitial fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage, Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)-lesions, formation of hyaline membrane, multi-nucleated giant pneumocytes, atypical pneumocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial ede-ma. The group treated with As and QIAPI 1® significantly associated with mitigated histological signs of lung inflammation induced by Arsenic. Therefore, QIAPI 1® can be recommended as antagonistic to As-induced lung toxicity. In conclusion, this model could be preferred as a hypothetical model to examine the efficacy of QIAPI 1® in SARS CoV2-induced pulmonary damage. Future studies are warranted to delineate the efficacy of QIAPI 1® against SARS CoV and SARS CoV2 lung pathology.
Retinal adhesiveness mechanisms in mammals are quite complex and multifactorial in nature. To dat... more Retinal adhesiveness mechanisms in mammals are quite complex and multifactorial in nature. To date, the role played by the various anatomical structures that surrounding the retinal tissue, such as retinal pigment epithelium, interphotoreceptor matrix, the vitreous body, and sclera is poorly understood due to the diversity of biophysical forces and biochemical interactions that impinging upon retinal tissue in regards form and function. The adhesion of the retina to the choroid, rather than anatomical, is a dynamic process, as the retina detaches a few minutes after the life ceases. The adhesion mechanisms are described more frequently in the literature such as intraocular pressure and the oncotic pressure of the choroid that seem to push the retina toward the choroid, the delicate anatomical relationships between the photoreceptors (rods and cones) and the RPE; the existence of a complex material called interphotoreceptor matrix as well as other metabolic and structural factors can...
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Background: AMD is becoming one of the leading causes of blindness in older adults. The prevalenc... more Background: AMD is becoming one of the leading causes of blindness in older adults. The prevalence rate of the wet form of AMD has been increasing due to the lack of selective therapeutic modalities. Current therapeutic interventions such as drugs targeting VEGF, and VEGF receptors, laser coagulants delivered unsuccessful clinical outcomes in AMD patients. Hence, the cost-effective anti-oxidant therapeutic interventions like molecular hydrogen to protect retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by mitigating oxidative stress may deliver effective clinical outcomes in AMD patients. Methods: Female patients with late-stage AMD of age above 70 years were chosen for this case report. The patients were administered QIAPI1©, a melanin precursor via sublingual route and the photographs were obtained for left and right eye to depict the efficacy of QIAPI1© against the wet form of AMD. Results: The administration of QIAPI1© extensively mitigated yellow-colored drusen accumulations in the retina, ret...
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
We have demonstrated the intrinsic capability of melanin to transform light into chemical energy.... more We have demonstrated the intrinsic capability of melanin to transform light into chemical energy. Melanin achieves this by dissociating water molecules, similar to the action of chlorophyll. This unforeseen ability of the human body to produce metabolic energy from light modifies fundamental concepts of biochemistry. The long-accepted concept is that glucose has a unique dual role as an energy source and as the main source of carbon chains that are precursors of all organic matter. The capability of melanin to produce energy challenges this premise. The prevalent biochemical concept, therefore, needs to be adjusted to incorporate a newly discovered state of Nature based on melanin’s ability to dissociate water to produce energy and to re-form water from molecular hydrogen and oxygen. Recently we reported our findings regarding the potential implication of QIAPI-1 as a melanin precursor that has bioenergetics capabilities. Specifically, we reported its promising application as a mean...
CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, Sep 3, 2018
Regulation of composition, volume and turnover of fluids surrounding the brain and damp cells is ... more Regulation of composition, volume and turnover of fluids surrounding the brain and damp cells is vital. These fluids transport all substances required for cells and remove the unwanted materials. This regulation tends to act as barriers to prevent free exchange of materials between the brain and blood. There are specific mechanisms concerned with fluid secretion of the controlled composition of the brain, and others responsible for reabsorption eventually to blood and the extracellular fluid whatever their compositions. The current view assumes that choroidal plexuses secrete the major part of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a much smaller contribution to fluid production, generating interstitial fluid (ISF) that drains to CSF. The skull is a rigid box, thereby; the sum of volumes occupied by the parenchyma with its ISF, related connective tissue, the vasculature, the meninges and the CSF must be relatively constant according to the Monroe-Kellie d...
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disorder that commonly aff... more Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disorder that commonly afflicts premature infants who are born prior to 31weeks of gestation or with a body weight less than 1250 grams (about 2.75 pounds). Another risk factor is excessive oxygen in incubators, which can lead to blindness. A compounding factor is that survival rates for premature infants are rising with concomitantly more cases of ROP. We have reported an unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to dissociate water. This capability can be considered an alternative treatment option for adult and neonatal diseases. It is known that exogenous surfactant administration suppresses bronchopulmonary dysplasia and consequent death, randomized, controlled trials with various respiratory interventions did not show any significant reductions in morbidity and mortality rates. During a descriptive study about the three leading causes of blindness in the world, the ability of melanin to transform light energ...
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Oct 22, 2020
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated wit... more Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. ICH is associated with old age and underlying conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with neurological symptoms and complications including ICH. For instance, the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may contribute to hemorrhagic stroke may include both depletion of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and overactive immune response. In this study, we herein report three patients (0.25%) out of 1200 admissions with COVID-19 to our center between 1 May and August 4, 2020, who developed ICH. In addition, we will briefly discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection in patients with ICH.
IntechOpen eBooks, Mar 24, 2021
Melanin is one of the most stable substances known. The study of the ink bags of fossilized squid... more Melanin is one of the most stable substances known. The study of the ink bags of fossilized squid that died 160 million years ago has found it in good condition. Its extraordinary stability is what had prevented, to date; assign a relevant role in biology. Sir Everard Holmes' proposal in London; in the eighteenth century, about the role of melanin as a simple sunscreen, it has permeated to this day, especially among dermatologists. Despite the unique physical-chemical qualities of melanin, its biological role as a simple sunscreen that protects us from the dangerous UV rays remained immutable. Our circumstantial discovery during an observational study that lasted 12 years (1990-2002) and which included the ophthalmologic studies of 6000 patients, about the relationship between the vessels of the optic nerve and the three main causes of blindness (Macular degeneration, diabetes, and glaucoma) allowed us to discern the unexpected and surprising true role of melanin in Biology as an energy transducer. The unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transform light into chemical energy through water dissociation, like chlorophyll in plants; opens a new era in Biology and therefore in Medicine. And Acute Leukemias are no exception.
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Papers by Arturo Solis Herrera