Papers by Prameela Krishnan
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Mar 29, 2022
International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, 2012
ABSTRACT Potential evapotranspiration (ET<sub align="right"> 0 ) ... more ABSTRACT Potential evapotranspiration (ET<sub align="right"> 0 ) as an important factor in hydrologic cycle has a key role in integrated watershed management practices. Moreover, study of the lack of precipitation with respect to ET<sub align="right"> 0 is one of the main references in management of extreme events. In this study, Gharehsoo sub-basin as a part of Caspian Sea watershed located in Golestan province at Northern Iran is studied to indicate the impact of climate change on ET<sub align="right"> 0 for future periods in such basin with high flood tendency. The A2 emission scenario, HadCM3 and SDSM downscaling models were applied. The results indicate that the amount of precipitation will increase in December, January, and February and decrease in other months and the amounts of ET<sub align="right"> 0 in all future periods will be significantly lower than its amount in the past. For all future periods, the impact of climate change has appeared by reducing precipitation and ET<sub align="right"> 0 in such a way that the reduction of ET<sub align="right"> 0 is more than the reduction of precipitation. The noticeable point is that this difference beside the trend of monthly variations in precipitation will lead to higher flood tendency which directly make it essential to apply climate change adaptation procedures.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1999
The effect of potassium bicarbonate application to floodwater on the survival and growth of subme... more The effect of potassium bicarbonate application to floodwater on the survival and growth of submergence-tolerant (FR13A) and -intolerant (IR42) rice cultivars during complete submergence was investigated. Potassium bicarbonate, applied at different rates to enhance floodwater carbon dioxide concentrations, increased the floodwater oxygen concentration. The treatment that had CuSO4, added alone to reduce algal growth showed the lowest O2 concentration at the time of submergence and after 10 d of submergence. Potassium bicarbonate at higher rates tended to maintain the floodwater pH near neutrality while copper sulfate affected pH increase during a 10-day period of complete submergence. Potassium bicarbonate addition led to 100% survival of tolerant FR13A. Potassium bicarbonate, even at 0.01 mol m–3 enhanced the survival of intolerant IR42 to 69% and at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mol m–3, the survival was above 85%. Dry weights of submerged plants showed increases in both rice cultivars in floo...
Journal of Agrometeorology
For generating different weather conditions during various phenological stages, experiments were ... more For generating different weather conditions during various phenological stages, experiments were conducted on two varieties of wheat (HD-2967 and HD-3086) sown on three different dates at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. Soil temperature, soil moisture, leaf area index, biomass, chlorophyll content, radiation interceptions were measured during different crop growth stages. Number of days taken for each phenological stage was observed and thermal time for different phenological stages were calculated. Results showed that first sown crop had higher value of crop growth parameters and yield as compared to second and third sown crop.HD-3086 had higher value of LAI, biomass and yield than HD-2967. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with growing degree days during grain filling stage. Soil temperature measured at 2.21 PMat 5, 10, 15, 20 cm depth had 1-5°C lower value than the air temperature. Soil moisture measured at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 a...
Analytical Biochemistry, 2006
An electrochemical enzyme electrode for dopa and dopamine was developed via an easy and eVective ... more An electrochemical enzyme electrode for dopa and dopamine was developed via an easy and eVective immobilization method. The enzyme tyrosinase was extracted from a plant source Amorphophallus companulatus and immobilized in a novel composite of two biopolymers: agarose and guar gum. This composite matrix-containing enzyme forms a self-adhering layer on the active surface of glassy carbon electrode, making it a selective and sensitive phenol sensor. Dopa and dopamine were determined by the direct reduction of biocatalytically liberated quinone species at ¡0.18 V versus Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl). The analytical characteristics of this sensor, including linear range, lower detection limit, pH, and storage stability, are described. It has reusability up to 15 cycles and a shelf life of more than 2 months.
The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Field experiment was conducted during rabi season for two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) on wheat cu... more Field experiment was conducted during rabi season for two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) on wheat cultivar HD- 2967 in a sandy loam soil (Inceptisol) for simulation of evapotranspiration, crop water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of wheat under different tillage (Conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)), residue (maize residue @ 5 t ha-1 (R+) and without residue (R0)) and nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1, representing 50% (N60), 100% (N120) and 150% (N180) of the recommended dose of nitrogen for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively management practices using DSSAT (v 4.6) model. Experimental data of the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was used for the calibration and validation of the model, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in grain and biomass yield due to tillage and crop residue mulch but it increased significantly with increase in the N levels. The WUE of wheat was also not influenced by tillage but increased significantly with the increase in N l...
Sustainability
The sustainability of conventional rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems is often questioned ... more The sustainability of conventional rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems is often questioned due to the over-mining of groundwater and environmental degradation. This has led to the development of cost-effective, resource-efficient, and environmentally clean rice production systems by optimizing water and nitrogen (N) use. Hence, a 2-year field study (2019 and 2020) was conducted at the ICAR–Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to assess the effect of precision N and water management strategies on growth, land, and water productivity, as well as energy-use efficiency in scented direct-seeded rice (DSR). Two crop establishment methods, conventional-till DSR (CT-DSR) and zero-till DSR (ZT-DSR) along with three irrigation scenarios (assured irrigation (irrigation after 72 h of the drying of surface water), irrigation at 20% depletion of available soil moisture (DASM), and 40% DASM+Si (80 kg ha−1)) were assigned to the main plots; three N management options, a 100% rec...
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Advances in Phytonanotechnology, 2019
Manufacture of, and demand for, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs, having at least one of three dime... more Manufacture of, and demand for, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs, having at least one of three dimensions in the 1–100 nm size range) used in different goods and products have increased significantly in recent years. ENMs have become prominent in the industrial and scientific fields. Global market value for ENMs is increasing day by day. Different ENMs used in agriculture have the potential for precise delivery of agrochemicals for improving disease resistance, plant growth, and nutrient use. Agricultural productivity can be improved through nanomaterial-induced genetically improved animals and plants, site-specific drug and gene delivery of molecules at cellular/molecular levels in animals and plants, and nanoarray-based genetic modification in animals and plants under stress conditions. Nanoencapsulated products show the ability of more effective and site-specific use of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides in an ecofriendly greener way. The majority of the reported studies poin...
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2021
An experiment was conducted in the Free Air Ozone and Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FAOCE) facility ... more An experiment was conducted in the Free Air Ozone and Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FAOCE) facility to study the impact of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea crop (cv. Pusa-5023) in terms of phenology, biophysical parameters, yield components, radiation interception and use efficiency. The crop was exposed to elevated O3 (EO:60ppb), CO2 (EC:550 ppm) and their combined interactive treatment (ECO: EC+EO) during the entire growing season. Results revealed that the crop’s total growth period was shortened by 10, 14 and 17 days under elevated CO2, elevated O3 and the combined treatment, respectively. Compared to ambient condition, the leaf area index (LAI) under elevated CO2 was higher by 4 to 28%, whilst it is reduced by 7.3 to 23.8% under elevated O3. The yield based radiation use efficiency (RUEy) was highest under elevated CO2 (0.48 g MJ−1), followed by combined (0.41 g MJ−1), ambient (0.38 g MJ−1) and elevated O3 (0.32 g MJ−1) treatments. Elevated O3 decreased RUEy by 15.78% over ambient, and the interaction results in a 7.8% higher RUEy. The yield was 31.7% more under elevated CO2 and 21.9% lower in elevated O3 treatment as compared to the ambient. The combined interactive treatment recorded a higher yield as compared to ambient by 9.7%. Harvest index (HI) was lowest under elevated O3 (36.10%), followed by ambient (39.18%), combined (40.81%), and highest was under elevated CO2 (44.18%). Chickpea showed a positive response to elevated CO2 resulting a 5% increase in HI as compared to ambient condition. Our findings quantified the positive and negative impacts of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea and revealed that the negative impacts of elevated O3 can be compensated by elevated CO2 in chickpea. This work promotes the understanding of crop behaviour under elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction, which can be used as valuable inputs for radiation-based crop simulation models to simulate climate change impact on chickpea crop.
Ecological Indicators, 2020
In this study, we used proximal thermal and visible imaging system to separate four different com... more In this study, we used proximal thermal and visible imaging system to separate four different components of the wheat crop, i.e., canopy and soil under sunlit and shaded conditions using Support Vector Machine method of supervised image classification approach under different moisture stress treatments. A Normalized Sunlit Shaded Index (NSSI) was developed to characterize the status of the wheat crop grown under moisture stress conditions at different growth stages. Results demonstrated that Thermal image-based NSSI (TI-NSSI) had the best correlations with all the measured crop biophysical parameters than the visible image (VI-NSSI). However, the r 2 decreased with an increase in moisture stress. Among the different biophysical parameters tested in this study, TI-NSSI showed the highest significant negative correlation (−0.962***) with Radiation use efficiency (RUE). In general, irrespective of the moisture stress VI-NSSI gave the least relationship with all the biophysical parameters tested. Further regression analysis showed that TI-NSSI could explain the variations in RUE under different moisture stress conditions with R 2 > 0.960. Regression analysis with yield showed that TI-NSSI under peak vegetative growth stage (83 DAS) adequately captured the variations in crop yield under moisture stress conditions.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
In the current study, the temporal distribution of both soil water and soil NO 3-N under several ... more In the current study, the temporal distribution of both soil water and soil NO 3-N under several conservation agriculture (CA) practices during the wheat crop growth were characterized by HYDRUS-2D model. Treatments comprised of conventional tillage (CT), permanent broad beds (PBB), zero tillage (ZT), PBB with residue (PBB+R) and ZT with residue (ZT+R). Hydraulic inputs of the model, comprising the measured value of K fs , α and n, obtained as the output of Rosetta Lite model were optimized through inverse modeling. Model predicted the daily change in soil water content (SWC) of the profile during the simulated period (62-91 DAS) with good accuracy (R 2 = 0.75; root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.038). In general, soil water balance simulated from the model showed 50% lower cumulative drainage, 50% higher cumulative transpiration along with higher soil water retention, in PBB+R than CT. Reported values of the first-order rate constants, signify nitrification of urea to NH 4-N (μ a) (day −1) nitrification of NH 4-N to NO 3-N (μ n) (day −1) and the distribution coefficient of urea (K din cm 3 mg −1) were optimized through inverse modeling. Later they were used as solute transport reaction input parameters of the model, to predict the daily change in NO 3-N of the profile with better accuracy (R 2 = 0.83; RMSE = 4.62). Since NH 4-N disappears fast, it could not be measured frequently. Therefore, not enough data could be generated for their use in the calibration and validation of the model. Results of simulation of daily NO 3-N concentration indicated a higher concentration of NO 3-N in the surface layer and its leaching losses beyond the root zone were relatively lesser in PBB+R, than CT, which resulted in less contamination of the belowground water. Thus, the study clearly recommended PBB+R to be adopted for wheat cultivation in maize-wheat cropping system, as it enhances the water and nitrogen availability in the root zone and reduce their losses beyond the root zone.
Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2019
High-performance electrochemical enzymatic biosensor based on flowerlike α-Fe 2 O 3 nanostructure... more High-performance electrochemical enzymatic biosensor based on flowerlike α-Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures was successfully developed for the detection of potential food adulterant, formaldehyde (formalin). The biosensor was found to be highly sensitive (744.15 μA mg −1 Lcm −2) with linear range of detection (0.01-0.3 mg/L) and showed high shelf-life (9 weeks) and precision (0.73% RSD) with reasonably good reproducibility. The biosensor application in real sample analysis was successfully accomplished using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The developed biosensor exhibited detection limits of 0.02 mg/L and 0.04 mg/ L in extracted and commercial orange juice samples, respectively, while 0.03 mg/L in extracted mango juice and 0.05 mg/L in commercial mango juice were obtained. The obtained detection limits are well below the maximum daily dose reference set by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA, for formaldehyde. Biosensor results were found in good agreement with those obtained with HPLC (p < 0.05) and highlight market acceptability with usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method for food quality and safety evaluation.
Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019
Background Agriculture sector plays a strategic role in the self-sustaining economic development ... more Background Agriculture sector plays a strategic role in the self-sustaining economic development of a country by providing basic ingredients to mankind and raw material for industrialization. Agriculture is much diversified field, but continuing with technological growth at brisk pace. There is need of technical interventions in the basic principles of food processing, quality assurance, disaster risk identification, diagnosis and prevention to achieve goal of global and regional food security. Thus to improve consumer livelihood and optimal utilization of resources, rapid, real-time, portable, and cost effective technologies are desired in agriculture. Recent advancements in biosensing technologies and material sciences have played crucial role in understanding agricultural process dynamics through molecular recognizing materials, antigen-antibody interaction and subsequent transduction mechanism. Scope and Approach In this article, current trends in the development of biosensors, impact of nanotechnology and miniaturization of biosensors on addressing the new developments of agriculture strategies at different levels have been extensively reviewed. The article intensively brings out the implications of biosensors in various agricultural sectors and future need of improvement in the design and development techniques leading to sustainable development. Key findings and Conclusion Technological advancements in the area of nanobiosenors, bioelectronics, material science, miniaturization techniques, electrode design, fabrication technology, nanolithography and microfluidics have significantly influenced agriculture sector too. There is need to direct our research towards enhancing the shelf life of a biosensor for increasing the acceptability among the end-users. Improvement in basic characteristics of biosensors will lead to widespread application even in untouched areas in agriculture.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018
An attempt has been made to study the effect of elevated temperature on soil hydrothermal regimes... more An attempt has been made to study the effect of elevated temperature on soil hydrothermal regimes and winter wheat growth under simulated warming in temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). Results showed that bulk density (BDs) of 0, 0.9, and 2.5°C were significantly different whereas BDs of 2.8 and 3.5°C were not significantly different. Water filled pore space (WFPS) was maximum at 3.5°C temperature rise and varied between 43.80 and 98.55%. Soil surface temperature (ST) at different dates of sowing increased with rise in sensor temperature and highest ST was observed at S5 sensors (3.5°C temperature rise). Temperature and its difference were high for the top soil, and were stable for the deep soil. Photosynthesis rate (μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1) of wheat was lower at higher temperature in different growth stages of wheat. In wheat, stomatal conductance declined from 0.67 to 0.44 mol m −2 s −1 with temperature rise. Stomatal conductance decreased with increase in soil temperature and gravimetric soil moisture content (SWC). In TGT, 0°C temperature rise showed highest root weight density (RWD) (5.95 mg cm −3); whereas, 2.8 and 3.5°C showed lowest RWD (4.90 mg cm −3). Harvest index was maximum (0.37) with 0°C temperature rise, and it decreased with increase in temperature, which indicated that both grain and shoot biomass decreased with increase in temperature. Intensive studies are needed to quantify the soil hydrothermal regimes inside TGT along with the crop growth parameters.
Soil and Tillage Research, 2019
Limited information is available about the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) practices on ... more Limited information is available about the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) practices on soil temperature moderation and distribution of water in the soil profile during crop growth, particularly on the changes in the components of water and energy balance. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess soil hydrothermal regimes and water and energy balance components in pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan) grown under CA in a pigeon pea-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system using the Hydrus-2D model. There were seven treatments: permanent broad bed (PBB), PBB with crop residue (PBB + R), permanent narrow bed (PNB), PNB with crop residue (PNB + R), zero tillage (ZT), ZT with crop residue (ZT + R), and conventional tillage (CT). Results during the seventh year of the experiment showed that the PBB, PBB + R, PNB, PNB + R and ZT + R treatments significantly reduced surface soil bulk density (BD), increased field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat) and improved soil water retention over the CT. The K sat values obtained as the output of the Rosetta-Lite model which is implemented in Hydrus-2D) were very low. Hence, experimentally measured K sat values were optimized along with parameters α and n that were obtained as output of the Rosetta Lite model, through inverse modelling (IM). The model predicted daily changes in profile soil water content (SWC) with reasonable accuracy (R 2 = 0.77, RMSE = 0.012; n = 84). Soil water balance simulated from the model indicated higher cumulative transpiration (CTr), lower cumulative evaporation (CE) and higher soil water retention in the PNB + R and PBB + R plots than CT. Computed values of thermal conductivity (λ) obtained from the observed soil temperature (ST) data at different SWC values showed significant correlations with those optimized through IM. In general, Hydrus-2D model over-predicted the ST values during a simulation period of 10 days. However, reasonably accurate (R 2 = 0.91, RMSE = 1.41°C; n = 102) predictions were observed for the 0-20 cm soil layer using the optimized values. It was also observed that PBB + R and PNB + R treatments improved soil hydrothermal regimes, root growth, radiation interception, leaf area index and biomass production of the pigeon pea crop. Hydrus-2D used in this study could also satisfactorily simulate the temporal changes in energy balance components, such as soil heat flux (G) and evaporative heat flux (LE). Hence, this model may be adopted for evaluating arable management practices for characterizing different components of water and energy balance in pigeon pea.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018
To see the effect of climate change on the variation of soil hydrothermal regimes and growth of m... more To see the effect of climate change on the variation of soil hydrothermal regimes and growth of maize crop, an experiment was conducted in freeair carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility during the kharif season of 2015 at Climate Change
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Papers by Prameela Krishnan