TUGAS MAKALAH FARMASI FORENSIK

PEMBUNUHAN UROOJ KHAN YANG DISEBABKAN KARENA

KERACUNAN SIANIDA

Dosen Pembimbing : Drs. Putranti A. MS., Apt

Kelompok :
Rifa Dhinanida Nafilah (3311141004)
Fenti Martiana (3311141043)
Widia Nur Sopiani (3311141042)
Livia Nathania T. (3311141072)

Farmasi A
Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani
Cimahi
2014

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

 Dalam pemeriksaan forensik terdapat dua tujuan pembuktian, yang
pertama adalah untuk mencari penyebab kematian, yang kedua adalah untuk
mengetahui seberapa jauh racun tersebut mempengaruhi terjadinya suatu
peristiwa. Pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk tujuan pertama adalah perlu
dibuktikan ada atau tidaknya racun dalam jumlah yang mematikan sedangkan
pendekatan kedua lebih ke arah rekonstruksi kasus dan pembuktian bahwa
racun berperan dalam peristiwa tersebut.
Beberapa pemeriksaan forensik pada kasus kematian banyak
diantaranya disebabkan oleh racun. Racun yang bekerja pada tubuh dalam
dosis toksik selalu menyebabkan gangguan fungsi tubuh yang berakhir
dengan penyakit atau kematian.
Racun dapat bekerja secara lokal dan atau sistemik, efek sistemik ini
dikarenakan karena memiliki afinitas terhadap organ atau sistem.
Salah satu zat kimia yang beracun yakni sianida. Sianida dikenal
sebagai racun pada zaman kuno. Hidrogen sianida (HCN) pertama kali
diisolasi dari laurel cherry oleh kimiawan Swedia. Keberadaan sianida di
lingkungan dikaitkan dengan gas beracun yang dihasilkan oleh serat polimer
plastik, atau mengkonsumsi tanaman yang mengandung glikosida cyanogenik
seperti singkong, serta inhalasi langsung dari industri. Pemberian obat-obatan
tertentu seperti natrium nitroprusside juga melepaskan sianida ketika
dimetabolisme dalam tubuh. Sianida terkenal sebagai zat yang digunakan
utnuk bunuh diri, pembunuhan dan kejahatan genosida selain itu penggunaan
HCN juga ampuh sebagai agen senjata kimia. Sianida dapat menyebar sangat
cepat dalam tubuh dan mengganggu respirasi seluler yang berpuncak pada
kematian sel.
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah
1.2.1 Bagaimana cara penangan korban yang keracunan sianida?
1.2.2 Apa saja ciri-ciri yang ditimbulkan ketika korban keracunan sianida?
1.2.3 Apa antidotum untuk korban yang keracunan sianida?

1.3 Tujuan
1.4 Manfaat
 BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

Sifat fisiko-kimia sianida

Sianida secara farmakologis

Pemberian secara oral HCN pada dosis fatal untuk orang dewasa diperkirakan 50-
100 mg, dan kalium sianida (KCN) sekitar 150-250 mg. Menghirup HCN pada
konsentrasi 270 ppm atau sekitar 0,3 mg HCN per liter akan sangat fatal. Korban
yang memiliki kadar sianida dalam darah 2,5-3,0 mg/ml akan berhenti bernafas
dalam waktu 20-30 menit. Kematian tergantung pada besarnya keracunan dengan
dosis yang bervariasi, bentuk sianida serta rute keracunan.
Manifestasi klinis
Gambaran klinis dari keracunan sianida akut bervariasi dalam waktu dan
intensitas. Berbagai macam tanda non-spesifik kerap terjadi seperti sakit kepala,
pusing, mual, muntah, bingung, koma, inkontinensia tinja dan urine. Berbagai
macam peristiwa fisiologis seperti inkoordinasi gerakan, kejang-kejang, koma dan
gegagalan pernafasan dapat terjadi penyabab kematian.
Mekanisme toksisitas
Efek toksik sianida dikarenakan penghambatan sitokrom oksidase, suatu enzim
mitokondria rantai pernapasan. Enzim ini mengandung dua heme dan dua ion
tembaga.
Sianida memiliki afinitas khusus untuk ion heme dan sianida bereaksi dengan
kompleks enzim yang dipenetrasi oleh protein, diawali dengan pengikatan
sianida-protein selanjutnya sianida-ion heme. Dengan demikian, kompleks
sitrokrom oksidase sianida-heme terbentuk membuat enzim tidak mampu
memanfaarkan saturasi untuk menghasilkan oksigen. Penghambatan sifat sianida
dapat berasal kemampuannya untuk membentuk kompleks dengan logam. Selain
itu, besi yang mengandung sitokrom oksidase ada metallo-enzim lain yang
mengandung molybdenum, seng atau tembaga yang sama-sama sensitive terhadap
sianida.

Sianida merupakan termasuk senyawa yang mengandung gugus sianol (-C N)

yang mempunyai bentuk berbeda-beda.

Di alam sianida dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4, yaitu:
1. Sianida bebas
Sianida bebas dapat diartikan sebagai bentuk molekul (-HCN) dan ion (-
CN) dari sianida yang dibebaskan melalui proses pelarutan disosiasi
senyawa sianida.
 Kedua molekul ini bergantung pada pH sehingga konsentrasi -HCN dan
CN dipengaruhi oleh pH. Saat pH dibawah 7 sianida akan membentuk
HCN sedangkan pada saat pH diatas 10,5 keseluruhan sianida akan
membentuk CN. Reaksi antara ion sianida dan air ditunjukan dalam
reaksi dibawah ini.
2. Sianida sederhana
Sianida sederhana merupakan garam-garam anorganik sebagai hasil
persenyawaan sianida dan natrium, kalium, kalsium dan magnesium.
Sianida sederhana juga dapat diartikan sebagai garam dari HCN yang
terlarut dalam larutan menghasilkan kation alkali bebas dan anion sianida.
Sianida sederhana ini, biasa digunakan pada leaching emas dan larut
dalam air serta terionisasi secara cepat dan sempurna menghasilkan sianida
bebas dan ion logam.
3. Kompleks sianida
Sianida dapat berikatan kompleks dengan logam Cadmium, tembaga,
nikel, perak, dan seng. Ketika kompleks sianida terlarut akan
menghasilkan HCN dalam jumlah yang sedikit atau tidak sama sekali dan
tergantung terhadap stabilitas kompleks tersebut.
Kestabilan kompleks sianida bervariasi tergantung pada logam pusat.
Kompleks lemah seperti sianida-seng, cadmium-sianida akan mudah
terurai menjadi sianida bebas. Kompleks sedang akan lebih sulit terurai
dibandingakan dengan kompleks lemah yaitu seperti sianida-tembaga,
sianida-nikel dan sianida perak. Dan untuk kompleks kuat seperti sianida-
emas, sianida-besi dan sianida-cobalt cenderung sukar untuk menghasilkan
sianida bebas.
4. Senyawa turunan sianida
Yang termasuk senyawa turunan sianida ialah seperti SCN (tiosianat),
CNO, NH3 (ammonia). Biasanya dihasilkan dari proses sianidasi,
degradasi alami dan pengolahan limbah yang mengandung sianida.
Analisis Sianida
Dalam analisis sianida terdapat beberapa jenis analisis yang mengukur kelompok
sianida yang berbeda, yaitu:
a. CN free atau sianida bebas, meliputi CN dan HCN
b. Amenable CN atau sianida yang mudah bereaksi dengan klorida meliputi
CN total kecuali kompleks sianida-besi.
 c. CN WAD (Weak Acid Dissosiable Cyanide) yang meliputi CN bebas
dan kompleks-kompleks sianida dengan tembaga, cadmium, nikel, seng,
perak, dan logam-logam lain yang mudah terurai menjadi CN bebas
dengan penambahan asam.
d. CN total (sianida total) meliputi CN bebas, -CN WAD, dan semua
kompleks sianida kuat ( memiliki tetapan disosiasi yang sangat rendah)
seperti kompleks sianida-besi, sianida-emas, sianida-cobalt, dan sianida-
platina.
Terdapat metode-metode standar dalam analisis sianida yang telah ditetapkan oleh
US EPA ( United States of Environmental Protection Agency) dan ASTM
( American Standard and Testing Materials) :
a. Metode pengukuran CN total dengan destilasi
Sampel yang mengandung sianida ditambahkan asam kuat (pH kurang dari
2) dan didestilasi refluks selama 1 jam sehingga sianida lepas sebagai
HCN yang ditampung pada larutan NaOH. Sianida yang tertampung
kemudian diukur dengan titrimetric, kolorimetri, atau elektroda ion
selektif.
b. Metode pengukuran Amenable CN.
Metode ini digunakan saat metode analisis CN WAD belum dikenal dan
melibatkan pengukuran CN total sebelum dan sesudah klorinasi.
c. Metode pengukuran CN WAD dengan destilasi
Metode ini melibatkan destilasi refluks selama 1 jam untuk menguapkan
sianida dari sampel yang telah diatur pHnya menjadi 3 dengan larutan
penyangga. Hasil HCN yang teruapkan diukur dengan titrimetric,
kolorimetri atau dengan elektroda ion spesifik.
d. Metode penentuan -CN WAD dengan asam pikrat
Metode ini melibatkan pembentukan senyawa berwarna asam pikrat.
Kemudian dilakukan pemanasan menggunakan water bath selama 20
menit lalu diukur dengan spektrofotometer-vis.
e. Metode penentuan CN free dengan perak nitrat.
Metode ini melibatkan titrasi sampel dengan perak nitrat standar yang
menggunakan indicator dimetilaminobenzal rodamin.
f. Metode penentuan CN free dengan elektroda ion selektif.
Metode ini melibatkan pengukuran langsung sampel menggunakan volta
meter yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan elektroda referensi.
g. Metode ion kromatografi
h. Metode penentuan sianida reaktif dengan USEPA test.
 Metode ini melibatkan penempatan sampel dalam massa yang sedikit ke
dalam asam sulfat dan melewatkan nitrogen secara terus-menerus ke
dalam sampel selama 30 menit. HCN kemudian dikumpulkan dari gas
nitrogen di dalam wadah berisi NaOH dan kemudian diukur.

BAB III

Artikel Terkait Kasus Forensik

By Daniel Bates In Chicago 02:01 EST 10 Jan 2013, updated 11:28 EST 10 Jan 2013

Urooj Khan's brother alleged in legal papers that his wife Shabana
Ansari attempted to claim the windfall 'shortly' after Urooj's painful death
Mr Khan, 46, died at Chicago home with his 32-year-old wife just
weeks after winning $1million
Mr Khan's brother even alleges that Shabana Ansari and the victim
were not even legally married, so isn't entitled to the cash
 Urooj's sister is now in legal bid for guardianship of his 17-year-old
daughter from first marriage
The family of a lottery winner who was poisoned with cyanide the day
after he collected his $1million jackpot are at war with his widow amid claims she
tried to cash the winning check in the days after his death.
Urooj Khan's brother, ImTiaz Khan, has alleged that Shabana Ansari
attempted to claim the windfall 'shortly' after Urooj's death but was unable to do
so.
ImTiaz Khan also claimed that his late brother and Shabana were not even
married, meaning that she could miss out on half of the lottery prize to which she
is entitled.
In another sign the family are tearing themselves apart, Urooj's sister
Meraj Khan has launched a legal bid to take guardianship of his daughter
Jasmeen from his first marriage.
Meraj wants custody of the 17-year-old even though she appears to have
lived with step-mother Shabana at her home in Chicago for most of her life.
Miss Ansari's lawyer told MailOnline that his client had been questioned
for four hours by police and had 'nothing to hide'
The developments come as the Cook County Medical Examiner is
expected to seek a court order to exhume Urooj's body later this week.
Family members told MailOnline that they do not wish to see the body if it
goes ahead because it will be too traumatizing.
It is a tragic turn of events from July 19 last year when a delighted Urooj,
46, collected the over-sized cheque from Illinois State Lottery officials at the 7-
Eleven where he bought the winning

scratchcard.
Mr Urooj's 32-year-old wife Shabana, who moved to the U.S. after
marrying him 12 years ago, is pictured at the event.
She can be seen wearing a green traditional Indian dress with a scarlet
scarf. Her step-daughter Jasmeen stands beside her wearing a grey sari.
 Urooj is seen smiling widely and told the TV cameras he was going to use
the money to pay bills, donate to St Jude's Children's Hospital in Chicago and
grow his dry-cleaning business.
After taxes, the prize money amounted to $425,000 as he opted to take in a
lump sum.
The day after receiving his winning cheque, Urooj came home from work
and ate a traditional Indian Kofta curry that his wife had prepared.
He died a short time later. The initial examination by the Cook County
Medical examiner found he had died of heart disease or natural causes.
After his death, the winning check was eventually cashed on August 15.
However, in probate documents filed with the Cook County Court, ImTiaz Khan
suggested that Shabana had tried to do so before.
In a September filing, ImTiaz writes: 'Ms Shabana Ansari is in possession
of the lottery cheque and is concerned she may attempt to cash the cheque again,
as she did shortly after the decedent's (Urooj) death, even though the estate is
entitled to the funds'.
ImTiaz also alleges that his brother's 'only known heir is his daughter
Jasmeen Khan' and pointedly states that Shabana is not her biological mother.
He says he wants her to get her 'fair share' and alleges 'there remains
question as to whether (Urooj) was married to Ms Ansari' .
His filing reads: '(ImTaiz's) counsel was informed by Citibank that
(Urooj's) spouse, Ms Shabana Ansari, has been in communication with the bank
and believes Ms Ansari may be attempting to control (Urooj's) accounts.'
The papers also state: 'Meraj Khan, (Urooj's) sister, filed a petition for
Guardian of the minor (Jasmeen) on September 19, 2012.'
As a result of the filings last year, the jackpot was frozen and will remain
so for the next three months.
In response, Ms Ansari filed documents of her own which stated she was
indeed married to Urooj and the court agreed, making her the administrator of the
estate.
The remaining three months will allow family members to make their case
to the lawyer organizing how funds will be handed out. In normal circumstances,
50 per cent goes to the spouse and 50 per cent to the children, unless there are
grounds for complaint.
In one sense Urooj, who emigrated from India in the 1980s, should not
even have been gambling in the first place because of his Islamic faith.
He had recently returned to Chicago from the Hajj pilgrimage to Saudi
Arabia, inspired to lead a better life and had sworn off buying lottery tickets -
except just this once.
His death would have gone unnoticed as the first toxicology report said Mr
Khan died of heart disease.
 However two months later, a relative called the medical examiner
demanding a fresh inquiry into the poisoning as he 'didn't accept it was going to
be a natural death', MailOnline earlier revealed.
During the dramatic phone call, the family member flatly rejected the
original ruling and ordered investigators to have another look.
A second, more thorough toxicology report turned up the cyanide
poisoning as cause of death.
Deborah Blum, a poison expert whose book The Poisoner's Handbook is
being made into a PBS TV series, said that Urooj would have been in 'absolute
agony' after eating the cyanide.
As a result of the filings last year, the jackpot was frozen and will remain
so for the next three months.
In response, Ms Ansari filed documents of her own which stated she was
indeed married to Urooj and the court agreed, making her the administrator of the
estate.
The remaining three months will allow family members to make their case
to the lawyer organizing how funds will be handed out. In normal circumstances,
50 per cent goes to the spouse and 50 per cent to the children, unless there are
grounds for complaint.
In one sense Urooj, who emigrated from India in the 1980s, should not
even have been gambling in the first place because of his Islamic faith.
He had recently returned to Chicago from the Hajj pilgrimage to Saudi
Arabia, inspired to lead a better life and had sworn off buying lottery tickets -
except just this once.
His death would have gone unnoticed as the first toxicology report said Mr
Khan died of heart disease.
However two months later, a relative called the medical examiner
demanding a fresh inquiry into the poisoning as he 'didn't accept it was going to
be a natural death', MailOnline earlier revealed.
During the dramatic phone call, the family member flatly rejected the
original ruling and ordered investigators to have another look.
A second, more thorough toxicology report turned up the cyanide
poisoning as cause of death.
Deborah Blum, a poison expert whose book The Poisoner's Handbook is
being made into a PBS TV series, said that Urooj would have been in 'absolute
agony' after eating the cyanide.
'I dont know why, but I got up and yelled, "Ghazi" [Urooj Khans
nickname],' he told the Sun-Times. 'I said, "Ghazi, what happened?"'
Twenty minutes later he woke to the news that he brother had died.
'Shabana said Urooj had no enemies,' he continued. 'Thats because they
were in the house. She was his enemy No. 1.'
 Shabana Ansari prepared her husband's last meal but didn't eat it, saying
she was a vegetarian and couldn't eat the meat in it. Her father, Fareedun Ansari,
also didn't consume the meal, saying he was on a diet.
The cause of Imtiaz Khan's death was later ruled the result of cyanide
poisoning.
Imtiaz Khan said he remembers seeing Fareedun Ansari pacing back and
forth on the day his brother won the lottery saying 'That lottery ticket was mine.'
He says Shabana Ansari then tried to comfort him, saying 'Don't worry,
Baba [father]. It will be yours.'

Urooj Khan's body was exhumed for further testing recently before it was
buried again.
Two of Khans relatives stood by his gravesite in Rosehill Cemetery as
they watched him being lowered back into the ground. Authorities had called for
the exhumation of his body to take samples of flesh, which could provide valuable
clues into the mans mysterious death.
The Chicago Tribune reports that the reburial ceremony was quiet and
lasted only 20 minutes or so.
Family members told the paper that they hope the autopsy will shed some
light on Khans murder.
Medical examiners took blood, tissue, bone, hair and nail samples. They
also examined the lungs, liver, spleen and contents of the stomach and intestines.
Tests on Khan's organs also may determine whether the poison was
swallowed, inhaled or injected.
The autopsy was expected to be finished by Friday afternoon, though it
will take two to three weeks to get test results.
Khan died in July as he was about to collect $425,000 in lottery winnings.
His death initially was ruled a result of natural causes. But a relative asked for
further tests, which revealed he was poisoned.
Uroojs daughter Jasmeen, 17, also did not eat the food, he said at a court
hearing where a judge decided the brother of the lottery winner could be
exhumed.
 Fighting back the tears, Imtiaz Khan demanded justice for his brother and
said that the curry he ate shortly before dying was highly suspect.
Uroojs sister Meraj also revealed dramatic new details of the night he died
and said that she was woken up by a 4am phone call with a person screaming at
the other end.
The voice was so unintelligible she was unable to tell if it was a man or a
woman, she said.
Khan had come to the U.S. from his home in Hyderabad, India, in 1989,
setting up several dry-cleaning businesses and buying into some real-estate
investments
Despite having foresworn gambling after a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2010,
Khan bought a ticket in June.
He jumped 'two feet in the air' and shouted, 'I hit a million', he recalled at a
lottery ceremony later that month.
He said winning the lottery meant everything to him and that he planned to
use his winnings to pay off mortgages, expand his business and donate to St Jude's
Children's Research Hospital.
He was just days from receiving his winnings when he died before dawn
on July 20.
With no outward sign of trauma, authorities initially determined Khan had
died of natural causes. But a concerned relative whose identity remains a
mystery came forward with suspicions and asked authorities to take a closer
look.
Further toxicology tests found a lethal amount of cyanide in his blood,
leading the medical examiner in November to reclassify the death a homicide.
Khan died without a will, opening the door to a court battle. The
businessman's widow and siblings fought for months over his estate, including the
lottery check.
Earlier this week, his ex-wife spoke out publicly saying that she only
learned that their teenage daughter was living in the U.S. after her former husband
was found dead under suspicious circumstances.
Khan's ex-wife Maria Jones said that she thought that Khan had taken their
daughter Jasmeen to live in India after their acrimonious split but only found out
that Jasmeen lives in Illinois when she saw footage of Khan accepting his giant
lottery check.
'I was thinking "Oh my God! My daughter!"' Jones said.
Though Khan's current wife Shabana Ansari is not under formal
investigation by police, the dead millionaire's relatives are extremely suspicious
that the victim's younger wife may have had a role in the 46-year-old's death.
Now that Khan's first wife has spoken out, another element is being added
into an already-complicated family drama that resulted in an untimely death and
many unanswered questions.
 Jones lives one state away in Indiana, but believed her ex when he said
that he was taking their daughter Jasmeen to India and keeping her there during
their split.
Mrs Jones was too poor to afford a lawyer at the time so she was unable to
contest custody.
Even today her emotional scars are so deep that she has left a dramatic
voicemail on her home answerphone: 'If this is Jasmeen, please leave your
number and I will call you. Ive been waiting to hear from you. I love you.'
The disclosure is another sign that the death of Mr Khan, 46, last July the
day after he collected his winning check has exposed the divisions within his
family.
Tests showed he died from cyanide poisoning but no arrests have been
made. His second wife Shabana Ansari, 32, has denied she has anything to do
with his death.
Speaking to the Chicago Sun-Times, Mrs Jones, 43, said that she was
'shocked' when she saw her daughter's face on TV earlier this week.
She said: 'I don't know if she knows I'm still alive. I thought she was in
India all these years'.
Mrs Jones - formerly Maria Rabadan - met Mr Khan in Chicago where
they worked together. They got married in 1991 but they divorced in 1997.
She said that she later reached out to Mr Khan's relatives and was told that
he had left the US for India with Jasmeen and did not plan to come back.
Mrs Jones did not want to discuss her relationship with her ex-husband.
She merely said it was a 'really really long story' but said she was desperate to see
her daughter.
She said: 'I dont know what she knows. She was so little. I dont want to
hurt her.'
When MailOnline visited Mrs Jones at her home in Granger, Indiana, her
husband Billy Jones answered the door and said she was in the bath.
When our reporter called later on the phone he said: 'She has decided not
to comment at this time. She's a bit emotional, it's all a bit raw'.
'She didn't know how far she was. She said, "Oh, mommy. Come and get
me. I don't want to be here,"' Jones told NBC.
'There is no telling what she is going through and I'm just so sorry that I
can't be there with her.
'I love her with all my heart, and she was always, every minute, every
second, in my thoughts and my prayers.'
Urooj died on July 20 last year the day after he collected the over-sized
check from Illinois State Lottery officials at the 7-Eleven near his Chicago home
where he bought the winning scratchcard.
After taxes, the prize money amounted to $425,000 as he took it in a lump
sum.
 The initial toxicology report did not show up cyanide so the death was
ruled as by natural causes. It was only when ImTiaz intervened that the poison
was found by further tests.
Since then the final meal that Urooj, 46, consumed has become central to
the case.
According to multiple reports, he was at home at the time with Shabana,
Fareedun and Jasmeen.
A Chicago police source told MailOnline on Thursday that Shabana did
not eat the food, and nor did Jasmeen.

Garis Besar Alur Cerita Kasus

Cara penangan korban yang keracunan sianida

Ciri-ciri yang ditimbulkan ketika korban keracunan sianida
Antidotum untuk korban yang keracunan sianida

KESIMPULAN
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Bates, Daniel.2013. Wife of 'murdered' lottery winner 'tried to cash

$1million cheque in the days after he was found dead from cyanide poisoning'.
Dailymail, 10 Jan 2013.
Bhattacharya, R. 2000. ANTIDOTES TO CYANIDE POISONING:
PRESENT STATUS. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. Februari 2017.
Pitoi, M. M. 2015. Sianida: Klasifikasi, Toksisitas, Degradasi,
Analisis(Studi Pustaka).Jurnal MIPA UNSTRAT ONLINE. Februari 2017.