This dissertation argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields... more This dissertation argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of strategic design (SD) and management. Differences, similarities and relationships between strategic design and prospective ergonomics are being reviewed using existing theories and frameworks from design, ergonomics, strategic and innovation management. To complement the theoretical part, 12 cases have been analysed in greater depth according to 4 main dimensions of analysis. Outcomes have ishown that innovating through PE approach is about finding the right balance between on one hand meeting primary objectives, such as profit maximisation or solving the design problem, and on the other hand achieving social and human well-being, personal interest and ambitions, family relations, etc. Intervention of prospective ergonomics within a classical strategy perspective requires organizations to couple push-pull market strategies while considering the interest of different stakeholders thro...
This paper discusses how to adopt responsible sponsored studio teaching as common practice in des... more This paper discusses how to adopt responsible sponsored studio teaching as common practice in design education, while taking into consideration the interest of design practitioners, professional organizations, unions and the Norwegian society from a social, ethical and economical context based on the Norwegian business culture. There are no clear signals that “Collaborative Sponsored Studio Teaching” undermines the growth of the design professions by means of unfair business practices. Thre 2nd level service stakeholders played a more active role in supporting educational collaboration.
We have been working with the challenge of making product design an active long term strategic to... more We have been working with the challenge of making product design an active long term strategic tool for a company. Every company sells its products in today's markets, and today's products are results of earlier product design and development, market positioning, branding and identity development. The great challenge is to balance the forecasting of markets and technology with the development of the company and its brands. To improve companies' innovation and value-add capabilities and competitive power in global markets, product design must be proactive. To ensure efficiency and continuity, basic strategies, platforms, identity and conventions are essential. Design should be incorporated as an essential part of business strategy, as a primary driver for corporate image and values, and as a premise for differentiation, recognition, consistency and correct market positioning. A good design strategy enables to extend the time to market by foreseeing future markets, focus your product design, and get a product portfolio adapted to market strategies and networks.
Automobile styling is a complex discipline where the designers' recognition is determined by... more Automobile styling is a complex discipline where the designers' recognition is determined by visual elements of the car and characteristics that establishes the expressive properties of the overall form. The objective of this study is three-fold. The first objective is to find out ...
Page 364. INTRODUCING FORM AND USER SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS THROUGH INDUST... more Page 364. INTRODUCING FORM AND USER SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS THROUGH INDUSTRIAL DESIGN PROJECTS André Liem* Department of Product Design Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. ...
This paper discusses a strategy on how Industrial Design can gain more leverage within the univer... more This paper discusses a strategy on how Industrial Design can gain more leverage within the university system through an educational concept of hierarchical and collaborative learning. This educational concept opposes the traditional method of classroom teaching, but promotes an interactive way of customised learning and knowledge transfer. To support this educational concept, the issue of how to integrate Industrial Design into the playing field of a globalised University research and education system have to be revisited by redefining its three cornerstones, ‘Teaching’, ‘Research ’ and ‘Administration ’ into respectively ‘Mentorship’, ‘Scholarship ’ and ‘Service’.
This article argues for the dual role of prototyping in facilitating abductive thinking in resear... more This article argues for the dual role of prototyping in facilitating abductive thinking in research and practice within “Ergonomics” and “Design”. Moreover, this duality also pertains to the development of innovative commodities, as well as in the acquisition of new knowledge.
This article proposes an alternative route towards initiating and developing formal design resear... more This article proposes an alternative route towards initiating and developing formal design research projects, where design studios act as an "Initiator" and "Driver" for subsequent research collaboration. A concept for collaborative research, involving different stakeholders, will be introduced based upon the notion that results from sponsored studio projects create avenues for more formal research work, whether fundamental or applied. Building upon “Activity Theory”, “Action Research” and “Practice Theory”, the authors argue that practice and research are becoming more seamlessly connected through the increasing importance of context. This requires a strategic and educational perspective, where design thinking about social, technological economical, environmental and political aspects completed by collaborative learning determine scholarship as well as synergies between practice and research. Tactically, systematic planning and systems development is essential t...
Through an extensive literature review, this article aims to promote systemic innovation, which i... more Through an extensive literature review, this article aims to promote systemic innovation, which is presently too much influenced by context and too limited by rationality. As such, the article argues for the use of systems design methods and tools for anticipating future needs in the development of innovative products and services. Building upon theoretical concepts, such as “Bounded Rationality”, “Situated Design” and “Practice Theory”, systems design methods and tools, such as the Function-Task Interaction Matrix Method and Dependence Structure Matrix, should be made more comprehensive by extending technical and user elements with contextual elements. These matrices help to identify problem fields as well as opportunities by juxtaposing and force-fitting technical, user, and contextual elements.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of cognitive and physical barriers concern... more The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of cognitive and physical barriers concerning extending the lifecycle of mobile computers. Reference to Triandis´ theory of interpersonal behavior, 1) attitudes; 2) contextual factors; 3) personal capabilities, and 4) habits will be discussed to overcome these barriers. A survey among 449 subjects, complemented by an expert interview, was conducted to find out motivators and resistors for retaining computers though renewal processes. Results were structured and presented using a Computer Life-Cycle Extension Model. The emphasis on "Emotion" indicated that a pragmatic view by understanding what practical things to do and what knowledge to seek for is not enough. To motivate endusers to prolong the life of their computers, emotional incentives are equally important to extend the life-cycle of their mobile computers. For example, personalized design can also make users feel more attached to their computers, and thereby facilitate an emotional connection. This connection can make users more inclined to keep their computers longer. Moreover, a need has been observed to break away from stereotyping computer culture and usage.
250 words max) As the profession of industrial design is getting more competitive, designers are ... more 250 words max) As the profession of industrial design is getting more competitive, designers are expected to embark on the Right Alliances’ to survive and succeed in a global market where end-customers are becoming more demanding. The common practice where Industrial Design consultants operate, as a separate contributor, to generate ‘good designs’ to R&D processes may soon be obsolete. The above indicates that there is a need to revise consultantclient working relationships in the field of Industrial design. To offer a more complete service, designers may need to work closely with the client’s R&D, or join forces with contract manufacturers to be more proactive in integrating downstream engineering and manufacturing processes in development and realisation of the end product. From an educational perspective, teaching and mentoring within and beyond the studio context should be emphasised. This paper discusses a three stage approach to prepare students early in their design career fo...
In search for meaningful and radical innovations, many authors comply with the understanding that... more In search for meaningful and radical innovations, many authors comply with the understanding that User-Centered Design lead to incremental innovation. However, opposing views are prevalent among design researchers, when discussing and comparing the innovation impact between Human-Centered Design and Design-Driven Innovation approaches. Some researchers claim that Human-Centred Design methods contain a significant facilitative value for achieving radical innovation, because of their participatory and design led characteristics. However, this is contested by another group of researchers, who are convinced that to realise breakthrough innovation, user involvement, whether participative or not, is not sufficient. The aim of this article is to discuss on how models and prototypes can be applied in Design-Driven Innovation, as well as how they can facilitate a more explorative and creative approach towards idea and concept generation in a Human-Centered Design. Results indicate that activ...
At the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Product Design (NTNU/IPD), a... more At the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Product Design (NTNU/IPD), a concept of ‘Vertical Learning’ within a studio environment was planned and implemented in conjunction with systems design. Systems Design, as a course planning and design process management studio teaching concept, is to provide students with an understanding about different levels of design complexities. Social learning was introduced to expose students to interdependent teamwork. This paper discusses challenges to be considered in the planning and implementation of ‘Vertical Studio Teaching’. Intermediate results showed that students were subjected to a steep learning curve, when it concerned teamwork, problem solving and design thinking. The “social learning” environment, built upon a systems approach, has proven to be a tough but useful learning experience for the students. Aspects, which were considered in the planning and early implementation, were: • How to structure “Vertical St...
The objective of this article is to reflect six models of “Design” reasoning against the four gen... more The objective of this article is to reflect six models of “Design” reasoning against the four generic perspectives of business strategising. The selection of these six models was based upon their relevance for design practice. The models are: Problem Solving, Hermeneutic, Reflective Practice, Participative, Social and Normative. Through heuristic comparisons of Business Management and Design Thinking literature, similarities can be found among “Business Strategising”, “Design Strategising” and “Designing Thinking”. Furthermore, it can be concluded that from an “Innovation mode of thinking”, typical models of design thinking and reasoning show similarities with the four strategic perspectives as illustrated in Whittington’s matrix. The relationship between strategy perspectives and models of design reasoning can form a reference for business managers, design mangers and designers on how to plurastically develop innovation strategies. In this context the term “plurastic” should be int...
With the globalisation of design, the creation of single entity products no longer meets the need... more With the globalisation of design, the creation of single entity products no longer meets the needs for solving complex problems in an environment where technologies become more advanced and complex, while user needs become more diverse. This paper reports on the experiences of introducing systems thinking in early Industrial Design teaching based on a collaborative project with the Norwegian Postal Service (NPS). With reference to the metaphor Mail Transporter, holistic systems were analysed and proposed to improve the logistics of mail distribution. The project, which was conducted in a year 2 Industrial Design studio environment, focused on the development of ergonomic work systems where students worked in groups of 4 to develop complete product-service arrangement prior to the actual design of its supporting sub-systems and products. Subsequently, a wide variety of different products were conceptualised up to the level of design detailing. With the continuous support from the NPS...
The practice and teaching of form-giving typically takes the starting point in enhancing the intu... more The practice and teaching of form-giving typically takes the starting point in enhancing the intuitive and explorative approach of form giving rather than employing available structured methods for generating form. In this paper, formal aesthetic principles are evaluated based on their potential to be applied in a generative manner. Literature studies have revealed 6 design principles, which are relevant for form development in a selection of design fields. These design principles were classified according to their connectivity with mathematical and nonmathematical theories. Although the Fibonacci sequence, Golden Ratio and Gestalt theories are most relevant for analysing and developing a balanced form, there is no evidence that these design principles were used as a guideline for designing new products or that they have been mostly applied for retrospectively analysing existing 2-D and 3-D products forms. With the potential of proactively using design principles for form studies in...
This article argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of s... more This article argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of strategic design and management. Differences, similarities and relationships between strategic design and prospective ergonomics are being reviewed using existing theories and frameworks from design, ergonomics, strategic and innovation management. Prospective ergonomics has developed from macro-ergonomics to be more “forward looking in time” by emphasising on context, user-experience and human-centeredness. In terms of practice, prospective ergonomics create awareness among actors that the anticipation of user needs and imagination of radically new product and services are essential for the survival of organisations and their business eco-systems. Considering the complex constellation of collaborators and their plural objectives, prospective ergonomic interventions support innovation activities, which capitalise on deliberate processes by making use of prescriptive methods and tools.
This article claims that in certain circumstances digital visual representations (CAD) can facili... more This article claims that in certain circumstances digital visual representations (CAD) can facilitate a better understanding of the form than sketches and drawings, in the early creative idea and concept generation stages of the design process. Hereby, intensive reflective and processual visualization activities, which immediately renders feedback in computer media influences the designer to generate images more frequently and more precisely in his/her mind, compared to conventional media. The above phenomenon has led to discussions around two factors, which redefine the value of CAD in an educational context. These factors are: (1) Type of students admitted according to academic inclination, (2) Type of Design Program. Results have shown that students, who were admitted based only upon good grades, were generally poor in (manual) sketching and drawing. However, due to their solid academic capabilities, they demonstrated a strong aptitude towards learning different CAD systems. When...
This paper critically reflects on selected frameworks of product semantics, which have been appli... more This paper critically reflects on selected frameworks of product semantics, which have been applied in form giving and industrial design. Furthermore, a comparative analysis has been made between product semantics and formal aesthetics as different, but related fields of study. Focal areas in this literature review will be to find out: (1) which theories and frameworks of product semantics are specifically relevant for creating meaning and value in design? (2) How formal aesthetics and gestalt principles connect and influence the different product semantic frameworks. Results have indicated that in the semantic frameworks discussed in this article, formal aesthetic and gestalt theories have been established at the cognitive level. They indirectly incorporate formal aesthetic principles, such as geometry, dimension, texture, material, color, graphics and detailing. These principles were addressed from an analytical and descriptive perspective to create a more in-depth cognitive under...
In most competitive institutions for higher education, course or module evaluation forms an impor... more In most competitive institutions for higher education, course or module evaluation forms an important and integral part of the educational system. A key aspect of this evaluation exercise focuses on Student Evaluation of Faculty (SEF). Methods and tools for SEF include reflective evaluation, teacher journals, teaching portfolios, etc. This paper explores the use of pro-active evaluation techniques to provide a more indepth and accurate way of assessing specific design courses, complementary to the quantitative performance score exercise. Proactive evaluation techniques are based upon the story telling principle and introduce carriers, such as Instant Messaging, Blogging and SMS.
This dissertation argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields... more This dissertation argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of strategic design (SD) and management. Differences, similarities and relationships between strategic design and prospective ergonomics are being reviewed using existing theories and frameworks from design, ergonomics, strategic and innovation management. To complement the theoretical part, 12 cases have been analysed in greater depth according to 4 main dimensions of analysis. Outcomes have ishown that innovating through PE approach is about finding the right balance between on one hand meeting primary objectives, such as profit maximisation or solving the design problem, and on the other hand achieving social and human well-being, personal interest and ambitions, family relations, etc. Intervention of prospective ergonomics within a classical strategy perspective requires organizations to couple push-pull market strategies while considering the interest of different stakeholders thro...
This paper discusses how to adopt responsible sponsored studio teaching as common practice in des... more This paper discusses how to adopt responsible sponsored studio teaching as common practice in design education, while taking into consideration the interest of design practitioners, professional organizations, unions and the Norwegian society from a social, ethical and economical context based on the Norwegian business culture. There are no clear signals that “Collaborative Sponsored Studio Teaching” undermines the growth of the design professions by means of unfair business practices. Thre 2nd level service stakeholders played a more active role in supporting educational collaboration.
We have been working with the challenge of making product design an active long term strategic to... more We have been working with the challenge of making product design an active long term strategic tool for a company. Every company sells its products in today's markets, and today's products are results of earlier product design and development, market positioning, branding and identity development. The great challenge is to balance the forecasting of markets and technology with the development of the company and its brands. To improve companies' innovation and value-add capabilities and competitive power in global markets, product design must be proactive. To ensure efficiency and continuity, basic strategies, platforms, identity and conventions are essential. Design should be incorporated as an essential part of business strategy, as a primary driver for corporate image and values, and as a premise for differentiation, recognition, consistency and correct market positioning. A good design strategy enables to extend the time to market by foreseeing future markets, focus your product design, and get a product portfolio adapted to market strategies and networks.
Automobile styling is a complex discipline where the designers' recognition is determined by... more Automobile styling is a complex discipline where the designers' recognition is determined by visual elements of the car and characteristics that establishes the expressive properties of the overall form. The objective of this study is three-fold. The first objective is to find out ...
Page 364. INTRODUCING FORM AND USER SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS THROUGH INDUST... more Page 364. INTRODUCING FORM AND USER SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS THROUGH INDUSTRIAL DESIGN PROJECTS André Liem* Department of Product Design Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. ...
This paper discusses a strategy on how Industrial Design can gain more leverage within the univer... more This paper discusses a strategy on how Industrial Design can gain more leverage within the university system through an educational concept of hierarchical and collaborative learning. This educational concept opposes the traditional method of classroom teaching, but promotes an interactive way of customised learning and knowledge transfer. To support this educational concept, the issue of how to integrate Industrial Design into the playing field of a globalised University research and education system have to be revisited by redefining its three cornerstones, ‘Teaching’, ‘Research ’ and ‘Administration ’ into respectively ‘Mentorship’, ‘Scholarship ’ and ‘Service’.
This article argues for the dual role of prototyping in facilitating abductive thinking in resear... more This article argues for the dual role of prototyping in facilitating abductive thinking in research and practice within “Ergonomics” and “Design”. Moreover, this duality also pertains to the development of innovative commodities, as well as in the acquisition of new knowledge.
This article proposes an alternative route towards initiating and developing formal design resear... more This article proposes an alternative route towards initiating and developing formal design research projects, where design studios act as an "Initiator" and "Driver" for subsequent research collaboration. A concept for collaborative research, involving different stakeholders, will be introduced based upon the notion that results from sponsored studio projects create avenues for more formal research work, whether fundamental or applied. Building upon “Activity Theory”, “Action Research” and “Practice Theory”, the authors argue that practice and research are becoming more seamlessly connected through the increasing importance of context. This requires a strategic and educational perspective, where design thinking about social, technological economical, environmental and political aspects completed by collaborative learning determine scholarship as well as synergies between practice and research. Tactically, systematic planning and systems development is essential t...
Through an extensive literature review, this article aims to promote systemic innovation, which i... more Through an extensive literature review, this article aims to promote systemic innovation, which is presently too much influenced by context and too limited by rationality. As such, the article argues for the use of systems design methods and tools for anticipating future needs in the development of innovative products and services. Building upon theoretical concepts, such as “Bounded Rationality”, “Situated Design” and “Practice Theory”, systems design methods and tools, such as the Function-Task Interaction Matrix Method and Dependence Structure Matrix, should be made more comprehensive by extending technical and user elements with contextual elements. These matrices help to identify problem fields as well as opportunities by juxtaposing and force-fitting technical, user, and contextual elements.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of cognitive and physical barriers concern... more The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of cognitive and physical barriers concerning extending the lifecycle of mobile computers. Reference to Triandis´ theory of interpersonal behavior, 1) attitudes; 2) contextual factors; 3) personal capabilities, and 4) habits will be discussed to overcome these barriers. A survey among 449 subjects, complemented by an expert interview, was conducted to find out motivators and resistors for retaining computers though renewal processes. Results were structured and presented using a Computer Life-Cycle Extension Model. The emphasis on "Emotion" indicated that a pragmatic view by understanding what practical things to do and what knowledge to seek for is not enough. To motivate endusers to prolong the life of their computers, emotional incentives are equally important to extend the life-cycle of their mobile computers. For example, personalized design can also make users feel more attached to their computers, and thereby facilitate an emotional connection. This connection can make users more inclined to keep their computers longer. Moreover, a need has been observed to break away from stereotyping computer culture and usage.
250 words max) As the profession of industrial design is getting more competitive, designers are ... more 250 words max) As the profession of industrial design is getting more competitive, designers are expected to embark on the Right Alliances’ to survive and succeed in a global market where end-customers are becoming more demanding. The common practice where Industrial Design consultants operate, as a separate contributor, to generate ‘good designs’ to R&D processes may soon be obsolete. The above indicates that there is a need to revise consultantclient working relationships in the field of Industrial design. To offer a more complete service, designers may need to work closely with the client’s R&D, or join forces with contract manufacturers to be more proactive in integrating downstream engineering and manufacturing processes in development and realisation of the end product. From an educational perspective, teaching and mentoring within and beyond the studio context should be emphasised. This paper discusses a three stage approach to prepare students early in their design career fo...
In search for meaningful and radical innovations, many authors comply with the understanding that... more In search for meaningful and radical innovations, many authors comply with the understanding that User-Centered Design lead to incremental innovation. However, opposing views are prevalent among design researchers, when discussing and comparing the innovation impact between Human-Centered Design and Design-Driven Innovation approaches. Some researchers claim that Human-Centred Design methods contain a significant facilitative value for achieving radical innovation, because of their participatory and design led characteristics. However, this is contested by another group of researchers, who are convinced that to realise breakthrough innovation, user involvement, whether participative or not, is not sufficient. The aim of this article is to discuss on how models and prototypes can be applied in Design-Driven Innovation, as well as how they can facilitate a more explorative and creative approach towards idea and concept generation in a Human-Centered Design. Results indicate that activ...
At the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Product Design (NTNU/IPD), a... more At the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Product Design (NTNU/IPD), a concept of ‘Vertical Learning’ within a studio environment was planned and implemented in conjunction with systems design. Systems Design, as a course planning and design process management studio teaching concept, is to provide students with an understanding about different levels of design complexities. Social learning was introduced to expose students to interdependent teamwork. This paper discusses challenges to be considered in the planning and implementation of ‘Vertical Studio Teaching’. Intermediate results showed that students were subjected to a steep learning curve, when it concerned teamwork, problem solving and design thinking. The “social learning” environment, built upon a systems approach, has proven to be a tough but useful learning experience for the students. Aspects, which were considered in the planning and early implementation, were: • How to structure “Vertical St...
The objective of this article is to reflect six models of “Design” reasoning against the four gen... more The objective of this article is to reflect six models of “Design” reasoning against the four generic perspectives of business strategising. The selection of these six models was based upon their relevance for design practice. The models are: Problem Solving, Hermeneutic, Reflective Practice, Participative, Social and Normative. Through heuristic comparisons of Business Management and Design Thinking literature, similarities can be found among “Business Strategising”, “Design Strategising” and “Designing Thinking”. Furthermore, it can be concluded that from an “Innovation mode of thinking”, typical models of design thinking and reasoning show similarities with the four strategic perspectives as illustrated in Whittington’s matrix. The relationship between strategy perspectives and models of design reasoning can form a reference for business managers, design mangers and designers on how to plurastically develop innovation strategies. In this context the term “plurastic” should be int...
With the globalisation of design, the creation of single entity products no longer meets the need... more With the globalisation of design, the creation of single entity products no longer meets the needs for solving complex problems in an environment where technologies become more advanced and complex, while user needs become more diverse. This paper reports on the experiences of introducing systems thinking in early Industrial Design teaching based on a collaborative project with the Norwegian Postal Service (NPS). With reference to the metaphor Mail Transporter, holistic systems were analysed and proposed to improve the logistics of mail distribution. The project, which was conducted in a year 2 Industrial Design studio environment, focused on the development of ergonomic work systems where students worked in groups of 4 to develop complete product-service arrangement prior to the actual design of its supporting sub-systems and products. Subsequently, a wide variety of different products were conceptualised up to the level of design detailing. With the continuous support from the NPS...
The practice and teaching of form-giving typically takes the starting point in enhancing the intu... more The practice and teaching of form-giving typically takes the starting point in enhancing the intuitive and explorative approach of form giving rather than employing available structured methods for generating form. In this paper, formal aesthetic principles are evaluated based on their potential to be applied in a generative manner. Literature studies have revealed 6 design principles, which are relevant for form development in a selection of design fields. These design principles were classified according to their connectivity with mathematical and nonmathematical theories. Although the Fibonacci sequence, Golden Ratio and Gestalt theories are most relevant for analysing and developing a balanced form, there is no evidence that these design principles were used as a guideline for designing new products or that they have been mostly applied for retrospectively analysing existing 2-D and 3-D products forms. With the potential of proactively using design principles for form studies in...
This article argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of s... more This article argues for a prospective turn in ergonomics to challenge the established fields of strategic design and management. Differences, similarities and relationships between strategic design and prospective ergonomics are being reviewed using existing theories and frameworks from design, ergonomics, strategic and innovation management. Prospective ergonomics has developed from macro-ergonomics to be more “forward looking in time” by emphasising on context, user-experience and human-centeredness. In terms of practice, prospective ergonomics create awareness among actors that the anticipation of user needs and imagination of radically new product and services are essential for the survival of organisations and their business eco-systems. Considering the complex constellation of collaborators and their plural objectives, prospective ergonomic interventions support innovation activities, which capitalise on deliberate processes by making use of prescriptive methods and tools.
This article claims that in certain circumstances digital visual representations (CAD) can facili... more This article claims that in certain circumstances digital visual representations (CAD) can facilitate a better understanding of the form than sketches and drawings, in the early creative idea and concept generation stages of the design process. Hereby, intensive reflective and processual visualization activities, which immediately renders feedback in computer media influences the designer to generate images more frequently and more precisely in his/her mind, compared to conventional media. The above phenomenon has led to discussions around two factors, which redefine the value of CAD in an educational context. These factors are: (1) Type of students admitted according to academic inclination, (2) Type of Design Program. Results have shown that students, who were admitted based only upon good grades, were generally poor in (manual) sketching and drawing. However, due to their solid academic capabilities, they demonstrated a strong aptitude towards learning different CAD systems. When...
This paper critically reflects on selected frameworks of product semantics, which have been appli... more This paper critically reflects on selected frameworks of product semantics, which have been applied in form giving and industrial design. Furthermore, a comparative analysis has been made between product semantics and formal aesthetics as different, but related fields of study. Focal areas in this literature review will be to find out: (1) which theories and frameworks of product semantics are specifically relevant for creating meaning and value in design? (2) How formal aesthetics and gestalt principles connect and influence the different product semantic frameworks. Results have indicated that in the semantic frameworks discussed in this article, formal aesthetic and gestalt theories have been established at the cognitive level. They indirectly incorporate formal aesthetic principles, such as geometry, dimension, texture, material, color, graphics and detailing. These principles were addressed from an analytical and descriptive perspective to create a more in-depth cognitive under...
In most competitive institutions for higher education, course or module evaluation forms an impor... more In most competitive institutions for higher education, course or module evaluation forms an important and integral part of the educational system. A key aspect of this evaluation exercise focuses on Student Evaluation of Faculty (SEF). Methods and tools for SEF include reflective evaluation, teacher journals, teaching portfolios, etc. This paper explores the use of pro-active evaluation techniques to provide a more indepth and accurate way of assessing specific design courses, complementary to the quantitative performance score exercise. Proactive evaluation techniques are based upon the story telling principle and introduce carriers, such as Instant Messaging, Blogging and SMS.
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Papers by Andre Liem