This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnorma... more This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnormalities of male camelids. Breeding soundness examination is emphasized, with special reference to semen characteristics and factors that may affect its quality.
<p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioCondu... more <p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioConductor package vsn. Normalized data were used for calculation of pairwise distances and drawing of a heatmap by use of the BioConductor package geneplotter. Each column represents one sample and shows the correlation to all samples (including itself), with red for correlation = 1 and blue for the lowest observed correlation. Note the clear homogeneity in the samples from fertility classified heifers (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile). (B) PCA is a plot distribution indicating the source of greatest variation in the overall transcriptional profiles of the samples. Each symbol represents one replicate. Note the clear lack of separation of samples based on fertility classifications (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile).</p
Sixty occurrences of uterine torsion during late gestation in alpacas (n = 56) and llamas (n = 4)... more Sixty occurrences of uterine torsion during late gestation in alpacas (n = 56) and llamas (n = 4) were evaluated to identify the relationship of direction and degree of severity of torsion, method of correction, and dam and cria survival. Other recorded data included the time to presentation, stage of gestation, parity, and clinicopathologic assessment. Three treatment groups were identified: animals which had uterine torsion corrected by rolling only (60%; n = 36); animals which underwent Cesarean section only (23.3%; n = 14); and animals which first were rolled but then underwent Cesarean section (16.7%; n = 10). Significant relationships were recorded between the degree of uterine torsion and the method of correction – 360° torsions were more likely to have to undergo Cesarean section, either as a solitary treatment method or after rolling (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was recorded between the gestation age of the fetus and the treatment method implemented. Counter-clockwise torsions accounted for 18.3% of the cases. Survival of females was high (96.7%; n = 60), regardless of the treatment method. Survival of the cria was lower for torsions corrected by Cesarean section alone (71.4%; n = 14) or after rolling (70%; n = 10), when compared to rolling only (100%; n = 36). The most common clinicopathological findings were toxemia alone or with concurrent hypocalcemia or hepatic lipidosis, and elevated creatine kinase. All cases of toxemia had hyperglycemia and tended to have a prolonged interval to presentation.
This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnorma... more This chapter reviews the major aspects of the reproductive anatomy, physiology and common abnormalities of male camelids. Breeding soundness examination is emphasized, with special reference to semen characteristics and factors that may affect its quality.
<p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioCondu... more <p>(A) Microarray data were filtered for detectable probes and normalized with the BioConductor package vsn. Normalized data were used for calculation of pairwise distances and drawing of a heatmap by use of the BioConductor package geneplotter. Each column represents one sample and shows the correlation to all samples (including itself), with red for correlation = 1 and blue for the lowest observed correlation. Note the clear homogeneity in the samples from fertility classified heifers (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile). (B) PCA is a plot distribution indicating the source of greatest variation in the overall transcriptional profiles of the samples. Each symbol represents one replicate. Note the clear lack of separation of samples based on fertility classifications (HF, high fertile; SF, subfertile; IF, infertile).</p
Sixty occurrences of uterine torsion during late gestation in alpacas (n = 56) and llamas (n = 4)... more Sixty occurrences of uterine torsion during late gestation in alpacas (n = 56) and llamas (n = 4) were evaluated to identify the relationship of direction and degree of severity of torsion, method of correction, and dam and cria survival. Other recorded data included the time to presentation, stage of gestation, parity, and clinicopathologic assessment. Three treatment groups were identified: animals which had uterine torsion corrected by rolling only (60%; n = 36); animals which underwent Cesarean section only (23.3%; n = 14); and animals which first were rolled but then underwent Cesarean section (16.7%; n = 10). Significant relationships were recorded between the degree of uterine torsion and the method of correction – 360° torsions were more likely to have to undergo Cesarean section, either as a solitary treatment method or after rolling (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was recorded between the gestation age of the fetus and the treatment method implemented. Counter-clockwise torsions accounted for 18.3% of the cases. Survival of females was high (96.7%; n = 60), regardless of the treatment method. Survival of the cria was lower for torsions corrected by Cesarean section alone (71.4%; n = 14) or after rolling (70%; n = 10), when compared to rolling only (100%; n = 36). The most common clinicopathological findings were toxemia alone or with concurrent hypocalcemia or hepatic lipidosis, and elevated creatine kinase. All cases of toxemia had hyperglycemia and tended to have a prolonged interval to presentation.
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