Objective: To analyze the relation between the three sociodemographic, characteristics gender bir... more Objective: To analyze the relation between the three sociodemographic, characteristics gender birth order and class year characteristics on big five personality traits of medical students. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Army Medical College, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Jul 2022. Methodology: The study included undergraduate medical students from first through final year belonging to an age group of 17-25 years and were willing to fill in the questionnaire through convenience sampling technique. Sample size as calculated by WHO calculator was 350 Results: Mean age of the participants was 21.14±1.20 years. Males were 73.4% and 26.6% were females. Majority were between age group “21-23 years”, n=281(74%), “middle born”, n=154(40%) and in “third year”, n=138(36) and “fourth year”,n=147(39%). There was a significant association between gender, birth order, age group and class year and attributes related to “conscie...
This work deals with the preparation of MgO films on Si (100) substrate by using pulsed DC magnet... more This work deals with the preparation of MgO films on Si (100) substrate by using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering of pure Mg target in reactive oxygen environment at room temperature. The sputtering power was varied in the range 100 W to 150 W while keeping the deposition time fixed at 4 h. In the next step, deposition time was changed from 1 h to 3 h by maintaining the sputtering power at 150 W. The results obtained were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The XRD pattern at 100 W exhibited MgO2 diffraction peak along (211) plane. However, with increase of power to 125 W and 150 W, MgO diffraction peak corresponding to (200) plane appeared. The crystallinity of MgO was improved with increase of the sputtering power. On contrary, the crystalline quality of MgO film was degraded with increase of the deposition time. The FTIR analysis displayed peaks around 860 cm−1 and 740 cm−1 corresponding t...
The present research is motivated by the hard coatings on the substrate which improves the wear r... more The present research is motivated by the hard coatings on the substrate which improves the wear resistance that extends the working life of substrate material. Industrially, hard coatings are being used in automotive engine accessories, turbine blades, cutting and machining tools. Due to remarkable and desired mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of tungsten nitride thin films, these coatings are being applied in industry as well as for engineering purposes. The present research work reports the successful attempt to synthesis tungsten nitride films on Si, Zr and stainless steel substrates. Synthesis of WN/a-Si3N4, W-Zr-N and nano-crystalline tungsten nitride thin films on Si and Stainless steel substrates using Mather-Type plasma focus device. Tungsten nitride thin films have been synthesized on different substrates using various deposition techniques but the use of plasma focus technique is one of the prospective hybrid deposition methods that provides high depositio...
Nano-structure thin film of tungsten nitride was deposited onto Si-substrate at room temperature ... more Nano-structure thin film of tungsten nitride was deposited onto Si-substrate at room temperature using Mather-type plasma focus (3.3 kJ) machine. Substrate was exposed against 10, 20, 30, and 40 deposition shots and its corresponding effect on structure, morphology, conductivity and nano-hardness has been systematically studied. The X-ray diffractormeter spectra of the exposed samples show the presence of various phases of WN and WN2 that depends on number of deposition shots. Surface morphological study revealed the uniform distribution of nano-sized grains on deposited film surface. Hardness and conductivity of exposed substrate improved with higher deposition shots. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy survey scan of 40 deposition shots confirmed the elemental presence of W and N on Si-substrate.
A study of the structural and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline TiAlSiN gradient coatings ... more A study of the structural and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline TiAlSiN gradient coatings deposited by cathodic arc deposition techniques at 500 °C and post-annealed at 525 °C is presented. Analysis of the coatings, chemical composition and microstructure revealed that the coatings have a structure based on (Ti, Al)N nanocrystals with an average size of 10 nm embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 phase. The study of the mechanical properties showed that post-annealing causes improvement and increase of the coatings hardness. A maximum hardness of 48 GPa and elastic modulus of 560 GPa were measured. Also, excellent adhesion to the WC-Co substrate was observed in the post-annealed coatings.
IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2018
The global market is susceptible to the variation of customer demands and, in turn, the competiti... more The global market is susceptible to the variation of customer demands and, in turn, the competition among different stakeholders. Lack of resources on factory shop floors may result in many challenges for industries to address customers' needs. Therefore, the adaptation of production systems to ever-increasing demands is crucial for maintaining companies' competitivity. This article presents an approach for developing a flexible manufacturing system throughout the implementation of cloud robotics. The proposed solution employs cloud resources in order to incorporate new functionalities and capabilities in industrial robot cells. As a result, the system will be able to accommodate customized product variants without the need of process and system reconfiguration, at runtime.
Spinach is highly contaminated with different pesticide residues. This study was designed to eval... more Spinach is highly contaminated with different pesticide residues. This study was designed to evaluate organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues present in various washing treatments (T 0-T 13) of fresh and chemically washed spinach with respect to maximum residues limits. Efficiency of washing solutions (citric acid, acetic acid, garlic extract and ginger extract) of different concentrations (w/v %) along with tap water in spinach was investigated for residues dissolution. Results showed that the highest reductions in endosulfan, deltamethrin and cypermethrin residues were 0.008 ± 0.008 mg.kg-1 (53%), 0.023 ± 0.024 mg. kg-1 (76%) and 0.017 ± 0.014 mgkg-1 (83%) in treatment of T 5 (10% acetic acid) followed by 0.035 ± 0.029 mg.kg-1 (50%), 0.051 ± 0.029 mg.kg-1 (73%) and 0.037 ± 0.048 mg kg-1 (81%) in treatment T 11 (10% ginger extract) while the lowest reductions in residues were 0.304 ± 0.004 mg.kg-1 (23%), 0.432 ± 0.030 mg.kg-1 (35%) and 0.468 ± 0.016 mg kg-1 (38%) in treatment T 2 (5% citric acid), respectively. In conclusion, 10% acetic acid, ginger extract and mixture of acetic and citric acids can effectively minimize pesticide residues in treated spinach.
2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), 2018
The evolution of industries and their needs towards the implementation of Industry 4.0 based syst... more The evolution of industries and their needs towards the implementation of Industry 4.0 based systems has brought both new technological challenges and opportunities. This article proposes the adoption and deployment of cloud robotics at factories to enhance the control and monitoring of processes, such as handling materials multiple assemblies in single cells. The ultimate research objective of this research is the offloading computation and integrating cloud robotics into an industrial scenario. However, the investigation of state of the art techniques, tools and technologies, and the development of functional prototypes is beforehand required. Then, this article presents a small-scale system as a prototype that employs the Google cloud vision API as a resource that, in turn, is used by networked agents for supporting the decision-making in the process of handling material commodities at factory shop floor. The overall concept as well as the interaction between the main actors of the prototype is detailed. Finally, further research directions are discussed.
Production, Properties, and Applications of High Temperature Coatings, 2018
This chapter describes how the aim of duplex surface engineering includes chronological applicati... more This chapter describes how the aim of duplex surface engineering includes chronological application of two surface modification technologies for the production of a surface, with collective properties. Duplex treatment of nitriding and carbonitriding of austenitic stainless steel is of high technical importance owing to its capability to increase hardness, corrosion and wear resistance of treated surface. Duplex treatment has been utilized to enhance the surface mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304). The microstructure of nitrided surface indicates the development of nitride phases, Fe4N, Fe2N, CrN, Cr2N and γN whereas, duplex treated films shows the formation of FeC, Fe3C, Fe7C3, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, along with nitride phases like Fe3N. Both nitrided and duplex treated samples show the formation of cauliflower like grains. Surface micro hardness of treated substrates has been dependent on the variation of crystallite size and increased by 1.26 times the hardness o...
ABSTRACT Composite films of TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 were synthesized using the Mather-type plasma focus ... more ABSTRACT Composite films of TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 were synthesized using the Mather-type plasma focus device with varying numbers of focus deposition shots (5, 15, and 25) at 0◦ and 10◦ angular positions. The composition and structural analysis of these films were analyzed by using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope were used to study the surface morphology of films. XRD patterns confirm the formation of composite TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 films. The crystallite size of TiN (200) plane is 11 and 22 nm, respectively, at 0◦ and 10◦ angular positions for same 25 focus deposition shots. Impurity levels and thickness were measured using RBS. Scanning electron microscopy results show the formation of net-like structures for multiple focus shots (5, 15, and 25) at angular positions of 0◦ and 10◦. The average surface roughness of the deposited films increases with increasing focus shots. The roughness of the film decreases at higher angle 10◦ and the films obtained are smoother as compared with the films deposited at 0◦ angular positions.
ABSTRACT A 2.3 kJ Mather type pulsed plasma focus device was used for the synthesis of a TiN/a-Si... more ABSTRACT A 2.3 kJ Mather type pulsed plasma focus device was used for the synthesis of a TiN/a-Si3N4 thin film at room temperature. The film was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD pattern confirms the growth of polycrystalline TiN thin film. The XPS results indicate that the synthesized film is non-stoichiometric and contains titanium nitride, silicon nitride, and a phase of silicon oxy-nitride. The SEM and AFM results reveal that the surface of the synthesized film is quite smooth with 0.59 nm roughness (root-mean-square).
Objective: To analyze the relation between the three sociodemographic, characteristics gender bir... more Objective: To analyze the relation between the three sociodemographic, characteristics gender birth order and class year characteristics on big five personality traits of medical students. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Army Medical College, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Jul 2022. Methodology: The study included undergraduate medical students from first through final year belonging to an age group of 17-25 years and were willing to fill in the questionnaire through convenience sampling technique. Sample size as calculated by WHO calculator was 350 Results: Mean age of the participants was 21.14±1.20 years. Males were 73.4% and 26.6% were females. Majority were between age group “21-23 years”, n=281(74%), “middle born”, n=154(40%) and in “third year”, n=138(36) and “fourth year”,n=147(39%). There was a significant association between gender, birth order, age group and class year and attributes related to “conscie...
This work deals with the preparation of MgO films on Si (100) substrate by using pulsed DC magnet... more This work deals with the preparation of MgO films on Si (100) substrate by using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering of pure Mg target in reactive oxygen environment at room temperature. The sputtering power was varied in the range 100 W to 150 W while keeping the deposition time fixed at 4 h. In the next step, deposition time was changed from 1 h to 3 h by maintaining the sputtering power at 150 W. The results obtained were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The XRD pattern at 100 W exhibited MgO2 diffraction peak along (211) plane. However, with increase of power to 125 W and 150 W, MgO diffraction peak corresponding to (200) plane appeared. The crystallinity of MgO was improved with increase of the sputtering power. On contrary, the crystalline quality of MgO film was degraded with increase of the deposition time. The FTIR analysis displayed peaks around 860 cm−1 and 740 cm−1 corresponding t...
The present research is motivated by the hard coatings on the substrate which improves the wear r... more The present research is motivated by the hard coatings on the substrate which improves the wear resistance that extends the working life of substrate material. Industrially, hard coatings are being used in automotive engine accessories, turbine blades, cutting and machining tools. Due to remarkable and desired mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of tungsten nitride thin films, these coatings are being applied in industry as well as for engineering purposes. The present research work reports the successful attempt to synthesis tungsten nitride films on Si, Zr and stainless steel substrates. Synthesis of WN/a-Si3N4, W-Zr-N and nano-crystalline tungsten nitride thin films on Si and Stainless steel substrates using Mather-Type plasma focus device. Tungsten nitride thin films have been synthesized on different substrates using various deposition techniques but the use of plasma focus technique is one of the prospective hybrid deposition methods that provides high depositio...
Nano-structure thin film of tungsten nitride was deposited onto Si-substrate at room temperature ... more Nano-structure thin film of tungsten nitride was deposited onto Si-substrate at room temperature using Mather-type plasma focus (3.3 kJ) machine. Substrate was exposed against 10, 20, 30, and 40 deposition shots and its corresponding effect on structure, morphology, conductivity and nano-hardness has been systematically studied. The X-ray diffractormeter spectra of the exposed samples show the presence of various phases of WN and WN2 that depends on number of deposition shots. Surface morphological study revealed the uniform distribution of nano-sized grains on deposited film surface. Hardness and conductivity of exposed substrate improved with higher deposition shots. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy survey scan of 40 deposition shots confirmed the elemental presence of W and N on Si-substrate.
A study of the structural and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline TiAlSiN gradient coatings ... more A study of the structural and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline TiAlSiN gradient coatings deposited by cathodic arc deposition techniques at 500 °C and post-annealed at 525 °C is presented. Analysis of the coatings, chemical composition and microstructure revealed that the coatings have a structure based on (Ti, Al)N nanocrystals with an average size of 10 nm embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 phase. The study of the mechanical properties showed that post-annealing causes improvement and increase of the coatings hardness. A maximum hardness of 48 GPa and elastic modulus of 560 GPa were measured. Also, excellent adhesion to the WC-Co substrate was observed in the post-annealed coatings.
IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2018
The global market is susceptible to the variation of customer demands and, in turn, the competiti... more The global market is susceptible to the variation of customer demands and, in turn, the competition among different stakeholders. Lack of resources on factory shop floors may result in many challenges for industries to address customers' needs. Therefore, the adaptation of production systems to ever-increasing demands is crucial for maintaining companies' competitivity. This article presents an approach for developing a flexible manufacturing system throughout the implementation of cloud robotics. The proposed solution employs cloud resources in order to incorporate new functionalities and capabilities in industrial robot cells. As a result, the system will be able to accommodate customized product variants without the need of process and system reconfiguration, at runtime.
Spinach is highly contaminated with different pesticide residues. This study was designed to eval... more Spinach is highly contaminated with different pesticide residues. This study was designed to evaluate organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues present in various washing treatments (T 0-T 13) of fresh and chemically washed spinach with respect to maximum residues limits. Efficiency of washing solutions (citric acid, acetic acid, garlic extract and ginger extract) of different concentrations (w/v %) along with tap water in spinach was investigated for residues dissolution. Results showed that the highest reductions in endosulfan, deltamethrin and cypermethrin residues were 0.008 ± 0.008 mg.kg-1 (53%), 0.023 ± 0.024 mg. kg-1 (76%) and 0.017 ± 0.014 mgkg-1 (83%) in treatment of T 5 (10% acetic acid) followed by 0.035 ± 0.029 mg.kg-1 (50%), 0.051 ± 0.029 mg.kg-1 (73%) and 0.037 ± 0.048 mg kg-1 (81%) in treatment T 11 (10% ginger extract) while the lowest reductions in residues were 0.304 ± 0.004 mg.kg-1 (23%), 0.432 ± 0.030 mg.kg-1 (35%) and 0.468 ± 0.016 mg kg-1 (38%) in treatment T 2 (5% citric acid), respectively. In conclusion, 10% acetic acid, ginger extract and mixture of acetic and citric acids can effectively minimize pesticide residues in treated spinach.
2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), 2018
The evolution of industries and their needs towards the implementation of Industry 4.0 based syst... more The evolution of industries and their needs towards the implementation of Industry 4.0 based systems has brought both new technological challenges and opportunities. This article proposes the adoption and deployment of cloud robotics at factories to enhance the control and monitoring of processes, such as handling materials multiple assemblies in single cells. The ultimate research objective of this research is the offloading computation and integrating cloud robotics into an industrial scenario. However, the investigation of state of the art techniques, tools and technologies, and the development of functional prototypes is beforehand required. Then, this article presents a small-scale system as a prototype that employs the Google cloud vision API as a resource that, in turn, is used by networked agents for supporting the decision-making in the process of handling material commodities at factory shop floor. The overall concept as well as the interaction between the main actors of the prototype is detailed. Finally, further research directions are discussed.
Production, Properties, and Applications of High Temperature Coatings, 2018
This chapter describes how the aim of duplex surface engineering includes chronological applicati... more This chapter describes how the aim of duplex surface engineering includes chronological application of two surface modification technologies for the production of a surface, with collective properties. Duplex treatment of nitriding and carbonitriding of austenitic stainless steel is of high technical importance owing to its capability to increase hardness, corrosion and wear resistance of treated surface. Duplex treatment has been utilized to enhance the surface mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304). The microstructure of nitrided surface indicates the development of nitride phases, Fe4N, Fe2N, CrN, Cr2N and γN whereas, duplex treated films shows the formation of FeC, Fe3C, Fe7C3, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, along with nitride phases like Fe3N. Both nitrided and duplex treated samples show the formation of cauliflower like grains. Surface micro hardness of treated substrates has been dependent on the variation of crystallite size and increased by 1.26 times the hardness o...
ABSTRACT Composite films of TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 were synthesized using the Mather-type plasma focus ... more ABSTRACT Composite films of TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 were synthesized using the Mather-type plasma focus device with varying numbers of focus deposition shots (5, 15, and 25) at 0◦ and 10◦ angular positions. The composition and structural analysis of these films were analyzed by using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope were used to study the surface morphology of films. XRD patterns confirm the formation of composite TiN/Ni3N/a-Si3N4 films. The crystallite size of TiN (200) plane is 11 and 22 nm, respectively, at 0◦ and 10◦ angular positions for same 25 focus deposition shots. Impurity levels and thickness were measured using RBS. Scanning electron microscopy results show the formation of net-like structures for multiple focus shots (5, 15, and 25) at angular positions of 0◦ and 10◦. The average surface roughness of the deposited films increases with increasing focus shots. The roughness of the film decreases at higher angle 10◦ and the films obtained are smoother as compared with the films deposited at 0◦ angular positions.
ABSTRACT A 2.3 kJ Mather type pulsed plasma focus device was used for the synthesis of a TiN/a-Si... more ABSTRACT A 2.3 kJ Mather type pulsed plasma focus device was used for the synthesis of a TiN/a-Si3N4 thin film at room temperature. The film was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD pattern confirms the growth of polycrystalline TiN thin film. The XPS results indicate that the synthesized film is non-stoichiometric and contains titanium nitride, silicon nitride, and a phase of silicon oxy-nitride. The SEM and AFM results reveal that the surface of the synthesized film is quite smooth with 0.59 nm roughness (root-mean-square).
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