This chapter explores the complex and often debated relationship between the media and internatio... more This chapter explores the complex and often debated relationship between the media and international relations. It examines arguments that the media has a deep and significant impact on how governments shape their foreign policy and how individuals and groups of people are also influenced to respond in certain ways to issues presented in the media. There is no doubt that the media plays some role in international relations but the exact nature of this role is often debated. Is the media\u27s role to negotiate the relationship between the major actors in international affairs? Or does the media play a more significant role as an international actor in its own right with the ability to influence and shape foreign policy and responses to international events and issues
Pseudo gangs form the steely side of Hearts and Minds and were used with great effect in counter-... more Pseudo gangs form the steely side of Hearts and Minds and were used with great effect in counter-insurgency campaigns in Kenya (1952-60) Malaya (1948-60) and Rhodesia (1964-1979). Although the use of pseudo gangs was not new to counter-insurgency tactics, with the British using a similar tactic in the Boer war (1899-1902), the use of such gangs was certainly perfected during these later campaigns producing good results. The Kenya Police Special Branch re-instigated this concept, developing its use during the „Emergency‟. The principal concept was to „turn‟ or co-opt insurgents through a series of inducements to change sides and join the counter insurgency as part of the Government forces but not as regular forces. Rather the co-opted kept their actual identities or their „assumed‟ identities and return to the conflict areas as part of a „gang‟, which would be made to appear as if it is still fighting for the insurgents. This „pseudo‟ gang would then rejoin or flush out the oppositio...
This volume reports on the range of papers presented at the Annual Countering Violent Extremism (... more This volume reports on the range of papers presented at the Annual Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Research Conference 2014 from 7-8 December 2014 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Conference was organized and hosted by Hedayah (the International Center of Excellence for Countering Violent Extremism), Curtin University, People Against Violent Extremism (PaVE), and the Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The Conference was also sponsored in part by the European Commission and the United States Department of State. The event was attended by approximately 100 academics, practitioners and policymakers from over 25 countries. The 2014 CVE Research Conference follows from the inaugural CVE Symposium hosted by Curtin University, PaVE, Macquarie University and Hedayah in Perth, Australia in 2013. As the first of its kind in the region, the 2013 Symposium brought together national and international scholars, practitioners, policymakers and former e...
This report summarises the themes highlighted at CVE 2013, a two day Symposium held in Perth, Wes... more This report summarises the themes highlighted at CVE 2013, a two day Symposium held in Perth, Western Australian on 21/22 November 2013. It provides recommendations for the way forward in developing the CVE space
Terrorist acts, most notably 9/11 and the Bali bombings, transformed our attitudes to the secreti... more Terrorist acts, most notably 9/11 and the Bali bombings, transformed our attitudes to the secretive world of intelligence, surveillance and security. In this book a prominent group of writers including Michael Mori, Ben Saul, Anne Aly and Peter Leahy lay bare the facts about spying and security in post-9/11 Australia. Their compelling book cuts through panic and fear-mongering to ask hard questions: Is ASIO unaccountable? Is the money we spend on security worth it? Is cyber-terrorism an urgent threat? Are our spies up to the job, and how do we know anyway as we only hear about their failures? Is WikiLeaks good for human rights? Are we trading our privacy for a false sense of security? Spooked untangles the half-truths, conspiracy theories and controversies about the ‘war on terror’, and is a welcome antidote to misinformation and alarm
In its preamble, The Western Australian Charter of Multiculturalism (WA) commits the state to bec... more In its preamble, The Western Australian Charter of Multiculturalism (WA) commits the state to becoming: “A society in which respect for mutual difference is accompanied by equality of opportunity within a framework of democratic citizenship”. One of the principles of multiculturalism, as enunciated in the Charter, is “equality of opportunity for all members of society to achieve their full potential in a free and democratic society where every individual is equal before and under the law”. An important element of this principle is the “equality of opportunity … to achieve … full potential”. The implication here is that those who start from a position of disadvantage when it comes to achieving that potential deserve more than ‘equal’ treatment. Implicitly, equality can be achieved only through the recognition of and response to differential needs and according to the likelihood of achieving full potential. This is encapsulated in Kymlicka’s argument that neutrality is “hopelessly ina...
Interest in the phenomenon of religion and the Internet extends to the use of the Internet by rad... more Interest in the phenomenon of religion and the Internet extends to the use of the Internet by radical or extremist religious groups. Recent events in international terrorism have led government agencies and the academic community to conclude that the Internet plays a role in the radicalisation of individuals towards extremist violence. The literature on the extremism and radicalisation reflects an acknowledgement, although developing understanding, of the role of the Internet in the process of individual radicalisation towards extremist ideologies. Much of the examination of this phenomenon is conducted through content analysis examining how extremist groups incorporate the use of new media into their recruitment and communication strategies. Motivated by the question of what compels individuals to engage with extremist content on the Internet, this article proposes a different approach to examining the phenomenon of extremism on the Internet: one that mirrors the shift in media research from textual analysis to a focus on the audience and the context of media use. The first half of this article examines how the Internet and social media practices represent a discursive relocation of the Islamic tradition of discussing religious disputes. The second half explores the contemporary context of Muslim audiences and their media needs and relates this to the phenomenon of Internet radicalisation. The two-step flow model and the Internet Katz and Lazarsfeld's (1955) two-step flow model of mass media and personal influence has spawned several studies aimed at identifying opinion leaders, their characteristics and their influence (Weimann et al, 2007). More recently, Katz and Lazarsfeld's model has continued to generate significant debate among media theorists about the relevance of the model to the modern context of communication characterised by new technologies, social networking and changing media consumption habits. Bennet and Manheim (2006) for example argue that 'social and technological changes directly challenge the underlying assumptions of the two step flow hypothesis because they have isolated increasing numbers (though surely not all) of today's citizens from the very groups that traditionally provided vital cues for interpreting information' (pp. 214-215). According to Bennet and Manheim the social reality of new media audiences is characterised by evolving media formats, individual media use habits and shifting media information formats that target messages directly to individuals. In such a reality, the two-step model becomes less relevant as communication habits have become highly individualised and regulated around self-expression and lifestyle.
There are few published studies regarding the success or otherwise of anti-prejudice strategies i... more There are few published studies regarding the success or otherwise of anti-prejudice strategies in Australia. The present study describes an anti-prejudice strategy targeting attitudes toward Aboriginal Australians and Muslim Australians in a nine-week intervention at an Australian university in 2008. Results indicated that 2nd year psychology participants showed a significant reduction in reported prejudice against Aboriginal Australians, false beliefs about Aboriginal Australians, and the belief that Aboriginal Australians unfairly receive preferential or special treatment. Participants also showed a marginal reduction in reported prejudice against Muslim Australians, together with a significant reduction in the reporting of negative media-related beliefs. Clearly, anti-prejudice interventions alone are not enough to combat prejudice given the amount of negative societal norms and mis-information that circulates throughout the Australian community about these two marginalised groups. However, it is encouraging to know that what is learned can, in certain circumstances, be unlearned. Our study indicates that, in this context at least, in-depth cross-cultural analysis and learning can prove beneficial.
This article reports on the development and development of an education intervention, the Beyond ... more This article reports on the development and development of an education intervention, the Beyond Bali Education Resource 1 that applies a conceptual framework grounded in moral disengagement theory. Beyond Bali is a five module program for schools that is specifically designed to build social cognitive resilience to violent extremism by engaging self-sanctions and preparing students to challenge the influence of violent extremism that can lead to moral disengagement. The theory of moral disengagement has been applied to the study of radicalisation to violent extremism to explain how individuals can cognitively reconstruct the moral value of violence and carry out inhumane acts. The mechanisms of moral disengagement through which individuals justify violence, dehumanise victims, disregard the harmful consequences of violence and absolve themselves of blame have been used in the construction of violent extremist narratives. However, they have not been applied to the development of intervention strategies that aim to counter the radicalising influences of violent extremist narratives.
... recent history as hoards of youths converged on Sydney's Cronulla beach in a mass demons... more ... recent history as hoards of youths converged on Sydney's Cronulla beach in a mass demonstration of patriotism and nationalistic pride. The youths were rallied together via text ... Cronulla riots related three different versions of the instigating incident. One stated that he ...
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Page 1. Media, 9/11 1 Media, 9/11 and Fear: a national survey of Australian community responses t... more Page 1. Media, 9/11 1 Media, 9/11 and Fear: a national survey of Australian community responses to images of terror Mark Balnaves and Anne Aly Abstract: The history, politics and psychology of fear have had extensive press after the attack on the ...
On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ fro... more On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state and that is coherent with the principles of secularism. Akbarzadeh and Smith conclude that the terms ‘moderate’ and ‘mainstream’ are used to describe Muslims whom Australians should not fear in contrast to ‘extremists’. Ironically, the policy direction towards regulating the practice of Islam in Australia in favour of a state defined ‘moderate’ Islam signals an attempt by the state to mediate the practice of religio...
On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ fro... more On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state and that is coherent with the principles of secularism. Akbarzadeh and Smith conclude that the terms ‘moderate’ and ‘mainstream’ are used to describe Muslims whom Australians should not fear in contrast to ‘extremists’. Ironically, the policy direction towards regulating the practice of Islam in Australia in favour of a state defined ‘moderate’ Islam signals an attempt by the state to mediate the practice of religio...
IllegitimacyBack in 1987, Gregory Bateson argued that:Kurt Vonnegut gives us wary advice – that w... more IllegitimacyBack in 1987, Gregory Bateson argued that:Kurt Vonnegut gives us wary advice – that we should be careful what we pretend because we become what we pretend. And something like that, some sort of self-fulfilment, occurs in all organisations and human cultures. What people presume to be ‘human’ is what they will build in as premises of their social arrangements, and what they build in is sure to be learned, is sure to become a part of the character of those who participate. (178)The human capacity to marginalise and discriminate against others on the basis of innate and constructed characteristics is evident from the long history of discrimination against people whose existence is ‘illegitimate’, defined as being outside the law. What is inside or outside the law depends upon the context under consideration. For example, in societies such as ancient Greece and the antebellum United States, where slavery was legal, people who were constructed as ‘slaves’ could legitimately b...
It is now almost 15 years since the world witnessed one of modern history’s most devastating terr... more It is now almost 15 years since the world witnessed one of modern history’s most devastating terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001. Despite all its promises, the so called ‘War on Terror’ failed to combat a growing tide of violent extremism. 11 years after the US led offensive on Iraq in 2003, the rise of terrorism by non-state actors in the Arab world presents a significant concern to international security and world peace. Since 2001 Australian Muslims have consistently been called upon to openly reject terrorism committed by a minority of Muslims who adhere to an extreme interpretation of Islamic doctrine that justifies attacks on civilians both in the Arab world and abroad.The responsibility placed on Australian Muslims to actively reject terrorism comes from both official channels through government funded programs under the banner of counter terrorism and countering violent extremism and the public through the popular media. Yet, Muslims in Australia who...
This chapter explores the complex and often debated relationship between the media and internatio... more This chapter explores the complex and often debated relationship between the media and international relations. It examines arguments that the media has a deep and significant impact on how governments shape their foreign policy and how individuals and groups of people are also influenced to respond in certain ways to issues presented in the media. There is no doubt that the media plays some role in international relations but the exact nature of this role is often debated. Is the media\u27s role to negotiate the relationship between the major actors in international affairs? Or does the media play a more significant role as an international actor in its own right with the ability to influence and shape foreign policy and responses to international events and issues
Pseudo gangs form the steely side of Hearts and Minds and were used with great effect in counter-... more Pseudo gangs form the steely side of Hearts and Minds and were used with great effect in counter-insurgency campaigns in Kenya (1952-60) Malaya (1948-60) and Rhodesia (1964-1979). Although the use of pseudo gangs was not new to counter-insurgency tactics, with the British using a similar tactic in the Boer war (1899-1902), the use of such gangs was certainly perfected during these later campaigns producing good results. The Kenya Police Special Branch re-instigated this concept, developing its use during the „Emergency‟. The principal concept was to „turn‟ or co-opt insurgents through a series of inducements to change sides and join the counter insurgency as part of the Government forces but not as regular forces. Rather the co-opted kept their actual identities or their „assumed‟ identities and return to the conflict areas as part of a „gang‟, which would be made to appear as if it is still fighting for the insurgents. This „pseudo‟ gang would then rejoin or flush out the oppositio...
This volume reports on the range of papers presented at the Annual Countering Violent Extremism (... more This volume reports on the range of papers presented at the Annual Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Research Conference 2014 from 7-8 December 2014 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Conference was organized and hosted by Hedayah (the International Center of Excellence for Countering Violent Extremism), Curtin University, People Against Violent Extremism (PaVE), and the Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The Conference was also sponsored in part by the European Commission and the United States Department of State. The event was attended by approximately 100 academics, practitioners and policymakers from over 25 countries. The 2014 CVE Research Conference follows from the inaugural CVE Symposium hosted by Curtin University, PaVE, Macquarie University and Hedayah in Perth, Australia in 2013. As the first of its kind in the region, the 2013 Symposium brought together national and international scholars, practitioners, policymakers and former e...
This report summarises the themes highlighted at CVE 2013, a two day Symposium held in Perth, Wes... more This report summarises the themes highlighted at CVE 2013, a two day Symposium held in Perth, Western Australian on 21/22 November 2013. It provides recommendations for the way forward in developing the CVE space
Terrorist acts, most notably 9/11 and the Bali bombings, transformed our attitudes to the secreti... more Terrorist acts, most notably 9/11 and the Bali bombings, transformed our attitudes to the secretive world of intelligence, surveillance and security. In this book a prominent group of writers including Michael Mori, Ben Saul, Anne Aly and Peter Leahy lay bare the facts about spying and security in post-9/11 Australia. Their compelling book cuts through panic and fear-mongering to ask hard questions: Is ASIO unaccountable? Is the money we spend on security worth it? Is cyber-terrorism an urgent threat? Are our spies up to the job, and how do we know anyway as we only hear about their failures? Is WikiLeaks good for human rights? Are we trading our privacy for a false sense of security? Spooked untangles the half-truths, conspiracy theories and controversies about the ‘war on terror’, and is a welcome antidote to misinformation and alarm
In its preamble, The Western Australian Charter of Multiculturalism (WA) commits the state to bec... more In its preamble, The Western Australian Charter of Multiculturalism (WA) commits the state to becoming: “A society in which respect for mutual difference is accompanied by equality of opportunity within a framework of democratic citizenship”. One of the principles of multiculturalism, as enunciated in the Charter, is “equality of opportunity for all members of society to achieve their full potential in a free and democratic society where every individual is equal before and under the law”. An important element of this principle is the “equality of opportunity … to achieve … full potential”. The implication here is that those who start from a position of disadvantage when it comes to achieving that potential deserve more than ‘equal’ treatment. Implicitly, equality can be achieved only through the recognition of and response to differential needs and according to the likelihood of achieving full potential. This is encapsulated in Kymlicka’s argument that neutrality is “hopelessly ina...
Interest in the phenomenon of religion and the Internet extends to the use of the Internet by rad... more Interest in the phenomenon of religion and the Internet extends to the use of the Internet by radical or extremist religious groups. Recent events in international terrorism have led government agencies and the academic community to conclude that the Internet plays a role in the radicalisation of individuals towards extremist violence. The literature on the extremism and radicalisation reflects an acknowledgement, although developing understanding, of the role of the Internet in the process of individual radicalisation towards extremist ideologies. Much of the examination of this phenomenon is conducted through content analysis examining how extremist groups incorporate the use of new media into their recruitment and communication strategies. Motivated by the question of what compels individuals to engage with extremist content on the Internet, this article proposes a different approach to examining the phenomenon of extremism on the Internet: one that mirrors the shift in media research from textual analysis to a focus on the audience and the context of media use. The first half of this article examines how the Internet and social media practices represent a discursive relocation of the Islamic tradition of discussing religious disputes. The second half explores the contemporary context of Muslim audiences and their media needs and relates this to the phenomenon of Internet radicalisation. The two-step flow model and the Internet Katz and Lazarsfeld's (1955) two-step flow model of mass media and personal influence has spawned several studies aimed at identifying opinion leaders, their characteristics and their influence (Weimann et al, 2007). More recently, Katz and Lazarsfeld's model has continued to generate significant debate among media theorists about the relevance of the model to the modern context of communication characterised by new technologies, social networking and changing media consumption habits. Bennet and Manheim (2006) for example argue that 'social and technological changes directly challenge the underlying assumptions of the two step flow hypothesis because they have isolated increasing numbers (though surely not all) of today's citizens from the very groups that traditionally provided vital cues for interpreting information' (pp. 214-215). According to Bennet and Manheim the social reality of new media audiences is characterised by evolving media formats, individual media use habits and shifting media information formats that target messages directly to individuals. In such a reality, the two-step model becomes less relevant as communication habits have become highly individualised and regulated around self-expression and lifestyle.
There are few published studies regarding the success or otherwise of anti-prejudice strategies i... more There are few published studies regarding the success or otherwise of anti-prejudice strategies in Australia. The present study describes an anti-prejudice strategy targeting attitudes toward Aboriginal Australians and Muslim Australians in a nine-week intervention at an Australian university in 2008. Results indicated that 2nd year psychology participants showed a significant reduction in reported prejudice against Aboriginal Australians, false beliefs about Aboriginal Australians, and the belief that Aboriginal Australians unfairly receive preferential or special treatment. Participants also showed a marginal reduction in reported prejudice against Muslim Australians, together with a significant reduction in the reporting of negative media-related beliefs. Clearly, anti-prejudice interventions alone are not enough to combat prejudice given the amount of negative societal norms and mis-information that circulates throughout the Australian community about these two marginalised groups. However, it is encouraging to know that what is learned can, in certain circumstances, be unlearned. Our study indicates that, in this context at least, in-depth cross-cultural analysis and learning can prove beneficial.
This article reports on the development and development of an education intervention, the Beyond ... more This article reports on the development and development of an education intervention, the Beyond Bali Education Resource 1 that applies a conceptual framework grounded in moral disengagement theory. Beyond Bali is a five module program for schools that is specifically designed to build social cognitive resilience to violent extremism by engaging self-sanctions and preparing students to challenge the influence of violent extremism that can lead to moral disengagement. The theory of moral disengagement has been applied to the study of radicalisation to violent extremism to explain how individuals can cognitively reconstruct the moral value of violence and carry out inhumane acts. The mechanisms of moral disengagement through which individuals justify violence, dehumanise victims, disregard the harmful consequences of violence and absolve themselves of blame have been used in the construction of violent extremist narratives. However, they have not been applied to the development of intervention strategies that aim to counter the radicalising influences of violent extremist narratives.
... recent history as hoards of youths converged on Sydney's Cronulla beach in a mass demons... more ... recent history as hoards of youths converged on Sydney's Cronulla beach in a mass demonstration of patriotism and nationalistic pride. The youths were rallied together via text ... Cronulla riots related three different versions of the instigating incident. One stated that he ...
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Page 1. Media, 9/11 1 Media, 9/11 and Fear: a national survey of Australian community responses t... more Page 1. Media, 9/11 1 Media, 9/11 and Fear: a national survey of Australian community responses to images of terror Mark Balnaves and Anne Aly Abstract: The history, politics and psychology of fear have had extensive press after the attack on the ...
On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ fro... more On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state and that is coherent with the principles of secularism. Akbarzadeh and Smith conclude that the terms ‘moderate’ and ‘mainstream’ are used to describe Muslims whom Australians should not fear in contrast to ‘extremists’. Ironically, the policy direction towards regulating the practice of Islam in Australia in favour of a state defined ‘moderate’ Islam signals an attempt by the state to mediate the practice of religio...
On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ fro... more On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state and that is coherent with the principles of secularism. Akbarzadeh and Smith conclude that the terms ‘moderate’ and ‘mainstream’ are used to describe Muslims whom Australians should not fear in contrast to ‘extremists’. Ironically, the policy direction towards regulating the practice of Islam in Australia in favour of a state defined ‘moderate’ Islam signals an attempt by the state to mediate the practice of religio...
IllegitimacyBack in 1987, Gregory Bateson argued that:Kurt Vonnegut gives us wary advice – that w... more IllegitimacyBack in 1987, Gregory Bateson argued that:Kurt Vonnegut gives us wary advice – that we should be careful what we pretend because we become what we pretend. And something like that, some sort of self-fulfilment, occurs in all organisations and human cultures. What people presume to be ‘human’ is what they will build in as premises of their social arrangements, and what they build in is sure to be learned, is sure to become a part of the character of those who participate. (178)The human capacity to marginalise and discriminate against others on the basis of innate and constructed characteristics is evident from the long history of discrimination against people whose existence is ‘illegitimate’, defined as being outside the law. What is inside or outside the law depends upon the context under consideration. For example, in societies such as ancient Greece and the antebellum United States, where slavery was legal, people who were constructed as ‘slaves’ could legitimately b...
It is now almost 15 years since the world witnessed one of modern history’s most devastating terr... more It is now almost 15 years since the world witnessed one of modern history’s most devastating terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001. Despite all its promises, the so called ‘War on Terror’ failed to combat a growing tide of violent extremism. 11 years after the US led offensive on Iraq in 2003, the rise of terrorism by non-state actors in the Arab world presents a significant concern to international security and world peace. Since 2001 Australian Muslims have consistently been called upon to openly reject terrorism committed by a minority of Muslims who adhere to an extreme interpretation of Islamic doctrine that justifies attacks on civilians both in the Arab world and abroad.The responsibility placed on Australian Muslims to actively reject terrorism comes from both official channels through government funded programs under the banner of counter terrorism and countering violent extremism and the public through the popular media. Yet, Muslims in Australia who...
Uploads
Papers by Anne Aly