The most common asymptotic procedure for analyzing a 2 × 2 table (under the conditioning principl... more The most common asymptotic procedure for analyzing a 2 × 2 table (under the conditioning principle) is the ‰ chi-squared test with correction for continuity (c.f.c). According to the way this is applied, up to the present four methods have been obtained: one for one-tailed tests (Yates') and three for two-tailed tests (those of Mantel, Conover and Haber). In this
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 00220388 2010 509784, 2011
This article presents new evidence on the relationship between corruption and income inequality. ... more This article presents new evidence on the relationship between corruption and income inequality. Using a panel data methodology, we find that lower corruption is associated with higher income inequality in Latin America. This result is in contrast to other empirical studies but it makes sense in Latin America for a number of reasons. The finding of an inverse relationship between
... are several criteria for arranging the values of X,: from smallest to greatest probability (I... more ... are several criteria for arranging the values of X,: from smallest to greatest probability (Irwin, 1935), from the largest to the smallest value of Ixl/nl - x2/n21 (Armsen, 1955), from the largest to the smallest value of the odds ratio xly2/x2yl (Hill & Pike, 1965) etc. Luna del Castillo & ...
The 2 × 2 tables used to present the data in an experiment for comparing two proportions by means... more The 2 × 2 tables used to present the data in an experiment for comparing two proportions by means of two observations of two independent binomial distributions may appear simple but are not. The debate about the best method to use is unending, and has divided statisticians into practically irreconcilable groups. In this article, all the available non-asymptotic tests are reviewed (except the Bayesian methodology). The author states which is the optimal (for each group), referring to the tables and programs that exist for them, and contrast the arguments used by supporters of each of the options. They also sort the tangle of solutions into "families", based on the methodology used and/or prior assumptions, and point out the most frequent methodological mistakes committed when comparing the different families.
Abstract The most powerful non-asymptotic unconditioned method for comparing two proportions (ind... more Abstract The most powerful non-asymptotic unconditioned method for comparing two proportions (independent samples) is that of Barnard (1945), but the complexity of computation has led to several simplifying versions being produced. There is no complete ...
Lactante de 2 meses asintomática remitida para estudio de una masa abdominal de consistencia dura... more Lactante de 2 meses asintomática remitida para estudio de una masa abdominal de consistencia dura en flanco izquierdo. En la ecografía se observa tumoración yuxtarrenal izquierda solido-quística. La alfa-fetoproteina cercana a 2.000 ng/ml. La metayodobenzilguanidina (123-I-MIBG) no demostró captación tumoral. A las 48 h, presenta cuadro de shock hipovolemico. En la radiografía de tórax presenta cardiomegalia con índice cardiotorácico de 0,7 y congestión pulmonar. La ecocardiografía muestra dilatación de ventrículo izquierdo con fracción de eyección del 35–40%. Se descartaron anemia, hipertensión, hipervolemia e hipersecreción de catecolaminas. Los estudios virológicos y de despistaje metabólico fueron normales. Se resecó un tumor retroperitoneal muy vascularizado sin incidencias y se confirmó el diagnóstico de teratoma inmaduro grado 2 de Norris. A los 3 meses la evolución fue satisfactoria. Los teratomas son tumores raros en la infancia que tienen en general un comportamiento benigno. Está descrita la miocardiopatía dilatada (MCD) secundaria a tumores de células cromafines (feocromocitoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma), así como a infiltrados leucémicos y secundariamente al tratamiento con antraciclinas, pero no existe ningún caso publicado en la literatura que relacione el teratoma con la miocardiopatía dilatada. Diversas citocinas como INF-α, IL-1, IL-6 podrían ser secretadas por el tumor, promoviendo a nivel cardiaco la actividad de los fibroblastos, induciendo la apoptosis celular y la fibrosis miocárdica. Así, la resección de la masa tumoral responsable de la producción de las mismas, permitiría la regresión de la disfunción miocárdica, como en el caso expuesto.Asymptomatic 2 month-old infant referred for evaluation of a hard abdominal mass on the left side. The ultrasound examination showed a solid-cystic tumour above the left kidney. The alpha-fetoprotein level was 2000 ng/ml. The meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123-I-MIBG) showed no tumour uptake. At 48 h, she showed signs of hypovolemic shock. The chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic ratio of 0.7 and pulmonary congestion. The echocardiogram showed a dilated left ventricle with ejection fraction 35–40%. Anaemia, hypertension, hypervolemia and hyper-secretion of catecholamines were ruled out. The virology and metabolic screens were normal. The highly vascularised retroperitoneal tumour was resected without incident and confirmed the diagnosis of an immature Norris grade 2 teratoma grade. At 3 months the outcome was satisfactory. Teratomas are rare tumours in childhood that generally have a benign course. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) secondary to, chromaffin cell tumours (phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma), leukaemia infiltrates, and treatment with anthracyclines have been described, but there is no case reported in the literature regarding a teratoma with dilated cardiomyopathy. Various cytokines, such as INF-α, IL-1, IL-6 may be secreted by tumour, promoting fibroblast activity in the heart and inducing apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. Thus, in the case presented resection of the tumour mass responsible for this production, enables the heart to return to normal.
The most common asymptotic procedure for analyzing a 2 × 2 table (under the conditioning principl... more The most common asymptotic procedure for analyzing a 2 × 2 table (under the conditioning principle) is the ‰ chi-squared test with correction for continuity (c.f.c). According to the way this is applied, up to the present four methods have been obtained: one for one-tailed tests (Yates') and three for two-tailed tests (those of Mantel, Conover and Haber). In this
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 00220388 2010 509784, 2011
This article presents new evidence on the relationship between corruption and income inequality. ... more This article presents new evidence on the relationship between corruption and income inequality. Using a panel data methodology, we find that lower corruption is associated with higher income inequality in Latin America. This result is in contrast to other empirical studies but it makes sense in Latin America for a number of reasons. The finding of an inverse relationship between
... are several criteria for arranging the values of X,: from smallest to greatest probability (I... more ... are several criteria for arranging the values of X,: from smallest to greatest probability (Irwin, 1935), from the largest to the smallest value of Ixl/nl - x2/n21 (Armsen, 1955), from the largest to the smallest value of the odds ratio xly2/x2yl (Hill & Pike, 1965) etc. Luna del Castillo & ...
The 2 × 2 tables used to present the data in an experiment for comparing two proportions by means... more The 2 × 2 tables used to present the data in an experiment for comparing two proportions by means of two observations of two independent binomial distributions may appear simple but are not. The debate about the best method to use is unending, and has divided statisticians into practically irreconcilable groups. In this article, all the available non-asymptotic tests are reviewed (except the Bayesian methodology). The author states which is the optimal (for each group), referring to the tables and programs that exist for them, and contrast the arguments used by supporters of each of the options. They also sort the tangle of solutions into "families", based on the methodology used and/or prior assumptions, and point out the most frequent methodological mistakes committed when comparing the different families.
Abstract The most powerful non-asymptotic unconditioned method for comparing two proportions (ind... more Abstract The most powerful non-asymptotic unconditioned method for comparing two proportions (independent samples) is that of Barnard (1945), but the complexity of computation has led to several simplifying versions being produced. There is no complete ...
Lactante de 2 meses asintomática remitida para estudio de una masa abdominal de consistencia dura... more Lactante de 2 meses asintomática remitida para estudio de una masa abdominal de consistencia dura en flanco izquierdo. En la ecografía se observa tumoración yuxtarrenal izquierda solido-quística. La alfa-fetoproteina cercana a 2.000 ng/ml. La metayodobenzilguanidina (123-I-MIBG) no demostró captación tumoral. A las 48 h, presenta cuadro de shock hipovolemico. En la radiografía de tórax presenta cardiomegalia con índice cardiotorácico de 0,7 y congestión pulmonar. La ecocardiografía muestra dilatación de ventrículo izquierdo con fracción de eyección del 35–40%. Se descartaron anemia, hipertensión, hipervolemia e hipersecreción de catecolaminas. Los estudios virológicos y de despistaje metabólico fueron normales. Se resecó un tumor retroperitoneal muy vascularizado sin incidencias y se confirmó el diagnóstico de teratoma inmaduro grado 2 de Norris. A los 3 meses la evolución fue satisfactoria. Los teratomas son tumores raros en la infancia que tienen en general un comportamiento benigno. Está descrita la miocardiopatía dilatada (MCD) secundaria a tumores de células cromafines (feocromocitoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma), así como a infiltrados leucémicos y secundariamente al tratamiento con antraciclinas, pero no existe ningún caso publicado en la literatura que relacione el teratoma con la miocardiopatía dilatada. Diversas citocinas como INF-α, IL-1, IL-6 podrían ser secretadas por el tumor, promoviendo a nivel cardiaco la actividad de los fibroblastos, induciendo la apoptosis celular y la fibrosis miocárdica. Así, la resección de la masa tumoral responsable de la producción de las mismas, permitiría la regresión de la disfunción miocárdica, como en el caso expuesto.Asymptomatic 2 month-old infant referred for evaluation of a hard abdominal mass on the left side. The ultrasound examination showed a solid-cystic tumour above the left kidney. The alpha-fetoprotein level was 2000 ng/ml. The meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123-I-MIBG) showed no tumour uptake. At 48 h, she showed signs of hypovolemic shock. The chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic ratio of 0.7 and pulmonary congestion. The echocardiogram showed a dilated left ventricle with ejection fraction 35–40%. Anaemia, hypertension, hypervolemia and hyper-secretion of catecholamines were ruled out. The virology and metabolic screens were normal. The highly vascularised retroperitoneal tumour was resected without incident and confirmed the diagnosis of an immature Norris grade 2 teratoma grade. At 3 months the outcome was satisfactory. Teratomas are rare tumours in childhood that generally have a benign course. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) secondary to, chromaffin cell tumours (phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma), leukaemia infiltrates, and treatment with anthracyclines have been described, but there is no case reported in the literature regarding a teratoma with dilated cardiomyopathy. Various cytokines, such as INF-α, IL-1, IL-6 may be secreted by tumour, promoting fibroblast activity in the heart and inducing apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. Thus, in the case presented resection of the tumour mass responsible for this production, enables the heart to return to normal.
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