La coordinación de relevadores direccionales de sobrecorriente se estudia comúnmente en base a un... more La coordinación de relevadores direccionales de sobrecorriente se estudia comúnmente en base a una topología fija en un sistema eléctrico de potencia interconectado dada su complejidad y no linealidad, la coordinación se formula como un problema de optimización. Los sistemas de distribución suelen sufrir consecuencias debido a los cambios dinámicos de topología de red y la operación de elementos. Dichos cambios son entradas y salidas de generadores, líneas y cargas. Las consecuencias son la reducción de sensibilidad y selectividad de relevadores. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el coordinar los relevadores de sobrecorriente en tiempo real. El objetivo secundario es presentar la formulación de un algoritmo de colonia de hormiga y una comparación de la misma con el algoritmo genético. Los objetivos fueron cumplidos a través del desarrollo de un algoritmo en tiempo real que ha funcionado en conjunto con los algoritmos de optimización.
Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution, Oct 16, 2019
This study proposes an enhanced self-adaptive differential evolution based on simulated annealing... more This study proposes an enhanced self-adaptive differential evolution based on simulated annealing for rule extraction (ESADE-Rule). ESADE-Rule adopts IF-THEN as the rule's form, AND as the connection word for the rule's antecedent, class label as the rule's consequence. Rules are encoded as individuals in population of ESADE, and each individual represents a rule set consisting of three parts: the rule's parameters (including the controls of the rule, antecedents and class labels), the control parameters (including scaling factors and crossover rates), and the fitness value. Mutation and crossover operations of ESADE are further carried out on the population. Then, selection operation is conducted by comparing the fitness values, through which the best individual would be selected out and be decoded to obtain the optimal rule set. Besides, ten benchmark datasets and three logging datasets are adopted to test ESADE-Rule's performance. The three logging datasets contain oilsk81, oilsk83 and oilsk84 that come from Jianghan oilfield for testing recognition accuracy rate of reservoir. ESADE-Rule is compared with four rule extraction methods from the perspectives of recognition accuracy Haixiang Guo
Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution, Nov 1, 2015
The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is most commonly studied based on a fixed netw... more The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is most commonly studied based on a fixed network topology within an interconnected power system. Due to its complexity and non-linearity, the relay coordination is formulated as an optimisation problem. Distribution systems often suffer consequences due to the dynamic changes of network topology and operation of elements. Such changes are for example the inputs and outputs of generators, lines and loads. The consequences are reduction of sensitivity and selectivity of relays. The principal objective of this study is to coordinate the directional overcurrent relays based on adaptive protection scheme. The secondary objective is to present the formulation of ant colony algorithm and a comparison of it with the genetic algorithm.
The Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordinati... more The Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordination problem. Many utilities follow the criterion of increase use of differential protection in transmission lines which has absolute selectivity with no backup function offered.
In this chapter the Optimal Power Flow problem solution based in Bio-inspired optimization algori... more In this chapter the Optimal Power Flow problem solution based in Bio-inspired optimization algorithms with one single function and with multiple and competing objective functions is presented. As a first approach the Modified Flower Pollination Algorithm (MFPA) to show its potential application to solve the OPF problem, then Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method are used in a complementary way to determine the Pareto front solution of the Multi-Objective OPF problem.
Induction motors represent the main component in most of the industries. They use the biggest ene... more Induction motors represent the main component in most of the industries. They use the biggest energy percentages in industrial facilities. This consume depends on the operation conditions of the induction motor imposed by its internal parameters. In this approach, the parameter estimation process is transformed into a multidimensional optimization problem where the internal parameters of the induction motor are considered as decision variables. Thus, the complexity of the optimization problem tends to produce multimodal error surfaces in which their cost functions are significantly difficult to minimize.
This article presents an enhanced bio-inspired algorithm to reduce the execution time of the coor... more This article presents an enhanced bio-inspired algorithm to reduce the execution time of the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) for on-line applications. Usually, the off-line coordination is degraded under the highly dynamic operation of electric networks such as minimal load conditions, topological changes, and unregulated source operation. The solution of coordination obtained every few minutes can both reduce the loss of sensitivity and the increase in the operation times of the relays. For this purpose, it is important to determine the execution time of the coordination algorithm using complex interconnected systems for a better evaluation. An improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is proposed to obtain better results when compared to similar heuristic algorithms. The results using the test network systems show that this methodology can be advantageous and useful to obtain optimal relay settings in complex electrical systems with a reduced execution time of the coordination algorithm.
As a consequence of increased electricity market, the distribution systems have been restated to ... more As a consequence of increased electricity market, the distribution systems have been restated to consider alternative generation sources. These sources with a maximum capacity of less than 100 MW are defined as distributed generation (GD). Most DGs are usually connected to the electrical network without planned and dispatched control, since traditional distribution systems were not designed to consider any other generation sources.
In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) is used to enhance the performance of protection under ... more In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) is used to enhance the performance of protection under dynamic operating conditions that result in a weak source contribution. A traditional relay setting that is established for the worst-case scenario is not suitable for systems with a wide operating range, mainly due to the presence of non-regulated sources. A MAS is proposed that operates on-line to modify relay settings in response to topological changes due to the output of lines, loads or generation, and identifies low contributions from sources. The gang architecture for the relay coordination is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and controlled using Jade. Matlab enables modeling that integrates the diverse dynamics of the elements of the electrical network, and Jade allows for a multi-agent environment that facilitates the different actions that are activated in the network. The MAS architecture improves the relay performance under fault conditions by detecting weak infeed conditions caused by both non-regulated sources and low-level conventional sources. The on-line coordination between interconnection relays and line relays uses the MAS architecture to send transfer trips, and uses non-conventional time curves to improve the operation times. The results show that the MAS improves the sensitivity and operation times of the interconnection relays.
Abstract This paper presents an enhanced differential evolution algorithm (DE) for solving the di... more Abstract This paper presents an enhanced differential evolution algorithm (DE) for solving the directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) coordination problem. Comparisons among different versions of DE for coordination of DOCRs in larger and interconnected power systems are presented. The evaluation criteria consist of fitness value, number of violation and standard deviation. The outstanding DE algorithm has been enhanced in four aspects: dial reduction scheme, elitism and mediocrity scheme, mutation index renew scheme, and population reduction scheme. The enhanced-DE (eDE) shown best result in terms of execution time, result quality, robustness and convergence ability compared to the others analyzed in this research. The IEEE 14 and 57 bus systems are used to validate the proposed algorithm. A significant comparison result between eDE and DE on the IEEE 57 bus network are: execution time in seconds 364 vs. 2040, fitness value 1.933 vs. 7.91, and standard deviation of fitness value 0.018 vs. 5.52. Results are averaged values in 50 runs.
The use of non-standardized inverse time curves for improving overcurrent relay coordination perf... more The use of non-standardized inverse time curves for improving overcurrent relay coordination performance is presented in this paper. Since the use of same curve type does not guarantee curveintersection-free in meshed systems, numerous violations of coordination constraints may appear. Hence, non-conventional time curves offer altenative solution as time curve design is determined for each relay coordination pair problem. The model and implementation of optimization algorithm for coordination must be capable of handling increased problem dimension and constraints. Also, different short circuit currents must be taken into account to guarantee the relay coordination over the entire coordination interval. The invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordination problem and has been tested on several IEEE systems. Overall results expose the enhancement of relay coordination when using non-standardized inverse time curves and IWO.
2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Overcurrent protection principle are mostly coordinated offline according to maximum load and fau... more Overcurrent protection principle are mostly coordinated offline according to maximum load and fault currents on dominant topology. However, the traditional networks have been evolving gradually toward reliable and sustainable Smart Grid (SG) in which Distributed Generation (DG) (whether its coal based or renewable) is a vital component. Challenges have come along with advantages of DGs on protective relays such as coordination loss, which leads to several researching proposals to mitigate the impacts of DGs in modern networks. One of the many is the use of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) to lessen DG impacts, but since FCLs come with high cost to completely restore protective relay performance. Adaptive Protection Scheme (APS) exploiting the advance features of SG appear as an efficient solution to confront new challenges related to DGs and FCLs. The impacts of DGs and FCLs before and after employing APS are presented using the interconnected 6 bus system. Results have shown that APS can adequately integrate both DGs and FCLs with no adverse effects.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2021 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), 2021
Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) optimization problem has always been an important task for... more Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) optimization problem has always been an important task for sub-transmission and distribution protection that constitutes a non-linear and highly constrained optimization problem. This paper aims at implementation of an easy and effective EVOlutionary Algorithm of Random Variables with NORMal Distributions (Evonorm) for solving the DOCRs coordination problem. The proposed algorithm has been applied to a highly meshed 6-bus system. Results have shown that the proposed algorithm can effectively handle the complex DOCRs coordination problem.
This paper presents a two stage optimization approach for solving the excessive network fault cur... more This paper presents a two stage optimization approach for solving the excessive network fault currents and resetting of overcurrent relays based on Adaptive Protection Scheme (APS) concept. The first stage consists of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) optimization to restore fault currents within Circuit Breaker (CB) thermal capacity whether caused by Distributed Generation (DG) or not. The second stage consists of Directional Overcurrent Relay (DOCR) coordination based on the adaptive protection concept to reset DOCR in order to function properly in presence of FCL and DG. This is of great importance since FCL may cause over limitation of fault current during minimum load operation which may degrade DOCR performance. The optimization process has been achieved by formulating both the FCL sizing and location problem and DOCR coordination problem using Differential Evolution Multi-Objective (DEMO) algorithm. The proposal has effectively re-coordinated the DOCRs contemplating the effects of FCLs and DGs which mitigated the faults surpassing CB thermal limit, DOCR miscoordination and degraded performance caused by FCL over limitation.
La coordinación de relevadores direccionales de sobrecorriente se estudia comúnmente en base a un... more La coordinación de relevadores direccionales de sobrecorriente se estudia comúnmente en base a una topología fija en un sistema eléctrico de potencia interconectado dada su complejidad y no linealidad, la coordinación se formula como un problema de optimización. Los sistemas de distribución suelen sufrir consecuencias debido a los cambios dinámicos de topología de red y la operación de elementos. Dichos cambios son entradas y salidas de generadores, líneas y cargas. Las consecuencias son la reducción de sensibilidad y selectividad de relevadores. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el coordinar los relevadores de sobrecorriente en tiempo real. El objetivo secundario es presentar la formulación de un algoritmo de colonia de hormiga y una comparación de la misma con el algoritmo genético. Los objetivos fueron cumplidos a través del desarrollo de un algoritmo en tiempo real que ha funcionado en conjunto con los algoritmos de optimización.
Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution, Oct 16, 2019
This study proposes an enhanced self-adaptive differential evolution based on simulated annealing... more This study proposes an enhanced self-adaptive differential evolution based on simulated annealing for rule extraction (ESADE-Rule). ESADE-Rule adopts IF-THEN as the rule's form, AND as the connection word for the rule's antecedent, class label as the rule's consequence. Rules are encoded as individuals in population of ESADE, and each individual represents a rule set consisting of three parts: the rule's parameters (including the controls of the rule, antecedents and class labels), the control parameters (including scaling factors and crossover rates), and the fitness value. Mutation and crossover operations of ESADE are further carried out on the population. Then, selection operation is conducted by comparing the fitness values, through which the best individual would be selected out and be decoded to obtain the optimal rule set. Besides, ten benchmark datasets and three logging datasets are adopted to test ESADE-Rule's performance. The three logging datasets contain oilsk81, oilsk83 and oilsk84 that come from Jianghan oilfield for testing recognition accuracy rate of reservoir. ESADE-Rule is compared with four rule extraction methods from the perspectives of recognition accuracy Haixiang Guo
Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution, Nov 1, 2015
The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is most commonly studied based on a fixed netw... more The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is most commonly studied based on a fixed network topology within an interconnected power system. Due to its complexity and non-linearity, the relay coordination is formulated as an optimisation problem. Distribution systems often suffer consequences due to the dynamic changes of network topology and operation of elements. Such changes are for example the inputs and outputs of generators, lines and loads. The consequences are reduction of sensitivity and selectivity of relays. The principal objective of this study is to coordinate the directional overcurrent relays based on adaptive protection scheme. The secondary objective is to present the formulation of ant colony algorithm and a comparison of it with the genetic algorithm.
The Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordinati... more The Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordination problem. Many utilities follow the criterion of increase use of differential protection in transmission lines which has absolute selectivity with no backup function offered.
In this chapter the Optimal Power Flow problem solution based in Bio-inspired optimization algori... more In this chapter the Optimal Power Flow problem solution based in Bio-inspired optimization algorithms with one single function and with multiple and competing objective functions is presented. As a first approach the Modified Flower Pollination Algorithm (MFPA) to show its potential application to solve the OPF problem, then Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method are used in a complementary way to determine the Pareto front solution of the Multi-Objective OPF problem.
Induction motors represent the main component in most of the industries. They use the biggest ene... more Induction motors represent the main component in most of the industries. They use the biggest energy percentages in industrial facilities. This consume depends on the operation conditions of the induction motor imposed by its internal parameters. In this approach, the parameter estimation process is transformed into a multidimensional optimization problem where the internal parameters of the induction motor are considered as decision variables. Thus, the complexity of the optimization problem tends to produce multimodal error surfaces in which their cost functions are significantly difficult to minimize.
This article presents an enhanced bio-inspired algorithm to reduce the execution time of the coor... more This article presents an enhanced bio-inspired algorithm to reduce the execution time of the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) for on-line applications. Usually, the off-line coordination is degraded under the highly dynamic operation of electric networks such as minimal load conditions, topological changes, and unregulated source operation. The solution of coordination obtained every few minutes can both reduce the loss of sensitivity and the increase in the operation times of the relays. For this purpose, it is important to determine the execution time of the coordination algorithm using complex interconnected systems for a better evaluation. An improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is proposed to obtain better results when compared to similar heuristic algorithms. The results using the test network systems show that this methodology can be advantageous and useful to obtain optimal relay settings in complex electrical systems with a reduced execution time of the coordination algorithm.
As a consequence of increased electricity market, the distribution systems have been restated to ... more As a consequence of increased electricity market, the distribution systems have been restated to consider alternative generation sources. These sources with a maximum capacity of less than 100 MW are defined as distributed generation (GD). Most DGs are usually connected to the electrical network without planned and dispatched control, since traditional distribution systems were not designed to consider any other generation sources.
In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) is used to enhance the performance of protection under ... more In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) is used to enhance the performance of protection under dynamic operating conditions that result in a weak source contribution. A traditional relay setting that is established for the worst-case scenario is not suitable for systems with a wide operating range, mainly due to the presence of non-regulated sources. A MAS is proposed that operates on-line to modify relay settings in response to topological changes due to the output of lines, loads or generation, and identifies low contributions from sources. The gang architecture for the relay coordination is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and controlled using Jade. Matlab enables modeling that integrates the diverse dynamics of the elements of the electrical network, and Jade allows for a multi-agent environment that facilitates the different actions that are activated in the network. The MAS architecture improves the relay performance under fault conditions by detecting weak infeed conditions caused by both non-regulated sources and low-level conventional sources. The on-line coordination between interconnection relays and line relays uses the MAS architecture to send transfer trips, and uses non-conventional time curves to improve the operation times. The results show that the MAS improves the sensitivity and operation times of the interconnection relays.
Abstract This paper presents an enhanced differential evolution algorithm (DE) for solving the di... more Abstract This paper presents an enhanced differential evolution algorithm (DE) for solving the directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) coordination problem. Comparisons among different versions of DE for coordination of DOCRs in larger and interconnected power systems are presented. The evaluation criteria consist of fitness value, number of violation and standard deviation. The outstanding DE algorithm has been enhanced in four aspects: dial reduction scheme, elitism and mediocrity scheme, mutation index renew scheme, and population reduction scheme. The enhanced-DE (eDE) shown best result in terms of execution time, result quality, robustness and convergence ability compared to the others analyzed in this research. The IEEE 14 and 57 bus systems are used to validate the proposed algorithm. A significant comparison result between eDE and DE on the IEEE 57 bus network are: execution time in seconds 364 vs. 2040, fitness value 1.933 vs. 7.91, and standard deviation of fitness value 0.018 vs. 5.52. Results are averaged values in 50 runs.
The use of non-standardized inverse time curves for improving overcurrent relay coordination perf... more The use of non-standardized inverse time curves for improving overcurrent relay coordination performance is presented in this paper. Since the use of same curve type does not guarantee curveintersection-free in meshed systems, numerous violations of coordination constraints may appear. Hence, non-conventional time curves offer altenative solution as time curve design is determined for each relay coordination pair problem. The model and implementation of optimization algorithm for coordination must be capable of handling increased problem dimension and constraints. Also, different short circuit currents must be taken into account to guarantee the relay coordination over the entire coordination interval. The invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm has been adapted for the high dimension coordination problem and has been tested on several IEEE systems. Overall results expose the enhancement of relay coordination when using non-standardized inverse time curves and IWO.
2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Overcurrent protection principle are mostly coordinated offline according to maximum load and fau... more Overcurrent protection principle are mostly coordinated offline according to maximum load and fault currents on dominant topology. However, the traditional networks have been evolving gradually toward reliable and sustainable Smart Grid (SG) in which Distributed Generation (DG) (whether its coal based or renewable) is a vital component. Challenges have come along with advantages of DGs on protective relays such as coordination loss, which leads to several researching proposals to mitigate the impacts of DGs in modern networks. One of the many is the use of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) to lessen DG impacts, but since FCLs come with high cost to completely restore protective relay performance. Adaptive Protection Scheme (APS) exploiting the advance features of SG appear as an efficient solution to confront new challenges related to DGs and FCLs. The impacts of DGs and FCLs before and after employing APS are presented using the interconnected 6 bus system. Results have shown that APS can adequately integrate both DGs and FCLs with no adverse effects.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2021 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), 2021
Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) optimization problem has always been an important task for... more Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) optimization problem has always been an important task for sub-transmission and distribution protection that constitutes a non-linear and highly constrained optimization problem. This paper aims at implementation of an easy and effective EVOlutionary Algorithm of Random Variables with NORMal Distributions (Evonorm) for solving the DOCRs coordination problem. The proposed algorithm has been applied to a highly meshed 6-bus system. Results have shown that the proposed algorithm can effectively handle the complex DOCRs coordination problem.
This paper presents a two stage optimization approach for solving the excessive network fault cur... more This paper presents a two stage optimization approach for solving the excessive network fault currents and resetting of overcurrent relays based on Adaptive Protection Scheme (APS) concept. The first stage consists of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) optimization to restore fault currents within Circuit Breaker (CB) thermal capacity whether caused by Distributed Generation (DG) or not. The second stage consists of Directional Overcurrent Relay (DOCR) coordination based on the adaptive protection concept to reset DOCR in order to function properly in presence of FCL and DG. This is of great importance since FCL may cause over limitation of fault current during minimum load operation which may degrade DOCR performance. The optimization process has been achieved by formulating both the FCL sizing and location problem and DOCR coordination problem using Differential Evolution Multi-Objective (DEMO) algorithm. The proposal has effectively re-coordinated the DOCRs contemplating the effects of FCLs and DGs which mitigated the faults surpassing CB thermal limit, DOCR miscoordination and degraded performance caused by FCL over limitation.
This book discusses the application and the improved performance of overcurrent relays to highly ... more This book discusses the application and the improved performance of overcurrent relays to highly dynamic power systems. Advanced solutions like new adaptive relay designs and new coordination methods are used to solve application problems in electrical networks. This guide provides a foundation in relay functions and behaviors in current modern networks, particularly regarding renewable power sources. This book presents the functional alternatives that allow the relay to be viewed as an active element of the electrical network, modifying the functional structure by incorporating dynamic adjustments according to the quasi-dynamic state of the electrical network; and presenting the formulation of a new coordination method for on-line applications.
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Papers by Arturo Conde